734 Answers

Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 1 Chapter 1

1A
1 5050
Building understanding
2 Almost 20
Answers

3 1 111 111 101 1 a 43 b 34 c 111 d 501

4 12 144 e 347 f 16 g 44 h 131
5 245 × 13 = 3185 2 a 7 b 6 c 9 d 6
6 16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8 Now you try
9 6 7 12 Example 1
4 15 14 1 a 214 b 473
10 + 11 + 6 + 7 = 34 Example 2
7 10 cm, 6.25 cm2 a 913 b 176
8 5070
9 Answers may vary. Exercise 1A
10 1058 cm2
11 70° 1 a i 119 ii 663
12 16 896 b i 239 ii 653
13 A square of side 24 cm 2 a 32 b 387 c 1143 d 55
WWUP1

14 66 e 163 f 216 g 79 h 391

15 1h i 701 j 229 k 39 l 161
3 a 174 b 431 c 10 362 d 2579
e 58 f 217 g 27 h 13 744
Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 2 i 888 j 23 021 k 75 l 9088
4 a $5 b $8 c $11
d $6 e $19 f $3
1 5 242 880 5 a 110 b 20 c 2300
2 F = 2, O = 9, U = 7, R = 0, I = 1, V = 8, N = 5, E = 4 i.e. d 1800 e 2 f 43 000
2970 + 2184 = 5154 6 678 km
5 7 22
3
16 8 Answers given from top row down and from left to right.
4 a 1868 a 7, 3, 3 b 1, 7, 8 c 2, 5, 3
b 1565 d 5, 4 e 4, 2, 8 f 0, 0, 7, 1
c 2454, 3666 9 43 marbles
d 2151, 3969 10 a 100 b 50
5 34% 11 a The sum of two 3-digit numbers cannot be bigger than
6 Side 16 cm, 8 blocks left over 1998.
7 10a − 15, 5(2a − 3) b Subtracting 32_ from 3_6 will give a maximum of
8 22.5 cm 76 (396 − 320).
9 a (1) + (3 + 5) + (7 + 9 + 11) + (13 + 15 + 17 + 19) 12 a x + y + z = z + x + y
= 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 b x−y+z=z−y+x=x+z−y
13 a The third number is always 3 and others are
b 1 = 12
(9, 3), (8, 4), (7, 5), (6, 6), (5, 7), (4, 8), (3, 9), giving
1 + 3 = 22
7 combinations. A 1 has to be carried from the middle
1+3 + 5 = 32
column.
1+3+5 + 7 = 42
b The second number is always 7 and others are
1+3+5+7 + 9 = 52
(0, 6), (1, 7), (2, 8), (3, 9), giving 4 combinations. A 1
c 28
has to be used from the left column.
d i 28 ii 1275
14 a 2
10 a 15, 17, 21, 23, 27, 29
b 19, 25, 31, 37, 43, 49 6 5
c Dominic
d Beau 8 7
e 205 numbers 1 9 4 3

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 Answers 735

b 5 totals, 17, 19, 20, 21 and 23 3 a Prime b Composite c Prime

c 17 in 2 ways, 19 in 4 ways, 20 in 6 ways, 21 in 4 ways and d Composite e Composite f Composite
23 in 2 ways g Composite h Composite
4 a True b False c False d True
1B e True f False g True h False

Answers
Building understanding Now you try
1 a 56 b 1 c 3 Example 5
2 a 99 b 42 c 72 d 132 a 40 b 14
e 32 f 63 g 11 h 11
Example 6
i 12 j 8 k 11 l 13
a 49 b 8 c 27 d 10
3 a True b True c False d True
e False f True g True h True
i True j False
Exercise 1C
1 a i 20 ii 30
Now you try
b i 12 ii 3
Example 3 2 a 6 b 45 c 24
a 1200 b 728 c 208 d 8 e 50 f 36
3 a 2 b 9 c 8
Example 4
d 6 e 1 f 1
a 13 280 b 86 rem. 6
4 a 16 b 100 c 169 d 225

1A
Exercise 1B e 10 000 f 400 g 5 h 7
i 11 j 30 k 40 l 16
1 a i 600 ii 700 5 a 8 b 64 c 343 d 125
b i 273 ii 396 e 216 f 1000 g 3 h 2
c i 16 ii 18 i 5 j 8 k 9 l 100
2 a 130 b 260 c 140 d 68 6 a 24 b 105 c 5 d 4
e 17 000 f 13 600 g 413 h 714 7 4 ways
i 459 j 366 k 1008 l 5988 8 30 minutes
m 16 n 63 o 41 p 127 9 25
q 16 r 127 s 420 t 38 10 a 55 b They are square numbers.
3 a 603 b 516 c 3822 d 90 360 11 15 minutes
e 9660 f 413 090 g 34 194 h 344 223 12 The number one (1) does not have two or more factors, it just
4 a 28 rem. 1 b 30 rem. 4 c 416 rem. 7 has one factor, being itself.
d 13 rem. 0 e 13 rem. 12 f 166 rem. 8 13 All even numbers greater than 2 have 2 as a factor as well as
g 7 rem. 0 h 1054 rem. 16 1 and itself, and therefore have more than 2 factors.
5 a $15 b $70 c $400 14 All pairs of factors form groups of 2 except for the repeated
d $5 e $24 f $50 factor with a square number, e.g. 9 has 1, 3 and 9 where 3 is
6 $25 the repeated factor.
7 2358 packets 15 a False, LCM of 4 and 8 is 8 not 32.
8 option B by $88 b True c True
9 58 loads 16 a i 28 = 23 + 5 ii 62 = 43 + 19
10 Numbers are given from top down and left to right. iii 116 = 97 + 19
a 3, 6, 3 b 3, 4, 5, 7, 3, 2 b 11 and 17
c 6 d 3, 2 17 (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43),
11 a 1 b a c 0 d 25 (59, 61), (71, 73)
12 a 34 b 18 c 29 d 17
13 a 1700 b 560 c 12 000 d 300
14 a 10 (8 child and 2 adult) b 15 (14 child and 1 adult)
1D
c Take the maximum number of child tickets that leaves a Building understanding
multiple of the adult price remaining.
1 a 1, 3, 5, 15 b 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
1C c 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40
d 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 21, 28, 42, 84
Building understanding 2 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29
3 a True b False c True
1 a 14 b 45 c 43 d 40
d False e True f True
2 a 6 b 3

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 736 Answers

Now you try Now you try

Example 7 Example 10
140 = 22 × 5 × 7 a –5 b 7 c –6 d –8
Example 8
Answers

Divisible by 2, 3, 6 and 9; not divisible by 4, 5 or 8. Exercise 1E

Example 9
1 a i −3 ii −4
LCM = 189, HCF = 9
b i 3 ii 4
c i −1 ii −5
Exercise 1D d i −5 ii −16
2 a 1 b 4 c 1 d 8
1 a 36 b 270
e 15 f 102 g −5 h −7
i −7 j −14 k −94 l −12
2 18 2 135 3 a −1 b −5 c −26 d −17
e −91 f −74 g −11 h −31
i −29 j −110 k −437 l −564
2 9 3 45
4 a 1 − 4 = −3 b −9 + 3 = −6
c −1 + 5 = 4 d −15 − 5 = −20
3 3 3 15
5 a 6 b −4 c −14 d 11
∴ 36 = 22 × 32
3 5 e 15 f 5 g −3 h 12
6 a −1 b 8 c −7 d −1
∴ 270 = 2 × 33 × 5
1D

7 Ground floor
2 a 22 × 5 b 22 × 7 c 23 × 5 8 a − b −, + c −, −
d 2 × 32 × 5 e 23 × 5 × 7 f 22 × 72 9 $7
3
g 2 ×3 ×5 2 2
h 2 × 3 × 5 × 11 10 −23°C
3 a 3 : 2, 3, 5 b 2 : 3, 7 11 a Always true b Not always true c Not always true
c 3 : 2, 3, 5 d 3 : 5, 7, 11 d Always true e Not always true f Not always true
4 a Divisible by 3 b Divisible by 2, 3, 6, 9 12 a True b False c True
c Divisible by 2, 4, 8 d Divisible by 3, 9 13 0
e Divide by 3, 5, 9 f None 14 500, pair to give 500 pairs each with a total of 1.
g 2, 3, 6 h None 15 a a = 1, b = 4 b a = −7, b = 3
5 a 5 b 3 c 2 d 7 c a = −5, b = 2 d a = −10, b = 2
6 a 60, 2 b 28, 14 c 120, 3 d 60, 3
e 140, 4 f 390, 1 g 126, 3 h 630, 21
Progress quiz
7 210 days
8 61 soldiers 1 a 33 b 42 c 358 d 392
9 a True b False, 12 c True d False, 12 2 a 323 b 37 c 543 d 2067
10 a 2 and 7 b 2 and 11 3 a 700 b 294 c 16 d 423
c 3 and 5 d 7 and 11 4 a 222 b 67 233
11 a 2 × 34 b 25 × 3 c 61 d 23 rem. 2
2
c 3 ×5 4 d 28 × 7 5 a 24 b 6
12 a i 2 ii 8 iii 11 iv 15 6 a 36 b 900 c 8 d 50
v 28 vi 39 vii 94 viii 820 7 a 8 b 1 000 000
b i 5 ii 5 iii Result is 0 c 3 d 5
c Result is 11 8 23 × 32 × 5
d i 11 ii 11 iii 0 iv 0 9 Divisible by: 2 (last digit 6 is even); 3 (1 + 2 + 6 = 9 which is
e The difference between the sum of the alternating digits is divisible by 3); 6 (divisible by both 2 and 3); 9 (1 + 2 + 6 = 9
0 or a multiple of 11. which is divisible by 9)
Not divisible by: 4 (26 not divisible by 4); 5 (last digit not 0 or
1E 5); 8 (last 3 digits not divisible by 8)
10 a HCF = 6; LCM = 126
Building understanding b HCF = 15; LCM = 630
11 a 14 b −17 c −74
1 a > b < c < d >
d −452 e −13 f −70
e > f < g > h <
12 a Each team has 18 students
2 a −1, 2 b −1, − 4 c − 4, −2 d 0, −10
b 9 teams with green uniform; 6 teams with red uniform;
3 a −2°C b −1°C c −9°C d 3°C
8 teams with blue uniform

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 Answers 737

1F 1G
Building understanding Building understanding
1 a 6 b −38 c −88 d 349 1 a
□ △ □ ×△
2 a subtract b add

Answers
3 a False b True c True 3 5 15
d False e True f False 2 5 10
g False h True i False
1 5 5
0 5 0
Now you try
–1 5 –5
Example 11 –2 5 –10
a 2 b −6 c 8 d −3
–3 5 –15

b
Exercise 1F □ △ □ ×△
1 a i 3 ii 6 3 –5 –15
b i −4 ii −18 2 –5 –10
c i 8 ii 23 1 –5 −5
d i −6 ii −7
0 –5 0
2 a 4 b 3 c −5 d 15
−2 −14 −9 −21 −1 –5 5

1F
e f g h
i −38 j −86 k −105 l −259 −2 –5 10
3 a 5 b 8 c 21 d 38
−3 –5 15
e 72 f 467 g −2 h 2
i 3 j 32 k −57 l 76
4 a −3 b −6 c 1 d 10 2 a 15, 3 b −15, −3 c −15, −3 d 15, −3
e 2 f −14 g −2 h −4 3 a True b False c True
i −30 j −5 k −6 l 65 d True e False
5 a b 2
−3
Now you try
2 1 −2 −3
Example 12
a −24 b 10 c −3 d 4
−2 0 −1 0 −1 1
Example 13
6 a –1 –6 1 b –12 –19 –14 100

0 –2 –4 –17 –15 –13

–5 2 –3 –16 –11 –18
Exercise 1G
1 a i −20 ii −30
7 a a = −3, b = −5 b a = −15, b = −9
b i 21 ii 77
8 −$40
c i −4 ii −8
9 3 and −8
d i 9 ii 12
10 15 and − 4
2 a −20 b −54 c −40 d −99
11 a Should be 5 + 2. b Left off negative on the 2.
e 6 f 105 g 400 h 300
12 a Always < 0 b Always < 0
i −152 j −123 k 54 l 765
c Not always < 0 d Always < 0
3 a −5 b −2 c −4 d −30
13 a No b Yes c Yes d No
e −2 f −26 g −45 h −36
14 a x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 i 3 j 3 k 9 l 6
y 7 6 5 4 3 2 4 a −3 b −5 c 7
d 6 e −3 f −72
b 18 c − 45 g −252 h −5 i −30
15 a
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

b 15 c −9

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 738 Answers

5 a 1 b 14 c 160 7 a 22 b 4 c 28 d 122
d −29 e −120 f 20 e −32 f −16 g 152 h 16
6 a ×, ÷ b ×, ÷ c ÷, × 8 a −15 b 5 c 16 d 14
d ÷, ÷ e ×, ÷ f ×, ÷ e 9 f 28 g −1 h 0
7 0 i −12 j 19 k 7 l 37
Answers

8 −16 9 a 12 b 16 c 2 d 1
9 −8 and 3 e 3 f −23 g 0 h 3
10 8 and −2 or −8 and 2 i 28 j 26 k 0 l −22
11 a i 4 ii −27 iii −64 iv 25 10 −3°C
b Yes, it will be a product of 2 numbers of the same sign. 11 a (−2 + 1) × 3 = −3 b −10 ÷ (3 − (−2)) = −2
c Yes, the product of 3 negative numbers will be negative. c −8 ÷ (−1 + 5) = −2
12 a True b False c True d (−1 − 4) × (2 + (−3)) = 5
13 a 2 b −1 c −2 d 48 e (−4 + −2) ÷ (10 + (−7)) = −2
14 If √−9 was to exist, then you could find a value of a for f 20 + ((2 − 8) × (−3)) = 38
which a2 = −9. This is not possible using real numbers. g (1 − (−7) × 3) × 2 = 44
15 Yes, a cube of a negative number gives a negative number. h (4 + −5 ÷ 5) × (−2) = −6
(−3) 3 = −27 so √3 −27 = −3 12 a Always true b Not always true c Always true
16 a y = −3x − 1 b y = −7x − 3 c y = x2 + 1 d Not always true e Not always true f Always true
13 a 4 b 1 c −7 d −4
14 a −18 b 4 c −1
1H
15 a (1 − 3 × (−4)) ÷ (−13) = −1
Building understanding b 4 ÷ (3 + (−7)) × (−5) = 5
1G

c 6 − (7 ÷ (−7) + 6) = 1
1 a Equal b Equal c Not equal or (6 − 7) ÷ ((−7) + 6) = 1
d Not equal e Not equal f Equal d −1 − (5 + (−2)) × (1 − 4) = 8
2 Missing numbers are: 16 There are 5 answers.
a 4, −3 b −6, 18 17 Answers may vary.
c −3, −3, 1 d −6, −36, − 4
3 Missing numbers are:
a −3, 8, 5 b 6, 18
Problems and challenges
1 4, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 21, 22, 25, 26, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 46, 49
Now you try 2 a 13 cm b 9 cm
3 2520
Example 14 4 a −105 b 16 c −39
a 17 b −24 c 18 5 a −5 × (3 ÷ (−3) + 2) − (4 + (−3)) = −6
Example 15 b −100 ÷ (4 × (−2) − 2) × 3 − (−2) = 32
a −16 b −7 c −17 6 a 6 b 1000 c 210 d 96
7 a y=3−x b y = x2 − 3
c y = x3 + 4 d y = y = 2 √3 x − 1
Exercise 1H
8 a 0 b 2
1 a i 6 ii 76 9 a = 7, b = 3; HCF = 63
b i −2 ii −5
c i 5 ii −3 Short-answer questions
2 a −30 b −12 c 12
d −11 e −10 f 5 1 a 497 b 412 c 129 d 67
g 24 h −60 i 40 e 112 f 139 g 1999 h 5675
3 a −6 b 24 c 2 d 7 2 a 539 b 2030 c 61 d 3074
e 0 f 3 g −11 h 2 3 a 170 b 297 c 336 d 423
i −44 j 1 k −12 l 1 e 41 f 119 g 103 h 201
4 a 2 b 25 c 20 d −3 4 a 1668 b 21 294 c 281 d 122
e −5 f 4 g −30 h −7 5 a 3 b 1 c 1 d 7
5 a −1 b −3 c −5 6 a 9 b 11 c 49 d 400
d 3 e −6 f 7 e 3 f 4 g 125 h 1000
g 0 h −2 i −5 7 a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60
6 a −15 b −15 c 2 d −8 b 112, 119, 126, 133, 140, 147
e 8 f 1 g −4 h 10 c 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59
d 24 e 6

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 Answers 739

8 a 22 × 32 b 22 × 3 × 7 c 2 × 32 × 11 4 a 270° b 90°
9 a Divisible by 2, 3, 4, 6 b Divisible by 5 c . 0° (or 360°) d 180°
c Divisible by 2, 4 d Divisible by 3, 9 e 315° f 135°
10 a 380 b 2 g 225° h 45°
11 a 3 b −5 c −8 d −31 5 a S b N c W d E

Answers
e −76 f −330 g −1 h 98 e NE f NW g SW h SE
12 a 2 b −8 c −64 d −39 6 a 40° b 72° c 120° d 200°
e 16 f 12 g −20 h 92 7 a 60 b 135 c 35
13 a True b False c False d True d 15 e 36 f 45
14 a −10 b 88 c −63 d 200 8 a 105° b 97.5° c 170° d 170°
e 2 f −3 g −4 h 3 e 132.5° f 27.5° g 144° h 151.5°
15 a −4 b −1 c −8 d 26 9 a Supplementary angles should add to 180°.
e −10 f −1 g −1 h −20 b Angles in a revolution should add to 360°.
16 a −11 b 1 c 7 d 30 c Angles on straight line should add to 180°.
e 7 f −128 g −5 h 145 10 a a + 3b = 360 b a + 2b = 180
c a + b = 90
Multiple-choice questions 11 a a = 110
b (a + 50)° should be the larger looking angle
1 B 2 C 3 E 4 E 5 E 12 a 30 b 54 c 55
6 C 7 A 8 E 9 B 10 D d 34 e 30 f 17

Extended-response questions 2B

Ch1 Review
1 a a = $112, b = −$208, c = $ 323, d = −$275, e = $240 Building understanding
b $228 c $160
2 a 72 b 30 = 2 × 3 × 5, 42 = 2 × 3 × 7 1 a equal b supplementary
c LCM = 210, HCF = 6 d 6 e 210 c equal
2 a ∠BCH b ∠ABE c ∠GCB d ∠BCH
e ∠FBC f ∠GCB g ∠FBC h ∠DCG
Chapter 2
Now you try
2A
Example 2
Building understanding a a = 70 (corresponding to 70° angle), b = 70 (vertically
opposite to 70°) and c = 110 (cointerior to ∠b°)
1 a complementary b supplementary
(other combinations of reasons are possible)
c revolution
b a = 65 (cointerior to 115° angle), b = 115 (cointerior to ∠a°)
2 a 45 b 130 c 120
d 240 e 90 f 100
3 a 40° b 110° c 220° Exercise 2B
1 a a = 75 (vertically opposite to 75°)
Now you try
b = 105 (cointerior to 75°)
Example 1 c = 75 (alternate to 75°)
a a = 50, b = 180 b a = 125, b = 55 b a = 60 (cointerior to 120°)
b = 120 (cointerior to 60°)
2 All reasons assume that lines are parallel.
Exercise 2A
a a = 110 (corresponding to 110°), b = 70 (supplementary
1 a a = 63, b = 270 b a = 108, b = 72 to a°)
2 a a = 70, b = 270 b a = 25, b = 90 b a = 120 (alternate to 120°), b = 60 (co-interior to a°),
c a = 128, b = 52 d a = 34, b = 146 c = 120 (corresponding to 120°)
e a = 25 f a = 40 c a = 74 (alternate to 74°), b = 106 (co-interior to 74°),
g a = 120 h a = 50, b = 90 c = 106 (supplementary to a°)
i a = 140 j a = 110, b = 70 d a = 100 (supplementary to 80°), b = 100 (co-interior to
k a = 148 l a = 90, b = 41, c = 139 80°)
3 a ∠DOE b ∠AOB e a = 95 (corresponding to 95°), b = 85 (supplementary
c ∠DOE or ∠AOB d ∠COD to a°)
f a = 40 (alternate to 40°), b = 140 (co-interior to 40°)

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 740 Answers

3 a a = 58, b = 58 (both co-interior to 122°) 10 a i a, alternate angles in parallel lines

b a = 141, b = 141 (both co-interior to 39°) ii c, alternate angles in parallel lines
c a = 100 (co-interior to 80°), b = 80 (co-interior to a°) b They add to 180°, they are on a straight line.
d a = 62 (co-interior to 118°), b = 119 (co-interior to 61°) c a + b + c = 180, angles in a triangle add to 180°.
e a = 105 (co-interior to 75°), b = 64 (corresponding to 64°) 11 Hint: Let a° be the third angle.
Answers

f a = 25 (alternate to 25°), b = 30 (alternate to 30°) 12 Hint: Let a° be the size of each angle.
4 a Alternate b Alternate 13 a Alternate to ∠ABC in parallel lines
c Co-interior d Corresponding b Supplementary, co-interior angles in parallel lines
e Corresponding f Co-interior c a + b + c = 180, angles in a triangle add to 180°
5 a No, the alternate angles are not equal. 14 a a = 30, b = 60, c = 60
b Yes, the co-interior angles are supplementary. b a + c = 90
c No, the corresponding angles are not equal. c a = 60, b = 120, c = 30, a + c = 90
6 a 250 b 320 c 52 d a = 16, b = 32, c = 74, a + c = 90
d 40 e 31 f 63 e a + c = 90
g 110 h 145 i 33 f i a = x, b = 2x, c = 90 − x ii 90
7 a 130° b 95° c 90°
d 97° e 65° f 86° 2D
8 a ∠AOB = (180 − a)° b ∠AOB = (360 − a)°
c ∠AOB = (180 − a − b)° Building understanding
9 a = 36, b = 276, c = 155, d = 85, e = 130, f = 155, g = 15
1 a Non-convex b Non-convex c Convex
2 a i True ii False iii False iv True
2C
2B

b i False ii True iii False iv True

c i False ii True iii True
Building understanding
d i True ii False iii False
1 a Right-angled triangle b Isosceles triangle e i True ii False iii True
c Acute-angled triangle d Equilateral triangle f i False ii False
e Obtuse-angled triangle f Equilateral triangle
g Isosceles triangle h Scalene triangle Now you try
2 a Scalene b Isosceles c Isosceles
d Equilateral e Scalene f Isosceles Example 5
3 a Right b Obtuse c Acute a a = 110, b = 55 b a = 70

Now you try Exercise 2D

Example 3 1 a a = 50, b = 130 b a = 95
a a = 47 b a = 66 2 a a = 104, b = 76 b a = 72, b = 72
Example 4 c a = 128
a = 55 3 a 90 b 61 c 105
d 170 e 70 f 70
4 a a = 100, b = 3, c = 110 b a = 2, b = 90
Exercise 2C c a = 5, b = 70
1 a 35 b 50 5 a 152 b 69 c 145
2 a 80 b 40 c 58 d 74 e 59 f 30
d 19 e 34 f 36 6 a 19 b 60 c 36
3 a 68 b 106 c 20 7 a Square, rectangle, rhombus and parallelogram
4 a 65 b 40 c 76 b Square, rectangle
5 a 160 b 150 c 80 8 a True b False c True
d 50 e 140 f 55 d True e False f True
6 a Yes b No c Yes 9 No, the two reflex angles would sum to more than 360° on
d Yes e Yes f Yes their own.
7 a 55 b 60 c 25 10 a Angle sum = a° + b° + c° + d° + e° + f ° = 180° + 180°
8 a 60 b 231 c 18 (angle sum of a triangle) = 360°
d 91 e 65.5 f 60 b ∠ADC = 360° − (a + b + c)° (angle sum of a
9 a Isosceles, the two radii are of equal length. quadrilateral) reflex
b ∠OAB, ∠OBA c 30° d 108° ∠ADC = 360° − ∠ADC
= 360° − (360° − (a + b + c))°
e 40°
= (a + b + c)°

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 Answers 741

Progress quiz 3 a 6, 8, 12 b 5, 6, 9 c 7, 7, 12
4 A, cube; B, pyramid; F, rectangular prism; G, tetrahedron;
1 a a = 25 b = 232 H, hexahedron
b x = 72 y = 108
c a = 65 b = 115
d a = 92 b = 88 c = 272
Now you try

Answers
2 a ∠POT b ∠ROS Example 9
c ∠TOS or ∠POR a i Pentahedron ii Octahedron
3 a 260 b 105 c 44 iii Tetrahedron (4 faces)
4 Isosceles, acute b i Triangular prism ii Hexagonal prism
5 a 60 b 30 c 46 iii Triangular pyramid
d 62 e 60 f 84
Example 10
6 a 60 b 71 c 137
V=8
d 72 e 90

Exercise 2F
2E
1 a i Pentahedron ii Hexahedron
Building understanding b i Triangular prism ii Pentagonal pyramid
1 a 6 b 4 c 10 d 7 e 5 f 12 2 a Hexahedron b Tetrahedron
2 a 720° b 1440° c 3600° c Pentahedron d Heptahedron
3 a Square b Equilateral triangle e Nonahedron f Decahedron
g Undecahedron h Dodecahedron

Ch2 Progress quiz

4 a 108° b 144° c 135°
3 a 8 b 6 c 4 d 5
e 7 f 9 g 10 h 11
Now you try 4 a Triangular prism b Pentagonal prism
Example 6 c Square prism
1080° 5 a Rectangular pyramid b Heptagonal pyramid
c Triangular pyramid
Example 7
6 a Faces Vertices Edges
a = 140
Example 8 Solid (F) (V) (E) F+V
120° Cube 6 8 12 14
Square 5 5 8 10
Exercise 2E pyramid
Tetrahedron 4 4 6 8
1 540°
2 a 720° b 1260° c 2340° Octahedron 8 6 12 14
3 a 130 b 155 c 105 b F + V is 2 more than E.
d 250 e 40 f 265
7 Faces (F) Vertices (V) Edges (E)
4 a 108° b 128.6° c 147.3° d 168.75°
5 a 9 b 15 c 21 d 167 6 8 12
6 a 127.5 b 240 c 60
5 5 8
d 60 e 79 f 72
7 a Circle b Increases to infinity c 180° 5 6 9
S 180(n − 2) 7 7 12
8 a b
n n
4 4 6
c i 150° ii 175.61°
11 11 20
9 a 6 b 20 c 11
10 a 150 b 130 c 270 8 a 26 b 11 c 28
9 a True b False c True d True
2F e False (sphere) f True g False
10 a Yes b Yes c No
Building understanding d Yes e Yes
11 F = 12, V = 12 and E = 24 so Euler’s rule does not apply.
1 a vertices b seven c congruent 12 a Hexahedron, rectangular prism
d seven e octagonal b Undecahedron, decagonal pyramid
2 a 24 b 7 c 8 13 a V = E − F + 2 b F=E−V+2

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 742 Answers

14 a V = 8, E = 14, F = 8 and V + F − 2 = E 11 a Triangular prism b Octagonal prism

b V = 16, E = 24, F = 10 and V + F − 2 = E c Rectangular pyramid
c V = 6, E = 12, F = 8 and V + F − 2 = E 12 F V E
15 a True b True
5 5 8
16 a i Convex ii Non-convex iii Non-convex
9 14 21
Answers

b Answers may vary.

7 10 15
Problems and challenges 13 40

1 a b
Multiple-choice questions
1 D 2 A 3 E 4 B 5 C
6 D 7 E 8 A 9 C 10 D

Extended-response questions
2 a b
1 a 4320° b 166° c 14° d 360°
e i 28 ii 52 iii 78
2 a Triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon
b a = 90, b = 119, c = 29, d = 121, e = 270, f = 230
3 a 30 b 150
4 125°
2F

5 Q R Chapter 3
15°
3A
°
105
Building understanding
P 75° 1 a 6, 20, 200 b 14, 40, 140
75° 105° S c 1, 6, 42 d 8, 3, 20
4 20 10
2 , ,
6 30 15
3 a False b True c True
d False e True f True
T
6 180. Find each angle in the interior pentagon in terms of a, b, c, Now you try
d and/or e. Then solve the sum equal to 540° for a pentagon.
Example 1
40 25 55 20
Short-answer questions a b c d
50 50 50 50
1 a 50 b 65 c 240 Example 2
d 36 e 61 f 138 5 8
a b
2 a 132 b 99 c 77 12 5
d 51 e 146 f 41
3 95°
Exercise 3A
4 a Scalene, 35 b Isosceles, 30
c Equilateral, 60 d Right angle, 19 8 6 12 10
1 a b c d
e Scalene, 27 f Scalene, 132 24 24 24 24
5 a 67 b 141 c 105 72 120 18 21
6 a a = 98, b = 82 e f g h
24 24 24 24
b a = 85, b = 106
6 10 15 90
c a = 231, b = 129 2 a b c d
30 30 30 30
7 a 900° b 1260° c 10 800°
8 a 108° b 150° 20 11 75 15
e f g h
9 a 71 b 25 c 67.5 30 30 30 30
10 a Hexahedron b Decahedron 3 a 6 b 18 c 2 d 7
c Undecahedron e 28 f 50 g 15 h 44

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 Answers 743

4 a 2, 3, 5, 10, 16, 25 b 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 30 Now you try

c 6, 12, 24, 30, 75, 300 d 8, 12, 28, 44, 80, 400
1 1 5 5 Example 3
5 a b c d 3 9
3 2 6 6 a 1 b
1 3 8 5 7 10
e f g h

Answers
4 5 9 7 Example 4
5 11 6 4 5 5
i j k l a 5 b
3 10 5 3 6 6
1 2 3 5 Example 5
6 a b c d
4 5 7 9 21 2 3
13 7 21 81 a b 4 c 6
e f g h 40 3 10
11 4 17 50
Example 6
14 1 51 3 15 3
7 = , = , = 24 3 1
42 3 68 4 95 19 a b c 1
35 4 3
5 15 3 9 7 1 8 16 2 6 20 6
8 = , = , = , = , = , =
11 33 5 15 21 3 22 44 7 21 50 15
3 2 Exercise 3B
9 a b
4 3 3 4
3 9 2 8 1 a i 1 ii
c No, = of time complete. However, only = of 7 5
4 12 3 12 7 11
laps completed. b i ii
12 14
3 7

3A
10 a Cannot be simplified, e.g. , … The HCF of the 3 1 5 6
5 11 2 a b 1 c d 1
5 2 9 7
numerator and denominator is 1.
3 1 1 4
15 e 1 f 1 g h
b Possibly. e.g. , both are composite numbers, but HCF is 20 10 21 9
16
1 and therefore the fraction cannot be simplified. However, 4 3 3 2
3 a 4 b 9 c 2 d 1
15 7 5 8 11
in , both numbers are composite, HCF is 3 and therefore
18 1 3 3 17
5 e 9 f 22 g 3 h 1
the fraction can be simplified to . 2 14 4 30
6
3 10 17 13
11 a No b Yes c 10 4 a b c 1 d 1
20 63 25 27
12 Infinite: provided the denominator is twice the numerator then
1 3 8
1 e f g h 5
the fraction will be equivalent to . 6 8 15
2
2 2
13 a i 6b ii 5x iii 80 iv 12de 5 a 3 b 1 c 15 d 35
3 21
v bc vi 3km vii 16ac viii xy
10 5 16 7
3b 1 3 5 6 a b c d 1
b i ii iii iv 27 6 77 15
4 2y 5 8x
7 1 3
2 10 o 3 e f 2 g 1 h 3
v vi vii viii 8 3 5
3q x q x
33 48 2
5x 1 7 a b c 1 d 3
c Yes, = . 35 125 5
15x 3 15 1 1 1
8 a b c 1 d 1
1 a 16 12 6 2
d Yes, = .
3 3a 29 41
9 a b
70 70
3
3B 10
5
Building understanding 11 7 kg
12 112 glasses
1 +, −
a b ×, ÷ 13 Answers may vary.
2 ×, ÷
a b +, − a 5, 5 b 4 c 5, 2 d 1, 1
3 20
a b 9 c 50 d 24 14 Answers may vary.
4 3, 12
a b 14, 5 4
11, 33
c d ×, 14, 1, 1 a 2, 5 b 18 c 10, 1 d 3
15
8 2 4 11
5 a b c d 3 4 1
5 3 13 12 15 a b c 5 d 4
16 3 2

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 744 Answers

(6 5 3 ) (4 ) (2 ) 60
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
16 a + − × ÷ = 8 a Mon = −1 , Tue = − , Wed = −2 , Thur =
3 2 4 4
1 1
(2 6 5 4) 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 b −4 c 12 hours
b ÷ − + × =1 6 6
60
7

4 (5 6) (3 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 metres
Answers

c ÷ − × + =6 20
4 10 a > b < c > d <
e > f > g < h >
3C 11 a negative b negative c negative d positive
12 a < b > c > d <
Building understanding 1 1 21 23
13 a i 1 ii iii − iv −4
1 4 7 1 1 2 15 25 40
c −3 5 d−3 a −4 b 12
5 3 2 1 11
b Answers may vary: − , − , − , − ,
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 8 8 8 8 8
7 5 3 1 1
1 1 3 2 c Answers may vary: − , − , − , − ,
2 a b − c d − 4 4 4 4 4
4 3 5 7
3 a positive b negative
c negative d positive 3D
Building understanding
Now you try
1 E
3B

Example 7 2 C
3 2 2 2 3 a 10, 6 b 55, 5
a − b 1 c − d 1
11 5 15 5
Example 8 Now you try
18 1
a − b
35 6 Example 10
32.152498 < 32.15253
Example 9
4 7 Example 11
a b −
5 12 9 13
a b 3
40 20

Exercise 3C Example 12
a 4.07 b 0.14
1 7 1
1 a − b c d 0
7 11 12 Exercise 3D
4 1 7 1
2 a − b c − d −5 1 a > b <
7 5 9 3
2 a < b > c <
1 2 3 7
e − f −
g h d < e > f >
3 5 2 11
3 a 3.6521, 3.625, 3.256, 3.229, 2.814, 2.653
1 13 1 8
3 a − b − c 1 d b 1.326, 1.305, 0.802, 0.765, 0.043, 0.039
12 35 10 9
31 537 163 24
1 1 3 4 4 a b c d
e − f g − h − 100 1000 200 25
4 8 20 15
7 11 4 64
12 16 4 5 e 5 f 8 g 26 h 8
4 a − b − c d 20 50 5 125
35 55 15 6 13 1 3 53
4 1 3 1 i j 6 k 317 l
e − f − g h −1 250 8 50 125
21 8 7 5 5 a 0.17 b 0.301 c 4.05 d 7.6
20 9 8 1 6 a 0.12 b 0.35 c 2.5 d 1.75
5 a − b − c d 1
21 20 15 3 e 0.275 f 0.375 g 0.68 h 0.232
2 3 3 2 7 2.175, 2.18, 2.25, 2.3, 2.375, 2.4
e − f − g h 2
7 20 4 5 8 A1, B5, C07, P9, BW Theatre, gym
5 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 9 Opposition leader is ahead by 0.025.
6 − , −1 , − , − , − , , , 3
3 2 4 2 5 16 4 10 10 a D, C, E, F, B, A b C, D, A, E, F, B
3 179 1109
7 16 °C 11 a 2.655 b c 4.61 525 d 2
4 200 2000

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 Answers 745

12 10 7.12 m
4
2.6 4.6 1 11 12 200 skis
5
12 1200 km
6
2.2 3.8 13 1807 mm, 1.807 m
2 14 a 5.84 b 1 c 0.94392 d 26.2

Answers
2 15 D 65.1
4.2 1.4 3
5 16 Answers may vary.

13 a €59.15 b A$183.23 c Canada

d £35 e 91.4c 3F
f AUD, CAD, USD, EUR, GBP
Building understanding
g Cheaper to buy car in GB and freight to Australia.
h Answers may vary. 1 a T b R c R d T
e T. f R g T .. h R
2 a 0.3 . b 6.21. or. 6.21
3E
c 8.5764 d 2.1356 or 2.1356
Building understanding 3 a 4 b 9 c 7 d 6

1 B
Now you try
2 E
3 C Example 17
4 B a 0.4 b 0.375

3D
Example
. 18 . .
Now you try a 0.5 b 2.428571 or 2.428571

Example 13 Example 19
a 125.459 b 4.85 a 12.54 b 4.2900

Example 14 Example 20
a 0.27135 b 15 900 0.7143

Example 15
a 13.16 b 22.113 Exercise 3F
Example 16 1 a 0.2 b 0.625
a 12.42 b 134.8 2 a 0.6. b 0.75 . c 0.125 d. 0.55
3 a 0.3 b 0.5 c 0.83
Exercise 3E d 0.72 e 0.428571 f 0.384615
.
g 3.13 h 4.857142
1 a 150.34 4.34
b 4 a 0.766 b 9.5 c 7.0 d 21.5134
2 a 62.71 b 277.99 23.963
c d 94.172 e 0.95 f 17 g 8.60 h 8.106
e 14.41 f 23.12 84.59
g h 4.77 5 a 17.01 b 5.20 c 79.00 d 0.00
3 a 179.716 50.3192
b 6 a 65 b 9 c 30 d 4563
c 1025.656 18.3087
d 7 a 0.86 b 0.22 c 0.36 d 0.42
4 a 11.589 b 9.784 19.828
c d 4.58 8 a 9.1 b 11.8 c 21.3
5 a 3651.73 b 81.55 c 0.75 d 11.6 e 2.3 f 3
d 0.03812 e 6 348 000 f 0.0010615 9 a 7.7000 b 5.0 c 0.00700
g 30 h 0.000452 10 a 0 seconds b 0 seconds c 0.06 seconds
6 a 99.6 b 12.405 c 107.42 d 12.765 e 47 cm
d 1.8272 e 0.01863 f 660.88 11 4
g 89.0375 h 292.226 12 0.0588235294117647
7 a 12.27 b 5.88 c 0.0097 13 Frieda is correct. Infinite, non-recurring decimals do exist.
d 49.65 e 11.12 f 446.6 Examples include pi (π = 3.1415926535 …) and surds such
g 0.322655 h 3.462 as √3 = 1.73205080 …
8 a 203.8 b 0.38 c 2 011 500 14 Student A: When dealing with a critical digit of 5 they
d 11.63 e 0.335 f 13.69 incorrectly round down rather than round up.
g 0.630625 h 1353.275 Student B: When rounding down, student B incorrectly
9 a 16.29 b 15.52 c 66.22 replaces final digit with 0.
d 1.963 e 13.3084 f 3.617 15 a i T ii R iii R
g 97 h 42.7123 iv R v T vi R

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 746 Answers

b 8 = 23, 12 = 22 × 3, 14 = 2 × 7, 15 = 3 × 5, 39 11 1 3
2 a b c d
20 = 22 × 5, 60 = 22 × 3 × 5 100 100 5 4
c Only denominators which have factors that are only 1 7 1 1
e 1 f g 2 h 6
powers of 2 and/or 5 terminate. 4 10 20 5
d i T ii R iii R iv T 3 31 1 2
3 a b c d
Answers

v R vi R vii T viii T 8 200 3 3

9 9 51 7
e f g h
Progress quiz 400 200 500 8
4 a 0.65 b 0.37 c 1.58 d 3.19
1 2 7 15 5 20 35 125 e 0.0635 f 0.0012 g 40.51 h 1.0005
1 a = = = b = = =
3 6 21 45 2 8 14 50 5 a 40% b 25% c 55% d 26%
1 3 7 3 e 22.5% f 68% g 75% h 41.5%
2 a b c d
3 5 9 2 6 a 275% b 520% c 175% d 450%
3 1 7 1 e 348% f 194% g 770% h 915%
3 a b c − d 1
5 10 12 5 1 1 1 2
7 a 33 % b 12 % c 8 % d 6 %
6 2 1 2 3 2 3 3
4 a b c −2 d 4
35 3 4 3 1 4 3
e 37 % f 28 % g 18 % h 75%
2 1 1 1 2 7 4
5 a 2 b −1 c 1 d
5 3 8 3 8 a 42% b 17% c 354.1% d 1122%
6 a 0.2531 > 0.24876 b 17.3568 < 17.3572 e 0.35% f 4.17% g 1% h 101%
9 64 9 A
7 a b 6
20 125 10 a Fraction Decimal %
3F

8 a 0.28 b 0.043 c 1.75 d 0.45

1
9 a 48.347 b 177.75 0.25 25%
10 a 2.3 b 0.00937 c 36.61 4
d 18.328 e 18.26 f 22.05 2
. .. . 0.5 50%
11 a 0.5 b 0.72 c 6.13 4
12 a 23.67 b 2.740 3
0.75 75%
13 a 0.33 b 0.42 4
4
1 100%
4
3G
Building understanding b Fraction Decimal %

1 B 1 . 1
0.3 33 %
2 B 3 3
3 C 2 . 2
0.6 66 %
4 A 3 3
3 .
Now you try 0.9 100%
3

Example 21
c Fraction Decimal %
2 3
a 2 b
5 40 1
0.2 20%
Example 22 5
a 5.3 b 0.1243 2
Example 23 0.4 40%
5
1 2
a 75% b 87 % c 350% d 16 % 3
2 3 0.6 60%
5
Example 24
4
a 52.3% b 820% 0.8 80%
5
5
Exercise 3G 1 100%
5
2 4
1 a i 1 ii
5 5
3 41
b i ii
8 200

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 Answers 747

11 a Fraction Decimal % 3H
3 Building understanding
0.15 15%
20
6 1 D 2 A
0.24 24% 3 a 100 b 10 c 5 d 2

Answers
25
3
0.375 37.5% Now you try
8
5
0.125 12.5% Example 25
40 1
a 70% b 18 %
7 3
0.7 70%
10 Example 26
31 a 15% b 500%
0.62 62%
50 Example 27
b a 21 b 42
Fraction Decimal %
11
5
2.2 220% Exercise 3H
3 1 a i 30% ii 80%
0.003 0.3%
1000 2
b i 37.5% ii 66 %
13 3
0.065 6.5%

3G
200 2 a 80% b 65% c 78% d 40%
19 2 5 5 4
1 1.19 119% e 36 % f 70 % g 70 % h 94 %
100 3 6 6 9
1 1 1
4 4.2 420% 3 a 30% b 45% c 31 % d 83 %
5 4 3
5 . 1 1 1 2
0.83 83 % e 160% f 683 % g 133 % h 266 %
6 3 3 3 3
4 a 8.33% b 66.67% c 42.86% d 37.5%
1
12 , 12.5%, 0.125 e 160% f 125% g 112.5% h 233.33%
8
5 a 56% b 75% c 86%
13 65%, 80%
1
100 d 25% e 40% f 33 %
14 a × 100% = × = × 1 3
100
6 a 5% b 25% c 5% d 25%
100
b ÷ 100% = ÷ = ÷ 1 e 4% f 4000% g 300% h 600%
100
7 a 18 b 9 c 17 d 16
BC e 3 f 3 g 5.6 h 175
15 a b 0.CDB c ABC%
100 i 132 j 39.6 k 44.8 l 36.8
100A 100(BA + C)
d DDB.CC% e % f % 8 a 13 b 80 c 100 d 217
D A
e 67.5 f 51.2 g 36.75 h 70.8
1
16 a = 25% = 0.25 9 a 18 minutes b $0.75 c 45 kg
4
d 62.5 mL e 5.6 days f 3.3 km
1
= 25% = 0.25 1
4 10 a 5 L b 2000 marbles
1 1 1 1
1 3
× × =
= 12 % = 0.125 c $8 d 45 doughnuts
2 2 2 8
2
1 1 1 1
1 11 540
× × = = 12 % = 0.125 12 Murray, Maeheala, Francesca, Wasim
2 2 2 8 2
1 .
1 1 1 1 1 13 61 %, 61.1%
× × = = 12 % = 0.125 9
2 2 2 8 2
14 68.75%
1 1 1 1
× = = 6 % = 0.0625 15 22
2 8 16 4
40 60
1 1 1 1 16 $24, $24, They are the same. × 60 = × 40 as
× = = 6 % = 0.0625 100 100
2 8 16 4 multiplication is commutative.
b–e Answers may vary.

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 748 Answers

17 B 2 a $45 b $25.90
18 D 3 D
19 a 240 cm2 4 A
b Area will increase by more than 25%
c 15 cm by 25 cm d 375 cm2 Now you try
Answers

e 135 cm2 f 56.25%

g 56.25% increase in area Example 30
h Multiply the percentage increase in each dimension. a 24% profit b 15% loss
1.25 × 1.25 = 1.5625 = 56.25% increase Example 31
7
i i 21% ii 44% iii 77 % iv 125% 55% profit
9
j 41.42% increase (√2)
k Answers may vary. Exercise 3J
1 a i 25% profit ii 90% profit
3I b i 20% loss ii 25% loss
2 a 80% profit b 30% profit
Building understanding
c 25% loss d 16% loss
1 a $12 b $33.99 c $14.50 d $225 2
e 66 % profit f 37.5% profit
2 a $40 b $36 c $40.50 d $15 3
2
3 a $12 b $108 3 a 20% increase b 16 % decrease
3
c 500% increase d 150% increase
3H

Now you try 4 a 25% increase b 20% increase

Example 28 c 140% increase d 25% decrease
a $260 b $45 5 a 4% b 6.25% c 0.6% d 0.5%
6 20% loss
Example 29
7 650% profit
a $540 b $1475
8 a $36 b 75% profit
9 a $350 b 87.5% profit
Exercise 3I 10 a $2200 b 44% loss
11 90% of (110% of x) is less than 100% of x.
1 a i $144 ii $324
12 Store A
b i $45 ii $62.40 2
13 a i 100% ii 66 % iii 80%
2 a $440 b $276 c $64 d $41 160 3
b Term 2
e $5400 f $96.96 g $13.50 h $50.40
c 500% growth
3 a $480 b $127.50 c $39
14 a 396 071
d $104 e $15.40 f $630
b i 22 803 197 ii 24 056 867 iii 26 301 345
4 a $12 b $24 c $37.50
c 2.0%
d $63.75 e $97.50 f $4.95
d–h Answers may vary.
5 a $38.50 b $82.50 c $46.20
d $91.30 e $57.75 f $164.99
6 Shop C: $80, shop D: $75 3K
7 Premier rug: $250, luxury rug: $375
8 Cash: $44.90, credit card: $44.91 Building understanding
9 $265.60 1 B 2 D 3 B
10 $84
11 40%
12 Eastern Bikers, $2320 Now you try
13 a i $85 ii $630 iii $275 iv $350 Example 32
b $106.50 $700
c Sam: $720, Jack: $680, Justin: $700
Example 33
d Sold: $3200, Wage: $960
$50
Example 34
3J $300
Building understanding
1 a $7 b $436

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 Answers 749

Exercise 3K 11 a 87.5% b 25% c 150%

d 4% e 6%
1 $500 12 a 24 b $10.50 c 10.5
2 a $900 b $800 c $1100 13 a $616 b $3280
d $500 e $550 f $250 c $977.55, overall percentage loss is 0.25%
3 $90

Answers
14 $359.91, $3639.09
4 a $120 b $240 c $15 d $21 15 29%
5 1100 litres 16 $680
6 600 kg 17 4%
7 $300 18 1120
8 a $50 b $150 c $600 19 $3.31
d $30 e $10 f $2000
800
9 200 10 $40 11 D 12
y Multiple-choice questions
D FD 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 C 5 D
13 × F or
C C 6 B 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 B
14 a $70 b $110
c $50 d $450
Extended-response question
e $650 f Answers may vary.
a 21 000 INR, 625 SGD, 15 000 THB, 3500 HKD
Problems and challenges b $30
c i 800 ii 3.8%

3K
1 d i $96.48 ii $95.03, not enough to buy perfume.
1 72.8% 2 96% 3 4 $48
1000
5
5 53% 6 7 30% 8 49 years
9 6:33 a.m. 12
Chapter 4
5 1 13 1
10 a b = − , c = − b b=1 ,c = 2
6 3 15 30 4A
Building understanding
Short-answer questions
1 a 10 b 100 c 1000
1 a 21 b 8 c 10 d 100 000 e 1000 f 1 000 000
5 17
2 a b 3 c 2 a 1000 b 100 000 c 1 000 000
9 2
3 a 10 b 10 c 2
7 1 3
3 a b c 1
11 8 4
7 13 17 Now you try
d 1 e 5 f 3
12 20 30
Example 1
13
4 a 8 b c 14 a 350 mm b 1.2 km
28
1 Example 2
d 6 e f 2 36 cm
18
7 3 9 Example 3
5 a − b − c
15 20 25 x=8
19 7
d e −5 f −7
20 12 Exercise 4A
6 a = b < c >
7 a 30.38 b 12.803 c 56 974 1 a i 36 mm ii 2.8 cm
d 50 280 e 74 000 f 2.9037 b i 0.42 km ii 21 000 cm
8 a 10.68 b 0.1068 c 14.4 2 a 30 mm b 610 cm c 8930 m
d 0.255 e 3.6 f 197.12 d 3000 mm e 2.1 m f 32 cm
9 a 0.667 b 3.580 c 0.005 g 9.62 km h 0.38 km i 4.3 mm
10 0.1 . j 2040 cm k 23.098 m l 3.42 km
0.01 0.05 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.3 0.125
m 194.3 m n 0.01 km o 24.03 mm
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 p 0.994 km
10 100 20 2 4 4 3 8 3 a 19 m b 44 m c 13 cm
1 d 32 cm e 28 km f 18 cm
10% 1% 5% 50% 25% 75% 33 % 12.5%
3 g 17.2 mm h 34.4 cm i 29.4 m

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 750 Answers

4 a 5 b 2 c 4 4C
d 18 e 9.5 f 6.5
5 a 40 cm b 17 cm c 7.8 cm Building understanding
d 2000 cm e 46 cm f 17 600 cm
1 a i 100 ii 400 iii 3
6 a 2 b 3 c 9
b i 10 000 ii 70 000 iii 4
Answers

7 $2392
c i 1 000 000 ii 5 000 000 iii 2.5
8 8 min
d i 10 000 ii 30 000 iii 7.5
9 240 cm
2 a 7 m, 3 m
10 a P = 2a + b b P = 2a + 2b c P = 2a + 2b
b 8 cm, 6 cm (or other way around)
d P = 2a + 2b e P = 8a + 2b f P = 4a + 2b
c 2.4 mm, 1.7 mm
P−3
11 a x = P − 11 b x=P−4 c x= 3 10 000
2
P−8 P P
d x= e x= f x=
2 4 8 Now you try
12 a 6 squares b 8 squares
Example 6
a 35100 cm2 b 1.5 cm2
4B
Example 7
Building understanding a 21 cm2 b 40 m2 c 20 m2
Example 8
1 a 15.71 b 40.84 c 18.85 d 232.48
a 65 m2 b 36 mm2
2 a 3.1 b 3.14 c 3.142
4A

3 a Diameter b Radius
c Circumference Exercise 4C
4 Answer is close to pi.
1 a i 1370 cm2 ii 0.625 m2
b i 59 cm2 ii 4 900 mm2
Now you try 2 a 200 mm 2 b 70 000 cm2 c 500 000 m2
d 30 000 m 2 e 34 mm 2 f 0.07 m2
Example 4
g 30.9 cm2 h 4000 m2 i 0.2 m2
a 31.42 m b 50.27 cm
j 0.45 km2 k 0.4 ha l 32.1 cm2
Example 5 m 32 ha n 51 cm 2 o 4.3 mm2
a 157 cm b 132 m p 0.4802 m 2 q 1.904 ha r 0.2933 ha
s 49 m2 t 7700 m2 u 24 000 m2
Exercise 4B 3 a 9 cm2 b 21 m2 c 39 cm2
d 18 cm 2 e 33 m 2 f 144 mm2
1 a 18.85 m b 25.13 cm g 50 m 2 h 4.5 cm 2 i 6 m2
2 a 113.10 m b 245.04 cm j 63 m2 k 3 m2 l 6 km2
c 21.99 km d 15.71 cm 4 a 70 m2 b 54 m2 c 140 cm2
3 a 314 cm b 62.8 m c 18.84 km d 91 cm 2 e 46 km 2 f 64 mm2
d 44 mm e 132 cm f 220 m 5 a 200 000 mm 2 b 430 000 cm2
4 a 6.4 cm b 47.7 m c 0.0000374 km2 d 0.01092 m2
c 7.0 mm d 319.9 km e 20 cm2 f 0.1 ha
5 11.0 m 6 a 45 cm2 b 168 m2 c 120 km2
6 12 566 m 7 a 6m b 1.5 cm
7 a 64.27 cm b 12.34 m c 61.70 mm 8 a 25 m2 b 52 m
8 a 28.57 cm b 93.97 m c 5.57 cm 9 10 cm 10 2 m 11 $48
9 a 25.13 cm b 56.55 m c 35.71 m 12 a A = 4b2 + ab or A = b(4b + a)
10 Svenya and Andre 3ab
b A = 1.5ab or A =
11 d = 2r, so 2πr is the same as πd. 2
12 a 36π m b 79π cm c A = 2x2
c 7π km d 5π cm 13 a 4 b 1
13 a 8π cm b 18π cm c (5π + 20) m A 2A
14 a w = b l = √A c h=
C C l b
14 a i r = ii d =
2π π 15 a i 2.59 km2 ii 2 589 988 m2
iii 259 ha iv 4047 m2
b i 2.23 m ii 6.37 cm
v 0.4 ha vi 2.5 acres
15 Answers may vary.
b 81 ha c 62%

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 Answers 751

4D 4E
Building understanding Building understanding
1 a 30 b 13.5 1 a 31.4 b 12.56 c 22 d 154
2 a 90 b perpendicular 2 a 78.54 b 530.93 c 30.19 d 301.72

Answers
c parallel, perpendicular d rhombus, kite 3 a 5m b 2.3 mm c 3.5 km

Now you try Now you try

Example 9 Example 10
a 12 m2 b 30 cm2 c 40 mm2 50.27 cm2
Example 11

(2 )
Exercise 4D 77 2
a 38 12 cm2 cm
1 a 40 cm2 b 27.5 m2 c 70 mm2
2 a Rhombus, 7.5 cm2 b Rhombus, 121 km2 b 28.26 m2
c Rhombus, 9.61 m2 d Kite, 4 cm2 Example 12
e Kite, 300 mm2 f Kite, 0.9 mm2 a 38.48 m2
g Trapezium, 96 cm2 h Trapezium, 32.5 m2 b 56.55 km2
i Trapezium, 560 mm 2

3 a 6 cm2 b 35 m2 c 84.5 cm2

Exercise 4E
4 0.27 m2

4D
5 a 10 cm2 b 31.5 m2 1 78.54 cm2
6 $1160 2 a 28.27 cm2 b 113.10 m2 c 7.07 mm2
7 3 cm and 9 cm d 78.54 km2 e 36.32 cm2 f 9.08 m2
8 a Trapezium b 19.5 cm2 3 a 154 cm2 b 154 km2 c 616 mm2
9 a A = a2 b A = 3ab d 314 km2 e 12.56 m2 f 31 400 m2
10 No, use formula for parallelogram A = bh, as we already 4 a 3.14 cm2 b 201.06 cm2 c 226.98 mm2
know these lengths. d 39.27 cm2 e 5.09 mm2 f 100.53 m2
11 a A = 4 triangle areas 5 a 3.3 cm b 3.2 m
1 6 707 cm2
= 4 × × base × height
2 7 Yes, by 1310 cm2
1 1 1 8 No (A = 0.79 km2)
=4× × x× y
2 2 2 9 78.54 cm2
1 10 circle of radius 5 m
= xy
2 11 80 cm2
b A = Area (triange 1) + Area (triange 2) 12 a 12.56 cm2 b 50.24 cm2
1 1 c Quadrupled (× 4) d Multiplied by 9
= × base1 × height1 + × base2 × height2
2 2 e Multiplied by 16 f Multiplied by n2
1 1 49π
= ×a×h+ ×b×h 13 a 81π b c 72π
2 2 4
πd2
1 1 14 a A = b True
= ah + bh 4
2 2 15 a True
1
= (a + b)h b i 2.33 m ii 1.20 km iii 10.09 mm
2 A
c A = Area (rectangle) + Area (triangle) c r=
π√
1
= length × width + × base × height
2
1 4F
= a × h + × (b − a) × h
2 Building understanding
1 1
= ah + bh − ah
2 2 1 1 1 1
1 a b c d
1 1 2 4 6 8
= ah + bh
2 2 2 a 2.79 b 8.55 c 9.69
1 1 1 1
= (a + b)h 3 a b c
2 4 6 3
12 Answers may vary.

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 752 Answers

Now you try 9 a i Quadrupled ii Multiplied by 9

iii Multiplied by 16
Example 13 b Multiplied by n2
a 30.54 cm2 b 102.63 m2 10 a 15 072 cm2 b 456 cm2
Example 14
Answers

99.47 mm2 Progress quiz

1 a 6400 mm b 1.8 m c 0.97 km d 250 cm
Exercise 4F 2 a 78 cm b 12.4 m c 44 cm d 84 mm
1 a 20.94 m2 b 130.42 cm2 3 x =9
2 a 88.49 mm 2 b 104.72 mm2 c 4.91 cm2 4 a 43.98 cm b 81.68 mm
d 61.28 m 2 e 262.72 cm2 f 981.93 m2 5 a 153.94 cm2 b 530.93 mm2
3 a 37.70 m2 b 137.44 m2 c 437.21 km2 6 a 47 000 cm2 b 41 cm2
4 a 34.82 m2 b 9.14 m2 c 257.08 cm2 c 0.5 ha d 8000 m2
d 116.38 mm2 e 123.61 km2 f 53.70 m2 7 a 51.84 cm2 b 0.7 m2 c 24 cm2
g 50.27 m2 h 75.40 mm2 i 12.57 cm2 d 164 m2 e 20.48 m2 f 16.5 m2
g 3 cm 2
5 1.26 m2
6 13 cm radius pizza by 0.13 cm2 8 a P = 11.49 cm A = 6.98 cm2
7 16 965 cm2 b P = 21.42 cm A = 28.27 cm2
8 a 78.5% b 30.8% c 21.5% c P = 18.09 cm A = 16.36 cm2
25π 2 75π 2 9 a 22.87 cm2 b 63.27 cm2
9 a π cm2 b m c 8π mm2 d m
9 2 10 a SA = 384 cm2 b SA = 288 cm2
4F

( 4 )
225π c SA = 142.66 cm2
e (9π + 9) cm2 f 225 − km2

10 a 78.5% 4H
b 78.5%, same answers as for part a.
πr2 Building understanding
c Percentage area = ÷ r2 × 100 = 25π ≈ 78.5%
4
1 a 24 b 12 c 72
11 a 6.54 m2 b 2.26 m2 c 5.8%
2 a 1000 b 1 c 1
d 1 e 1 f 1000
4G
Building understanding Now you try

1 a 6, squares b 6, squares and rectangles Example 16

c 6, isosceles triangles and rectangles 60 m3
2 a C b A c B Example 17
3 a 3 b 6 c 6 d 5 2.5 L

Now you try Exercise 4H

Example 15 1 150 m3
184 cm2 2 a 36 cm3 b 20 m3 c 27 mm3
d 64 km 3 e 320 mm 3 f 24 m3
Exercise 4G 3 a 2000 mL b 5000 L c 500 kL
d 3L e 4 cm3 f 50 mL
1 360 m2 g 2.5 L h 5100 cm3
2 a 24 cm2 b 403.44 m2 c 22 cm2 4 a 24 L b 42 L c 27 L
d 352 cm2 e 84 m2 f 612 cm2 d 18 000 L e 24 000 L f 360 L
g 120 mm2 h 114 m 2 i 29.7 m2 5 a i 60 000 000 L ii 60 000 kL iii 60 ML
3 a 18 cm2 b 146 cm2 b 200 days
4 2000 cm2 6 80 minutes
5 81 m2 7 a 500 000 m3 b 500 ML
6 a 138 m2 b 658 m2 c 62 cm2 8 8000 kg
7 $107.25 9 a (1, 1, 12) or (1, 2, 6) or (1, 3, 4) or (2, 2, 3)
8 a SA = 6l2 b (1, 1, 30) or (1, 2, 15) or (1, 3, 10) or (1, 5, 6) or
b SA = 2w2 + 4lw (2, 3, 5)
c SA = 2wl + 2wh + 2lh c (1, 1, 47)

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 Answers 753

10 Factors greater than 1 include only 2, 23 and 46, but 23 is 4J

prime so you cannot find 3 whole numbers that multiply to
46. Building understanding
11 9
1 a F b D c A
12 a 20 b 20
d E e B f C

Answers
c Equal, the number of cubes on the base layer is the same
2 a 120 s b 3 min c 2h
as the number of squares on the base.
d 240 min e 72 h f 5 weeks
d If the number of cubes on the base layer is the same as the
3 a 6 h 30 min b 4 h 30 min
number of squares on the base, then Ah gives h layers of
A cubes, giving the total.
e Yes, a rectangular prism could use 3 different bases. Now you try
13 a i By joining two of the same prisms together a
Example 20
rectangular prism could be formed. 1
a 264 h b 3 years
ii 12 units3 2
b i 160 cm3 ii 140 m3 iii 2 cm3 Example 21
iv 112 m 3 v 48 mm 3 vi 171 cm3 a 2230 hours b 5:20 p.m.
Example 22
4I a i 10 p.m. ii 3 p.m.
iii 8 a.m. iv 11 p.m.
Building understanding
b i 12:30 a.m. (the next day) ii 10:30 p.m.
1 a i Prism ii Rectangle iii 11:30 a.m. iv 5:30 a.m.

4H
b i Prism ii Triangle
c i Not a prism (pyramid) Exercise 4J
d i Not a prism (cone)
e i Prism ii Square 1 a i 7200 min ii 2 days
f i Not a prism (truncated pyramid) b i 4.5 years ii 27 months
2 a 8, 2 b 6, 1.5 c 12, 10 2 a 180 min b 630 s c 4 min
d 1.5 h e 144 h f 3 days
g 168 h h 1440 min i 4h
Now you try
j 2 weeks k 20 160 min l 86 400 s
Example 18 m 5s n 2.5 s o 7s
a 44 cm3 b 36 m3 p 400 milliseconds q 2.7 microseconds
r 3 nanoseconds
Example 19
3 a 6:30 p.m. b 9 a.m. c 6:30 p.m.
a 339.29 cm3 b 1922.65 m3
d 4:30 p.m. e 5:30 p.m. f 11:40 a.m.
4 a 1330 h b 2015 h c 1023 h
Exercise 4I d 2359 h e 6:30 a.m. f 1 p.m.
g 2:29 p.m. h 7:38 p.m. i 11:51 p.m.
1 a 12 cm3 b 315 m3
3 5 a 2 p.m. b 5 a.m.
2 a 44 m b 160 cm3 c 352 mm3
c 1200 hours d 1800 hours
3 a 200 cm3 b 15 m3 c 980 cm3
6 a 2 h 50 min b 6 h 20 min c 2 h 44 min
d 60 m3 e 270 mm3 f 60 m3
3 3 d 8 h 50 min e 8 h 19 min f 10 h 49 min
4 a 785.40 m b 12 566.37 mm c 251.33 cm3
3 3 7 a 11 a.m. b 12 p.m. c 8 p.m.
d 7696.90 cm e 461.81 m f 384.85 m3
d 7:30 p.m. e 7 a.m. f 5 a.m.
g 1178.10 m3 h 2.41 cm3 i 1733.96 km3
g 1 a.m. h 10 a.m.
5 a 14.137 m3 b 14 137 L
8 a 5:30 a.m. b 7:30 a.m. c 6:30 a.m.
6 a Cylindrical b 283 L
d 1:30 p.m. e 2:30 p.m. f 2:30 a.m.
7 3 (almost 4 but not quite)
g 3 p.m. h 5:30 p.m.
8 302.48 cm3
9 a 5h b 2.5 h c 8h
9 a 56 000 L b 56 hours
d 6h e 7h
10 a 20π m3 b 300π cm3
3 10 56 million years 11 17 min 28 s
c 144π mm d 245π m3
12 7 h 28 min 13 23 h 15 min
11 Answers may vary, an example is r = 5 cm and h = 1.27 cm.
14 a 33c b 143c or $1.43
12 x = πh
15 a $900 b $90 c $1.50 d 2.5c
13 a 14.28 cm3 b 98.17 mm3 c 1119.52 cm3
3 3 16 6:30 a.m.
d 8.90 m e 800 m f 10 036.67 cm3
17 a 8 a.m. 29 March b 10 p.m. 28 March
c 3 a.m. 29 March

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 754 Answers

18 3 a.m. 21 April 8 a Yes b No c No

19 11:30 p.m. 25 October d Yes e No f Yes
20 52.14 weeks 9 a a2 b b2 c √a2 + b2
21 a 3600 b 1440 c 3600 d 1440 10 2x2 = c2
22 Friday 11 a Area of inside square = c2
Answers

23 a You have to turn your clock back. 1

Area of 4 outside triangles = 4 × × base × height = 2ab
b You have to turn your clock forward. 2
c You adjust the date back one day. Total area of outside square = (a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
24 Students’ reports will vary. Area of inside square = Area (outside square) − Area of
4 triangles
= a2 + 2ab + b2 − 2ab
4K = a2 + b2
Comparing results from the first and last steps gives
Building understanding c 2 = a 2 + b 2.
1 a 9 b 2.25 c 20 d 58 b Answers may vary.
2 a False b True c False
3 hypotenuse, triangle 4L
4 a c b x c u
Building understanding
Now you try 1 a Yes b No c No d Yes
2 a 3.16 b 5.10 c 8.06
Example 23
3 a c2 = a2 + b2 b c2 = a2 + b2
4J

a Not a Pythagorean triple

= 52 + 122 = 92 + 402
b This is a Pythagorean triple.
= 169 = 1681
Example 24 ∴ c = √169 ∴c = √1681
It does, because 62 + 82 = 102.
= 13 = 41

Exercise 4K Now you try

1 a No b No c Yes Example 25
2 a Yes b Yes c No a c=5 b c = 6.71 (to 2 d.p.)
d Yes e No f No Example 26
3 a b c The length of the brace is 6.40 m or 640 cm.
a2 b2 a2 + b2 c2
3 4 5 9 16 25 25
Exercise 4L
6 8 10 36 64 100 100
8 15 17 64 225 289 289 1 a 13 b 12.53
2 a 5 b 25 c 41
a a2 + b2 and c2
d 20 e 45 f 61
b i 13 ii 20
3 a 9.22 b 5.39 c 5.66
c i 25 ii 110
d 3.16 e 4.30 f 37.22
4 a 32 + 42 = 52 b 82 + 152 = 172
4 3.16 m or 316 cm 5 139 cm
c 2 2
9 + 12 = 15 2 d 52 + 122 = 132
6 5.5 km 7 3.88 cm
e 92 + 402 = 412 f 2.52 + 62 = 6.52
8 a 2nd line is incorrect, cannot take the square root of each
5 a a2 + b2 = x2 b a2 + b2 = d2 c d2 + h2 = x2
term.
6 a No
b 2nd line is incorrect, cannot add 32 + 42 to get 72.
b No, a2 + b2 = c2 must be true for a right-angled triangle.
c Last line should say ∴ c = √29.
7 a Answers may vary. See answer to part b for the list of
9 a 12 + 22 ≠ 32 b 52 + 82 ≠ 102
possible answers.
c 122 + 212 ≠ 242
b {(6, 8, 10), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20), (15, 20, 25), (18, 24,
30), (21, 28, 35), (24, 32, 40), (27, 36, 45), (30, 40, 50), 10 a 8.61 m b 48.59 cm c 18.56 cm
(33, 44, 55), (36, 48, 60), (39, 52, 65), (42, 56, 70), (45, d 22.25 mm e 14.93 m f 12.25 m
60, 75), (48, 64, 80), (51, 68, 85), (54, 72, 90), (57, 76,
95)}, {(5, 12, 13), (10, 24, 26), (15, 36, 39), (20, 48, 52),
(25, 60, 65), (30, 72, 78), (35, 84, 91)}, {(7, 24, 25), (14, 4M
48, 50), (21, 72, 75)}, {(8, 15, 17), (16, 30, 34), (24, 45,
51), (32, 60, 68), (40, 75, 85)}, {(9, 40, 41), (18, 80, 82)}, Building understanding
{(11, 60, 61)}, {(20, 21, 29), (40, 42, 58), (60, 63, 87)}.
1 a 4 b 3 c 8 d 20 e 3 f 5
{(12, 35, 37), (24, 70, 74)}, {(28, 45, 53)}. {(33, 56,
65)}, {(16, 63, 65)}, {(48, 55, 73)}, {(13, 84, 85)}, 2 a 152, 81, 144, 144, 12 b 252, 49, 625, 576, 24
{(36, 77, 85)}, {(39, 80, 89)}, {(65, 72, 97)}
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 Answers 755

Now you try Multiple-choice questions

Example 27 1 E 2 B 3 A 4 C 5 B
a=6 6 E 7 E 8 B 9 D 10 D
Example 28

Answers
The height of the wall is 6.32 m. Extended-response questions
1 a 12.86 cm2 b 57.72 cm2
Exercise 4M c 57.72 m2 d 628 cm3
1 a 4 b 9 e 25.72 cm3 f 38 with some remainder
2 a 40 b 15 c 16 d 60 2 a 2.8 m b 24 m2
3 a 2.24 b 4.58 c 11.49 c 23 m d No, 4000 L short
d 12.65 e 10.72 f 86.60
4 8.94 m 5 12 cm 6 12.12 cm 7 8.49
8 a Should subtract not add 10. Chapter 5
b Should say a = 5.
c Can’t take the square root of each term.
5A
9 a √24 b √3 c √4400 Building understanding
10 a 3.54 b 7.07 c 43.13 d 24.04
11 a 62 + 82 = 102 1 a 3a, 2b, 5c
b It is a multiple of (3, 4, 5). b i 3 ii 2 iii 5
c (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20), (15, 20, 25) c 2x + 5y + 8z (Answers may vary.)

4M
d (8, 15, 17) 2 a 6
e (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (8, 15, 17), (7, 24, 25), (9, 40, 41), b i 5 ii 7 iii 1
etc. c x + 2y + 3z + 4w + 91k (Answers may vary.)
3 a F b C c E
d D e A f B
Problems and challenges
1 10 cm each side 2 Yes, 1 L will overflow. Now you try
1
3 4 √3 ≈ 1.73 m
2 Example 1
5 √2 6 √7 a 3x, y, 4, 12z
7 72 cm2 8 63.66% b The coefficient of x is 3, the coefficient of y is 1, the
coefficient of z is −12 and the coefficient of w is 0.
c 4 d 6
Short-answer questions
Example 2
1 a 2000 mm b 0.5 km c 300 mm2 a q+7 b 3k
d 0.4 m2 e 10 000 m2 f 3.5 cm2 1 p
c p − 3 or − 3 d (a + 2b) × 3 or 3(a + 2b)
g 0.4 L h 200 L 4 4
2 a 13 m b 28 cm c 25.13 m
d 51.42 mm e 48 m f 20 cm Exercise 5A
3 a 55 cm2 b 63 m2 c 12 cm2
1 a 3a, 2b, 5c, 2 b 3, 2, −5, 0
d 136 km2 e 64 m2 f 20 cm2
c 2 d 4
g 28.27 cm2 h 12.57 m2 i 3.84 cm2
2 a 7a, 4b, 2c, 7 b 7, −4, −2, 0
4 a 70 cm2 b 50.14 cm2 c 74 cm2
c −7 d −3
5 a 320 m2 b 408 mm2 c 138 cm2
3 a i 3 ii 7a, 2b, c
6 a 1000 L b 8L c 0.144 L
b i 3 ii 19y, 52x, 32
7 a 2513.27 m3 b 3078.76 cm3 c 212.06 mm3
c i 2 ii a, 2b
8 a i 287°C ii 239°C
d i 4 ii 7u, 3v, 2a, 123c
b 1 h 39 min 18 s
e i 2 ii 10f, 2be
c 1 h 2 min 4 s
f i 5 ii 9, 2b, 4c, d, e
9 a 10 h 17 min b 9:45 p.m. c 2331 hours
g i 4 ii 5, x2y, 4abc, 2nk
10 a 6:30 p.m. b 6 p.m. c 8:30 a.m.
h i 4 ii ab, 2bc, 3cd, 4de
d 4:30 p.m. e 10:30 a.m. f 5:30 p.m.
4 a 2 b 1 c 9 d −2
g 8:30 p.m. h 8:30 p.m.
e 1 f 0 g 0 h −6
11 a 10 b 25 c 4.24
i −1 j −12 k −1 l −3
12 a 15 b 6.24 c 11.36

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 756 Answers

5 a y+7 b x−3 c a+b d 4p 5 a 96 b 122 c 24

q r d −38 e 132 f 54
e 4− f 10 + g 2(b + c) h b + 2c
2 3 6 a E b E c N
i
abc
j
a b
+ k
x
l a−
b d E e N f N
7 4 2 2y 2 g E h E i E
Answers

m k2 n w2 7 a 3+x b 2−a c 4t − 2t d 3u − 8
6 a The sum of 3 and x 8 4y + 2x + 5, 5 + 2x + 4y, 2(x + 2y) + 5 (Answers may
b The sum of a and b vary.)
c The product of 4, b and c 9 x 3 1 0.25 6 –2 2
d Double a is added to b
e b is subtracted from 4 and the result is doubled. 4x + 2 14 6 3 26 –6 10
f b is doubled and the result is subtracted from 4. 4 − 3x −5 1 3.25 –14 10 –2
7 a 7x 2x − 4 2 –2 −3.5 8 −8 0
b i x−3 ii 7(x − 3)
8 a 2p b 48p c 30p + 18(p + 20) 10 a (a, b):(1, 10), (2, 5), (5, 2), (10, 1),
7a + 7b (−1, −10), (−2, −5), (−5, −2), (−10, −1)
9 a 4a b 7b c 5a + 5b d
2 b Answers may vary, e.g. a = −42, b = 52
10 70 + 90x c a = 0, b = 0 or a = 2, b = 2
t 11 a Yes, only when y = 0.
11 a 20 + 50t b 0.2 + c 0.2 + 30t
2 b No, need to be equal for all values of x and y.
12 a True b True c False 12 a 24 ÷ (2 × 3) = 4 but (24 ÷ 2) × 3 = 36 (Answers may
d True e False f False vary.)
5A

13 a True b True c False d True b No, as there is a division rather than two multiplications
14 In 2a + 5, the number is doubled then 5 is added. In 2(a + 5), c No. For example, 24 ÷ (6 ÷ 2) = 8 but (24 ÷ 6) ÷ 2 = 4.
the number is increased by 5 and this result is doubled. 13 a 5 − a and a − 5 (Answers may vary.)
15 a 36 b 676 c t b 17(a − b) and 38(b − a) (Answers may vary.)
d 121k e 67 108 863 c x and x + 1
14 a They are equivalent
b No. For example, (2 + 3) 2 = 25 but 22 + 32 = 13.
5B c Yes
Building understanding d No. For example, √9 + 16 = 5 but √9 + √16 = 7
e For part b. if a = 0 or b = 0 they are equal. For part d. if
1 15 a = 0 or b = 0 they are equal.
2 8 15 a Multiplication is commutative (order unimportant).
3 30 b Adding a number to itself is double the number.
4 a 14 b 30 c No c A number subtracted from itself always results in zero.
1
d Dividing by 2 and multiplying by have the same effect.
Now you try 2
16 a 5 8 2 3 −20 10 −9 −6
Example 3
b 2 2 1 7 10 −3 10 −13
a 24 b 14
a+b 7 10 3 10 −10 7 1 −19
Example 4
a Yes, addition is commutative (order is unimportant). a + 2b 9 12 4 17 0 4 11 −32
b No, e.g. if a = 1 and b = 0 they do not have the same value. a−b 3 6 1 −4 −30 13 −19 7
a − 2b 1 4 0 −11 −40 16 −29 20
Exercise 5B
1 a i 16 ii 28 5C
b i 18 ii 2
Building understanding
2 a 30 b 37 c 16 d 58
e 2 f −40 g −61 h −19 1 a 21 b 21 c True
3 a 24 b −9 c 1 d −19 2 a 23 b 84 c False
e 12 f 90 g 1 h −7 3 a 28
i 100 j 13 k 45 l 16 b i 12 ii 20 iii 28
4 a 8 b 32 c 6 c 7x
d −2 e 13 f −31

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 Answers 757

Now you try Exercise 5D

Example 5 1 a i 30 abcd ii 6 abcd
a L b N c N b i 14x2yz ii 33 xyz2
Example 6 3c 2b
c i ii
5b 7a

Answers
a 7x b 13a + 5b c 4pq + 6p + 5q
3 xy 8 xy
d i ii
Exercise 5C 2z 5z
2 a 63 d b 10 ab c 36 x
1 a i L ii N d 8 abcd e 60 abcd f 48 abde
b i L ii N 3 a 24 abc b a2 c 3d2
c i N ii L d 10d2e e 14x2y f 10x2y
2 a L b L c L d N g 8x2yz h 8a2b2cd i 48x3y
e N f L g N h N j 18a3b k 24x3y2 l 6 xz2
3 a L b L c N m −10 xy2z n 70a2b3 o 16 xy3
d L e N f N 1 x 5x a
4 a 5x b 19a c 9x 4 a b c d
2 2y 6 4
d 7xy e 13uv f 14ab x 1 x 2y
g 7ab h 16k i 10k e f g − h −
3 6x 2 yz2 3
5 a 9f + 12 b 13x + 8y c 7a + 11b 7p
a 3
d 13a + 9b e 12 + 12x f 8a + 3b + 3 i − j − k 7 l
2b q 4z
g 14x + 30y h 21a + 4 i 17x2y + 5x
5 a 8 ab b 24x2 c 18 xy

5C
j 13xy k −x2 l 2a + 4b − 7ab
d 17 xy e 13a2 f 88 xy
m 10 + 9q − 4r n 9b + 2b2
6 a 2y b 3b2 c −2
6 a C b A c D
d 28 rs e 8 ab2 f −7 x
d E e B 3
7 18x
7 a 22x b 6y + 6 + 2x
8 a x2 b 4x
8 a $13c b $9nc
x2 x
9 a 7, 2 b 6, 7 c 7, 9, 5 d 8, 6 c = = one quarter of width
4x 4
10 From left to right, top to bottom: 2x, 2y, 3y, 5x + y, 2x + 2y
2a 2
11 9 ways 9 a No b and ×a
5 5
12 −50a
c a = 1, a = −1
13 Both are equivalent to 17x + 7y.
14 a If a = 1, b = 2: 4a + 3b = 10, 7ab = 14 (Answers may 10 a 3x5 b −3b2c3
vary.) (term 2)
c Simplify
b Yes. For example, if a = 0 and b = 0. (term 1)
c No. They are equivalent. 8a2 x
11 a bc b c
15 a Yes, both are equivalent to 4x. 3 6
b −13, −3, −2 1 −2 x
d 16 a e f
16 a From top left to bottom right: a + 3, −a, 2b + 4, 2a, 2 y
a + 1, 7a + 2b, 0
b Answers may vary. 5E
Building understanding
5D
1 a 7 b 4, 9
Building understanding c algebraic d 7
1 B 2 a 15 b 20 c 42 d 6
3 1 3 3 3 a 4 b 12 c 4 d 30
2 a b c d
5 3 2 5 7 17 3 3
4 a b c d
3 B 12 35 10 20

4 a 3xy b 5abc c 12ab2 d 4ac3

Now you try
Now you try Example 8
12 x
Example 7 a 24 b
20
3p 5 ab
a 24pqrs b 12ab2c c d
4r 6

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 758 Answers

Example 9 2 C
6x 29 a 7k 3a − 2b 7 3 5 12
a b c d 3 a b c d
7 21 8 12 15 22 6 17

Exercise 5E Now you try

Answers

1 a i 18 ii 12 Example 10
9x 25 x 10 cd 6 ab
b i ii a b
15 15 77 7
2 a 15 b 20 c 20 d 12 Example 11
3 a 2x b 6a c 16 z d 15 k 14 p 2x
a b
3x 7a 3b 5k 15 q 7y
4 a b c d
4 3 5 3
5a 9a 7p 3q Exercise 5F
e f g h
6 20 10 4 10 xy 22 ab
29 k 16 m 47 p 5x 1 a i ii
i j k l 21 35
35 15 30 8 3 xy 2 ab
2y 5p 8r 6q b i ii
5 a b c d 5 3
5 13 7 5 2x a 8a
p t 7u 11 y 2 a b c
e f g h 15 63 15
6 15 22 6 4c 8 ab 21a2
d e f
5E

r 13 u 33 u 29 p
i − j − k l − 25 15 10
6 42 4 132 7 xy 7 bd 6 ab
13 x 7x 11 a 3 a b c
6 a b c 5 15 5c
3 2 5 18 de 1 2
2p 7y − 4x d e f
100 u + 9 v 7 4 3
d e f
3 30 10 15 a 14 x 18 a 7
4t + 7p x − 3y 4 a b c d
35 − 2 x 4 15 5 6x
g h i
2 3 7 6 x 10 a 10 b
x x 7x e f g h
7 a b c 5y 14 7 7c
3 4 12 3x 2y2 5 14a2
T B T + 2B i j k l
8 a + b c 251 litres 10 y 3x 42x2 5b
4 2 4 12 x 4x 10
A − 40 5 a b c
9 5 15 x
2 4a 7 2
x x 5x d e f
10 a For example, if x = 12, + = 10 and = 10. 3 2x x
2 3 6 x x
1 1 2 6 a $ b $
b For example, if x = 1, + ≠ . 2 6
4 5 9
7 a xy m2
c No. If x = 1 they are different. 3y 3 xy
x
x x x x b i m ii m iii m2
11 a i ii iii iv 2 4 8
6 12 20 30 3
b Denominator is product of initial denominators, numerator c
8
is always x.
3q x 3x
x x 8 a b c 1 d
c − 2 2 8
10 11
x
2z 7x 29 u 29 k 9 a 1 b x2 c Both are .
12 a b c d 3
3 10 8 12 a ac
3 p − 12 24 + j d e
47 u 16 t + 2 r bc b
e f g h
4 60 12 15 11 x x x2 6
10 a i ii iii iv
30 30 30 5
x x
5F b ÷
5 6
Building understanding a 1 b a
11 a 1 ÷ = × = reciprocal of
b 1 a b
1 a 8 b 3 c 55 d 32 a
b
b

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 Answers 759

x2 4 a 65 f + 70 b 44 x + 16 c 15 a + 32
12 a x2 b
4 d 24 v + 60 e 76 a + 70 f 20 q − 30
9x2 9 1 g 32 m − 30 h 22 m + 32
c . Proportion is < .
25 25 2 5 a 55 d + 37 b 115 f + 54 c 32 j + 30
49x2 d 75 d + 32 e 4 j + 40 f 68 g + 52
d or 0.49x2

Answers
100 6 a 6x + 4y + 8z b 14 a − 21 ab + 28 ay
1
e 0.707 (Exact answer is .) c 8 qz + 4 aq + 10 q d −6 − 12 k − 6 p
√2 e −5 − 25 q + 10 r f −7 kr − 7 km − 7 ks
7 a 3(t + 4) = 3 t + 12 b 2(u − 3) = 2 u − 6
Progress quiz c 3(2 v + 5) = 6 v + 15 d 2(3 w − 2) = 6 w − 4
8 a D b A c B
1 a 5 b 3 a, 9 b, ab, c, 8 c 3, −9, 1, 0
d E e C
d 8 e −1
9 a 5b + 3g b 2(5 b + 3 g) = 10 b + 6 g
2 a 5+m b 8k c p−7 d h + 12
c 14 b + 10 g d $220
a k m ac
e 2 × (x + y) f g − h 10 a 2(4 a + 12 b), 8(a + 3 b) (Answers may vary.)
b 2 3 5
3 a 6 b −27 c 54 d 4 b 2(2 x + 4 y) (Answers may vary.)
4 a E b N c N d E c 4(3 a − 2 b) (Answers may vary.)
5 a L b L c N d L d 3 a(6 b + 4 c) (Answers may vary.)
6 a 7h + 3 b 5a + 8 11 Both simplify to 8 a + 6 ab.
c 5 xy + 3 x d −gk − 5g2k + 12 12 a 1836
7 a 6 ab b 10d2 c 30a2bc2d2 d 12p2q2 b 1836
c i 154 ii 352 iii 627 iv 869
1 2x 1 2m

5F
e f g h − d i 35 ii 399 iii 143 iv 39 999
4 5 3a 3t
e (D5) 2 = ?25 where ? is D × (D + 1)
7m 13 k 20 a − 9 b 13 x
8 a b c d 13 x2 + 3 xy + 2y2
9 6 24 3
1
6 ab 8m 4y 3 14 (6(x + 2) − 6) − 2 simplifies to 2 x.
9 a b c d 3
35 15 3 2p
5x + 2 8 x + 15 5x − 2
15 a b c
6 15 8
5G 7 x + 10 7x + 3 31 x + 9
d e f
12 10 35
Building understanding
1 a 10 b 5x c 10 + 5 x d 10 + 5 x 5H
2 6 + 21 x
3 D Building understanding
4 a 10 b 12 c 10
1 a 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 b 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
c 1, 3, 5, 15 d 1, 3, 9, 27
Now you try 2 2
Example 12 3 a 6 b 5 c 20 d 2
a 15 x + 20 b −16 − 10 b c 28 a − 7 ab 4 a 12 b 12, 30 c 7 d 2, q

Example 13
a 14 x + 8 b 2 ab + 30 a Now you try
Example 14
Exercise 5G a 12 b 5x c 6a

1 a i 15 x + 10 ii 14 x + 7 Example 15
b i −15 − 9 y ii −56 − 16 a a 6(2 x + 5) b 5 a(3 + 5 b) c 3(6 x − 5 y)
c i 27 x − 9 xy ii 55 x − 22 ax
2 a 9 a + 63 b 4 + 2t c 8 m − 80 Exercise 5H
d 24 − 3 v e −45 − 5 g f −35 b − 28
g −9 u − 81 h −40 − 8 h i 30 − 5 j 1 a i 4 ii 7
j 12 − 6 m k 30 − 3 b l 2 c − 16 b i 5a ii 6 y
3 a 8 zk − 8 zh b 6 jk + 6 ja c 4 ur − 4 uq c i 2x ii 3 y
d 2 pc − 2 pv e 10 ma + mv f −2 ys − 10 yg 2 a 5 b 4 c 9
g −24 sq − 3 sg h −gn − 4 fg i −8 cu − 80 ct d 7x e 2y f 11 xy
j −jt − 5 js k 2 hu − 9 mu l 20 mw − 40 am g 4r h 3a i p

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 760 Answers

3 a 3(x + 2) b 8(v + 5) c 5(3 x + 7) 9 a 10 + 4 n b 20 + n c 30

d 5(2 z + 5) e 4(10 + w) f 5(j − 4) d Deal 1 e Deal 3
g 3(3 b − 5) h 4(3 − 4 f) i 5(d − 6) f i 3 ii 4, 10 iii 10

(2 )
4 a 2 n(5 c + 6) b 8 y(3 + r) c 2 n(7 j + 5) x
10 a i 2(x + 2) ii 2 x + 4 iii 4 +1
d 4 g(6 + 5 j) e 2(5 h + 2 z) f 10(3 u − 2 n)
Answers

g 8 y(5 + 7 a) h 3 d(4 + 3 z) i 3 m(7 h − 3 x) b All expand to 2 x + 4. c Divide by 2.

j 7 u(7 − 3 b) k 14 u(2 − 3 b) l 3(7 p − 2 c) 11 a 6 b 6
5 For example: length = 2, width = 6 x + 8 (Answers may c Both dimensions are negative, so the shape cannot exist.
vary.) H
12 a F + H b F + 2H c F+ d F + tH
6 a 5 b 4 a + 12 2
7 a 6 x + 18 b 6(x + 3) c x+3 13 3 buy deal F, 2 buy E, 1 buys D, 3 buy C, 5 buy B and 86 buy A.
d 2x + 6 e 3x + 9
8 a 7x + 7 b 7(x + 1) 5J
c Student prediction d 28(x + 1)
9 (x + 2) (y + 3) Building understanding
10 a i I eat fruit and I eat vegetables.
1 5, 7
ii Rohan likes Maths and Rohan likes English.
2 B
iii Petra has a computer and Petra has a television.
3 a i 4 ii 8 iii 32 iv 64
iv Hayden plays tennis and Hayden plays chess and
b 25
Anthony plays tennis and Anthony plays chess.
4 a 5×5×5 b 5×5×5×5
b i I like sewing and cooking.
c 5×5×5×5×5×5×5 d C
ii Olivia and Mary like ice-cream.
5H

iii Brodrick eats chocolate and fruit.

iv Adrien and Ben like chocolate and soft drinks. Now you try
2 7 3c + 5 Example 17
11 a b c
5 2 1 + 2b a 311 b a6 c b7 d 12x7y16
2a + b 5 7
d e f Example 18
4c + 5d 3 9
3a3
7 6 a 54 b x9 c d a 6b 5
g h i 5 2
2 4+q
Exercise 5J
5I
1 a i 310 ii 611
Building understanding b i x9 ii a7
1 a 35 b 41 c 5 c i a6 ii x8
2 a 50 b 20 c 0 d i 6x5y7 ii 27x4y7
3 a 2x + y b 8 2 a 48 b 312 c 218 d 76
3 a m7 b x6 c q13 d r9
e m9 f a9 g r9 h z36
Now you try i k4 j j3 k m8 l x4
Example 16 4 a 20m5 b 10k7 c 28x14 d 28y13
a 12 n b 4 x + 6 or 2(2 x + 3) e m6n10 f x 2y 3 g 3r3s7 h 2y15z5
c 80 n + 35 i 110x4 j 15a6 k 8x5y7 l 14a5b4
m −14x7y4 n −4a5b3 o −16c6d p 84x4y5
5 a 35 b 108 c 25 d 52
Exercise 5I 6 a m3 b z3 c q7 d r9
1 a 5k b x(x + 7) c 60 + 80 n e m2n5 f a 5b 3 g xy6z2 h x 2y 3z 3
2 a 3n b $36 5x18y7 a2
i 4k3 j 2m13 k l
3 a 3(x + 2) or 3 x + 6 b 33 units2 3 2
4 C 7 a 23 = 8 b 54 = 625 c 1
5 a 5x b 10 x 8 a = 2, b = 4 is the only solution.
c 5(x + 3) or 5 x + 15 9 a They are not equal.
6 a 30 + 40 x b $350 b (3 × 3) × (3 × 3 × 3 × 3) ≠ 96
7 a $50 b $60 c The student mistakenly multiplied the bases.
c 2 hours 30 minutes 10 a i 4 ii −8 iii 16 iv −32
8 a $140 b 60 + 80 x b i positive ii negative
c i $60 ii $80 c 1024

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 Answers 761

11 a 50 b 1 c 1 d 1 32 9
c 30 = 32 − 2 = = =1
12 a a − b = 2 b 125 32 9
13 a i 5 × 104 ii 7 × 109 1002 10 000
d 1000 = 1002 − 2 = = =1
iii 5 × 10−3 iv 2 × 10−7 1002 10 000
b i 2000 000 hours 02
e cannot be calculated (dividing by zero).
02

Answers
ii 40 000 000 days
11 a Both equal 212.
iii 0.003 seconds
b A (24) 3, B (22) 6, C (42) 3
iv 0.000000003 seconds
c 3, 5 (Answers may vary.)
c i 34.75 days
12 a 9 b 3 c 3 d 6
ii 250 hours
13 a 1
iii 0.72 seconds
b Answers may vary.
iv 4.32 milliseconds
14 a 54 b x8 c x 4y 9
d 7
ab c12 10 e x y 80 10 f 72 = 49
5K g 1 h 25 i 104 = 10 000

Building understanding
Problems and challenges
1 A
2 B 1 10 m + 10 = 10(m + 1)
3 C 2 Any list with 6 − 2 a central; 2 − a, 6 a − 5 together; a − 7,
4(a + 1) together. e.g. 2 − a, 6 a − 5, 6 − 2 a, a − 7,
4(a + 1)
Now you try

5J
3 41999, 161000, 24001, 81334
Example 19 65 225
4 a b c 0
a 3 b 2 c 30 c 4 4
Example 20 5 − 4a 9x + 4
5 a b
a 312 b 23a15 c 42a22 30 42
6 a 8 b 45 c 4
7 a All perimeters = 4 a
Exercise 5K 3 6 10 15
Areas: a2, a2, a2, a2, a2
1 a i 2 ii 0 4 9 16 25
b i 1 ii 1 9009
b P = 24, A = or approximately 18.
c i 12 x ii 24 y 500
2 a 1 b 1 c 5 8 V = 23 x 33 y cm3, TSA = 22 x+132 y+1 cm2
d 12y2 e 1 f 13 9 a x=3 b a=4 c b = 3, c = 2
g 2y2 h 4 i 3a2 1 5
d x= e k=
3 a 212 b 516 c 636 2 3
d d9 e k24 f m50
4 a 9x 10 b 8u 12 c 5x4 20 d 123x15 Short-answer questions
e 16x 8 f 49x 4 10
g 9 x 70 h 105x10
5 a x21 b y18 c 500k23 d 25m22 1 a False b True c True
e 8x18 f 54p18 g y10 h p8 d False e True
i 2p 13 j 3 x10 14 k 8h 5 l q2 2 a 2 b 3 c 4 d 6
6 a 5 b 3 c 5 d 2 3 a 11 b 14 c 29 d 8
7 a x24 4 a −3 b 3 c −9
b x60 d 14 e −3 f 12
c ((23) 4) 5, (27) 10, 2100, ((25) 6) 7 5 3
8 a i 2 ii 5 iii 6 6 a 16 m b 2a + 5b c 2x2 − x + 1
b 54 d 7x + 7y e 9 x + x2 f −m − 12 n
9 a x7 7 a 36 ab b 15 xy c 16 xy
b x12 8 a 5x b −4 c c 15 x d 3 ab
c For example, if x = 2 they give different values (128 vs x 6a + b 9 3b
9 a b c d
4096) 4 15 x 2
d x = 0, x = 1 10 a 3 x − 12 b −10 − 2 x
10 a 1 c 3 kl − 4 km d 7x − 6y
b 52 − 2 = 50 e 13 − 3 x f 10 − 20 x
g 18 x + 2

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11 a 2(x + 3) b 8(3 − 2 g) Lines, shapes and solids

c 3 x(4 + y) d 7 a(a + 2 b)
12 a 7 b 3 c 6 d 1 Short-answer questions
13 a m7 b 12m8 c m2
1 a 66 b 25 c 123
d 2a4 e x12 f 8a6
d 35 e 70 f 98
Answers

14 a −2x4y2z2 b y10 c 7 d 2
2 a x = 81, y = 99
e 4y10 f m6 g 2b h y4
b a = 75
c a = 62, b = 62
Multiple-choice questions d a = 65, b = 65
e a=b=c=d= 100, e = 80
1 C 2 D 3 B 4 D 5 E f x = 95, y = 85
6 C 7 E 8 E 9 E 10 B 3 a 48 b 45 c 60
d 75 e 121 f 75
4 a a = b = 90
Extended-response questions b a = 73, b = 95
1 a 120 + 80 n c a = 265, b = 30
b 80 + 100 n 5 120°
c A costs $360, B costs $380.
d Any more than two hours Multiple-choice questions
e 520 + 440 n
1 B 2 D 3 C 4 C 5 C
f $2720
Ch5 Review

x2
2 a xy − b 33 m2 c 2x + 2y d 26 m Extended-response question
4
x2 b = 65 (supplementary to a)
e Area = xy − , Perimeter = 2 x + 2 y
3 x2 c = 65 (alternate to b)
f Area is reduced by and perimeter remains the same.
12 d = e = 57.5 (isosceles triangle)
f = 122.5 (supplementary to d)
g = 122.5 (revolution angle 360)
Semester review 1 h = 180 (straight angle)
i = 295 (revolution)

Integers Fractions, decimals and percentages

Short-answer questions Short-answer questions
1 a 5169 b 1350 c −288 1 a 18 b 1 c 5
d 695 e 1386 f 2800 1 7 1
2 a b c 3
g 81 h 64 i −19 4 5 4
2 a −14 b 30 c 72 2 1 9
d −7 e 54 f −6 d − e f
21 3 10
3 a 6 b 7 c 20 d 3
5 1 5
4 a 168 b 72 c 300 d 66 150 3 a b c
2 8 21
5 a −3 b 40 c 27 d −55
9 3 5
e 25 f −8 g 19 4 a b c
2 4 8
5 a 6.93 b 7.58 c 4.03
Multiple-choice questions d 6.51 e 3854.8 f 792
6 a 545.9 b 1008 c 0.614
1 B 2 C 3 C 4 A 5 B 7
1 1 1 1 2 4 19 99 1
Fraction
Extended-response question 4 2 5
. .
3 3 5 20 100 200
Decimal 0.25 0.5 0.2
0.3 0.6 0.8 0.95 0.99 0.005
a Hong Kong b Moscow, New York . .
c Hong Kong d 8.9°C Percentage 25% 50% 20% 33.3% 66.6% 80% 95% 99% 0.5%
e 14.8°C 8 a 5.6 b 11.76 c 85.5 m
f Min. = 10.7°C, Max. = 16.5°C (correct to one decimal place) d $1.98 e $105 f 4930 g
9 a $700 b $862.4 c $0.9936
10 25

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 Answers 763

Multiple-choice questions 7 a 6(3a − 2) b 6m(m + 1)

c −8m(m + 2n)
1 D 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 C 8 a 8x + 20 b 3x(x + 10)
9 a m9 b 32a4 c −48a6b9
Extended-response question d a6 e a 4b 2 f
1

Answers
2
a i $1784.15 ii $1516.53 iii $1289.05 10 a x14 b 16a12 c 25a8b12
b 6 years d 1 e 1 f −5c2
c No. There will always be 85% of the previous value.

Multiple-choice questions
Measurement and introductions to Pythagoras’ theorem
1 C 2 A 3 D 4 B 5 D
Short-answer questions
1 a 500 cm b 180 cm c 90000 cm2 Extended-response question
d 1.8 m e 4000 cm3 f 10000 m2
a (7a + x) cm b 6a2 cm2 c x = 5a
2 a 18.6 cm b 64 m c 40 m
d 12a cm e 216 cm2
3 a i 25.13 m ii 50.27 m2
b i 47.12 cm ii 176.71 cm2
4 a i 25.71 m ii 39.27 m2
b i 17.85 cm ii 19.63 cm2 Chapter 6
c i 54.85 mm ii 169.65 mm2
6A
30 m2 b 48 m2

Semester review 1
5 a
6 a SA = 105.84 m2, V = 74.088 m3. Building understanding
b SA = 85 m2, V = 50 m3
c SA = 60 m2, V = 24 m3 1 a 1:2 b 3:7 c 5:4
7 a 615.75 m3 2 a 9:4 b 52 : 17 c 7 : 12 d 3:5
b 392 699.08 cm3
c 1.26 m3 or 1 256 637.06 cm3 Now you try
8 a 13 b 14.42
9 a 1530 hours b 0735 hours Example 1
a 3:7:6 b 3 : 16 c 7:9

Multiple-choice questions Example 2

a 9 : 30 b 6:4
1 C 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 D
Exercise 6A
Extended-response question
1 a 5:3 b 7 : 15 c 3:7:5 d 5:3:7
a 15 − 2x b x c x(15 − 2x) 2 2 a 8:3 b 3 : 14 c 3 : 11 d 8:6
d 169 m3 e x = 2.5 3 a 13 : 7 b 11 : 9 c 13 : 9 : 11 : 7
d 20 : 20 or 1 : 1
Algebra 4 a 12 b 14 c 4 d 9
e 2 f 4 g 2 h 10
Short-answer questions i 77 j 51 k 9 l 11
m2 x+y 5 a 4 : 6 : 10 b 2:6:8
1 a p+q b 3p c d c 7 : 49 : 63 d 11 : 55 : 33
2 2
2 a 9 b 25 c 102 6 Answers may vary.
d 116 e −24 f −24 a 2 : 4, 3 : 6, 5 : 10
3 a 24k b 3a c a3 b 4 : 10, 20 : 50, 200 : 500
p c 4 : 3, 16 : 12, 40 : 30
d e 7ab + 2 f x−1
2 d 3 : 1, 6 : 2, 18 : 6
g 2y h 2n − 2m 7 2 : 5 and 4 : 10, 6 : 12 and 1 : 2, 7 : 4 and 70 : 40
x 7w 7a 8 a 3 : 30 b 1 : 10, 10 : 100
4 a xy b c d
7 10 2 9 2
m 2 10 a 4 : 6 or 2 : 3 b 3:5
5 a b ab c
6 3 c 4 : 6 or 2 : 3 d 5:4
6 a 12m − 18 b 4 + 2m c 9A + 6 11 Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia
12 No, three is not a factor of 10.

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 764 Answers

13 1:2 6C
14 a 5:8 b 36 : 52 or 9 : 13 c No
15 a 3x b 2.5x c 4y d 2x Building understanding
16 a 4 : 21 b 3:7 c 3:1 d 7:2
1 a 10 b 6 c 14 d 9
17 1:1
3 5
Answers

18 Answers may vary. 2 a b

8 8
3 a 1:3 b 1:1 c 2:5 d 1:4
6B 1 1 2 1
4 a b c d
4 2 7 5
Building understanding
1 a 1:1 b 1:2 Now you try
2 D 3 B 4 C
Example 6
12 m and 18 m
Now you try Example 7
Example 3 $100, $40, $60
a 2:5 b 7:8 Example 8
Example 4 540
a 18 : 5 b 16 : 21
Example 5 Exercise 6C
a 6:1 b 1:3
6A

1 a 15 m and 25 m b 8 kg and 6 kg
c $70 and $40
Exercise 6B 2 a $24 and $36 b $150 and $850
c 8 kg and 40 kg d 150 kg and 210 kg
1 a i 1:4 ii 1 : 6 e 24 m and 48 m f 124 m and 31 m
b i 2:9 ii 3 : 2 3 a $100 and $300 b $160 and $240
2 a 1:5 b 1:3 c 4:5 d 5:8 c $150 and $250 d $180 and $220
e 3:4 f 3 : 10 g 9:7 h 2:1 4 a $40, $80, $80 b $50, $150, $200
i 9:7 j 3:1 k 3:1 l 6 : 11 c 2 kg, 4 kg, 6 kg d 22 kg, 11 kg, 55 kg
m 12 : 1 n 1:6 o 8:5 p 6:5 e 96 kg, 104 kg, 120 kg
3 a 1:2:3 b 4 : 7 : 11 c 7 : 10 : 2 d 17 : 7 : 3 f $5000, $10 000, $15 000, $20 000
e 1:2:3 f 2:6:5 g 9 : 14 : 2 h 2:4:7 5 a 60, 540 b 200, 100, 300
4 a 2:3 b 5:4 c 8 : 15 d 10 : 7 c 100, 250, 250 d 240, 140, 160, 60
e 3:2 f 7:8 g 33 : 4 h 27 : 14 6 Nitrogen: 500 g, potassium: 625 g, phosphorus: 375 g
5 a 2:1 b 11 : 3 c 50 : 21 d 52 : 45 7 40°, 60°, 80°
6 a 2:5 b 14 : 1 c 3 : 25 d 1 : 35 8 $250 9 48 10 240 11 294
e 20 : 3 f 2 : 25 g 50 : 11 h 5:1 12 120 pages
i 2:5 j 1:6 k 12 : 1 l 9:1 13 Shirt $160, jacket $400
m 1 : 16 n 2:9 o 1:7 p 14 : 3 14 a 8 b 3:5
q 1:8 r 30 : 1 c 2 boys and 2 girls were absent or 5 boys and 9 girls.
7 B 15 a Ramshid: $125, Tony: $83.33, Maria: $41.67
8 a 2 : 11 b 9 : 11 c 2:9 b 10 : 6 : 5
9 a 2:3:3 b 1:1 c 2:5 d 5:7 c Ramshid: $119.05, Tony: $71.43, Maria: $59.52
10 a 5 : 5 : 2 : 4 : 3 : 1 : 20 b 20 : 20 : 8 : 16 : 12 : 4 : 80 d $17.85
c i 1:4 ii 1 : 1 e $11.90
11 Andrew did not convert the amounts to the same units. f Original ratio, as he receives $5.95 more.
Correct ratio is 40 : 1. g Ramshid: $120, Tony: $70, Maria: $60
12 a 8 : 1 b 8 : 1, yes
13 Answers may vary.
6D
a 24 minutes to 1 hour
b 2 kilometres to 1500 metres Building understanding
14 a a : 2b b 5x : y c 1:a
d 5 : 24 e h:3 f 2x : 5 1 50 000 cm
15 a 4 : 3 b 16 : 9 c Squared. 16 : 9 = 42 : 32 2 3m
d 47 : 20 e–g Answers may vary. 3 a 100 000 mm b 100 m c 0.1 km
4 a 0.56 km b 56 000 cm c 560 000 mm

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 Answers 765

Now you try 2 Employee’s wage: $15/h

Speed of a car: 68 km/h
Example 9 Cost of building new home: $2100/m2
a 600 m (or 0.6 km) b 240 m (or 0.24 km) Population growth: 90 people/day
c 3.66 km Resting heart rate: 64 beats/min

Answers
Example 10 3 a $/kg b $/L
a 5 cm b 3 mm c 6.5 mm c Words per minute d Goals/shots on goal
Example 11 e kJ/serve or kJ/100 g f L/min
1 g mL/kg or mg/tablet h Runs/over
a 200 b
120
Now you try
Exercise 6D Example 12
1 a 60 000 cm or 600 m b 300 000 mm or 300 m a 7 students/teacher b $6/kg
c 165 000 cm or 1650 m or 1.65 km Example 13
2 Numbers and units may vary. 8 cm/year
a i 200 m ii 40 m iii 730 m
b i 16 km ii 370 m iii 25 km Exercise 6E
c i 6.4 m ii 288 m iii 12 m
d i 150 cm ii 24.6 m iii 2.13 km 1 a i 5 students/teacher ii 4 loads/worker
e i 88 m ii 620 cm iii 5 mm b i $4/kg ii $3.50/g
f i 6 cm ii 1.6 mm iii 200 m 2 a 3 days/year b 5 goals/game

6D
3 a i 1m ii 20 m iii 3 mm c $30/h
º d $3.50/kg
b i 20 m ii 2 m iii 1.5 mm e $14 000/acre f 4500 cans/hour
c i 13.5 cm ii 4.5 m iii 7.365 cm g 1200 revs/min h 16 mm rainfall/day
d i 60 cm ii 9 cm iii 0.02 mm i 4 min/km
e i 20 m ii 3 m iii 5 mm j 0.25 km/min or 250 m/min
f i 3m ii 5 cm iii 2 mm 3 a 300 km/day b $140/year
4 a 1 : 250 b 1 : 50 000 c 1 : 50 000 d 1 : 18 000 c 6.5 runs/over d 7.5 cm/year
1 1 e 1.5 kg/year f Dropped 2.5°C/hour
e 7 : 1 or 1 : f 600 : 1 or 1 :
7 600 4 a 3L/hour b 7 hours
5 a 1 : 10 000 b 1 : 1000 c 1 : 300 5 158 cm
d 1 : 150 000 e 1 : 125 f 1 : 200 000 6 a 1.5 rolls/person b $6/person c $4/roll
g 1 : 100 000 h 50 : 1 i 10 000 : 1 7 a i 5.8 hours/day ii 6.5 hours/day
6 a 80 m b 4.5 cm iii 42 hours/week iv 6 hours/day
7 8.5 km b 180 hours
8 a 3.6 m × 2.6 m b 4.8 m × 4.8 m 8 Harvey: 3.75 min/km, Jacques: 3.33 min/km; Jacques
c 7.9 m × 2.2 m 9 a 1200 members/year
9 Length 11 m, height 4 m b 12 years
10 About 70 cm 1
10 a i 9 km/L ii L/km
11 a 24 km b 160 km c 12.5 cm 9
12 1 : 0.01 and 100 : 1, 25 : 1 and 50 : 2, 20 : 1 and 1 : 0.05 b Find the reciprocal.
13 a Car: D, 1 : 10 11 a i $4 ii $7.25 iii $16.50 iv $22.50
b School grounds: B, 1 : 1000 b 75 c/minute c Teleconnect d Connectplus
c Mt Kosciuszko: A, 1 : 10 000 2
e 16 min or 16 min and 40 seconds
14 With chosen scale, the map will be 8 m wide by 8 m high, 3
which is too big to be practical. 12 Answers may vary.
15 The ratio provided is the wrong way around. It should be
1000 : 1. Progress quiz
16 Answers may vary.
17 Answers may vary. 1 a 1 : 24 b 23 : 25 c 1:2
2 a 6 : 15 b 4:3 c 12 : 4 d 21 : 24 : 9
3 a 2:3 b 6 : 9 : 10 c 1 : 12 d 3 : 40 e 1:3
6E
4 a $500, $300 b $5000, $1875, $625
Building understanding c 400 m, 600 m
5 a $1760 b $560
1 B, C, E, F, H 6 320 m

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 766 Answers

7 4.32 cm 6G
8 1 : 2 000 000
9 a 60 students/bus b $1.40/kg Building understanding
c 74.4 km/h
1 D 2 A 3 B 4 D
10 a 160 km/day b $2500/year c 8 cm/year
Answers

11 Kelly earns the most by $750/year

Kelly earns $96 570/year Now you try
Todd earns $95 820/year Example 16
12 21 m/s is faster a 65 km/h b 6 km/h
(21 m/s = 75.6 km/h)
Example 17
255 km
6F
Example 18
Building understanding 20 minutes

1 a 3 hours b 5 hours, × 5 Exercise 6G

c × 10, 30 minutes, × 10 d × 6, 720 litres, × 6
2 a $12, $60, × 5 1 a 60 km/h 120 km/h
b
b ÷ 5, 30 rotations, ÷ 5, × 7, 210 rotations, × 7 2 a 10 m/s 7 m/s
b
c 50 km/h 45 km/h
d
3 a 1080 m b 450 m 36 km
c d 50 km
Now you try
1
4 a 8 hours b hour or 30 minutes
Ch6 Progress quiz

Example 14 2
a 2000 words in 25 minutes b 70 minutes c 11.5 hours d 7 seconds
Example 15 5 a 25 km/h b 40 s c 60 km
60 hours d 120 m/min e 70 km f 100 s
6 2025 km
1
Exercise 6F 7 a 27 km/h b 2 km
4
1 a 580 b 50 minutes 8 27 m/s
2 a 2400 b 19 200 9 24 km/h
3 100 litres 10 a 58.2 km/h b 69.4 km/h
4 40 litres 11 250 m
5 150 days 12 8 : 02 : 40 ; 2 minutes and 40 seconds after 8 a.m.
6 a 22 500 b 375 13 a 343 m/s b 299 792 458 m/s c 0.29 s
c 10 minutes d 6 seconds d 0.0003 s e 874 030
7 a 3750 beats b 1380 beats c 80 minutes f How many times the speed of sound
8 $2520 (mach 1 = speed of sound)
9 22.5 kg g 40 000 km/h or 11.11 km/s
10 Bionic woman wins by 4 seconds. h 107 218 km/h, 29.78 km/s
1 i 29.78 km/s
11 a 7 days b 187 students j–l Answers may vary.
2
12 2.4 days
2 6H
13 a 2 days
3
1 4 2
Building understanding
b Matric: , Hugh: , Ethan:
3 9 9 1 a $1.55 b $10.85
14 a 80 cans b 5 dogs c 15 days 2 a 5 b 15
15 12 hours
16 a $ b m c min d min
Now you try
17 a Buddies: $4.50/L, 1.25 L bottles: $1.28/L, 2 L bottles:
$1.10/L, cans: $1.60/L Example 19
b Buddies: $135, 1.25 L bottles: $38.40, 2 L bottles: $33, $175
cans: $48 Example 20
c Greatest amount = 54 L, least amount = 13.2 L 42
Difference = 40.8 L
Example 21
d Answers may vary.
240 km

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 Answers 767

Example 22 Short-answer questions

30 c/min
1 a 1:2 b 2:1 c 5:9
Example 23
2 a False b False c True
a 5 m/s b 36 km/h
d False e True
3 a 25 b 12 c 6 d 3

Answers
Exercise 6H 4 a 1:4 b 3:2 c 3:4 d 1:8
e 3:1 f 1:5 g 3:2 h 2:1
1 91 km
i 2:3 j 2a : 1 k 2:5 l 11 : 2
2 a $27 b $17.60 c $43.30 d $36
m 10 : 3 n 1:3:6
3 a 75 b 36 c 7m d 133 cm
5 a 5:2 b 1:3 c 2:5 d 1:2
4 a 520 mL b 11 goals c 350 mm
e 1:5 f 1:4 g 3 : 25 h 3 : 10
d 1 875 000 kilobytes
6 a $35 : $45 b 160 kg : 40 kg
5 Leonie $600, Mackenzie $300, total $1350
c 30 m : 10 m d $340 : $595 : $510
6 a 25 c/min b 4 c/s c 210 L/h
e 60 c : 20 c : 20 c
d 1.2 L/h e 6 kg/year f 0.84 kg/week
7 a $1152 b 144 cm c 1.125 L
g 6 kg/$ h 3.8 c/mm i 30 m/s
8 a 5 km/h b $50/h c 140 km/day
j 50.4 km/h
9 a 12.5 km/L, 8 L/100 km b 2.5 g/min, 150 g/h
7 a 10 m/s b 50 m/s c 11 m/s d 4000 m/s
c $2400/day, $100/h
8 a 54 km/h b 7.2 km/h c 0.72 km/h d 3600 km/h
10 a 0.2 m b 27 m c 140 m
9 a Small: $1.25/100 g, medium; $1.20/100 g,
11 500 mm
Large: $1.10/100 g
12 a 1 : 1.5, x = 9 cm b 1 : 3, x = 12 cm
b 4 large, 1 medium, 1 small, $45.20

6H
2
10 10.4 m/s, 37.6 km/h 13 a 301 km b $39.20 c 6 hours
3
11 a 1.2 cm/month, 0.144 m/year
14 a 64 km/h b 108 min c 6.75 km
b 25 months or 2 years and 1 month
15 a 200 c/min b 21.6 km/h c 200 m/s
5 2
12 a 45 m2/h b 900 m2 c m /min
6
$y $12y $zy Multiple-choice questions
13 a b c
x x x
1 A 2 C 3 D 4 A 5 B
14 a 19 cm, 22 cm, perimeter = 58 cm
6 B 7 D 8 C 9 B 10 C
b 21 cm, 28 cm, perimeter = 84 cm
15 50 pa/mD
16 a Perth b 56 hours c 40 hours Extended-response question
d Phil is 1125 km from Perth, Werner is 1575 km from
a 2:15 p.m. b 100 km/h
Sydney.
c 11:30 a.m d 467 km
e 2450 km from Sydney, 1750 km from Perth
e 5 hours at 93.4 km/h
f 46 hours and 40 minutes
f The Harrison’s petrol cost $282.15, the Nguyen’s petrol cost
g Answers may vary.
$313.50.

Problems and challenges

1 2 Chapter 7
1 a 2 b 3 c 2
5 3 7A
2 1:3
3 9 km/h Building understanding
4 a 1 hour b 12 sets
1 a 13 b 9 c 2 d 2
5 12 sheep 2 a 7 b 9 c 15 d 8
5 3 a 25 b 25 c Yes
6 hour
9 d 2 + x = 7 (Answers may vary.)
7 0.75 km

8 5 hours 9 12.57 a.m 10 68.57 km/h Now you try

1 Example 1
11 A 20 km trip at 100 km/h takes hour which Max has been
5 a False b True c True
used to drive the first 10 km. The second 10 km cannot
be travelled in zero time; hence it is impossible for Max to Example 2
achieve a 100 km/h average speed. a k = 32 b q = 12 c a=7

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 768 Answers

Example 3 Now you try

a 3q + 4 = 37 b 15n = 345
Example 4
a p=8 b 3p = 11 c 8m = 52
Exercise 7A
Example 5
Answers

1 a False b True c True a w = 42 b u=4 c x=7

2 a True b False c True
d False e True f True Exercise 7B
3 a True b True c False
d False e True f False 1 a x=4 b 3x = 6 c 9a = 9
4 a True b False c True 2 a 2x = 20 b q=8
d True e False f True c 1 = −q d x=2
5 a C b I c C d C e 10 = 2p f 3q = 2q
6 a x=7 b x = 13 c v=3 3 a x=3 b q = −3 c x=5
d p = 19 e x=2 f x=8 d p = 7 (missing operation: ÷ 4) e x=3
g u=7 h k = 11 i a=3 f p = 6 (missing operation: × 3)
x 4 a a=3 b t=7 c q=9
7 a 2x + 7 = 10 b x+ = 12
2 d k=9 e x = 10 f h = −10
c 25 + a = 2a h + 30 = 147
d g l = −4 h g = −9 i y=2
e 4c + 3t = 21 8c + 2000 = 3600
f 5 a h=3 b u=4 c s=3
8 a 7 b 42 c 13 d w=8 e x = −4 f w = −5
d −8 e 40 f −13 g a=2 h y = −8 i x = −6
7A

9 a 3.2x = 9.6 x=3

b 6 a d=3 b j = −6 c a=2
10 a E + 10 = 3E E=5
b d y=2 e k = −4 f n = −7
c 5 years old 15d g b = −3 h b=4 i a = −2
11 t = 3, t = 7 7 1 1
7 a x= b q= c b=
12 a 3×3=9 b −3 × (−3) = 9 c x = 8, x = −8 2 3 2
d x = 0 is the only solution as −0 = 0, but x = 1 and 5 5 23
d x= e x=− f p=−
x = −1 are distinct solutions. 2 2 2
e Positive numbers square to give positives but so do 13 3 2
g y= h y=− i y=
negatives. (neg × neg = pos) 5 2 3
13 a No number can equal 3 more than itself. 8 a p + 8 = 15, p = 7 b q × −3 = 12, q = −4
b Addition is commutative. c 2k − 4 = 18, k = 11 d 3r + 4 = 34, r = 10
c If x = 7 it is true, if x = 6 it is false. e 10 − x = 6, x = 4 f 10 − 3y = 16, y = −2
d i S ii S iii N iv S v A 9 a x=2 b x=2 c x=6
vi S vii N viii S ix A 14
10 a x = 7, y = b x = 2, y = 26
e 7 + x = x + 7 (Answers may vary.) 5
14 a p = 1, p = −3 10 13
c x= d p = 15, q =
b One 3 4
c Answers may vary, e.g. (p − 2) × (p − 3) × (p − 5) = 0 11 10x + 6x = 194.88, hourly rate = $12.18
has 3 solutions. 12 a 7x + 4 = 39
15 a a = 10, b = 6, c = 12, d = 20, e = 2 −4 −4
1 7x = 35
b f= ÷7 ÷7
2
x=5
16 a c = 4, d = 6 (or c = 6, d = 4) × −2 × −2
b c = 11, d = 3 −2x = −10
c c = 24, d = 6 +13 +13
d c = 7, d = 0 (or c = 0, d = −7) −2x + 13 = 3
b 10k + 4 = 24
7B −4 −4
10k = 20
÷10 ÷10
Building understanding
k=2
1 a 3x + 4 = 14 b 11 + k = 18 c 9 = 2x + 4 ×3 ×3
3k = 6
2 a 12 b 25 c 16 d 4z −1 −1
3 a 8 b x=8 3k − 1 = 5
4 B

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 Answers 769

13 a 4x + 3 = 11 10 a x = 24 b x = 60 c x = 12
−3 −3 d x = 24 e x = 15 f x = 42
4x = 8
÷2 ÷2
2x = 4 7D
b No

Answers
c The two equations have different solutions and so cannot Building understanding
be equivalent.
1 a True b False c True
14 a x = 5
2 a 3x + 3 b 5
b Opposite operations from bottom to top.
c 5p + 9 = 5 d 22k + 12 = 13
c For example, 7 − 3x = −8.
3 B
d You can start with x = 5 and perform any operation to get
a new equivalent equation (e.g. multiply by 2, multiply by
3, .…) Now you try
15 a x = 3 b x=1 c x=2
Example 7
d x=4 e x=3 f x=1
3 a m=4 b x=3 c p=6
g x= h x=0 i x=1
2
Exercise 7D
7C
1 a i f=5 ii y = 3
Building understanding b i t = −2 ii c = 2
c i a=3 ii g = 2

7B
1 a 8 b 5 c No 2 a s=3 b j=2 c t = −2
2 a 30 b 10 c × 2, 22 d × 10, 70 d n = −5 e y = −5 f t = −4
3 a C b A c B d D 3 a t=5 b z=3 c t=3
d q = −2 e x=9 f w=9
Now you try 4 a n = −2 b u=7 c h = −5
d j = −5 e c=1 f n = −1
Example 6 g a = −4 h v = −7 i c = −3
a k=8 b y=4 c x=6 d x=9 j t=3 k n=4 l n = −3
1 2 3
5 a x= b k= c m=−
Exercise 7C 2 3 2
5 1 11
1 a x=6 b y=2 c x=8 d x=2 d j= e j=− f z=
2 2 2
2 a b = 20 b g = 20 c a = 15 d k = 18
6 a 2x + 3 = 3x + 1 so x = 2 b z + 9 = 2z so z = 9
e l = 20 f w = −10 g s = −6 h v = 12
c 7y = y + 12 so y = 2 d n + 10 = 3n − 6 so n = 8
i m = 14 j n = 14 k j = −5 l f = 20
7 a x = 6 and y = 10 b x = 4 and y = 7
3 a t = −12 b h=2 c a = −2 d c = −3
8 Area = 700 units2, perimeter = 110 units
e s = −6 f j=2 g v = −12 h n=9
9 a 4p + 1.5 = 2p + 4.9 b $1.70
i q = −6 j f=3 k l = −6 l r=7
c 11
m x = 10 n u=3 o k=4 p b = −11
10 a x=5
q m = 12 r y=8 s p=3 t g = −2
b x=5
4 a x = 35 b y = −24 c p = 14
c Variable appears on RHS if you first subtract 3x.
d x = 16 e x = 12 f k = −13
11 x = 8, y = 6, so length = width = 29.
5 a 19 b −13 c 12 d 26
12 a No solutions.
b
6 a 100 − = 60 b $120 b Subtract 2x, then 3 = 7 (impossible).
3 c 5x + 23 = 5x + 10 (Answers may vary.)
7 a x = 15 13 a x = 20 b x = 17, y = 51, z = 10
b Yes c k = 12 d b = 10, a = 50
c i q = 130 ii q = 130 e a = 60, b = 30, c = 20 f x = 3.5
d Keeps numbers smaller, so can be done without a calculator.
e i p = 28 ii q = −81
iii p = −77 iv r = 34 7E
8 a x=6 b x=3 c x=1
Building understanding
d x=2 e x=8 f x = −5
57 22 80 2 1 a 12 b 14 c 8, 10
9 a x= b x= c x= d x=
4 3 3 3 2 a C b A c D d B

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 770 Answers

3 a x 0 1 2 8 a −6q = 30; q = −5
2m
4(x + 3) 12 16 20 b = 12; m = 18
3
4x + 12 12 16 20 3k + 4
c = −13; k = −10
4x + 3 3 7 11 2
Answers

3x + 10
b 4x + 12 d = 14; x = 6
4 a 9p + 3 b 6x + 4 c x+6 2
9 5(m − 8) = 3(m + 2); m = 23

Now you try

7F
Example 8
a k=3 b m=4 c x=6 d q=7 Building understanding
1 a 11 b 7
Exercise 7E 2 B
3 A
1 a p=2 b q=3 c x=5 d k=5
2 a u=6 b j=3 c p=6
d m=4 e n=5 f a=3 Now you try
3 a p = −2 b u = −3 c v = −5 Example 9
d r = −4 e b = −7 f d=3 a P = 22 b l=9
4 a y=3 b l=2 c w=2
7E

d c=2 e d=2 f w=6

g p=4 h k=2 i c = 10 Exercise 7F
5 a x=7 b r=5 c f=3 1 a P = 16 b l=8
d p=2 e h=4 f r=5 2 a A = 19 b A = 51 c A = −1 d A = 33
g r=5 h p=6 i a=5 3 a a=5 b a = 11 c a = −2
6 a r=7 b l=2 c x=7 4 a y = 10 b x=6 c x = −2
d s=8 e y=7 f h=3 5 m = 5.5
7 a d+4 b 2(d + 4) 6 a y=4 b y=8 c x = 4.5 d x=6
c 2(d + 4) = 50 d 21 7 a G = 43 b a=9
8 a 5w + 3(w + 4) b $11.50 8 a $23
9 a 2(k − 5) = 3(k − 10) b i 161 = 3 + 2d ii d = 79 iii 79 km
b 20 9 a F = 50 b C = 35 c 37.8°C
10 a 3.5 b 80 10 a A = 60 b h=4 c 11
11 The equation is 2(x + 3) = 4x − 11, which would mean 8.5 V
people next door. 11 a T = + 5 (Answers may vary.)
2
12 Equation 3(x − 5) = 9(x + 1) has solution x = −4. He
b 44 mL if using rule above (Answers may vary.)
cannot be −4 years old.
13 a 2n + 6 = 2n + 3 implies 6 = 3. (10 − 10) 2 (20 − 10) 2
c + 10 = 10 and + 10 = 15
b 8x + 12 = 8x + 3 implies 12 = 3, but if x = 0 then 20 20
4(2x + 3) = 4x + 12 is true. 12 a 92 b 24
3 36 81 13 A and C
14 a x = b p= c n=− 14 a −40°C = −40°F b 160°C = 320°F
2 5 10
8 1 c 1.8x = 1.8x + 32 implies 0 = 32
d q=0 e x= f m= 15 a A charges $14.80, B charges $16.20.
5 4
b 45 minutes
c 2 minutes per call
Progress quiz d t = 50 and c = 40 (Answers may vary.)
1 a T b F c T e 40 minutes
2 a k = 16 b c = 13 c m=8 d t=5
3 a 2n + 5 = 17 b a + 26 = 3a 7G
4 a a=7 b k = −3 c h = −7 d y=8
e u = 12 f j=7 g d=5 h m = −8 Building understanding
5 a u = 40 b h = 14 c x=9 d w=4
1 a D b A c E d C e B
6 a n=7 b w = −2 c e = −9
2 a B b C c A d D
7 a a=5 b w = 11 c q=5 d p = −4
3 a p=6 b x=9 c k=4 d a=3

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 Answers 771

Now you try b x

6 7 8 9 10 11
Example 10
c x
The cost of one toy is $3.
3 4 5 6
Example 11

Answers
A can of soft drink is $1.70. Example 14
a x > 170
Example 12
b x ⩾ 100 000
Lisa is 36 and Jaime is 12.
c 3<x<4

Exercise 7G
Exercise 7H
1 a Let c = cost of one cup. b 4c = 13.2
1 a
c c = 3.3 d $3.30 x
2 a Let c = cost of one chair. b 6c + 1740 = 3000 1 2 3 4 5
c c = 210 d $210 b
x
3 a 2(4 + w) = 72 or 8 + 2w = 72 5 6 7 8 9
b w = 32 c 32 cm c
4 a Let t = time spent (hours). b 70 + 52t = 252 x
0 1 2 3 4
c t = 3.5 d 210 minutes
5 2 2 a x
6 a 4w = 26, w = 6.5 b 42.25 cm2 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 Alison is 18.

7G
b x
8 x = 65, y = 115 7 8 9 10 11 12
9 a 118 b 119 c 12 688
c x
10 a
0 1 2 3 4 5
L P = 58 d x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3
5+L e x
b 12 m c 204 m2 −12−11 −10 −9 −8 −7
11 a 50 b −6 f x
c x = 2R − 10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4
12 a A, B and E
b A, B and D g x
c Impossible to have 0.8 people in a room but can have −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
8 mm insect. h x
d The temperature this morning increased by 10°C and it is 2 3 4 5 6 7
now 8°C. (Answers may vary.)
2 i x
13 a 17 b −8 c 7 8 9 10 11 12
7
4 j
d e 25 x
3 0 1 2 3 4 5

7H k x
2 3 4 5 6 7
Building understanding
l x
1 a True b False c False d True −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
2 a D b A c B d C
3 a True b False c False d True 3 a 3, 4, 6, 4.5, 5, 2.1, 6.8, 2
4 a True b False c False d True b x
2 3 4 5 6 7

Now you try 4 a x

1 2 3 4 5 6
Example 13
a b x
x
3 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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 772 Answers

c x Exercise 7I
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 a x<9 b x⩾3 c x < −1
d x
2 a x>3 b l⩾3 c g>5 d r⩽7
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
e k>2 f s<5 g a>4 h n⩾5
e i d⩾7 j h<5 k r⩽2 l y<4
Answers

x
2 3 4 5 3 a d > 29 b y ⩽ 10 c x > 11 d q ⩽ 18
e x>7 f h<1 g p⩾2 h j<5
f x 4 a x>1 b s⩽2 c n<5 d j > 10
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
e v ⩾ −2 f j ⩾ −5 g c⩽2 h h⩾0
g x i s < −3 j v < −2 k v ⩽ −2 l v > −5
7 8 5 a C b A c B d D
h 6 a 4c + 20 > 25 b c > 1.25 c $1.30
x
0 1 16
7 a 6g + 4 ⩽ 36 b g⩽ c 5 goals
3
5 a C b A c G d F
8 a C ⩾ 15 b C ⩽ 20
6 a 20 ⩽ t ⩽ 25 and 23 ⩽ n ⩽ 27 . .
c 15 ⩽ C ⩽ 20 d 47.7 ⩽ C ⩽ 57.7
b Nick 9 a x>4 b k>3
Tim
x c a < −2 d −3 < a < −2
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
2
c They are between 23 and 25 years old. 10 a If 5x − 2 > 0 then x > , so x is positive.
5
x b If 2x + 6 > 0 then x > −3, so x + 5 > 2 is positive.
7H

23 24 25 c Yes, for example if x = 4.

7 a i E ii B iii A iv B v D d No
b 73 ⩽ x < 80 11 a clues B and D b x=8
c D 12 a x>2 b a ⩽ −2 c b < −3 d c < −4
d B or A 13 a x⩽3 b a > −3 c b⩽8
e C only d c>2 e k > 20 f g < −5
8 a If x is larger than 7 it must automatically be larger than 5. g a>8 h k⩽9 i p > 4.5
b i x>5 ii x < 3 iii x > 1
iv x < 10 v 3 < x < 10 vi 7 < x ⩽ 10 Problems and challenges
c i 3<x<5 ii −2 < x < 4
iii 7 < x < 8 iv 9 ⩽ x < 10 1 a 13 b 7.5 c 9 years
9 a 1 b ∞ c ∞ d 0 d $44.44 e 15 f 150 units
e 0 f 1 g ∞ h 0 2 a 2nd step or 3rd line (can’t divide by 0)
10 a Must be true. b 0=1
×28 ×28
b Must be true.
0 = 28
c Not necessarily (e.g. y = 0). + 22 + 22
d Must be true. 22 = 50
e Not necessarily (e.g. x = 3 and y = 5). 3 6⩽x⩽7
f Must be true. 4 2 x = 2(3 + x) − 1 or 3x + 1 = 2 + 3(x + 1)
11 a 30 b 110 c 200 d 1000 5 a 65 kg, 62 kg, 55 kg b 70 kg, 60 kg, 48 kg
e 10 f 20 g 34 h 10 c 35 kg, 42 kg, 45 kg, 48 kg
6 a 188 mm b L = 8 + 36n c 195 links
7I
Short-answer questions
Building understanding
1 a False b True c True
1 a True b True c False d False 2 a m=4 b m = −12 c a = −1
2 a True b False c False d True 1
3 a 4 b x<4 d m= e m = 15 f a=6
5
4 a 6, 3 b x⩾3 c True
3 a 2m + 3 = 3m b 5(n + 4) = 20 c x + x + 2 = 74
4 a Subtract 15 b Add 5 c Subtract 2a
Now you try 5 a a=4 b y = −9 c x = −4
d x=4 e x=2 f a=1
Example 15
6 a m = −6 b x=8 c y = −18
a x<5 b x⩽1 c x>4
d k = −58 e w = −2 f a = 43

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 Answers 773

7 a x = 14 b x=6 c x = 40 Chapter 8
1
8 a a=8 b m= c x=4
2 8A
d a=2 e x = −8 f x=9
9 a x=3 b x = −4 c x = −4
Building understanding

Answers
d a=4 e a = −7 f m=4 1 a 320 b 270 c 300
g a = −3 h x = 17 i x=1 d Expton e Calcville
10 a I = 21 b M=3
c c=4 d x = 3, y = 2
11 a 12 b 4 c 8.5
Now you try
12 a x⩽4 b 1<x⩽7 Example 1
13 a x a $80 000 b $10 000
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 c Ashdev earns the least.
b x Example 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 a Insurance b 50% c $4800
c x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 Exercise 8A
d x
1 a 2000 b 1000 c Funston
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
2 a 10 b 6 c Phillip
e x d Nyree e 4 years
−2 −1 0 1 2 3

Ch7 Review
3 a 9 b Handball c 24
f x d 8F e Water polo
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 4 a Slesha b Ross
g c 4 years old d Non-linear
x
4 5 6 7 8 9 5 a Rent b Charity
c 50% d $2400
h x 6 a
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 0.9
$AUD

i 0.8
x
−1 0 1 0.7
14 a x ⩾ 100 000 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
b x ⩽ 6700
Time (months)
c 1.54 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.9
15 a x>2 b x<8 c x < −4 b Linear
d x⩾2 e x < −2 f x⩾8 c i $0.09 ii $0.02
g x < −12 h x > 13 i x⩾2 d i $0.69 ii $0.63
1
7 a 2 hours b 7 hours c Sleeping d
6
Multiple-choice questions 8 a 20°C b 12°C c Midday
9 a Diver height
1 A 2 D 3 C 4 C 5 B 14
6 B 7 D 8 E 9 A 10 A 12
10
Extended-response questions 8
Height (m)

6
1 a S = 20 + 0.12n 4
b 30 times 2
c Y = 15 + 0.2n 0
d 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
e 20 + 0.12n = 15 + 0.2n, n = 62.5, so 63 is the minimum −4
number. Time (s)
2 a 18x − 180 b Non-linear c 1.5 metres
b i $35.50 ii $41 iii $459 d The fourth second
c $25 e 2 metres below surface
d $30 f Answers may vary.
e 30 ⩽ x ⩽ 35 10 a Survey 2 b Survey 1 c Survey 3

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 774 Answers

11 a Town A population decreased then increased. Town B steady b 7 black cars were spotted.
increase. Town C population increased then decreased. Example 4
b i To find the total combined population in the 3 towns.
Number 1 2 3 4 5
ii To work out the average population per year (total ÷ 10).
Other answers are possible. Tally ||| |||| | | ||| ||
Answers

12 Need numbers for a meaningful axis but not for labels of each Frequency 3 6 1 3 2
sector.
13 a Column graph – categorical data. (Pie chart is inappropriate
as not measuring proportions of a whole.) Exercise 8B
b* See bottom of column.
1 a Shots at Shots
c As water becomes scarcer it is more difficult to produce
these foods. Passes goal that go in Steals
d Answers may vary. Frequency 3 12 8 2
e
b 12 c 8 d 4
Cucumber

2 a
Chicken
Cheese

Lettuce

Number 0–1 2–4 5–9 10–14 15–19 20–24 25–168

Potato
Bread

Rice
Milk

of hours

Efficiency 622 315 231 2833 4219 556 3484 400 Tally 5 3 12 15 9 4 2
(g/kL) b 50 c 9 d 8 e 35
14 a 2 months underweight, 6 months normal weight, 4 months 3 a
People in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
overweight family
8A

b
Tally | || |||| |||| |||| || |||
Normal Frequency 1 2 4 4 4 2 3
b 4 c 9
Under 4 a
Over Height (cm) Tally Frequency
130–139 ||| 3
c Can see how weight changes over time. 140–149 |||| 5
d Can see how much of the year the dog was underweight, 150–159 || 2
overweight and normal weight.
160–169 ||| 3
e Answers may vary.
170–179 ||| 3
8B 180–189 | 1
190+ |||| 4
Building understanding
b 2 c 5 d 10
1 a True b False c True d False 5 a 10 b 2 c 4 d 17
2 a 4 b 7 c || d |||| |||| | 6 a B b D c A d C
7 a 28 b 130 c 19
Now you try d 13.1 years old e 14.4 years old
8 a
Example 3 Score 0–19 20–39 40–59 60–79 80–100
a Frequency 0 4 7 20 12
Colour White Black Blue Red Yellow
Frequency 14 7 8 5 6

13 b*
5000
Column graph 4325
Footprint (L/kg)

4000
3178
3000
2497
2000 1800
1608
1000 353 237 287
Bread Cheese Chicken Cucumber Lettuce Milk Potato Rice
Food

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 Answers 775

b Score 0–29 30–59 60–89 90–100 Exercise 8C

Frequency 3 8 30 2 1 a 5 b 12
c It is unknown how many of the 3 people in the 20s got less 4 10

Frequency

Frequency
than 25 and how many got more. 3 8

Answers
d Score 2 6
0–24 25–49 50–74 75–100
1 4
Frequency 2 4 20 17 0 2
0 1 2 3 4
e 43. This tells you the number of students who sat the exam. 0
Number 20 40 60 80 100
9 a
Range 10–19 20–29 30–39 Score
Frequency 3 4 6 2 a 10 b 5
b Many possible answers. 8 4

Frequency
Frequency
c a stem-and-leaf plot 6 3
d when individual numbers are not required but an overview 4 2
is more important 2 1
10 a Many possible answers. 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3
b There are 5 possible values and it happened 6 times, so
Number Number of cars
one value is repeated.
c Even if each score was achieved twice that would only 3 a i
Number Frequency
account for 10 weeks (not 11).
d Yes 1 3

8B
e Yes 2 1
11 a Monday 3, Tuesday 2, Wednesday 1, Thursday 3 3 2
b 2 hours
4 4
c 12 ways
d 3 ways 5 5
e 6 ways
f 30 ways ii 5
4
Frequency

8C 3
2
Building understanding 1
0
1 a 2 b 9 c 11 years old 1 2 3 4 5
2 a 4 b 4 c 8 Number

b i Number Frequency
Now you try
1 4
Example 5 2 3
a 10 3 6
8
Frequency

4 1
6
4 5 1
2
ii 6
0
0 1 2 3 5
Frequency

Number of pets 4
3
b 30
2
25
Frequency

1
20
0
15 1 2 3 4 5
10 Number
5
0
10 20 30 40 50
Age of customer

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 776 Answers

c i b Edwin is worse than Fred as most of Fred’s scores are 8

Number Frequency
or higher.
1 3 6 a D b A c B d C
2 2 7 a Marie b Con c Frank d Bill
3 2 8 a It would look identical but the x-axes labels would start at
Answers

22 and go to 26.
4 3
b It would look just like the right half (12–14, but labelled
5 2 0–2).
6 2 9 a No, just that she is more likely to get higher marks than
7 lower marks
2
b 9 weeks of 5, then 8 weeks of 6, then 7 weeks of 7, then 4
8 1 weeks of 8, then 2 weeks of 9 out of 10
9 2 c They were absent from the test, or having a very bad day.
10 1 10 a Survey Height Weight Age graph
ii location graph (cm) graph (kg) (years)
3
Frequency

2 Primary school Graph 4 Graph 7 Graph 6

1 classroom
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shopping Graph 8 Graph 2 Graph 9
Number centre
d i Teachers Graph 5 Graph 3 Graph 1
Number Frequency
common room
8C

50 1
b Answers may vary.
51 1
52 4
8D
53 1
54 1 Building understanding
55 0 1 a mode b mean c median
56 2 2 a 15 b 5 c 3
3 a 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 b 5 c 5
57 1
4 a 7 and 9 b 16 c 8
58 2
59 3
Now you try
60 4
Example 6
ii 4 a 5 b 3
Frequency

3
2 Example 7
1 a 11 b 10.5
0
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Number Exercise 8D
4 14
1 a 5 b 4
12
2 a i 2 ii 2
10
b i 5 ii 3
Frequency

8
c i −3 ii 0
6 d i 0 ii −9
4 e i 0 ii 3
2 f i 12.9 ii 15
0 g i 13.1 ii 20
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Number h i 11.1 ii 12
i i 10.4 ii 5
5 a 3
Frequency

j i 2.4 ii −6
2
3 a 6 b 4 c 8 d 5
1
0 e 8 f 7 g 3 h 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 a 5 b 5.5 c 7.5
Score
d 8 e 10.5 f 12

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 Answers 777

5 a 8.4 b 8 c 8 Exercise 8E
d Only the mean would change (increase)
6 a 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 32, 37 1 a 9 b 30
b 26 c 26.4 d 32 2 a 10 b 15 c 14
7 a White b Meat-lovers d 27 e 16.9 f 8.7
3 a 19 b 11 c 21 d 15

Answers
c Wednesday d South Australia
8 a i 51 grams ii 50.39 grams e 7 f 9.5 g 3.16 h 1.76
b Shop A 4 a 23 b 19 c 35 d 32
9 a 3 b 10 c 8.8 d 9 e 16.5 f 10.5 g 3.45 h 1.15
e If one of the 7 scores become a 1. (Answers may vary.) 5 a 11 b 10.5 c 9 d 8
10 a 16 years old b 15.03 years old c 15 e 32 f 23 g 18 h 13
11 a 16 b −3 c 5 d 7 e 9 6 a 15 b 35 c Nathan d Gary
12 Most frequent value makes sense for numbers or categories, 7 a 1.7 b 1.8 c Max
but the mean requires adding (numbers) and the median 8 a i 9 ii 10
requires ordering (numbers). b i 4.5 ii 4.0
13 a 6 c Sara
b It is multiplied by 3 (18). d Andy
c It is four higher (10). 9 a 9, 10, 11 (Answers may vary.)
d It is now 44 (not 6 squared). b 0, 10, 20 (Answers may vary.)
e It is squared. 10 a 0, 20 (Answers may vary.)
14 a $1 477 778 b $630 000 b −9, 11 (Answers may vary.)
c A strong effect – it makes the mean significantly higher. 11 a i 8 ii 4

8D
d No effect – it is not factored in the median. b i 98 ii 4
e Median is not easily distorted by a few very large values. c A single outlier does not affect the IQR but the range is
15 a 4 b 11 c 2 d 4.5 greatly affected.
16 a Possible: 1, 5, 7, 7 12 a 10 b 4
b Impossible: median = mean for set with two items c No, the range is the largest difference between two
c Impossible: must be x, x, y and then mode = median numbers.
d Possible: −5, 3, 5, 5 d Yes, for instance, for a set like 2, 2, 2, 6, 6, 6.
17 a Answers may vary. 13 a No effect
b 40, 60, 80, 60, 60, 0, 20, 80 b Range is doubled
c 59, 79, 100, 79, 79, 19, 39, 100 14 The lower quartile is the number above the bottom quarter
d No of values and the upper quartile is the number below the top
e between 50 and 69.25 quarter of values.
f C or B 15 a 4 b 3
g When sorted from worst to best, she got E, D, C, B, B, B, c It would stay the same.
A, A and the average of the two middle marks must be a B d It would stay the same.
if they were both Bs. e i It would double.
h i 75 to 94.75 ii B or A ii It would double.

8E 8F

Building understanding Building understanding

1 a 8 b 1 c 7 1 a Surveying 1000 randomly selected people

2 a 4 b 9 c 5 b Surveying 10 friends
3 a 5 b 12 c 7 2
2 a b 2000 c 300
4 a lower quartile b lowest 5
c sort (or order) d median
Now you try
e odd f spread
Example 10
Now you try 9
a i or 0.225 ii 800
40
Example 8 b Symmetric
a 15 b 23 c Interviewing people only from one culture or religion.
Example 9 (Answers may vary.)
a 8.5 b 7

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 778 Answers

Exercise 8F d Helps correct for measurement error, caused by people

answering either randomly or mistakenly.
7 14 Answers may vary.
1 a i or 0.35 ii 18
20
b Symmetric
c Method 2. It is likely that they are waiting for sibilings. Progress quiz
Answers

1
2 a or 0.2 b 120 1 a April, $5500 b $500 c $19500
5 2 a 180° b 50
3 a Symmetric b Skewed c Bi-modal
c Milk and soft drink
d Skewed e Symmetric
3 a i Tuesday ii Thursday iii Saturday
4 a Sample b Population
b 3 cm c 25 mm
c Population d Sample
4 a
5 a 25 Number 2 3 4 5
20 Tally |||| |||| | |||| |||| | |||| |||
Frequency

15
Frequency 4 6 11 8
10
5 b 12
0 10
0 1 2 3 4

Frequency
8
Pets
6
b Skewed c 400 d 1200
4
e More likely that people will have pets if near a vet clinic.
2
6 a Yes, it is required information.
8F

0
b No, it is too vague or subjective. 2 3 4 5
c No, it is too vague or subjective. Number
d No, it addresses wealth but not income. 5 a 6 b 7
e No, it is irrelevant. 6 a 3.79 (2 d.p.)
f Yes, it can be used to decide income. b 4 c 4 d 3 e 5−3=2
g No, if it is not a pay day then results will be distorted. 7 a Bias towards students who buy their lunch - less likely to
7 a At midday on a Thursday on a major road. eat homemade food.
b Outside a political party office. b Bias towards students who spend longer on homework if
c In a butcher’s shop. only Year 12s considered.
d At 11 p.m., when people will buy just a few items. c Bias towards adults with at least one child, excluding all
8 a ‘How many siblings do you have?’ childless adults.
b–d Results will vary.
e Different samples from among the same population can
yield different means. 8G
9 a 108 g
Building understanding
b if two bars were on scales together
c skewed (slightly) 1 a B b C c D d A
d IQR as it is not affected by outlier 2 a Event C b Event A c Event B d Event C
e median 3 a True b False c True d True
10 a at a professional dance studio in the afternoon
b at a university physics department
Now you try
c Choose a large random sample.
11 a Only one year level. Possibly streamed class, so similar Example 11
work ethic. 1
a S, P, A, R, E b Pr (R ) =
b Only males would be surveyed, also same age. 5
c A range of students in age, gender and results. 2
c A, E d Pr (V ) =
d A more studious sample would give a higher mean. 5
12 There will be two distinct taller sections, corresponding to 3
e S, P, R f Pr (V′) =
the most common heights for boys and girls. At a single-sex 5
school the distribution is likely to be symmetric.
13 a i 75% ii 95% iii 15%
Exercise 8G
iv Between 15% and 95% of the population are in favour.
b Busy people are less likely to participate and will not be 1
1 a P, I, A, N, O b c P, N
counted. 5
c ‘Do you enjoy participating in surveys?’ (Answers may 2 3
d e I, A, O f
vary.) 5 5

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 Answers 779

2 a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 b
1
c
1 8H
6 2
5 Building understanding
d 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e f 0
6
2
3 a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1 a 10 b H2, H4, T2, T4 c
5

Answers
3 1 4 4 3
b i ii iii iv d T1, T3, T5 e
5 5 5 5 10
c i At most 2 ii At least 4 1 1
2 a b HH, TT c
iii At least 2 iv Even numbers 4 2
1 1 3
4 a b c
2 5 10 Now you try
4 1 7
d e f Example 12
5 2 10
g Choosing a purple marble a
P I E
1 1 3
5 a 8 b c d 1 1P 1I 1E
8 4 8
e Green, green, red, yellow, purple 2 2P 2I 2E
5 3 3 3P 3I 3E
f g
8 4 4 4P 4I 4E
h Spinning purple (or spinning yellow)
b 12
i Spinning orange
1
6 a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 c Pr(3P) =

8G
1 1 3 1 3 12
b c d e f 1
10 5 10 2 5 d Pr(even, vowel) =
1 5 1 5 3
7 a b c d
3 6 3 6
8 a 0.7 b 0.25 c 0.45 d 20 Exercise 8H
9 a No b Yes c Yes d No
1 a
e Yes f No g Yes h No 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 a 1 red, 2 orange, 3 purple H H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
1 1 2
b c d T T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
6 2 3
11 1 1
b 12 c d
12 4
Blue Red
2 a
R I D E
L LR LI LD LE
Green
I IR II ID IE
N NR NI ND NE
1 1
12 a b c 18 E ER EI ED EE
5 4
1 1 1
d It approaches or 0.5. b 16 c d
2 16 16
13 a 0.8 1 1 1
e f g
b i 0.4 ii 0.8 iii 0.2 4 4 8
c 2p 3 a
d 1 − 2(1 − p) or 2p − 1 R P B
e If Pr(pass) = 0.6 then twice as likely to fail gives R RR RP RB
Pr(other person pass) = 0.2, which is not the same as half P PR PP PB
of 0.6.
G GR GP GB
14 a 2 red, 1 blue b 2 blue, 1 green
c 5 green d 6 blue, 1 red, 5 green B BR BP BB
e 1 green f 1 blue, 5 green 1 1 1 1 1
b c d e f
g 6 blue, 5 green 12 12 12 6 4
1 1 1 1
4 a b c d
12 6 12 2

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 780 Answers

5 a 2 a Letter 1 Letter 2 Outcome

Sum 1 2 3 4 5 6
F OF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
O O OO
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R OR
Answers

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 F NF
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
N O NO
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
R NR
1 8
b c b OR, NF, NO, NR c 6 d 2
9 9
d 7 e 2 and 12
Now you try
6 a
Y W B B B Example 13
W WY WW WB WB WB a Spin 1 Spin 2 Spin 3 Outcome
O OY OW OB OB OB R RRR
R B RRB
O OY OW OB OB OB R
R RBR
2 1 2 1 1 B
b c d e f B RBB
15 15 15 5 15 R BRR
1 1 2 R
7 a b c B BRB
8H

B
8 3 3 R BBR
8 63 B
B BBB
1 1 1 1 1
9 a b c d e 1 1
52 26 16 4 2704 b 8 c Pr(BRR) = d Pr(RRR or BBB) =
f The second card would then depend on the first card (e.g. 8 4
if a red card was selected, it would be a little less likely that
Exercise 8I
the next card would be red).
1 1 1 a Letter 1 Letter 2 Outcome
10 a i ii
4 2 G CG
C
1 1 1 1 O CO
b i ii iii iv
16 4 16 8 G AG
A
c OYYBBB (or some rearrangement of those letters) O AO
1 7 1 G TG
d i ii iii T
9 18 12 O TO
1 11 3 1 1 1
iv v vi b 6 c d e
6 36 4 6 6 3
1 1 1 2 a Spin 1 Spin 2 Outcome
e i ii iii
24 8 12 1 1, 1
1 2 1, 2
1 1 3 3 1, 3
iv v vi
4 4 4 1 2, 1
2 2 2, 2
3 2, 3
8I
1 3, 1
3 2 3, 2
Building understanding 3 3, 3
1 1 2 1 1
1 a Coin 1 Coin 2 Outcome b c d e f
9 9 9 3 3
H HH
H 3 a Coin 1 Coin 2 Coin 3 Outcome
T HT H HHH
H T HHT
H TH H
T H HTH
T
T TT T HTT
b 4 H THH
H
T THT
T
H TTH
T
T TTT

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 Answers 781

1 7 1 1 1
b c d 8 a b
8 8 8 16 16
3 1 c They are equally likely. d 3 heads
e f Exactly 2 tails g
8 2 e 3 heads could be HTHHT or HTTHH or THTHH etc. but

(32 )
4 a Letter 1 Letter 2 Outcome 1
heads must be HHHHH .

Answers
A CA
C R CR 9 a There are 12 outcomes when choosing from WORM and
C AC 30 when choosing from MORROW.
A
R AR
b You can’t select two letters that are the same.
C RC
R 10 a The first two coins are tails.
A RA
1 1 b There are not exactly two tails.
b c d 0 e 1
3 3 c The first and third coin are not both heads.
5 a $100 d At least one tail
b Wheel Die Coin Outcome e Four heads
H $10 f At least one head or at least one tail
1
T $0 1 4
H $20 11 a 20 b 120 c d
2 5 5
T $0
3 H $30 12 a Coin 1 Coin 2 Coin 3 Coin 4 Coin 5 Score
T $0 H H 5
10 H $40 T 4
4 H H 4
T $0 T
H $50 H T 3
5 H 4
T $0 H T 3

8I
6 H $60 T H 3
T $0 T T 2
H $20 H H 4
1 H
T $0 T 3
H $40 H H 3
2 T T 2
T $0 T
H $60 H 3
3 H T 2
T $0 T
20 H $80 H 2
4 T T 1
T $0 H 4
H $100 H T 3
5 H
T $0 H 3
H $120 T T 2
6 H
T $0 H 3
H T 2
H $40 T
1 H 2
T $0 T
H $80 T T 1
2 H 3
T $0 H
H $120 T 2
3 H H 2
T $0 T T 1
40 H $160 T
4 H 2
T $0 H T 1
H $200 T H 1
5 T
T $0 T 0
6 H $240 1 1 1 5
T $0 b c d e
32 32 2 16
1 1 19
c d e 319
18 6 36 f (approximately 0.62)
512
6 a Letter 1 Letter 2 Outcome
P PP
P I PI 8J
E PE
P IP Building understanding
I P IP
E IE 1 a
P PP Like Dislike Total
P I PI bananas bananas
E PE
Like apples 30 15 45
P EP
E I EI Dislike apples 10 20 30
P EP
1 1 5 Total 40 35 75
b c d
6 6 6 b 30 c 20 d 75
7 32 2 a 2 b 4 c 1 d 3

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 782 Answers

Now you try 3 a 15

b
Example 14 Employed Unemployed Total
a 3 University degree 10 3 13
b Coffee Tea No university degree 5 2 7
Answers

Total 15 5 20
12 7 8
c The 10, 13, 15 and 20 would all increase by 1.
3 4 a 26 b 12 c 11
2 7 7 15
c 15 d i ii iii iv
13 26 13 26
d 27
5 a
e 20 Car Home
f Like coffee Dislike Total
coffee 17 8 2

Like tea 7 8 15 13
Dislike tea 12 3 15 1 17 1 8 4
b c d e f
Total 19 11 30 5 40 4 25 5
2 13 4 1
6 a 12 b c d e
Example 15 15 15 5 8
1 7 7 a
a i ii B Not B Total
4 12
8J

4 2 A 20 50 70
b c
5 3 Not A 20 10 30
Total 40 60 100
Exercise 8J
b B Not B Total
1 a 8
A 6 5 11
b Cricket Soccer
Not A 4 3 7

5 10 7 Total 10 8 18

8 a
8 Sports Not sports Total

c 15 d 22 e 12 Automatic 2 13 15
f Not automatic 8 17 25
Plays cricket Does not play Total
cricket Total 10 30 40
Plays soccer 10 7 17 1 13 2
b c d
Does not 5 8 13 5 40 15
play soccer 9 a Boys Debaters
Total 15 15 30
20 20 15
2 a 4
b Name tag Collar 45

b i 20% ii 15% iii 60% iv 65%

7 25 4 4 1
c d
7 4
4
1 2 1
10 a b 45 c d
c 32 d 36 e 11 5 9 3
f Name tag No name tag Total 11 A inclusive or B is more likely since it also includes all the
values in the middle of a Venn diagram.
Collar 25 4 29
12 a 4
No collar 7 4 11 b No, not if the 5 spots are in the last row/column.
Total 32 8 40 c Filling it requires a negative number, which is impossible.

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 Answers 783

x Roll die
13 a
w+x+y+z
w+x
b
w+x+y+z
c
B Not B Total

Answers
die = 6
A x w x+w False True
Not A y z y+z
Total x+y w+z w+x+y+z The serve is
Flip coin
not in, so add
14 a 120 1 to the left tally
b 60
59 19
c i ii
120 40
1 29 Coin =
iii iv
2 120 Heads
False True
7 17
v vi
20 60
10 5 Lose point, Win point,
d i ii
19 19 so add 1 to the so add 1 to the
29 34 middle tally. right tally.
e i ii
59 59 Repeat the experiment as many times as desired.

8J
f They are male, under 40 and not using a trolley.

(59 59 )
30 29
g More likely to be female > . Exercise 8K

(57 57 )
30 27 4 4
h More likely to use trolley > . 1 a b c 30
15 5
2 a 0.6 b 0.1 c 0.86 d 40
3 a
8K No. of cars 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency 12 37 41 8 2
Building understanding
b 100 c 0.12 d 0.51
1 a 2 b 0.2 c 0.6 4 a 50 b Yes
1 c Yes (but very unlikely)
2 a 0.19 b
6 1
5 a b 200 c 300
c Experimental 3
6 a i 0.35 ii 0.25 iii 0.2 iv 0.2
b 200
Now you try 7 a Answers may vary.
Example 16 b Answers may vary.
1 9 c 10
a b c 55
5 20 8 a Flip 5 coins. Heads = correct answer,
tails = incorrect answer. Count number of heads for score
Example 17
out of 5.
Need one coin and one die.
b Answers may vary.
Make a tally for the results
9 a 3 b 2 c 14 d 3 e 19 f 8
Serve not in Serve in but Serve in and 10 a i B ii D iii A iv C
lose point win point b Answers may vary.
Tally c Answers may vary.
Frequency d Answers may vary, but should be approximately 60.
e 39

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 784 Answers

11 a Could be (Red: 1, 2, Blue: 3, 4, Green: 5, 6) 4 a 30

b Could be (Red: 1, 2, 3, 4 Blue: 5, Green: 6) b 14
1 12
c Could not be; probability of cannot be achieved with
single die roll. 5 10

Frequency
8
Answers

12 a If all three coins show heads, then count the event as 6

happening. 4
b If tails is flipped and the number 5 is rolled. 2
c If two ‘small’ numbers are rolled (counting small as 1 0
or 2). 10 11 12 13 14
d If the sum of the dice is 12. Age (years)
3 1 c 11.87 years d 12
13 a 0 b c
11 16 5 a Lowest: 50 kg, highest 85 kg
d False e True b
Weight Frequency
2 4
14 a i 16 cm ii 100 cm2 iii iv 84
25 50– 6
b i 300 ii 600 iii 100 55– 6
c Approximately 562.5 cm2
60– 8
d 56 250 km2
65– 7

Problems and challenges 70– 7

75– 1
8K

1 5, 11, 14 2 41 3 12 4 0.25
80–85 5
5 a MOON b OFF
c DING d PROBABILITY c i 35 kg ii 60 kg
e STUMBLE f TRY d Only teenagers were chosen, not including children or
5 adults.
6 32 7 8 0.000977
9 6 a i 6.5 ii 6 iii 3.5
9 1 red, 3 blue, 4 yellow iv 9.5 v 6
b Mean and median have increased by 1, but IQR is the same
because all numbers have just increased by 1.
Short-answer questions
7 a Not enough people, and her friends might work harder (or
1 a Government bus less hard) than other students.
b Train c 72° d 1000 b She could choose 10 people who worked less hard than
e Example: Prices went up for government buses. her.
2 a 22 1 1 1
8 a b c
b 8 2 4
Hours 0 1 2 3 4
d 1, 4, 6, 8 e 0
Frequency 2 6 3 3 8 9 a M, A, T, H, E, M, A, T, I, C, I, A, N
2 6 7 12
c 9 b c d e
8 13 13 13 13
7 10 a
6 H T
Frequency

5 1 H1 T1
4
3 2 H2 T2
2 3 H3 T3
1
0 4 H4 T4
0 1 2 3 4
5 H5 T5
Hours
6 H6 T6
1
d e 2.4
11 1
3 a 38, 43, 44, 44, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, b
4
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 84
1
b 44 c 61.5 d 16 c
12

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 Answers 785

11 a 1st number 2nd number Outcome Chapter 9

3 33
3 4 34 9A
5 35
Building understanding
3 43

Answers
4 4 44 1 a (0, 0) b y c 1st
5 45 d 3rd e −2 f −5
2 a 3 b −1 c −2 d 0
3 53
e −2 f 0 g −3 h 0
5 4 54
3 A(1, 1), B(5, 0), C(3, 4), D(0, 4), E(−1, 2), F(−3, 3),
5 55
G(−5, 1), H(−3, 0), I(−4, −2), J(−2, −5), K(0, −3),
1 1 1 2 1
b c d e f L(2, −3), M(5, −5)
3 3 3 3 3
6
12 a 50 b 25 c Now you try
25
1 12 24
d e f Example 1
100 25 25 y

Multiple-choice questions 4
C
3
1 C 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 C 2 B
6 E 7 B 8 C 9 C 10 C 1 A
D

Ch8 Review
x
O
Extended-response questions −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
−2
1 a F
Does not −3
Uses public use public E
−4
transport transport Total
Own a car 20 80 100
Do not own a car 65 35 100 Exercise 9A
Total 85 115 200 1 y
1 1 4 1 4
b 200 c d e f
2 10 17 5 3 A
g i More public transport users expected. 2
ii People less likely to use public transport in regional C
1 B
area. D
x
2 a 35 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
30 −2
25 F
−3
Frequency

20 E
−4
15
10 y
2
5
0 4
1 3 5 10 J
E D 3 B
Spinner outcome 2
b 1, it has the most occurrences. 1 C
N F A
c 3 and 10, as they have the closest outcomes. x
3 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
d
8 G −2
K
e I
−3
1 P
M H −4
L
3
3 a House b Fish
10
5 4 a B b C c E d D

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 786 Answers

5 a Triangle b Rectangle Example 3

c Parallelogram d Kite (4, 12) is not on the line but (−2, −8) is on the line.
6 a (2, 4) b (−5, 2) c (−1, −2.5) d (4.5, −4.5)
7 a (1, −2), (1, −1), (1, 0), (1, 1) Exercise 9B
b (−1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)
Answers

c (−2, 3), (−1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 0) 1 a

x −2 −1 0 1 2
d (−2, −3), (−1, 0), (0, 3), (1, 6), (2, 9)
y −7 −4 −1 2 5
8 a Quadrant 4 b Quadrant 2
c Quadrants 2 and 3 d Quadrants 3 and 4 y
9 a line on the y-axis
10 a 10 b 4 c 7 d 11 e 6 f 4 5
11 a 5 b 13 c 25 d √13 e √90 f √61 4
3
2
9B
1
Building understanding x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
1 a 5 b 3 c −7 d 25 −2
2 a 2 b −2 c −13 −3
3 y
−4
2 −5
−6
9A

x −7
−3 −2 −1 O 2 3 1
−2
2 a
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−4 y −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−6 y

4
3
Now you try 2
Example 2 1
x
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−1
y −8 −5 −2 1 4 7 10 −2
y −3

10 (3, 10)
9 b
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
8
y −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
7 (2, 7)
6 y
5
4 (1, 4) 1
3 x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
2 −1
1 (0, 1) −2
x −3
O
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−4
(−1, −2) −2 −5
−3
−4
(−2, −5) −5
−6
−7
(−3, −8) −8

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 Answers 787

c x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 f x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −9 −7 −5 −3 −1 1 3 y 8 5 2 −1 −4 −7 −10

y y

Answers
3
2 7
1 6
x 5
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
−2 3
−3 2
−4 1
−5 x
O
−3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3
−6
−7 −2
−8 −3
−9 −4
−5
−6
d
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −7
y −5 −3 −1 1 3 5 7 −8

9B
−9
y
−10
7
6 g
5 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
4 y 3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3
3 y
2
1 3
x 2
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 1
−2 x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
−3
−4 −2
−5 −3

e h
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 9 7 5 3 1 −1 −3 y 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

y y

9 8
8 7
7 6
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
1 x
x −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−1
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 −2
−2 −3
−3

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 788 Answers

3 a y d y

2 10
1 8
x 6
−2 −1−1O 1 2 4
Answers

−2 2
x
From y = 2 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3
b y −4
2 −6
1 −8
x −10
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2
−2 6 a (−1, 0), (0, 1) b (2, 0), (0, 2)
c (−2, 0), (0, 4) d (2, 0), (0, 10)

(3 )
From x = −3 7
e (1.5, 0), (0, −3) f , 0 , (0, 7)
4 a i Yes ii No
b i No ii Yes 7 (1, 3)
c i No ii No 8 a 2
d i Yes ii Yes b i y
e i Yes ii No
3
9B

f i Yes ii Yes
2
g i No ii Yes
1
5 a y
x
3 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
2 −2
1 −3
x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 ii y
−2
3
−3
2
1
b y
x
2 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
−2
x −3
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−2 9 a When x = 0, y = 0 for all rules.
b All the rules have a constant so when x = 0, y ≠ 0.
−4 10 a The coefficient of x is positive.
b The coefficient of x is negative.
c y c The coefficient of x
11 a y
6

4 4

2 x
−4 O

x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3

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 Answers 789

b y h y i y

2
x x x

Answers
O 2 −3 O O 8
3
−4 −4

c y

5 9C
Building understanding
x
O 5 1 a 2 b −1 c 2 d −3
2 a 3 b 1 c 1 d 0
3 a 2 b −1 c 0 d 4

d y Now you try

Example 4

9B
a y = 2x + 3 b y = −3x + 16
Example 5
x y = 2x − 3
O 1
−1 2

Exercise 9C
1 a y = 4x − 2 b y = −3x + 2
e y 2 a y = 2x + 4 b y = 3x − 1
c y = −x + 1 d y = −2x + 6
x 3 a y = 4x + 1 b y = 2x − 3
O 2 c y = −2x − 2 d y = −x + 4
4 a y=x+1 b y = 2x − 2
c y = −3x + 2 d y = −x
5 a y=x+2 b y=x−4
−14
c y = 2x − 1 d y = −x + 1
6 a y = 3x + 1 b y = 5x + 1
c y = 2x + 4
f y
7 y = 8x − 2
8 y = −x + 1
5
9 a y = 5 − 2x b y = 7 − 3x
c y=4−x d y = 10 − 4x
x 10 a 5 extra matchsticks are needed for each new shape and 1
O 5
3 matchstick is needed for the first hexagon, so the rule is
y = 5x + 1.
b 2 extra matchsticks are needed for each new shape and
4 matchsticks are needed for the sides, so the rule is
g y y = 2x + 4.
11 a b − 2 b y = (b − 2)x + 2
12 a b − a b y = (b − a)x + a
3 13 a x is not increasing by 1.
b 1
x c y=x−2
O 3
2 d i y = 2x + 3 ii y = 3x − 1
iii y = −2x + 3 iv y = −4x − 20

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 790 Answers

9D c Answers may vary, e.g. (2, 26) (4, 42) (7, 66) (9, 82) (11, 98)
d Answers may vary, e.g. (2, 36) (4, 48) (7, 66) (9, 78) (11, 90)
Building understanding e (7, 66) (7, 66)
A = 10 + 8n A = 24 + 6n
1 a x=5 b x = −1
66 = 10 + 8 × 7 66 = 24 + 6 × 7
2 a (2, 4) b (3.2, 6, 4) c (−2.3, −4, 6)
Answers

66 = 10 + 56 66 = 24 + 42
d (3.5, 7) e (−7, −14) f (1000, 2000)
66 = 66 True 66 = 66 True
g (31.42, 62.84)
f n=7
h (−24.301, −48.602)
g Ruby and Jayden have both worked 7 hours and both have
( )
any number
i , any number $66 saved.
2
10 a
3 a (4, 3) b (−2, −3) Time in
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
seconds
Now you try Max’s
distance in 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
Example 6 metres
a x=2 b x = 0.5 c x = −1.5
Jessica’s
Example 7 distance in 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50
a (−1, 6), (0, 5), (1, 4), (2, 3) (Answers may vary.) metres
b (0, −1), (1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 5) (Answers may vary.)
c (2, 3) is true for both lines because 5 − 2 = 3 and b d
2(2) − 1 = 3.
60
9D

d x=2 Max
50
40 Jessica
Metres

Exercise 9D
30
1 a x=2 b x = 0.5 c x=3 20
d x = −2.5 e x = −1.5 f x=0
10
2 a x=2 b x = −2.5 c x=3
t
d x = −0.5 e x=4 f x=5 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 a i 16 km ii 28 km Seconds
b i 3 hrs ii 1.5 hrs
c d = 6t
4 a (2, 3) b (−1, 1)
d i 6t = 18 ii 6t = 30 iii 6t = 48
5 a x = 3.67 b x = −1.53 c x = 5.30
e d = 10 + 4t
6 a (4.78, 1.78)
f i 10 + 4t = 22 ii 10 + 4t = 30
b (−1.33, 3.41)
iii 10 + 4t = 42
7 a i 100 km ii 100 km
g (5, 30) (5, 30)
iii 150 km iv 175 km
d = 6t d = 10 + 4t
b i 1 hour ii 1.5 hours
30 = 6 × 5 30 = 10 + 4 × 5
iii 3.5 hours iv 5 hours
8 a Any point that lies on the line is correct, 30 = 30 True 30 = 30 True
h Max catches up to Jessica. They are both 30 m from the
e.g. (−2, 9) (0, 5) (1, 3) (2, 1)
starting line and have each run for 5 seconds.
b Any point that lies on the line is correct,
11 a i (−2, 17) (−1, 14) (0, 11) (1, 8) (2, 5) (3, 2)
e.g. (−2, 0) (0, 2) (1, 3) (3, 5)
(4, −1) (5, −4)
c (1, 3)
ii (−2, −3), (−1, −1) (0, 1) (1, 3) (2, 5) (3, 7) (4, 9) (5, 11)
y=x+2 y = 5 − 2x
b (2, 5) y = 11 − 3x y = 2x + 1
3=1+2 3=5−2×1
3 = 3 True 3 = 3 True 5 = 11 − 3 × 2 5 = 2 × 2 + 1
d x=1 5 = 11 − 6 5=4+1
9 a A = 10 + 8n applies to Ruby as she has $10 to start with 5 = 5 True 5 = 5 True
c lt is the only shared point.
and adds to her savings by $8 times the number )n( of
12 a i Any answer with y as a whole number is correct:
hours worked. A = 24 + 6n applies to Jayden as he has
2x − 1 = −3, 2x − 1 = −1, 2x − 1 = 3
$24 to start with and increases his savings by $6 times the
ii No. Many possible correct examples,
number (n) of hours worked.
e.g. 2x − 1 = 2.5, 2x − 1 = −1.75, 2x − 1 = 2.8
b i n=4 ii n = 4 iii n = 7
iv n = 7 v n = 11 vi n = 11

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 Answers 791

b i Any answers with the y-value to one decimal place are y

correct, e.g. 2x − 1 = −2.6, 2x − 1 = −1.8,
(0, 6)
2x − 1 = 0.7
ii No. Answers may vary,
e.g. 2x − 1 = 0.42, 2x − 1 = −1.68, 2x − 1 = 2.88

Answers
c i 2x − 1 = 2.04, 2x − 1 = 2.06
ii Answers may vary, e.g. (1.521, 2.042) (−2, 0)
x
(1.529, 2.058); 2x − 1 = 2.042, 2x − 1 = 2.058 O
iii Yes, for every two points on a line another point can
be found in the between them so there are an infinite
number of points on a line. Also an infinite number of
Exercise 9E
equations can be solved from the points on a straight
line if the graph has a suitable scale (digitally possible). 1 a i x = 2, y = −4 ii x = 3, y = −15
13 a i x = 2, x = −2 ii x = 3, x = −3 3 5
b i x= ,y=3 ii x = , y = 5
iii x = 4, x = −4 iv x = 5, x = −5 2 4
b For each y-coordinate there are two different points so two 2 a x = 1, y = 1 b x = 6, y = −6
different solutions. c x = −2, y = 2 d x = 4, y = −8
c i x = 2.24, x = −2.24 ii x = 2.61, x = −2.61 e x = 3, y = −12 f x = −2, y = 6
iii x = 0.7, x = −0.7 iv x = 3.57, x = −3.57 g x = −10, y = 20 h x = 2, y = 4
v x = 4.34, x = −4.34 i x = 2, y = 8
d The graph of y = x2 does not include a point where 3 a y
y = −9.

9D
e Many correct answers all with x2 equal to a negative
number, e.g. x2 = −5, x2 = −10, x2 = −20
1
f Positive numbers or zero.
x
g x = −1, x = 2 −1 O

b y

x
O 4

h i x = −2.77, x = 5.77 ii x = −8.27, x = 3.27 −4

iii No solution iv x = 3

c y
9E
Building understanding
1 a x = 2, y = 3 b x = −5, y = 2 c x = 7, y = −4
x
2 a x = −1, y = −2 b x = 4, y = 4 O 5
3 a 4 b −2 c −5
−10
1
d 4 e − f −2
3

d y
Now you try
Example 8
9
2
a x = 5, y = −10 b x= ,y=2
5
Example 9
x
x-intercept is −2 −3 O
y-intercept is 6

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 792 Answers

e y 9 a Negative b Positive
c Negative d Positive
c
10 x = −
m
x 11 a 6 b 4 c −2
−2 O
Answers

2 3
d 3 e − f
−4 3 2
3 1
g −2 h i
2 3

f y
Progress quiz
8
1 A(2, 3), B(3, 0)
C(1, −3), D(−3, −4)
E(−4, −1), F(−2, 0)
x G(−3, 4)
O 2 2
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y −3 −1 1 3 5
g y y
5
4
9E

3
3
2
1
x
O 3 x
O
−2 −1−1 1 2
−2
−3
h y
3 a i Yes ii No
b i No ii Yes
4 a y = 3x − 1 b y = −2x + 2
x 5 y = −2x + 1
−5 O
−5 x −1 0 1 2
y 3 1 −1 −3
6 a x=1 b x = −1 c x=0
y 7 a Answers may vary.
i
i (−1, 3), (0, 2), (1, 1), (2, 0)
ii (−2, 1), (−1, 3), (0, 5), (1, 7)
b (−1, 3) c x = −1
x
−5 O 8 a 3 b
1
3

−15 9 a y b y

4
4 a 4 square units b 1.5 square units x
O
c 12.5 square units d 8 square units 3 x
O 4
1
5 a y=x+4 b y= x−1
2 −6
c y = 3x + 6 d y = −5x + 25
6 a 20 cm b 10 seconds
7 a 200 cents b 200 seconds 10 a 30 cm b 15 seconds
8 Horizontal lines; e.g. y = 2, y = −5

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 Answers 793

9F 9G
Building understanding Building understanding
1 a Positive b Negative 1 a y = 2x + 3 b y = −3x + 1 c y = −5x − 3
c Negative d Positive 2 a c = 1, m = 2 b c = −1, m = −1 c c = 3, m = −1

Answers
3
2 a 2 b
2 Now you try
8
c −2 d − Example 12
3
2 a Gradient = 5, y-intercept = 2
3 a 2 b 2
3 b Gradient = , y-intercept = −5
−2 7
c −4 d
5 Example 13
a y = 2x − 3 b y = −3x + 6
Now you try Example 14
Example 10 a y=2 b x = −4
a Zero gradient b Positive gradient
c Negative gradient d Undefined gradient Exercise 9G
1 a i m = 4, c = 3 ii m = 6, c = −1
Example 11
1 2
2 b i m = , c = −3 ii m = − , c = 1
a or 0.4 b −2 2 3

9F
5
2 a m = 4, c = 2 b m = 3, c = 7
Exercise 9F 1 2 1
c m = ,c = 1 d m = ,c =
2 3 2
1 a Zero b Undefined e m = −2, c = 3 f m = −4, c = 4
c Positive d Negative 2 1
g m = −1, c = −6 h m = − ,c = −
2 a Positive b Undefined 3 2
c Zero d Negative 3 a y = 2x − 1 b y=x−2 c y = 3x + 3
1 2 d y=x+5 e y = 2x + 1 f y = 3x − 1
3 a 3 b 1 c d 3 e f 4
2 3 4 a y = −x + 2 b y = −2x + 4 c y = −3x − 1
−3 −4 d y = −2x + 3 e y = −5x − 2 f y = −x + 6
4 a −2 b c
5 3 5 a y=4 b y=1 c y = −3
−3 d x = −4 e x=5 f x = −2
d −1 e −3 f
2 6 a, b, c, d
5 Grassy slope y
6 Torpedo
3 5 −3 −7 y=5
7 a b c d (0, 5)
4 2 2 10 y=2
5 5 −8 (0, 2)
8 a b c x
2 3 3 (0, −1) y = −1
−2 8 −3 y = −4
d e f
3 3 10 (0, −4)
9 Answers may vary. Examples:
a (1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9) e, f, g, h
b (−1, −3), (−2, −6), (−3, −9) x = −1
y
b
10 a 2 b 10 c b = 2a d a=
2
1 3 a
11 a − b − c b=− d a = −2b
2 2 2 (−1, 0) (1, 0)
x
2 −2 8 4 (−3, 0) (4, 0)
12 a b c d
3 7 9 3
3 8
e − f 4 g − h −1
7 9
2 8 18 x = −3 x=1 x=4
i − j − k −
7 33 25 2 1 1 1 3
7 a y= x+2 b y=− x+ c y= x−
5 4 2 3 4

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 794 Answers

8 a y = 3x b y = −5x f y
5 x
c y = −x + 3 d y= x−4 O
3
1
9 a y = 2x + 3 b y=− x+5
2
Answers

c y = −x + 2 d y = 2x + 10
10 a 15 square units b 40 square units (1, −5)
−5
11 a It is a horizontal line passing through (0, 0).
b It is a vertical line passing through (0, 0).
g y
b a
12 a y= x b y = −x c y=− x+a
a b
13 a m = −3, c = 5 b m = 2, c = 3
3 1
c m = ,c = 4 d m = ,c = 3
2 2 x
O 1
14 a y
(1, − 32)
−2
(0, −2)
2
(1, 2)

x h y
O
−1 (0, −1)
9G

(0, 1)
x
b y O 1
(1, − 12 )

x
O 1 (1, −1)

9H
−3 (0, −3)
Building understanding
c y
1 a 15 b 45 c 5 d 125
2 a 60 cm b 150 cm c 330 cm
2 (0, 2)
3 a 28 L b 24 L c 10 L
(1, 1)
x
O 2 Now you try
Example 15
a
t 0 1 2 3 4
d y
d 0 20 40 60 80
b
90
x 80
O 1
−1 70
(0, −1)
60
d (km)

50
−4 (1, −4) 40
30
e y 20
4 (1, 4) 10

O 1 2 3 4 5
t (hours)
c d = 20t d 50 km e 3 hours
x
O 1
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 Answers 795

Example 16 4 a t 0 1 2 3 4
a
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 h 500 375 250 125 0
V 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
b h
b
500

Answers
60
50 375
40 250
V (L)

30 125
20 t
O 1 2 3 4
10
c h = −125t + 500
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 d 275 m e 3 minutes
t (mins) 5 a M = −0.5t + 3.5
b 7 hours c 4.5 hours
c V = −10t + 60 (or V = 60 − 10t)
6 a d = 15t
d 25 L
b 3 hours
e 5.5 minutes
c 3 hours 20 minutes
7 2 days 15 hours
Exercise 9H 8 a 2000 L
b Decreasing; it has a negative gradient.
1 a
t 0 1 2 3 c 300 L/h

9H
d 0 6 12 18 1
9 a Using cents, m = and c = 10.
2
b d b Using dollars, m = 0.005 and c = 0.1.
18 10 a
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
12
h1 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
6
t h2 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
O 1 2 3
b h
c d = 6t d 9 km e 2 hours (10, 150)
2 a 150
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 100
d 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50
t
b d O 2 4 6 8 10
40 c 10 seconds
30 d h = 15t, h = −10t + 100
20 e At 4 seconds
10 f At 2.5 seconds
t g At 3.5 seconds
O 2 4 6 8 h No, 60 m, 60 m and 50 m
c d = 5t d 22.5 km e 4 hours
3 a
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 9I
v 20 16 12 8 4 0
Building understanding
b V
1 a y
20
16
12
8
x
4 O
t
O 1 2 3 4 5
c V = −4t + 20 d 11.2 L
e 3 seconds

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 796 Answers

b y Exercise 9I
1 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 8 3 0 −1 0 3 8
x
Answers

O y

8
c y 7
6
5
4
3
x
O 2
1
x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
d y
From y = x2 − 1
2 a y = x2
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
9I

y
x
2 a −1 b 8 c 15 10
3 a Yes b No c No d Yes 8
6
4
Now you try 2
Example 17 x
−4 −2−2O 2 4
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 10 5 2 1 2 5 10 b y = x2 − 4
y x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

10
y 5 0 −3 −4 −3 0 5
9 y
8
6
7
4
6
2
5
x
4 −4 −2−2O 2 4
3
−4
2
−6
1
x c y = x(4 − x)
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 0 3 4 3 0

4
3
2
1
0 x
1 2 3 4

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 Answers 797

d y = 5 − x2 6 a 0 and 9 b −10 and −1 c −3 and 6

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 7 For each unit change in x there are variable changes in y.
8 a Linear b Linear
y −4 1 4 5 4 1 −4
c Non-linear d Non-linear
y
e Non-linear f Non-linear

Answers
6 9 16
4 10 a Upright parabolas, as a increases the graphs become
2 narrower.
x b Inverted (upside down) parabolas, as a increases the
−4 −2−2O 2 4 graphs become narrower.
−4 c Parabolas, as a increases the graphs shift up.
−6 d Parabolas, as a increases the graphs shift right.

3 a
0.7
Problems and challenges
$Au

0.65 1 3 hours
0.6 2 a y = x2 − 3 b y = 10 − x2
0 c y = √x + 1 d y = x3 − 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 14
Time (Months) 3 − 4 40 min 5
3 3
b Non-linear (parabolic) 1 1
6 y= x+
c i $0.05 ii $0.03 2 2

9I
d ≈ 0.76 7 1588
4 a 8 4 hours 45 minutes
Width (cm) 0 1 2 3 4
9 60 units2
Length (cm) 4 3 2 1 0
10 a Diagonal AC has been rotated about A by 90° clockwise
Area (cm2) 0 3 4 3 0 so the angle between AC and AC′ is 90°.
b B x C
4 y
Area (cm2)

3 y
2 x
A′, A y D
1 x
0
1 2 3 4
Width (cm) x
y x + y + 90° = 180°
c Non-linear (parabolic) d 2 cm by 2 cm C′ x + y = 90°
5 a
Width (cm) 1 2 3 4 6 12 p −q
b × = −1
Length (cm) 12 6 4 3 2 1 q p

Perimeter (cm) 26 16 14 14 16 26
Short-answer questions
b
30
1 a 100 km
28
b 1 hour
26
c i 50 km ii 100 km
Perimeter (cm)

24 d Section C
22 2 A(2, 3), B(0, 2), C(−2, 4), D(−3, 1), E(−3, −3),
20 F(−1, 0), G(0, −4), H(1, −2), I(4, −3), J(3, 0)
18 3 a y
16
14 6
12 4
0 2
3 6 9 12 x
−3 −2 −1−2 O 1 2 3
Width (cm)
c Non-linear −4
d i ≈ 3.5 cm ii ≈ 13.9 cm −6

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 798 Answers

b y 4 a y = 2x + 1 b y = 3x + 2 c y=x+3
d y = −x + 1 e y = −4x − 1 f y = −x + 2
8
1
6 5 a x=2 b x = −2 c x=
2
4
6 a x = 6, y = −12 b x = −3, y = 9
2
Answers

c x = −4, y = −4 d x = 2, y = 8
x y
−3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 7 a

−4
−6 3
−8
−10 x
−3 O

c y

8 b y
6
4
2
x
x O 5
−3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3
−10
−4
Ch9 Review

c y
d y

4 8
3
2
1
x x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 O
−1 2
−2
1
e y 8 a 3 b c 2
2
9 3
d −1 e −4 f −
8 2
1
7 9 a −4 b − c 1 d −2
6 2
10 a m = 5, c = 2 b m = 2, c = −4
5
1
4 c m = −3, c = 7 d m = −1, c = −
2
3
11 a y = 2x + 1 b y = 3x
2
c y=x−2 d y = −4x
1
1
x e y = −2x − 4 f y=− x+1
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 2
−1 12 a y = 6x b y = −4x
−2 1
−3 c y = −x + 1 d y= x−2
2
13 a x = 6 b x=4 c x = −4
f y d y = −5 e y = −1 f y=5
6 14 a y
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
1 x
x −2 −1 O 1 2
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3

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 Answers 799

b y Chapter 10
3
10A
2
1 Building understanding
x

Answers
−2 −1−1O 1 2 1 a b
−2

Multiple-choice questions
1 B 2 C 3 C 4 D 5 B
6 D 7 A 8 E 9 D 10 E c d

Extended-response questions
1 a
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
h 0 3 6 9 12 15 18

b e f
h

18

Ch9 Review
15
12
9
6
3
t Now you try
O 1 2 3 4 5 6
Example 1
c h = 3t d 10.5 mm
a A A'
e 30 mm f 5 days
2 a
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 B C C' B'
h 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

b d E D D' E'
12 b A C' B
10 B'
8
6 C
4
2 A'
t
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 Example 2
c 6 minutes a A′ = (1, −2), B′ = (3, −3), C′ = (4, −1)
d −2 b A′ = (−1, 2), B′ = (−3, 3), C′ = (−4, 1)
e d = −2t + 12
f 7 km Exercise 10A
g 4 minutes 15 seconds
1 a i ii

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 800 Answers

b i ii 5 a A′(2, 0), B′(1, −3), C′(4, −2)

b A′(−2, 0), B′(−1, 3), C′(−4, 2)
6 a A′(−1, 2), B′(−4, 2), C′(−4, 4), D′(−1, 4)
b A′(1, −2), B′(4, −2), C′(4, −4), D′(1, −4)
7 a 4 b 2 c 2 d 1 e 0
Answers

f 0 g 1 h 3 i 8
8 a (0, 4) b (4, 4) c (−2, 4)
2 a b d (−4, 4) e (−10, 4) f (−42, 4)
g (2, 2) h (2, −8) i (2, −4)
j (2, −2) k (2, −14) l (2, −78)
9 10 m2, the area is unchanged after reflection.
10 n
11 Reflection in the y-axis.
12 a y
y=x
c d
i

iv
x
iii

ii
y = −x
10A

3 a b

b y
y=x

ii
iv

x
i
c d
iii

y = −x

13 They are on the mirror line.

14 a i ii

P P
4 a b

iii

c d b i Yes ii No iii Yes

c Square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram

10B
Building understanding
1 a right, up b left, up
e f
c right, down d left, down
2 a (5, −2) b (−2, −6)
c (−7, 4) d (9, 17)
3 a Horizontal b Vertical
c Vertical d Horizontal

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 Answers 801

Now you try e y

Example 3
(−3, −2)
x
Example 4

Answers
y

2
f y
A′ C′
1
A C
x
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 x
−1 B′

−2 B
4 a (15, 2) b (21, −1) c (13, 6)
d (9, 2) e (11, −2) f (3, 4)
g (11, −9) h (19, −10) i (25, −4)
Exercise 10B j (−13, 13) k (9, 17) l (−8, −39)
5 a (7, 0) b (−1, −4)
1 a (4, −1) b (−2, −2)
6 a (−2, −3) b (2, 3)
2 a (1, −1) b (3, −1) c (2, −2)

10B
7 a x = −2, y = −2 b x = 6, y = −4
d (2, −4) e (3, 7) f (−3, 5)
c x = −3, y = 2 d x = 28, y = −60
g (2, −3) h (3, −5) i (−20, 8)
8 a (−3, 2) b (5, 0)
3 a y c (−x, −y) d (x, y)
9 a (−1, 0) b (1, 2) c (c, b − c)
10 a x ≈ 4.47 b Just OK c 80 holes

x 10C
Building understanding
1 a Anticlockwise, 90° b Clockwise, 90°
b y c Anticlockwise, 90° d Clockwise, 90°
e Anticlockwise, 180° f Clockwise, 180°
2 a 270° b 180° c 302° d 64°

x
Now you try
Example 5
a 2 b 6
c y
Example 6
a

x
C

b
d y

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 802 Answers

Exercise 10C 11 120°

1 a 3 b 4
2 a 4 b 2 c 5
d 2 e 4 f 2 ci
120°
3 a b
Answers

C C 100° 100°
cii

c d
12
C C

C
135°

e f
13 a Use x = 70° b Use x = 40°
C c Answers may vary.

C
10D
10C

Building understanding
4 a b
1 a Yes
C C
b i D ii E iii F
c i DE ii EF iii DF
d i ∠E ii ∠F iii ∠D
2 a Yes
b i D ii E iii F
c c i DE ii EF iii DF
d i ∠E ii ∠F iii ∠D
3 a Yes
C
b i D ii E iii F
c i DE ii EF iii DF
d i ∠E ii ∠F iii ∠D

5 a (−4, −3) b (−4, −3) c (3, −4) Now you try

d (−3, 4) e (−3, 4) f (3, −4)
g (4, 3) Example 7
6 a A′(4, −4), B′(4, −1), C′(1, −1) a Vertex H b Side GF c ∠E
b A′(4, 4), B′(1, 4), C′(1, 1)
c A′(−4, −4), B′(−1, −4), C′(−1, −1) Exercise 10D
7 a 90° b 180° c 90°
1 a i E ii H
8 H, I, N, O, S, X and Z
b i EH ii GH
9 Answers may vary. Examples are:
c i ∠G ii ∠E
a Parallelogram
2 a i F ii I
b Regular hexagon
b i FJ ii HI
c
c i ∠H ii ∠J
3 (J, G), (D, K), (C, I)
4 (A, J), (C, K), (E, G)
5 a 32 b 24 c 20 d 8 e 4
6 a (A, E), (B, D), (C, F)
b (A, Y), (B, X), (C, W), (D, Z)
10 a 180° c (A, W), (B, X), (C, Z), (D, Y)
b 90° d (A, T), (B, Z), (C, X), (D, S), (E, W)

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 Answers 803

7 a Δ AMC, ΔBMC 4 a x = 4, y = 1
b Yes, all corresponding sides and angles will be equal. b x = 9, a = 20
8 a i Δ ABD, Δ CBD c x = 5, a = 24
ii Yes, all corresponding sides and angles will be equal. d x = 5, a = 30
b i Δ ABC, Δ ACD e x = 4, a = 95, b = 25

Answers
ii No, sides and angles will not be equal. f x = 11, a = 50, b = 90
9 Yes 5 a No b Yes, SAS
10 a Reflection in the y-axis then translation by the vector (1, −2) c Yes, AAS d No
b Rotation anticlockwise about the origin by 90° then 6 a EF = 3 m b ∠B = 30°
translation by the vector (6, 3) c AC = 6 cm d ∠C = 20°
c Rotation about the origin by 180° then translation by the 7 a No b Yes c Yes d No
vector (−2, 1) 8 Yes, show SSS using Pythagoras’ theorem.
d Reflection in the x-axis, reflection in the y-axis and 9 a You can draw two different triangles with SSA.
translation by the vector (−2, 1)
e Reflection in the x-axis, reflection in the y-axis and
translation by the vector (3, 2)
f Rotation about the origin by 180° then translation by the
vector (3, 2)
b You can draw an infinite number of triangles with the same
10E shape but of different size.
Building understanding 10 a ∠CAB = ∠CED (equal alternate angles)
∠ACB = ∠ECD (vertically opposite angles)

10D
1 a SSS b RHS c SAS d AAS AC = EC (given equal and corresponding sides)
2 a Δ ABC ≡ ΔEFD b Δ ABC ≡ ΔFED ∴ Δ ABC ≡ ΔEDC (AAS)
b BD = BD (given and common equal side)
Now you try ∠ADB = ∠CDB (given and equal angles)
AD = CD (given equal sides)
Example 8 ∴ Δ ADB ≡ ΔCDB (SAS)
a SAS b SSS c ∠ACB = ∠CAD (equal alternate angles)
Example 9 ∠CAB = ∠ACD (equal alternate angles)
a Unique by AAS AC = AC (given and common equal side)
C ∴ Δ ABC ≡ ΔCDA (AAS)
d ∠ABC = ∠ADC (given 90° angles)
AC = AC (given and common equal side)
BC = DC (given equal sides)
45° 45° ∴ Δ ABC ≡ Δ ADC (RHS)
A B
6 cm 11 a AB = AC (given equal sides)
b Unique by SSS BM = CM (given equal sides)
AM = AM (given and common equal side)
∴ Δ ABM ≡ Δ ACM (SSS)
F ∴ ∠AMB = ∠AMC
As ∠AMB + ∠AMC = 180° then
5 cm 4 cm ∠AMB = ∠AMC = 90°.
b ∠AEB = ∠CDB (equal alternate angles)
∠EAB = ∠DCB (equal alternate angles)
D 8 cm E EB = BD (given equal sides)
∴ Δ AEB ≡ ΔCDB (AAS)
Exercise 10E ∴ AB = BC and AC = 2AB
c AD = DC (given equal sides)
1 a SSS b SAS AB = CB (given equal sides)
2 a SAS b SSS c RHS BD is a common side
d AAS e RHS f AAS ∴ Δ ABD ≡ ΔCBD (SSS)
3 a Unique (AAS) b Unique (SSS) ∴ ΔDAB = ΔDCB
c Unique (RHS) d Unique (SAS) d Δ ACD ≡ Δ ACB (SSS)
e Unique (SSS) f Unique (AAS) so ∠DCA = ∠BCA
g Unique (SAS) h Unique (AAS) Now ΔDCE ≡ ΔBCE (AAS)
i Unique (AAS) j Unique (RHS) with ∠CDE = ∠CBE (isosceles triangle)

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 804 Answers

So ∠DEC = ∠BEC Now you try

Since ∠DEC and ∠BEC are supplementary (sum to 180°)
So ∠DEC = ∠BEC = 90° Example 10
So diagonals intersect at right angles.
Answers

Progress quiz
1 a y

4
B′ (−4,3) B (4,3)
3
2
A (2,1)
C′ (−3,0)
1
A′ (− 2,1) C (3,0)
x Example 11
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
−1 4.8.8
−2
−3 Exercise 10F
−4
1
b A′(2, −1)B′(4, −3)C′(3, 0)
2 a (3, 5) b (4, −2)
3 y
2 a
10E

4 C′
3 C
2
A′ 1 B′
A B
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
−1 b
−2
−3
−4

4 4
5 c

6 A′(0, 2)B′(0, 4)C′(−3, 4)

7 a SAS
b ΔACB ≡ ΔQPR(SAS)
c QR 3 a Yes b No c Yes
d Angle BCA d No e Yes f No
8 ∠ABE = ∠CBD (vertically opposite) 4 a 3.3.3.4.4 b 3.3.4.3.4
AB = CB (given) c 3.4.6.4 d 3.12.12
EB = DB (given) 5 a
∴ ΔABE ≡ ΔCBD(SAS)

10F
Building understanding
1 C
2 D
3 Overlaps exist

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b 10G
Building understanding
1 a Alternate angles in parallel lines
b Alternate angles in parallel lines

Answers
c Alternate angles in parallel lines
2 a Co-interior angles in parallel lines, a = 110
b Co-interior angles in parallel lines, a = 52
3 SAS, AAS and RHS
4 a AC b BD c DB

Now you try

c
Example 12
Draw the line segment AC in.
AD = AB (given equal side lengths)
DC = BC (given equal side lengths)
AC = AC (common line segment)
∴ ΔADC ≡ ΔABC (SSS)
∴ ∠ADC = ∠ABC (corresponding angles in congruent
triangles.)

10F
6 a 3.3.3.3.3.3 b 4.4.4.4 c 6.6.6
Exercise 10G
7 a 960 1 ∠EFI = ∠GHI (alternate angles in parallel lines)
b Answers may vary. ∠FEI = ∠HGI (alternate angles in parallel lines)
8 EF = GH (given)
ΔEFI ≡ ΔGHI (AAS)
EI = GI and FI = HI because corresponding sides on
congruent triangles are equal.
2 ∠ ABE = ∠CDE (alternate angles in parallel lines)
∠BAE = ∠DEC (alternate angles in parallel lines)
AB = CD (given)
Δ ABE ≡ ΔCDE (AAS)
BE = DE and AE = CE because corresponding sides on
congruent triangles are equal.
3 a AAS b RHS c SSS
d SAS e AAS f SSS
4 a Equal (alternate angles in parallel lines)
b Equal (alternate angles in parallel lines)
9 Answers may vary. c BD
10 a 50 d AAS
b Answers may vary. e They must be equal.
11 Circles cannot be arranged together without any gaps unless 5 a VU = TU, VW = TW, UW is common.
overlaps are used. With different size circles and no overlaps So ΔVWU ≡ ΔTWU by SSS.
the gaps can be made to be very small, but there will always b ∠VWU = ∠TWU and since they add to 180° they must be
be gaps. equal and 90°.
12 The size of a revolution angle is 360°. For a regular polygon 6 a SSS (3 equal sides)
to tessellate the interior angle of the polygon must be a factor b They are equal and add to 180° so each must be 90°.
of 360. An equilateral triangle has an interior angle of 30°, c Since ΔQMN is isosceles and ∠MQN is 90° then
a square has an interior angle of 90° and a hexagon has an ∠QMN = 45°.
interior angle of 60°. These are the only polygons which have 7 a AB = CB, AD = CD and BD is common.
an interior angle which is a factor of 360° and therefore these So Δ ABD ≡ ΔCBD by SSS.
are the only three regular polygons which will tessellate. b Δ ABD ≡ ΔCBD so ∠DAB = ∠DCB
13 Answers may vary. c Δ ABD ≡ ΔCBD so ∠ ADB = ∠CDB
14 Answers may vary. 8 Let AD = BC = a and AB = CD = b.
15 Answers may vary. Then show that both BD and AC are equal √a2 + b2.

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9 ∠ABD = ∠CDB (alternate angles in parallel lines) b i (AB, FG), (BC, GH), (CD, HI), (DE, IJ), (EA, JF)
∠ ADB = ∠CBD (alternate angles in parallel lines) ii (∠A, ∠F), (∠B, ∠G), (∠C, ∠H), (∠D, ∠I), (∠E, ∠J)
BD is common iii 2.5 iv a = 115, x = 5
So Δ ABD ≡ ΔCDB 3 a Yes, 2 b Yes, 2 c Yes, 4 d Yes, 4
So AB = CD and AD = BC 4 a Yes, all ratios are 2.
Answers

10 a ∠DCE b Yes, squares of different sizes.

b ∠CDE c No, ratios are not equal.
c There are no pairs of equal sides. d Yes, ratios are both 2.5 with equal angles.
11 a Δ ACD is isosceles. 5 360 cm
b AD = CD, ∠DAE = ∠DCE and ∠ ADE = ∠CDE (AAS) 6 15 cm
c ∠ AED = ∠CED and sum to 180° so they are both 90°. 7 1.25
12 a First show that Δ ABD ≡ ΔCDE by SSS. 8 3
So ∠ ABD = ∠CDE and ∠ ADB = ∠CBD and since these 9 a True, angles and side ratios will be equal.
are alternate angles the opposite sides must be parallel. b False, side ratios may be different.
b First show that Δ ABE ≡ ΔCDE by SAS. c True, angles and side ratios will be equal.
So ∠ ABE = ∠CDE and ∠BAE = ∠DCE and since these d False, side ratios may be different.
are alternate angles the opposite sides must be parallel. e False, angles and side ratios may be different.
c First prove that Δ ABD ≡ ΔBAC by SSS. f False, side ratios and angles may be different.
Now since ∠DAB = ∠CBA and they are also co-interior g False, side ratios and angles may be different.
angles in parallel lines then they must be 90°. h False, side ratios and angles may be different.
i True, shape is always the same.
10H 10 a No
10G

b No, they can have different shapes.

Building understanding 11 16
12 a i √8 ii 2
1 (A, J), (C, K), (F, H), (I, L) 2
2 a i ∠D ii ∠E iii ∠F b = √2 (small to big)
√2
b i AB ii BC iii CA
c Using Pythagoras’ theorem, the side length of the 2nd
c i 2 ii 2 iii 2
√(x2 ) + (x2 ) = √x2 = √2x .
2 2 2
d Yes, all side ratios are equal and all interior angles are square is
equal.
x √2
So the scale factor is x ÷ =x× = √2.
x
Now you try √2
d 2 (small to big)
Example 13
a (AB, HE), (BC, EF), (CD, FG), (DA, GH) 10I
b (∠A, ∠H), (∠B ∠E), (∠C ∠F), (∠D ∠G)
c 2 Building understanding
d a = 130, x = 10, y = 6
1 a Δ ABC ||| ΔEFD or use ∼ instead of |||
Example 14 b Δ ABC ||| ΔFDE
a Similar (scale factor is 2) c Δ ABC ||| ΔDEF
b Not similar d Δ ABC ||| ΔDEF (order does not matter)
2 a AAA b SAS
Exercise 10H c RHS d SSS

1 a i (AB, EF), (BC, FG), (CD, GH), (DA, HE) Now you try
ii (∠A, ∠E), (∠B, ∠F), (∠C, ∠G), (∠D, ∠H)
iii 1.5 Example 15
iv a = 40, x = 4, y = 4.5 AB 6
a = =3 b ∠A = ∠D = 90°
b i (AB, DE), (BC, EF), (CA, FD) DE 2
BC 12
ii (∠A, ∠D), (∠B, ∠E), (∠C, ∠F) ∠B = ∠E = =2
EF 6
iii 3 BC 9
= =3 AB 5
iv x=3 EF 3 = =2
DE 2.5
2 a i (AB, EF), (BC, FG), (CD, GH), (DA, HE) ∴ Δ ABC is similar to ΔDEF
∴ Δ ABC is similar to ΔDEF
ii (∠A, ∠E), (∠B, ∠F), (∠C, G), (∠D, ∠H) using SAS
using RHS
iii 2
Example 16
iv a = 100, x = 2, y = 3
x = 26, y = 5

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Exercise 10I c AAA

∠ A = ∠ A (common)
1 a RHS b SSS ∠ ABC = ∠ ADB (given)
∠A = ∠D = 90° AB 5 d SAS
= =2
EF 10 DE 2.5 EF = BA (equal sides)
= =2
BC 11

Answers
BC 5 = =2 ∠E = ∠B (equal interior angles in regular polygons)
DE 8 EF 5.5 DE = CB (equal sides)
= =2
AB 4 AC 8 10 Using Pythagoras’ theorem AC = 25.
= =2
∴ ΔABC ∼ ΔDEF DF 4 DF 50
∴ ΔABC ∼ ΔDEF = =2
AC 25
2 a SSS b AAA ED 14
= =2
DE 10 ∠A = ∠D AB 7
= =2
AB 5 ∠B = ∠E ∴ Δ ABC ∼ ΔDEF (RHS)
DF 24 ∴ Δ ABC ∼ ΔDEF 16 10
= =2 11 a 4 b 2.4 c d
AC 12 3 3
EF 26
= =2
BC 13 Problems and challenges
∴ Δ ABC ∼ ΔDEF
1 3, Reason is AAA for each pair with a right angle and a
c SAS d RHS
common angle.
DE 10 ∠D = ∠A = 90°
= =2 2 a BCDEK
AB 5 EF 26 b AMTUVWY
= =2

10I
∠D = ∠A BC 13 c HIOX
DF 6 DF 22 3 31
= =2 = =2
AC 3 AC 11 4 a (3 − r) + (4 − r) = 5, so r = 1
∴ Δ ABC ∼ ΔDEF ∴ Δ ABC ∼ ΔDEF b r = 4 − 2√2
e RHS f SAS 60
5
∠E = ∠B = 90° DE 9 17
= = 1.5
DF 4 AB 6
= =4
AC 1 ∠D = ∠A Short-answer questions
EF 2 DF 18
= =4 = = 1.5 1 a b
BC 0.5 AC 12
∴ Δ ABC ∼ ΔDEF ∴ Δ ABC ∼ ΔDEF
g AAA h SSS
∠A = ∠D DE 10
= = 2.5
∠C = ∠F AB 4
∴ Δ ABC ∼ ΔDEF DF 15
= = 2.5
AC 6 c d
EF 15
= = 2.5
BC 6
∴ Δ ABC ∼ ΔDEF
3 a x = 8, y = 10 b x = 12, y = 6
c x = 15, y = 4 d x = 3, y = 15
4 a 2.5 b yes (SSS) c 2.5 e f
5 a Yes b No
c No d Yes
6 4m
7 a yes (AAA) b 2.5 c 15 m
8 If two angles are known then the third is automatically known 2 a A′(1, −2), B′(3, −4), C′(0, −2)
using the angle sum of a triangle. b A′(−1, 2), B′(−3, 4), C′(0, 2)
9 a AAA 3 a 4 b 1 c 2
∠ A = ∠D (corresponding angles in parallel lines) d 1 e 6 f 0
∠B = ∠B (common) 4 a (1, 4)
b AAA b (3, −6)
∠ ACB = ∠ECD (vertically opposite) c (−3, −7)
∠E = ∠ A (alternate angles in parallel lines) d (4, 6)

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 808 Answers

y
5 a y b Extended-response questions
2 2
1 a A′(0, 1), B′(−2, 1), C′(−2, 4)
1 1
b A′(3, 1), B′(3, −1), C′(0, −1)
x x
O −2 −1 O 1 2 c A′(1, −1), B′(−1, −1), C′(−1, 2)
−2 −1
−1 1 2 −1
2 a To form two similar triangles.
Answers

−2 −2
b AAA (∠DAB = ∠ECB and ∠ ABD = ∠CBE)
c 3
c y d 12 m
2
1
x Semester review 2
1O
−2 −−1 1 2
−2
Ratios and rates
6 a 3 b 2
Short-answer questions
c No rotational symmetry
7 a b 1 a 2:3 b 1:2:3 c 6:7
d 3 : 40 e 3:8 f 3 : 10
C C 2 a 576 cm, 384 cm
b $1500, $2500
c $1.60, $4, $2.40
Ch10 Review

c
3 18.75 m2
C 4 $7750
5 a 300 g/h
b $30/h
8 a i F ii G c 100 km/h
b i EH ii FG 6 $2.27
c i ∠G ii ∠E 7 90 km/h
9 a RHS b SAS c SSS d AAS
10 a x = 3, a = 25 b x = 5, a = 18 Multiple-choice questions
11 Triangle, square, hexagon.
12 a ∠BAE = ∠DCE (alternate angles in parallel lines) 1 C 2 B 3 C 4 C 5 D
∠ ABE = ∠CDE (alternate angles in parallel lines)
AB = CD (given) Extended-response question
∴ Δ ABE ≡ ΔCDE (AAS)
b AE = CE and BE = ED so AC and BD bisect each other. a 742.5 km b 16.5 km c 6.1 L
13 a AE = CE, AB = CB and BE is common d $35.37 e 18 km
∴ Δ ABE ≡ ΔCBE (SSS)
b ∠ AEB = ∠CEB because Δ ABE ≡ ΔCBE and since Equations and inequalities
∠ AEB + ∠CEB = 180°
∠ AEB = ∠CEB = 90° so AC and BD bisect at right Short-answer questions
angles.
1 a w=9 b m = 72 c x=1
14 a (AB, EF), (BC, FG), (CD, GH), (DA, HE)
d a=2 e w = −3 f x = 35
b (∠ A, ∠E), (∠B, ∠F), (∠C, ∠G), (∠D, ∠H)
1
c 3 2 a m=− b a = −1 c x=0
2
d y = 1.5, a = 115, x = 3
15 13 7
15 a Yes, SAS b Yes, SSS d x= e a= f a=
8 8 5
c Yes, AAA d Yes, RHS
3 6
16 a h = 6 b x=2
4 4 years
24 5 a x>1 b x⩽2 c −1 < x ⩽ 2
c x= d d = 12.5
11 6 a x > −8 b x⩽3 c x ⩽ 30
Multiple-choice questions
Multiple-choice questions
1 B 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 B
6 E 7 A 8 E 9 D 10 E 1 B 2 D 3 B 4 C 5 B

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 Answers 809

Extended-response question b y

a C = 5n + 1500 b R = 17n 7
c 125 d P = 12n − 1500 6
e $900 f −$300 (a loss) 5

Answers
4
3 (1, 3)
Probability and statistics
2
Short-answer questions 1
x
1 a i 13.75 ii 14 iii 8 O 1 2 3
b i 23 ii 18.5 iii 56 3 a x=2 b y=3
c i 10 ii 9.45 iii 15.7 3
2 a 8.5 b 4 c 14.5 d 10.5 c y= x d y = −x − 2
4
3 16.9 3
4 a i y= x ii y = −x − 2
4 a 17.4, 18 b 11.1, 11 2
5 3
30 iii y = 3 iv y = x
2
25
b y = −x − 2 and x = 2
Frequency

20
5 x –2 –1 0 1 2 3
15
10 y = x2 4 1 0 1 4 9
5 y = 2x –4 –2 0 2 4 6

Semester review 2
0
10 11 12 13 y
Score
9
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
H H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 7
T T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 6
5
7 1 15
7 a b c 4 (2, 4)
16 16 16
3
1
d e 0 2
2
3 39 1 24 1
8 a b c d x
50 50 50 25 −2 −1 O −11 2 3
−2
Multiple-choice questions
−3
1 A 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 B −4

Extended-response question
Multiple-choice questions
a 18 b 78 c 78 d Group A
1 D 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 D

Straight line graphs Extended-response question

Short-answer questions a R = 13n b $400 (Wages)
c R/C
1 a 1st b 2nd c 3rd d 4th (60, 780)
2 a i (60, 700)
x 0 1 2 3
y 1 3 5 7
400
ii x 0 1 2 3
y 4 3 2 1
n
O
60
d (50, 650) e $400

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 810 Answers

Transformations and congruence Multiple-choice questions

Short-answer questions 1 C 2 B 3 D 4 D 5 C

1 a 0 b 2 c 2 d 1
2 a (2, 2) b (−1, −2) Extended-response question
Answers

3 a A′(1, −1), B′(1, −3), C′(3, −2) a 15 cm b 2:5 c 4 : 25 d 10 cm

b A′(−1, −1), B′(−3, −1), C′(−2, −3)
4 a SSS b AAS c RHS
5 A, C
6 a ΔBCD, ΔACE (AAA) b Vertex C
c x=9
Semester review 2

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