l Chapter 4

Rational number
Introduction
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…….etc. all are natural numbers. If we include ‘0’ in the set of natural numbers: 0, 1,2, 3, 4,
5,…….etc. all are whole numbers. When we include negetive of counting numbers in the set of whole
numbers: -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,…….etc are integers.
We have learnt that sum, difference, multiplication of given integers is always be a integer.
But it may not always be possible that division of a given integer by a non-zero integer (division by zero
is results to infinity) results to a integer. In other words, an integer may or may not be exactly devisible
by anon-zero integer.
For this situation we have to learn about the concept of rational numbers.
𝑝
For example: 𝑞
is a rational number, where p and q are integer and q ≠ 0.
5 2 −15 3
,- , , are another examples of rational numbers.
8 3 −11 −5

5 −7 2
, ,
8 −9 3
are some examples of positive rational numbers, where numerator and denominator
both are either positive or negative in other words numerator and denominator both have same sign.
−7 3 2
, , are some examples of negative rational numbers, where either numerator or
9 −5 −3
denominator is either positive or negative.
‘0’ is neither positive nor negative rational number.

Some important points:

(i) A rational number may or may not be a natural number but every natural number is a rational
number.
1 2 3 1 2
For example: 1= 1 , 2= 1 , 3= 1 and so on. ; here 1, 2,3,…. are natural numbers can be expressed as 1 , 1 ,
3 3 4
1
and so on, that are rational numbers. On the other hand, 2 , 5 are rational number but cannot
expressed as a natural number.
(ii) ‘0’ is a rational number.
0
For example: 0 = 𝑝 ; ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ‘0’ is the quotient of two integers and denominator of which is non-zero.
Hence, ‘0’ is a rational number.
(iii) Rational number may or may not be integer but every integer is a rational number.
−5
For example: -5 is an integer which can be expressed as 1
which is a rational number.
−3 −2 −1
Similarly, 1
= −3 , 1
= −2, 1
= 1 and so on.
1 2 3
1
= 1 , 1 = 2 , 1 = 3 and so on.
−5 2
On the other hand, 3
, 5 are rational number but they are not integers.
(iv)Every rational number may or may not be a fraction but every fraction is a rational number.
5 5
For example: In the fraction, 9 , 9 is a non zero integer and 9 is the quotient of two integer 5 and 9. So
 5
the fraction 9 is a rational number .
5
On the other hand, is a rational number but not a fraction as the denominator -7 is not a natural
−7
number.
Note: Mixed fraction can be expressed as improper fraction so every mixed fraction is a rational
number.

TOPIC 1:
Rational number on number line
We know how to represent integer on number line. To the right of ‘0’, all are positive integers and to the
left of ‘0’ all are negative integers.
Similarly, positive and negative rational numbers are on the right and left side respectively of
‘0’.
Successive integers on the number line should be equidistant. Similarly, Successive rational number on
the number line should be equidistant.

-2 -1 0 1 2

B’ A’ O A B

In the above diagram, OA = AB and, OA’ = A’B’.

Distance between two successive integers is unit length. So, OA=AB=1 unit.
Similarly, OA’ = A’B’=1 unit.

Example1: Represent the following on rational number line:

1 3 3
(i) 2 , (ii) 7 , (iii)− 5

1/2

1
Solution: (i) 2
-1 0 1

Divide the segment between 0 and 1 into two parts then move one step towards ‘0’ as we have to
represent ½.

3
(ii) 7 3/7

-1 0 1

Divide the segment between 0 and 1 into seven parts then move three steps towards ‘0’, as we have to
represent 3/7.
 3
(iii) – 5

-3/5

-1 0 1

Divide the segment between 0 and -1 into five parts then move three steps towards ‘-1’, as we have to
represent -3/5.

Example 2: Find the numerator and denominator of each of the following rational number:
−5 17 −21 5
(i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) , (v) 9
7 −7 −15 3

Solution: (i) Numerator = -5 and, Denominator = 7

(ii) Numerator = 17 and, Denominator = -7

(iii) Numerator = -21 and, Denominator = -15

(iv) Numerator = 5 and, Denominator = 3

(v) Numerator = 9 and, Denominator = 1

Example 3: Express the integers as rational numbers:

(i) 14, (ii)-19

14 −19
Solution: (i) 1
, (ii) 1

Example 4: Express the rational numbers as integers:

8 −13 62
(i) 1 , (ii) 1
, (iii) 1

Solution: (i) 8 , (ii) -13 , (iii) 62

Example 5: Numerator and denominator of a rational number is (35-27)×(9-3) and 7 × (-5) respectively.
What is the rational number?
 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 (35−27)×(9−3) 8×6 48
Solution: The rational number is = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 7 × (−5)
= −35 = 35

TOPIC 2
Equivalent rational number:
𝑎 𝑎×𝑛 𝑎
(i) 𝑏 = 𝑏×𝑛 [where, 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 and n is a non-zero integer]
Thus, if the numerator and denominator of rational number is multiplied by a same non-zero integer,
then the rational number remains unchanged.

𝑎 𝑎÷𝑛 𝑎
(ii) 𝑏 = 𝑏÷𝑛 [where, 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 and n is a non-zero integer]
Thus, if the numerator and denominator of rational number is divided by a common divisor, then the
rational number remains unchanged.
After multiplication or division, the resultant unchanged rational number is called Equivalent rational
number of the given rational number.

Example 6: Find three equivalent rational number of:

2 −3
(i) 5 ,(ii) 2
2 2×2 2×3
Solution:(𝑖) = =
5 5×2 5×3
2 4 6
=> 5 = 10 = 15

−3 −3×2 −6
(𝑖) = = 4
2 2×2

Example 7: 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 with positive denominator:

13 −9
(i) −7 , (ii) −5

13 13×(−1) −13
Solution: (i) −7 = −7×(−1) = 7
[Equivalent rational number]

−9 −9 ×(−1) 9
(ii) = = [Equivalent rational number]
−5 −5×(−1) 5

7
Example 8: (i) Find the equivalent rational number of −3
with denominator (a)18 and (b) -21
−65
(ii)Represent −52
as a rational number with denominator 4
−81
(iii)Find the equivalent rational number of 45
with numerator (a)−9 and (b) 9
7 7×(−6) −42
Solution: (𝑖)(𝑎) = = 18
−3 −3×(−6)

7 7×7 49
(b) −3 = −3×7 = −21
 −65 −65÷(−13) 5
(ii) −52 = −52÷(−13) = 4

−81 −81÷(9) −9
(iii) (𝑎) 45
= 45÷(9)
= 5

−81 −81÷(−9) 9
(b) 45
= 45÷(−9)
= −5

13 5
Example 9: 24 and 18
Convert it into equivalent rational number of common denominator.

Solution: L.C.M of 24 and 18 is 72.

13 13×3 39 5 5×4 20
=
24 24×3
= 72 and =
18 18×4
= 72

39 20
Hence, equivalent rational number of common denominator are 72
and 72
.

Example 10: Observe the following and find if they are in lowest form or not. If they are not,then reduce
them to their lowest form:
19 −75 −48 81
(i) 69 , (ii) 60
,(iii) −84 , (𝑖𝑣) −486

Solution: We can say a rational number is in its lowest term if H.C.F of its numerator and denominator is
1.
19
(i) In
69
,there is no common factor of 19 and 69 without 1
19
Hence, 69 is in its lowest form.

−75
(ii) 𝐼𝑛 60
, H.C.F of 75 and 60 is (5×3=) 15.That means common factor of 75 and 60 is 1 and 15.
So to reduce them in their lowest form, we have devide both numerator and denominator by 15.
−75 −75÷15 −5
60
= 60÷15
= 9

−75 −5
Hence, 60
in lowest form is 9
.

−48
(ii) 𝐼𝑛 −84
, H.C.F of 48 and 84 is (6×2=) 12.That means common factor of 48 and 84 is 1 and 12.
So to reduce them in their lowest form, we have divide both numerator and denominator by 12.
−48 −48÷12 4
−84
= −84÷12 = 7

−48 4
Hence, −84 in lowest form is 7.
 81
(iv) 𝐼𝑛 −486
, H.C.F of 81 and 486 is (3×3×3×3)= 81.That means common factor of 81 and 486 is 1 and 81.
So to reduce them in their lowest form, we have divide both numerator and denominator by 81.
81 81÷81 1
=
−486 −486÷81
= -6

81 1
Hence, −486 in lowest form is – 6.

Example 11: Express the following in standard form:

14 −28 −50
(i) , (ii) , (iii)
21 16 −75

Solution: To express a rational number in standard form we have to check the denominator, if it is
positive or not. If it is not, then make it positive .Then find out the greatest common divisor (G.C.D) of
numerator and denominator , and then divide both the numerator and denominator by the G.C.D. After
division the obtained number is the standard form of the given rational number.

14
(i) 21 has a positive denominator.
and, G.C.D of 14 and 21 is 7
14 14÷7 2
So, the standard form of is = = .
21 21÷7 3

−28
(ii) 16
has a positive denominator.
and, G.C.D of 28 and 16 is 4.
−28 (−28)÷4 −7
So, the standard form of is = = .
16 16÷4 4

−50
(iii) has a negetive denominator.
−75
To convert the negative denominator into positive, we have to multiply the denominator with (-1)
−50×(−1) 50
So, −75×(−1) = 75
and, G.C.D of 50 and 75 is 25.
−50 50÷25 2
So, the standard form of −75 is = 75÷25 = 3 .

−12 16
Example 12: (i) and are two rational number. Are they equal?
42 −56

Solution: For testing the equality of two rational numbers, we have to expressed them in standard form.
If they are in same same standard form ,we can say they are equal otherwise not.
16 16×(−1) −16
−56
= −56×(−1)
= 56

Now, G.C.D of 16 and 56 is 8.

−16÷8 −2
=> =
56÷8 7
 −12 −12÷6 −2
and, 42
= 42÷6
= 7
[G.C.D OF 12 and 42 is 6]

−12 16
It is clear that, 42
and −56 are in standard form.

−12 16
Hence, 42
= −56

−8 28
(ii) 10 and −35
are two rational numbers. Are they equal?

Solution: For testing if they are equal or not, at first we have to multiply the numerator and
−8
denominator of the 1st number , by the denominator of the 2nd number which is -35.
10
−8×(−35) 280
=> =
10×(−35) −350
.

28
After that, we have to multiply the numerator and denominator of the 2nd number , by the
−35
st
denominator of the 1 number which is 10.
28×10 280
=> =
−35×10 −350
.
Now, check the numerators of the two given rational number. If they are equal then the given rational
numbers are equal otherwise not.
Here , numerators are equal. So, given two rational numbers are equal.

14 −7
(iii) and are two rational numbers. Are they equal?
22 −11

Solution: Besides above two methods, we can apply another method for checking equality of two
rational number. Lets do it.
We have to check if,
numerator of the 1st number × denominator of the 2nd number = denominator of the 1st number ×
numerator of the 2nd number
If the above condition is satisfied then two rational numbers are equal otherwise not.
14 −7
Given numbers are, 22 and −11
Now,14 × (-11) =(-7) × 22
=> -154= -154
Condition satisfied.
14 −7
Hence, 22 and −11
are equal.

TOPIC 3
Comparison of rational number
Every positive rational number is greater than ‘0’ and, every negative rational number is less than
‘0’.
we have to follow some steps to compare rational numbers:
(i) At first, given rational numbers are written with positive denominators.
(ii)Now, find out the L.C.M of the positive denominators and then expressed the rational numbers with
this L.C.M of the positive denominators as their common denominator.
(iii)Among the numbers, the number with greater numerator is the greater and the number with smaller
numerator is smaller.

Example 13: Find the smaller one from the following pairs:
−3 3 −5 7 −2 3 5
(i) 5
and 4
, (ii) 9
and −18 , (iii)0 and 3
, (iv) 5 and 9
,

Solution: (i)We know that, every negative rational number is smaller than every positive rational
−3 3
number. Here, is a negative rational number and, is a positive rational number.
5 4
3 −3
So, <
4 5
−3
Hence, is the smaller one.
5

−5 7
(ii) 9
and −18
−5 7
has a positive denominator and, has negative denominator.
9 −18
For comparing, firstly we have to make the negative denominator into a positive one.
7×(−1) −7
=
−18×(−1) 18

Now, L.C.M of 9 and 18 is 18

−5 −5×2 −10
∴ 9
= 9×2
= 18
Clearly, -10 < -7

−5
Hence, 9
is the smaller one.

(iii) 0 is always greater than negative rational numbers.

−2
∴ 3
<0
−2
Hence, is the smaller one.
3

3 5
(iv) 5
and 9
both have positive denominators.
L.C.M of 5 and 9 is 45.
3 3×9 27
∴ 5
= 5×9 = 45

5 5×5 25
and, = =
9 9×5 45
As, 25 < 27
5 3
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, < .
9 5
Example 14: Arrange the following rational numbers in ascending order:
−5 3 −3 7
, , and .
8 −4 5 −10

−5 −3 3 7
Solution: 8
and 5
have positive denominators and; −4
and −10 have negative integers.

For performing the comparison, we have to convert these negative integers into positive one.
3×(−1) −3 7×(−1) −7
−4×(−1)
= 4
and, −10×(−1)
= 10

Now, L.C.M of 8, 5, 4 and 10 is 40.

−5 −5×5 −25
∴8 = 8×5
= 40 ;

−3 −3×8 −24
5
= 5×8 = 40
;

−3 −3×10 −30
= = ;
4 4×10 40

−7 −7×4 −28
and, 10
= 10×4
= 40

It is clear that, -30 < -28 < -25 < -24 .

3 7 −5 −3
Hence, < < < .
−4 −10 8 5

Exercise 4A

1) Find the numerators and the denominators of the following:

−8 17 15 −16
(i) 3
, (ii) −4 , (iii) 11 , (iv) −5
, (v) 19

2)The rational number with denominator and numerator (43-36)×(9-5), and (-8)×3 respectively. Find the
rational number and reduce the number to its lowest form.

3) Identify the positive and the negative rational number from the following:
−18 17 −15 16 −1 −7 −15 16 −117
(i) 5
, (ii) −4 , (iii) −4
, (iv) 5
, (v) 19 , (vi) 0 , (vii) −7 , (viii) 4
, (ix) −3
, (x) −5 , (xi)21 , (xii) 198

4) Express the following as integers:

29 −13 6 −89 −63
(i) 1
, (ii) 1
, (iii) 1 , (iv) 1
, (v) 1

5) Express the following as rational number:

(i) 19 , (ii) -84 , (iii)100 , (iv)-69 , (v)83
(6) What is that rational number whose denominator is the largest 3 digits number and numerator is the
smallest 4 digits number?

(7)Express the following with positive denominator:

7 −15
(i) −8 , (ii) −7

−17
(8)Write down 9
as a rational number having denominator (i) 36 , (ii) 54

(9)Fill in the blanks:

−7 28 5
(i) 9
= = −45 , (ii) 11 = −22 = 132

16
(10)Write down −104 as a rational number with numerator 13.

(11) What will be the equivalent form of rational number with common denominator:
3 7 9 7 3 9 11 3 9 19
(i) 5 , 10 , 25 ; (ii) 11 , 22 , 55 (iii) 21
, 8 , 14 , 24
−198
(12) Write down −114 as a rational number with numerator (i)66 , (ii)33 , (iii)99.

(13)Check the following and find if they are in their lowest form or not. If they are not then make it:
−118 −15 79 324 −32 119
(i) 96
,(ii) −125 , (iii) 49
, (iv) −81 (v) −56 , (vi) 223

(14)Represent the following in standard form:

−18 −15 28 −266 −192 120
(i) 66
,(ii) −40 , (iii) −56 , (iv) −285 (v) 168
,(vi) −150

(15)Check the pairs and identify which of them are equal:

−9 18 −8 4 12 −60 −38 −15
(i) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , (ii) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ,(iii) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , (iv) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
2 −4 −26 13 −18 −75 −84 24

−9 −36
(16) 8
= 𝑦
What is the value of y?

(17) If each of the following pair is a equivalent rational number , What will be the value of x?
4 7 −2 𝑥 14 −56
(i) 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
, (𝑖𝑖) 3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 27
(iii) 5
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
(18) Express (-1) in standard form.

(19)Fii in the blanks:

𝑝
(i)____ number can be represent in the form of 𝑞
.Where; q≠0 and , p and q are two integers.
(ii)If the rational numbers are in the same ___ form, they are called equal.
𝑝 𝑝
(iii) If −𝑞
is a ___ integer and 𝑞 is a positive integer ,then p and q are __ integers.
 𝑝
(iv) A rational number 𝑞 is in standard form if divisor of p and q is __ , and q is__
(v)If ___ of the numerator is same but __ are different ,then two rational number are said to be equal.

(20) Represent the following on the number line:

4 −4 −2 5 −4 8
(i)3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
3 9 9 3 3

(21)Arrange the following in descending order:

−3 2 8 5 −7 11 −13
(i) 7
, −5
, 10
; (ii) 9 , −24 , −12 , 18

(22) Arrange the following in ascending order:

9 13 −64 −23 7 −17 −11 3
(i) 16 , −8
, ,
28 −12
; (ii) 30 , −20
, ,
15 −10

(23)True or false:
−17 −64
(i)On the number line −20 and 28
are opposite side of zero. T
−17
(ii) 12
is to the right side of zero on the number line.F
−13 4
(iii) −2 and 18 are to the same side of zero on the number line. T

Answers:

1)(i) Numerator= -8 , and denominator= 3 ; (ii) Numerator= 17 , and denominator= -4

(iii) Numerator= 15 , and denominator= 11 ; (iv) Numerator= -16 , and denominator= -5

7
(v) Numerator= 19 , and denominator= 1 ; 2) - 6 ;

3) (i)negative, (ii)negative, (iii)positive , (iv)positive, (v)positive, (vi)neither negative nor positive,

(vii)positive, (viii)negative, (ix)positive, (x)negative,(xi)positive, (xii)negative.

4) (i) 29 , (ii) -13 , (iii) 6 , (iv) -89 , (v)-63

19 −84 100 −69 83 1000 −7 15

5) (i) 1
, (ii) 1
, (iii) 1
, (iv) 1
, (𝑣) 1
; 6) 999
; 7)(i) 8
,(ii) 7

−68 −102 −2
8)(i) 36
,(ii) 54
; 9) (i) -36 and 35 , (ii) -10 and 60 ; 10) 3
;

30 35 18 70 15 18 66 33 99
11) (i) , , ; (ii) , , ; 12) (𝑖) , (𝑖𝑖) , (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ;
50 50 50 110 110 110 38 19 57
 −59 3 4
13)(𝑖) 48
, (ii) 25 , (iii) in lowest form , (iv) -4 , (v) 7 , (vi) In lowest fom

3 3 1 15 −8 −4
14)− 11 , (ii) 8 , (iii)− 2 , (iv) 14 , (v) 7
, (vi) 5
; 15) (i)Equal , (ii) Equal, (iii) Unequal, (iv)Unequal

35 −1
16) 32 ; 17)(𝑖) 4
, (ii) -18 , (𝑖𝑖𝑖) -20 ; 18) 1
;
19)(i) Rational number, (ii)standard, (iii) negative, positive , (iv)only 1, positive , (v) ratio, numerator

8 2 −3 5 −7 −13 11 −64 13 9 −23 −11 3 7 −17

21) (i) 10 > −5 > 7
, (ii) 9 > −24 > 18
> −12 ; 22) (i) 28
< −8 < 16 < −12 ; (ii) 15
< −10 < 30 < −20

23)(i) True, (ii)False, (iii)True.

TOPIC 4:
Addition and Subtraction of rational numbers
(1) Addition :
(a) when denominators are same: Take the common denominator of the given numbers as the
denominator of the addition. Then add the numerator of the given numbers, and take it as the
numerator of the addition.

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑐
𝑏
+𝑏 = 𝑏

7 13
Example 15: (i) Add 𝑎𝑛𝑑
9 9

7 13 7+13 20
Solution: 9
+ 9
= 9
= 9

−8 −17
(ii) Add 11
𝑎𝑛𝑑 11

−8 −17 (−8)+(−17) −25

11
+ 11
= 11
= 11

5 11
(iii) Add −13
𝑎𝑛𝑑 13

5 5×(−1) −5
Solution: −13
= −13×(−1) = 13

−5 11 −5+11 6
13
+ 13 = 13
= 13
(b) when denominators are different: At first take the L.C.M of the denominators of the given rational
numbers. Now, express the given rational numbers in a way so that the L.C.M becomes their common
denominators.

7 5
Example 16: Add 15
𝑎𝑛𝑑 9
Solution: L.C.M of 15 and 9 is 45.
7 5
Now, we have to express 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9 in a way, so that both of these rational numbers have common
denominator 45.
7 7×3 21 5 5×5 25
15
= 15×3 = 45 and, 9
= 9×5 = 45

21 25 21+25 46
∴ 45 + 45 = 45
= 45

8
Example 17: Add 19
and 5
5
Solution: 5 =1
L.C.M of 1 and 19 is 19
8 5
Now, we have to express 19 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 in a way, so that both of these rational numbers have common
denominator 19.
5 5×19 95
∴ 1
= 1×19 = 19

8 5 8 95 8+95 103
So, + = + = = .
19 1 19 19 19 19

9 23
Example 18: Add −17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −51

9 9×(−1) −9
Solution: −17 = −17×(−1) = 17

23 23×(−1) −23
=
−51 −51×(−1)
= 51

L.C.M of 17 and 51 is 51.

−9 −23
Now, we have to express 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 51
in a way, so that both of these rational numbers have common
denominator 51.
−9×3 −27
17×3
= 51

−27 −23 (−27)+(−23) −50

∴ 51
+ 51 = 51
= 51

(c) When denominators of given rational numbers have no factor, in other wards H.C.F of denominators
is 1, then what to do?
Let discuss this, through a example:
7 3
Example 19: Add 15
𝑎𝑛𝑑 19
7 3 (7×19)+(3×15) 133+45 178
15
+ 19 = 15×19
= 285
= 285

(2) Subtraction:
If we want to subtract a rational number from other rational number, it means we want to add additive
inverse of one rational number from other.
𝑝 𝑟
If we subtract 𝑞 from 𝑠 then,
𝑟 𝑝 𝑟 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑠
-𝑞= 𝑠
+ (- 𝑞 ) [Here (- 𝑞 ) 𝑖𝑠 additive inverse of 𝑞
]

2 6
Example 20: (i) Subtract 3 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 7
6 2 6 2
Solution: 7 - 3
= 7 +(- 3 )

6×3 −2×7
= 7×3 + 3×7

18 (−14) 18+(−14) 4
= 21 + 21
= 21
= 21

7 −5
(ii) −( )
12 8

7 −5 7 5 −5 5
Solution: 12
− ( 8 ) = 12 +8 [As, − ( 8 ) = 8 ]

7×2+3×5
= 24

14+15 29
= 24
= 24 .

−85 −5
Example 21: What should be subtracted from 72
to get 8
?
−85 −5
Solution: Difference between 72
and the required number is 8
.
−85 −5
∴ 72
- required number = 8

−85 5 −85+(5×9) −85+45 −40 −5

=> Required number = 72
+8= 72
= 72 = 72 = 9
.
 Exercise 4B

5 −13
1) 11 + 11

7 −13
2) Add 18 and 24

9 17 1 3 −7 −5 7 −13
3) Simplify: (i) −28 + 42 , (ii) −14 + −16 , (iii) 18 + 72 ,(iv) 8 + 6

15 5
4) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑡: +
19 −11

−16 4 −7 9 5 −8 2 41 −7
5) Add: (i) and , (ii) and , (iii) and , (iv) -4 and , (v) and
3 3 13 13 14 14 5 −5 8

6)Add the following and express the answer in terms of a mixed fraction:
−3 53 16 −12 −41 −14
(i) + , (ii) + , (iii) +
4 20 27 5 8 27

−4 −6
7) Subtract: 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
9 8

−7 −4
8)One the two rational number is 40 and the sum of the two rational number is 9
.What is the other
rational number?

−3 −9 5 6 −8 5
9)Simplify: (i) 4
− 6 + 8 , (ii) 14 + 21
- 16

3 4 4 −5 3 3 −5
10)Evaluate: (i) 4 − 7 , (ii) 9 − 9
, (iii)− 8 − −5 , (iv) −3 − 8

𝑎 −12 −1
11) 𝑏 + = 5 .
5
𝑎
What is the value of 𝑏
?
−5 𝑝 𝑝
12)Sum of the two number is given as -10. The two numbers are 7
and 𝑞 .What is value of 𝑞 ?

−16
13) One of the rational number is -9 and sum of them is 7
. What is the other number?
2 −4
14) What should be added to −3 to get the the result 7 ?
−9 36
15) What should be added to 13 to get the result 65 ?
𝑝 −5 −23 𝑝
16)We have to subtract 𝑞 from 9 to get 9 .What is the value of 𝑞
?

1 1 1
17) What should be subtracted from 3 to get (5 + 2 + 3)?
18)Fill in the blanks:
−3 −4 34 77
(i) 13 − 26 = __ , (ii) ___ + 9
= 3 , (iii) 24 + __ = 8

Answers:

−8 −11 1 −29 −1 −31 70

1) ; 2) ; 3)(i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) ; 4)
11 72 12 112 8 24 209

2 −3 −18 −363 9 109 139 −11

5)(i) -4, (ii) 13 , (iii) 14 , (𝑖𝑣) 5
, (v) 40
; 6)(i) 110 , (ii) -1135 , (iii) -5216 ; 7) 36
;

−97 3 −89 5 9 3 11 1
8) 360 ; 9)(i) 18 , (ii) 336 ; 10)(𝑖) 28
, (ii) 1 , (iii) 40
, (iv) -28 ; 11) 5
or 2 5

2 47 5 2 16 29
12) 97 ; 13)
7
or 67 ; 14) 21 ; 15) 165 ; 16) 2 ; 17) 130 ;
−1 −7 19
18)(i) 13
; (ii) 9 , (iii) 424

TOPIC 5:
Multiplication and division of rational numbers
(1) Multiplication
Rule of multiplication of two rational numbers is same as rule of multiplication of two fractions.

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Product of two rational numbers =
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝑝 𝑟 𝑝×𝑟
Ex: 𝑞 × 𝑠
= 𝑞×𝑠

2 4 −5 9 −7
Example 22: Multiply: (i) 3
𝑏𝑦 9
, (ii) 8
𝑏𝑦 11
,(iii) 11 𝑏𝑦 (-9)

2 4 2×4 8
Solution: (𝑖) 3
× 9
= 3×9 = 27

−5 9 (−5)×9 −45
(𝑖𝑖) 8
× 11
= 8×11
= 88

−7 (−7)×(−9) 63
(iii) 11
× (-9) = 11×1
= 11

14 24 −9 16 6 −56 −33 −65

Example 23: (i) −6
× 84
, (ii) 8
× 7
, (iii) −8 × 216
, (iv) 5
× −77
Solution:
 2

4
14 24 14×24 2
(i) −6
× 84
= (−6)×84
=− 3
6

2
−9 16 (−9)×16 −18
(ii) × = =
8 7 8×7 7

7
6 −56 6×(−56) 7
(iii) × = =
−8 216 (−8)×216 36
36

3 13
−33 −65 (−33)×(−65) 39
(iv) 5
× −77
= 5×(−77) = 7
.
7

5 −7 −11 12 1 7
Example 24: Simplify it: (4 × 15
) -( 6
× 5
) + ( 9 × 2)

Solution:
2
5 −7 −11 12 1 7
(4 × 15
) - ( 6 × 5
) + ( 9 × 2)
3

−7 (−22) 7
= 12 − 5
+ 18

−7 22 7
= 12 + 5
+ 18
L.C.M of 12, 5 and 18 is 360.

757
(−7)×30+22×72+7×20 1514 757
∴ 360
= 360
= 180
180

Reciprocal of a non-zero rational number

𝑝 𝑞
For each of the non-zero rational number 𝑞 ,there exists a rational number 𝑝
; which is called
𝑝 𝑝
multiplicative inverse .In other words, it can be called as reciprocal of 𝑞
and can be expressed as (𝑞 )-1 .

Ex:
7 7 1 13
The reciprocal of 13
is = (13)-1 = 7/13 = 7

1
The reciprocal of -8 is = (−8)-1 = −8

3 3 1 −8
The reciprocal of −8
is = (−8)-1 = 3/−8 = 3
.

Note: (i) Product of a number and its reciprocal is always 1.

(ii) Reciprocal of 1 and (-1) is 1 and (-1) respectively. Besides these there are no other rational
number which is its own reciprocal.
(iii) ’0’ has no reciprocal because when we multiply any of the rational numbers, we get ‘0’ as a
result.

Example 25: Find the reciprocal of the following:

3 −9
(i) 8, (ii) -19, (iii) 7 , (𝑖𝑣) 16

Solution:
1
(i) Reciprocal of 8 = (8)-1 = 8
1
(ii) Reciprocal of (-19) = (-19)-1 = −19

3 3 1 7
(iii) Reciprocal of 7
= (7)-1 = 3/7 = 3

9 9 1 16
(iv) Reciprocal of 16
= (16)-1 = 9/16 = 9
 −2 −8
Example26: Write down the reciprocal of : 9
× 17

−2 −8 (−2)×(−8) 16
Solution: 9
× 17
= 9×17
= 153

−2 −8 16 1 153
Hence, the reciprocal of 9
× 17
=( 153)-1 = 16/153 = 16
.

Exercise 4C:

7 9 −78 −24 −7 −7 −34 −88 −64

1) Multiply: (i) 𝑏𝑦 , (𝑖𝑖) 𝑏𝑦 , (𝑖𝑖𝑖)6 𝑏𝑦 , (iv) 𝑏𝑦 , (v) 𝑏𝑦
8 12 8 9 5 18 −49 −8 99

−7 66 −8 −4 −7 −7 −6 90 6
2) (i) × , (𝑖𝑖) × , (𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 16 × , (iv) × , (v) ×
11 −49 −7 42 80 36 343 18 −99

3) Simplify the following:

5 −64 14 25 −81 33 −25 18 −30 20 7 1 3
(i) (4 × 125
)+(-7×−21) , (ii) (−9 × 75
) - (45× 54 ) , (iii) (12 × −78 )+(−6 × 10)-(−13 × 2)

8 30 25 6 2 3
(iv) (14 × 45 )+(−16 × 5)+(3 × −8)

4)Find the reciprocal of the following:

(i)19/3 , (ii) 67 (iii) -13/5 , (iv) 7/-18

5) Find the reciprocal of :

9 8
×
−11 −7

Answers:

7 −42 −17 −64 6 −16 7 1 −10

1) (i)27 , (ii) 26, (iii) 5
, (iv) 63
, (v) 9
; 2) (i) 7 , (ii) 147 , (iii) 5 , (iv) 294 , (v) 33
;

302 2 541 25 125 3 1 13 −18

3)(𝑖) 75
or 4 75 , (ii) 162 , (iii) -139 , (iv) -1168 ; 4) (i) 19 , (ii) 67 , (iii) −5 , (iv) 7

77
5) 72 .

(2) Division
In the chapter of fraction, we learnt that division of fraction is inverse of multiplication of fraction.
We can say in the same way in the case of division of one rational number by another.

In the case of, two rational number ‘a’ and ‘b’ where ‘b≠0’, the result of division of ‘a’ by ‘b’ is that
rational number, which is obtained when ‘a’ is multiplied by reciprocal of ‘b’.

1
a÷b=a×𝑏

𝑝 𝑟 𝑟
when 𝑞
and 𝑠 are two rational number and 𝑠 ≠ 0 ,

𝑝 𝑟 𝑝 𝑟 𝑝 𝑠
then 𝑞
÷ 𝑠 = 𝑞 × ( 𝑠 )-1 = 𝑞 × 𝑟

𝑝 𝑟 𝑝 𝑠
In the above example 𝑞
is divided by 𝑠
and the result is ( 𝑞 × 𝑟) .
𝑝 𝑟 𝑝 𝑠
Here, = dividend, = divisor, and ( × ) = quotient.
𝑞 𝑠 𝑞 𝑟

Noted that, division by 0 is undefined.

2 18 −15 5 −9 7
Example 27: Divide : (i) 9 𝑏𝑦 6
; (ii) 28
𝑏𝑦 7 , (iii) 16 𝑏𝑦 −24

2 18 2 6 2
Solution: (i) 9 ÷ 6
= 9
× 18
= 27
3

3
−15 5 −15 7 −3
(ii) 28 ÷ 7 = 28
× 5 = 5
4

3
−9 7 −9 −24 −27
(iii) 16
÷ −24 = 16 × 7 = 14
2

36 −72
Example 28: One of the two rational number is and, their product is .What is the other number?
64 256

36
Solution: Given, One of the two rational number is = 64 and,

−72
their product is = 256
 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
∴ the other number is = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

−72
256 −72 64 −1
= 36 = 256
× 36 = 2
64

−1
Hence, the other number is 2
.

Rational numbers between two given rational numbers :

In the case of integers, it is possible to insert a integer between two non-consecutive integers. If ‘a’ and
‘b’ are two non-consecutive integers then, there are (a-b-1) numbers of integers between ‘a’ and ‘b’. But
between two consecutive integers there are no integers.

Now in the case of two rational numbers what happened?

Between two rational numbers ,we can insert infinitely many rational numbers.

−3 4
Example 29: How many rational numbers are there between 7
𝑎𝑛𝑑 7
?
−3 4 −30 40
Solution: We can write 𝑎𝑛𝑑 as 𝑎𝑛𝑑
7 7 70 70

Rule of finding number of rational numbers between two given rational numbers is same as rule of
finding number of integers between two non- consecutive integers, which is discussed above : (a-b-1)
So, number of rational number between -30 and 40 is {40-(-30)-1} = 40+30-1 =70 -1 = 69

−3 4 −29 −28 −27 1 39

∴ Rational numbers between 7
𝑎𝑛𝑑 7
are 70
, 70 , 70 …… , 70 ,….., 70 .

−3 4 −300 400
Similarly , 7
𝑎𝑛𝑑 7
can be written also as 700
𝑎𝑛𝑑 700

and, {400-(-300)-1} = 400+300-1 =700 -1 = 699.

−5 9
Example 30: 12 rational numbers between 13 and 13 are:
Clearly, -5 < -4 < -3 < -2 < -1 < 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 < 9

∴ -5/13 < -4/13 < -3/13 < -2/13 < -1/13 < 0/13 < 1/13 < 2/13 <
3/13 < 4/13 < 5/13 < 6/13 < 7/13 < 8/13 < 9.

−5 9
Hence, 12 rational numbers between 13 and 13 are
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
13
< 13
< 13
< 13
< 13 < 13 < 13 < 13 < 13 < 13 < 13 < 13 .
TOPIC 6:
Rational number as decimals:
We can convert a rational number into a decimal. Process of converting a rational number into decimal
is similar to conversion of a fraction to decimal.
Decimal can be classified as terminating and non-terminating decimal.
i) After decimal point teminating decimals have a finite number of digits.
−6
Example 31: Convert 25 into decimal.
Solution: Ignore negative sign at the time of division and place the ‘-‘ sign with the final result.

25 60 0.24
50
100
100
0

−6
Hence, 25 as decimal = - 0.24

Alternate method,
we can apply another method for this conversion. We can write a equivalent rational number where the
denominator is 10 or a power of 10.

−6×4 −24
=
25×4 100
=-0.24

19
Example 32: Convert into decimal.
8

8 19 2.375
16
30
24
60
56
40
40
0

19
Hence, 8
into decimal = 2.375

ii) Non-terminating decimals also called recurring or repeating decimals.It is called so, as after the
decimal point it has infinite number of digits. That means endless number of digits after decimal point.

31
Example 33: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 6
into decimal.
Solution:
6 31 5.166…..
30
10
6
40
36
40
36
4

31
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, into decimal is 5.166…..
6
Above example is the example of non-terminating repeating rational number. But it is not a example of
non-terminating recurring rational number.

2.236067….., 2.645751….. are decimals but not repeating ; it is non-teminating recurring rational
numbers. Here, digits are not repeating , it is recurring. In another words, this type of decimal are said to
be irrational numbers. These type of irrational number can be expressed as √5, √7 etc.

Exercise 4D
 7 5
1) To get as a product, what should be multiplied with ?
15 −18

1 −8 −24 7 −2 12
2)Devide : (i) 1 by 4 , (ii) 18 𝑏𝑦 36
, (iii) −9 by 7 ,(iv) 3
𝑏𝑦 −27

2 28 20 −45 50 −4
3) (𝑖) 7 ÷ 21 , (ii) 3
÷ 22 , (iii) 96 ÷ (-30) , (iv) -8 ÷ ( 19 )

−9 27
4)What number should be multiplied with 10 ,so that the product may be −25 .

𝑎
5) ×(−20) = 15.
𝑏
𝑎
𝑏
=?

−9
6) 14
should be multiplied by what to get 36 as a result?

7) Find: (a - b) ÷ (a + b) , when
3 4 7 −2
(i) a= 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑏 = 3 ; (ii) a= 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑏 = 3

3 3
8) If the cost of 64 meter wire is 134 rupees, what is the cost of per meter wire?

17 −11 −33 −1
9) What is the result of division of sum of 5
and 7
by the product of 5
and 3
.

65 9
10) What will be the result when you divide the sum of and by their difference?
14 7

11) 25 shirts of equal size can be made from 57 meters cloth. What is the length of each shirt?

−6 3
12) Insert 40 rational numbers between 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10
.

9 −3
13) Find 11 rational numbers between 14 𝑎𝑛𝑑 14
.

14) What is the decimal form of the following:

15 23 26 4 55 5 65
(i) 7 , (𝑖𝑖) 9
, (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 10 , (𝑖𝑣) 11 , (𝑣) 2
, (𝑣𝑖) 8 , (𝑣𝑖𝑖) 14

15)Express the following into rational numbers:

(i)0.423, (ii)2.325, (iii)2.44948…., (iv)0.375, (v)4.3333….

Answers:
 −42 2 1 3 3 88 5 6 3
1) 25
; 2) (i) 4, (ii) 3 , (iii) −9 , (iv) 2 ; 3) (i) 14 , (ii) −27 , (iii) −288 ; 4) 5 ; 5) −4 ;

7 2 11 8 64 83 36 7
6) (-56) ; 7)(i) - 25 , (ii) 33 or 3
; 8) 127 rupees ; 9) 77 ; 10) 47 or 147 ; 11) 225 meters ;

−59 −58 −57 −37 −36 −21 −20 −2 −1 0 1 7 8

12) 100 , 100 , 100 , … . . . , 100 , 100 ,……, 100 , 100 ; 13) 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , … . . . , 14 , 14 .

14)(i) 2.142857…, (ii) 2.555…., (iii)2.6, (iv)0.3636…., (v)27.5, (vi)0.625, (vii)4.642857

423 93 6 26
15)(i) 1000 , (ii) 40 , (iii) √6, (iv) 16 , (v) 6
.

Miscellaneous questions:

−8
1) 9
should be added to what to get 5 ?

2)Reciprocal of (-9/7) is __

−9 9
3) (𝑖) ÷ 1 ; (ii) 1÷
10 −10

5
4) Find the multiplicative inverse of −3
.

−6 9
5) What is to be subtracted from to get ?
8 12

−9
6) 16 - ? = -5

−9 −9 2
7) (i) 0 ÷ 10 =? ; (ii) 10 ÷0=? ; (iii) 35 -7 =? (iv)1÷1/3 =?

3 3 5 18
8) 25 × 1 9 × 5 4 × 13

7 5 3 1 2
9) (𝑖) 5
+ 4 − (− 8) =? , (ii) -48 -(- 13)+ ? =10

9 4
10) 12
+𝑥 = 1.
What is the value of x?
 44 −105
11) What is the standard form of : (i) −66 , (ii) 118

−7
12) 15
is to be added to to what to get 1?

−4 8
13) What is the multiplicative inverse of (i) 5
(ii) −3 ?

14) Find out the greater one:

−3 6 9 −7
(i)4
and −7 , (ii) −5 and 5
−9 4
15) 17 − (−13) = ?

5
16) −7 ÷ 0 =?

−4 11
17) × ?=
15 20

−11 13
18) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
18 −20
Which one is smaller?