Why do we study Literature?

 When students study Literature, they learn to appreciate words and their power. They travel to other
realms and times through the texts they read.
 They understand about their own culture and others'
 Importantly, they learn to consider multiple perspectives and understand the complexity of human
nature

Literature

 The word derives from a Latin word "litera" which means letter.
 Literature means "written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value"
 Literature is a written or spoken text. Formed by using partly or completely symbolic language that
gives the human life new meaning that is based on fanciful perspectives by using imagination along
with the reason.
 It deals with human life. It deals with the humans regardless of their ethnic, religious and gender
affiliation and even regardless of their age.
 Literature doesn't special for adults since the children are human and located with the humanity

Types of Literature

Prose

 "prosa" which means straightforward. It consists written works within the common flow of
conversation presented in a straightforward manner.

Types of Prose

1. Novel -This is a long narrative divided into chapters. The events may be taken from true-to-life stories and
spans for a long period of time. There are many characters involved.

2. Short Story- This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression.

3. Plays - This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes.

4.Legends- These are fictitious narratives, us origins. It provides historical information regarding the culture and
views of particular group of people or country.

5. Folk tales - A traditional narrative, usually anonymous, and handed down orally.
6. Fables- These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who speak and act like
people. Their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes.

7. Myths- A traditional sacred story, typically revolving around the activities of gods and heroes, which aim to
explain a natural phenomenon or cultural practice.

8. Anecdotes- These are merely products of the writer's imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to
the reader. For example: A mother tells her son a story about a family vacation when she was growing up.

9. Essay- This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. The best
example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper.

10. Biography- This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography or that of
others.

11. News- This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, accidents etc.,
happening nationally or not.

12. Oration- This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the
intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience.

Poetry

 It is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning sound, and rhythmic language
choices as to evoke emotional response

TYPES OF POETRY

 Narrative Poetry
 Dramatic Poetry
 Lyrical Poetry

Narrative Poetry- This form describes important. events in life either real or imaginary.

Types of Narrative Poetry

1. Epic-it is an extended narrative about heroic exploits under supernatural control. It may deal with
heroes and gods. The hero/heroine usually has the following characteristics: idealism, beauty, courage,
wisdom, beauty, endurance, chivalry, and justice.
2. Metrical Tales- This is a narrative poetry which is written in verse and can be classified either as a ballad
or metrical romance.
 3. Ballad - This is considered as the shortest and simplest of the narrative poems. It has a simple structure
and tells of a single incident.

Dramatic Poetry- An emotional piece of literature which includes a story which is recited / sung. Soliloquy
and dramatic monologues are the main instruments of this form.

Types of Dramatic Poetry

1. Comedy -This word comes from the Greek term "Komos" meaning festivity or revelry. This form usually
is light and written with a purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy ending.

2. Melodrama - This is usually seen in musical play with the opera. It arouses immediate and intense
emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.

3. Tragedy- This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin.
without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in comedy.

4. Farce- This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too.
ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd.

5. Social Poems.- This form is either purely comic or tragic and its pictures the life of today. It may aim to
bring about changes in the social conditions.
 Lyric Poetry- Originally, this refers to that kind. of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a
lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings to the poet. They
are usually short, simple and easy to understand.

Types of Lyric Poetry

1. Folksongs- These are short poems intende to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy,
hope, and sorrow.

2. Sonnets- This is a lyric of poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling or an idea. There are two types:
the Italian and the Shakespearean.

3. Elegy- This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose theme is death.

4. Ode- This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or
definite number of lines in a stanza.

5. Psalms- This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.

6. Awit- These have the measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment
of a guitar or banduria.
7. Corridos- These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited. to a martial beat. The songs are
often about oppressions, daily life of peasants, and other socially important information.

Literary Devices

1. Imagery -the words invite you see, hear, feel, smell, or taste the details of life in an unusual or unexpected
way.

Example:

The asphalt shrinks into the horizon

He diminishes in my rearview

His body heat dissipating from the passenger seat

His smoke streaming from my ashtra Cologne lingers And lingers

2. Symbolism -allows you to attach ideas to things.

Example:

There's a hole in your storm

And the clouds of experience bloom

Like revolving petals they form. And darken into a crumbling gloom.

Example:

A purple heart can symbolize bravery. The Virgin Mary can symbolize purity. A White flag can symbolize
surrender. The act of putting out a cigarette can symbolize murder.

3. Simile and Metaphor- A simile "similar" "kisses simile. to shows one thing something else-as sweet as
honey." involves the in as usually "like" or "as."

A metaphor presents one thing as though it actually is something else-as in "Fix upon. me the dark embers of
your eyes. " Here the author speaks of eyes as though they really are embers.

Example:

Simile

Juan is as stubborn as a mule. Love is as grueling as a battlefield. Ah, your faith. How like an anchor! Jason
screams like a girl.

Example:
Metaphor

Juan is a stubborn mule.

Love is a grueling battle field. Ah, your faith, an anchor in my storm! Jason is such a girl when he screams

4. Personification -giving human qualities to something not human

Example:

"The wind murmured in the trees."

5. Irony -the use of opposite meanings to intensify the impression of something. -irony is a contrast
incongruity between expectations for a situation and what is reality.

Example:

"The cobbler's children have bno shoes"

5. Hyperbole- literary Exaggeration, as in "I waited in line for centuries."

7. Juxtaposition -the combination of different or opposite qualities.

Example: "The chilling lullaby.".

8. Onomatopoeia -words or phrases that, when they are spoken out loud, sound like what they mean.

"Bang!"

"Screech!"

"The clop, clop, clop of the approaching horseman."

9. Alliteration - words that sound alike at their beginnings.

Example:

I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet Came over houses from another street --Robert Frost

When far away an interrupted cry

10. Assonance- words that their midsections. sound alike in their midsections

Example: "Dead in the middle of little Italy, little did we know that we riddled two. middle men who didn't
do diddily." - Big Pun

11. Euphony- when a poem or words have a smooth pleasing sound. Usually consist of vowels. i.e: "The i.e.
Lotus-Eaters" Tennyson: by Alfred, Lord "The mild-eyed melancholy Lotus-eaters came."
 12. Cacophony -when a poem or words have a harsh unpleasing sound. Usually. consist of unpleasant
sounding consonance.

Example:

"Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All
mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe...

13. Repetition -shows a sense of urgency or importance, and also gives the option of adding music to the
writing. Also, repetition of a particular word, phrase, pattern, sound, or syllable is. used to get the attention
of readers Particular forms of repetition are anaphora, refrain, syntactical, and sonic.

Example:

Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and caldron bubble. Fillet of a fenny snake, In the caldron boil
and bake; Eye of newt, and toe of frog, Wool of bat, and tongue of dog, Adder's fork, and blind-worm'a
ating, Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing, For a charm of powerful trouble, Like a heli-broth boil and bubble.

14. Rhyme -words sounding alike at their endings. There are, however, different kinds of rhyme besides
straight rhyme.

 Slant Rhyme: heart/smirk/ fair or suffer/after/ liar:

Blake's The Tiger: "What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? "
Brief Introduction

The short story is a crafted form in its own right. Short stories make use of plot, resonance, and other dynamic
components as in a novel, but typically to a lesser degree. While the short story is largely distinct from the
novel or novella/short novel, authors generally draw from a common pool of literary techniques

Definition of a Short Story

• Tells about a single event or experience

• Fictional (not true) 500 to 15,000 words in length

• It has a beginning, middle, and end

• Creates an impression on the reader

Short Story Vocabulary

• Settings- Tells the reader where and when the story takes place.

• Characterization -Creation of imaginary people who ppear to be real to the reader. iter gives information
about the haracters in the story.

Types of Chatacters

1. Confidante Character- A confidante is someone or something the main character confides in.

2. Dynamic or Developing Character -A dynamic character is someone who changes throughout the story.

3. Flat or Static Character - A flat character is the opposite of a dynan flat character doesn't change much
or at all throughout the story. Their personality and/or background isn't revealed well and we only know a
handful of traits about them.

4. Foil Character -A foil character is someone who is the opposite of another character. They reflect the
opposite traits, hence a foil character.

5. Round Character-A round character is similar to a dynamic character. They change throughout the story
gaining new traits, some traits opposite to who they used to be.

6. Stock Character- A stock character is just stock photos you can get off the internet. They are not a big
deal to the story, they don't change at all, they're pretty much cliché characters such as the "dumb jock" or
"popular cheerleader."

7. Protagonist or Main Character -Main characters are the root of the story. They will develop over time
and will ultimately be part of the driving force of the plot. This is the character your readers will care most
about.
 9. Villain- A villain is similar to the antagonist, but they are evil. As described in Sacha Black's 13 Steps To
Evil: How To Craft Super bad Villains, they have evil actions and motives that drive the plot.

• Plot -A series of events through which the writer reveals what is happening, to whom, and why.

• Conflict- Is a problem in the story that needs to be resolved

Types of Conflict

1. Man vs. Self -In this mode, the conflict takes place within the mind of the main character, and often
involves the character making a decision between right and wrong, or other mixed emotions. However,
this struggle could also exist in the form of a character battling mental illness.
2. Man vs. Man -This mode lies at the heart of all dramatic arts and places the struggle directly between
the protagonist and the antagonist -- otherwise known as the good guy and the bad guy. In a man vs.
man conflict, the protagonist wants something, and the antagonist obstructs the protagonist from
getting what he wants.
3. Man vs. Society -This mode of external conflict occurs when the protagonist is placed at odds with a
government or cultural tradition. This type of conflict applies to societal norms as well.
4. Man vs. Nature -pits the main character against the forces in the form of a natural disaster or a
similarly dangerous situation -- and is often associated with literary naturalism, which hinges on the
idea that nature is indifferent to humanity.
5. Man vs. Machine- Can mean that a person is in direct combat with robots, in the context of science
fiction, or it could mean simply that technology stands in the way of the protagonist getting what she
wants.
6. Man vs. Fate/Supernatural - Exists in any story in which the protagonist is struggling against a god or
gods

• Climax -When the action comes to its highest point of conflict.

• Resolution -The story's action after the climax until the end of the story. The "conclusion" of the story

• Theme -The story's main ideas. The "message" the writer intends to communicate by telling the story.

• Point of view -The position of the narrator of the story and what the writer sees from that vantage point.

Elements of a Short Story

• Setting

• Characterization
• Plot

• Conflict

• Climax

• Resolution

• Theme

• Point of view