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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter of the paper presents the problem and its setting. It includes the

rationale, research objectives, hypothesis, and review of related literature,

theoretical framework, and conceptual framework, significance of the study and

definition of terms.

Rationale
Social media use among adolescents nowadays is very rampant that may

cause insufficiency of sleep (Baumgartner & Sumter, 2018). Adolescents

increasingly use electronic media as a night-time routine, besides there is a

potential negative impact on sleep. It is examined that social media use and the

sleep activity has an effect similarly to a sample of Australian adolescents (King

et.al., 2014). The schedule that Americans live is not consistent with healthy

sleep patterns. In addition, engaging behaviour that is harmful to sleep is going to

sleep disorders (Barnes & Drake, 2015).

Social interactions are one of the basic part of daily life in the Philippines,

that’s why it`s not new that Filipinos are quick to access in social media. Filipinos

are very social people, they are known for their closeness of relationship among

family and friends, even extending to strangers Filipino hospitability (Estares,

2017).

Moreover, it made connections between online participation and the active

interaction in school related activities. Better sleep routines by minimizing sleep

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disturbances from social media use could improve school experiences for

adolescents with enhances emotional engagement and improved subjective well-

being (Vernon et.al., 2015). There are many factors that contribute to sleep

disturbance among students, social media use is increasing rapidly, and it may

affect their sleeping hours (Levenson et.al., 2016). Effects of social media usage

on sleep quality of students show negative impact (Kaimal et.al., 2017).

Nevertheless, the researchers aim to investigate the student use of social media

and sleeping hours.

Research Objectives
This study aimed to determine the student usage of social media and

sleeping hours in Tanglaw National High School during the School Year 2019-

2020.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following question:

1. To describe the common social media that students use.

2. To describe the level of students sleeping hours.

3. To determine the significant relationship between the students use of social

media and sleeping hours.

Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the student use of social media

and sleeping hours in Tanglaw National High School.

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Review of Related Literature

Social Media Use

Research into frequent, excessive, and compulsive social network activity has

increased the last years, in which terms such as “social network site addiction”

and “Facebook addiction” have been used interchangeably (Andreassen &

Pallesen, 2014). Media use has been shown to negatively affect a child sleep,

especially in the context of evening use of media. However, violent content and

evening media use were associated with increased sleep problems (Garrison

et.al., 2011). Social media use has been positively associated with disturbed

sleep among young adults. In addition, social media use in the 30 minutes before

bed is independently associated with disturbed sleep among young adults

(Levenson et.al., 2017). An important developmental task for adolescents is to

become increasingly responsible for their own health behaviors. Establishing

healthy sleep routines and controlling media use before bedtime are important for

adequate, quality sleep so adolescents are alert during the day and perform well

at school (Vernon et.al., 2015). Social media have revolutionized the life of many

people and thus attracted much attention, not only from industry, but also in

academics (Ngai & Moon, 2015). Social media are broadly defined as the use of

platforms of electronic communications through which users create online

communities (Chou & Hunt, 2009).

Facebook
Facebook was created and coordinators encouraged students to like the page

and to post and view study tips, links or questions (DiVall & Kirwin, 2012). Social
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network sites like Facebook has become a global phenomenon and being one of

the greatest importance means of communication (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). The

potential of Facebook for improving student performance outcomes is just the

beginning (Yang et.al., 2011). Photo-related activities are noticeably prevalent

among social media users. On Facebook, Users predominantly communicate

visually and manage their self-presentation. Such online behaviors tend to mimic

what would be expected of individuals’ offline personalities (Eftekhar et.al., 2014).

Social media web sites such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter provide

unlimited means for internet users to interact, express, share and create content

about anything, including brands (Muntiga et.al., 2011). Facebook as technology-

enhanced learning environment, it still stands as the most popular social

networking site. It is also considered as an open alternative to traditional learning

management systems (Manca & Ranieri, 2016).

YouTube

YouTube is the world`s most popular online video site since, YouTube has

gained an audience of billions of users including educators and scholar. While the

academic literature provides some evidence that YouTube has been studied and

written about, little is known about priorities for YouTube research. This study

employed trend analysis and content analysis method to obtain data on research

topics, issues category, research settings and sampling, research design,

research method and data analysis on articles published regarding YouTube in

selected journals (Cheung & Hew, 2009). It becomes a topic of discussion and

inquiry within the scholarly literature as educators and researchers grapple with
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questions about the possibilities and problems associated with social media

(Snelson, 2009). During its first decade YouTube has grown to become the

largest and most popular online video-sharing site (Snelson, 2016). YouTube has

become the third most visited website in the world (Alexa, 2011).

Online Games

Online Gaming industry has expanded to the point of becoming one of the

largest multimedia economic activities in the world (Peracchia & Curcio, 2018).

Addicted gamers will not push themselves to sleep because they wanted to

continue their game without realizing that they are getting insufficient sleep.

Gamers were delayed in going to bed wherein, 36 percent of the nights they

played video games. Average game playing was 4.6 nights per week. The

average delay in bedtime on the nights spent gaming was 101 minutes (Darien,

2016). Internet gaming addiction mostly associated to sleep problems, because

of sacrificing their sleep in order to finish the started game (Lam, 2014).

Adolescents increasingly use electronic media as a night-time activity, amid

concerns about the potential negative impact on sleep (King et.al., 2014).

Sleeping Hours

Sleep is important to everyone. Inadequate sleep quantity and quality has to

pay attention that leads to detrimental health outcomes. Portable mobile and

media devices have become a ubiquitous part of our lives and may affect their

sleep duration and quality (Carter et.al., 2016). Teens tend to go bed later, get

less sleep, and report more daytime sleepiness. Medical research emphasizes

biological determinants of teens` disrupted sleep (i.e., the timing of puberty and
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resultant drops in melatonin), rarely or inadequately considering youths` social

ties as determinant of sleep behaviour (Maume, 2013). We spend one third of our

lives sleeping. Sleep is an essential part of human life. Without sleep the mind

and body cannot function. We don’t get enough sleep we feel tried easily irritated,

hungry and not well. The right amount of sleep, yet again, makes us feel

energetic and ready for daily challenges. During sleep the body heals itself,

consolidates learning and memories restores its chemical balance (Pietrangelo &

Watson, 2017). Sleep deprivation can be intentional, it can be a result from a

hectic work-or social life or even be a sign of a sleep disorder or other medical

problem (Davis, 2016). This sleep pressure resets every night we are asleep and

starts off again in the morning right when we wake up (Simon, 2018). Sleep is a

very vital psychological mechanism, which involves complex interactions in the

nervous system. These interactions are not well understood and have been a

subject of controversy in contemporary medical practice (Ezenwanne, 2011).

Social Media Use and Sleeping Hours

Usage of social media before bed time would result in sleep disturbance and

lessen sleep quality (Kaimal et.al., 2017). Less sleeps are associated with

daytime sleepiness and leads to poor health outcomes (Levenson et.al., 2016).

Adolescents increasingly use electronic media as a night-time activity, amid

concerns about the potential negative impact on sleep and daytime functioning

(King et.al., 2014). Poor sleep quality is closely associated with lifestyle habits

including use of mobile cell-phones. Sleep quality may be less due to abuse in

social media engagement in social networks (Mohammadbeigi et.al., 2016).

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Sleep disturbance is an important risk factor for the development of depression

during adolescence. Social media use at night is a risk factor for both

adolescents` sleep disturbance (Lemola et.al., 2015).

Theoretical Framework
Social Media and Sleeping Hours
The theory of sleep function and brain organization positing that sleep serves

a neuronal connectivity function and is a fundamental property of highly

interconnected groups of neurons is presented (Krueger & Obal, 2003).

Moreover, social media are immensely popular among and influential upon

today` s youth. Social media explosion changed the way of communication (Mir &

Zaheer, 1970). The emergence of new digital technologies signals a potentially

radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources

(Shapiro, 1999).

Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 below illustrates the conceptual framework of the research. The

paradigm presents the variables that will be considered in the research.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Student Use of Social Media

a. Facebook
b. YouTube Student Sleeping Hours
c. Online Games

Figure1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

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Figure 1 shows the student use of social media and sleeping hours. It also

shows the common social media that students use namely; Facebook, YouTube

and Online Games. Social media is one of the most distractor that triggers the

students sleeping hours since it is hard to resist its more interesting than anything

to do. In order to cope with these problems, affected students who are using

social media need to manage their time to complete their sleeping hours.

Significance of the Study

This study would greatly benefit the following:

Students- it will give the understanding of the students concerning on the usage

social media. It allows them to understand this problem and will provide the

realization about social media use and sleeping hours. It serves as the main

factor to the students in order to become aware in managing their time that has

been consumed by social media using.

Parents- they can monitor their children’s sleep and usage of social media.

Through this, the parents will be more focus upon guiding their children in order

to prevent the abuse of using social media.

Teachers- it will help the teachers as a useful instrument to gain the attention of

their students who are social media user.

Other researchers- as it would serve as reference which adds additional input to

their studies. They may have found several points on understanding the student

use of social media and sleeping hours.

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Definition of Terms
For easy understanding, the following major terms used in this study are

hereby defined conceptually and operationally:

Social Media- can be defined as “group of internet-based” applications that allow

the creation and exchange of user generated content. This includes formation of

online communities and sharing of information, ideas, opinions, messages,

images, and videos (Primack & Escobar-Viera, 2017).

Sleep- is an essential activity for revitalizing and restoring the physiological

processes that keep the body and mind healthy and properly functioning (Cherry,

2019).
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Chapter II

METHOD

This chapter presents the description of the research methods used, the

respondents, the instruments used, the procedures and sources of data utilized in

analyzing the data gathered.

Research Design

This study utilized a quantitative method and employed descriptive-

correlational method. Descriptive research design is a type of research involves

either identifying the characteristics of an observed phenomenon or exploring

possible associations amount two or more phenomena (Leedy & Ormrod, 2016).

Correlational research designs can be defined as the statistical test to determine

the tendency or pattern for two or more variables or sets of data to vary

consistently (Creswell, 2012).

It aims to determine the students use social media and sleeping hours in

Tanglaw National High School. The researchers made use descriptive

correlational method because it can describe the existing occurrence concerning

the student use of social media and sleeping hours.

Research Locale

The study was conducted in Tanglaw National High School, Tanglaw Braulio

E. Dujali, Davao del Norte. Currently, the institution offers Senior High School

program – General Academic Strand (GAS) and Technical Vocational and

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Livelihood (TVL). There are 382 students in Senior High School Department and

556 students in Junior High School Department. The overall population of

Tanglaw National High School is 938. There are 24 instructional rooms and 3

non-instructional rooms. The school has a land are of 20,000 sq. meters. The

school has a total of 28 teaching personnel, 21 of which are in Junior High School

and 7 in Senior High School.

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Figure 2: Geographical Map of Tanglaw National High School

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Respondents

The respondents of this study are the students in Tanglaw National High

School. It involves the students who have the characteristics that are needed for

the study. In this study purposive random sampling is being use to obtain the

reliable data needed for the study.

Sampling Design

The sampling design that is being used in this study is purposive sampling

design. A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected based on

characteristics of a population and the objective of the study (Crossman, 2019).

In this study, purposive sampling is use by appointing the selected students who

has the characteristics that is needed in the study.

Research Instruments

In conducting this quantitative descriptive correlational study, the researchers

made questionnaire as a principal tool for gathering data.

The survey questionnaire was the main instrument used in gathering of data.

The questionnaire was in form of survey. Part one is the demographic profile of

the respondents; this includes the name, and age. Part two is the questionnaire

proper.

Data Gathering Procedures

Ask for approval. The researchers asked for approval from their respective

teachers who are in charge of the research. It was to know whether or not the
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study will be accepted. They checked if there were further corrections and

revisions to be made before conducting the research.

Make or modify questionnaire. When the study was approved, the

researchers started working on their questionnaire basing their questions on the

theories they’ve found. The researchers used related questions to be able to

achieve the respective goal of their study.

Revise the questionnaire. After the questionnaire is validated by three

validators, researchers must validate the questionnaire to check the correction

that was given by the validators.

Distribute the questionnaire. After the questionnaire has been revised, the

researchers distribute the questionnaire to the respective respondents. The

numbers of students chosen to be a respondent is obtain using purposive

sampling method.

Analyse data. The researchers collected the questionnaire distributed to the

respective respondents. Each questionnaire was checked by the researchers and

the data gathered.

Statistical Treatment

Different statistical tools were used to determine the student use of social

media and sleeping hours. The frequency of use of social media was determined

using the Average Weighted Mean method (AWM). In interpreting the computed

AWM point obtained, the formula is as follows,

AWM = FX / N
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Where AWM = Average Weighted Mean

F = Frequency

X = Weighted Value

N = total number of respondents’

In describing the Common Social Media that Students Use this was the scale:
Scale Average Weighted Mean Descriptive Interpretation

5 4.21- 5.00 Always

4 3.41- 4.20 Very Often

3 2.61- 3.40 Sometimes

2 1.81- 2.60 Seldom

1 1.00- 1.80 Never

In determining the Level of Students Sleeping Hours, this was the scale:
Scale Average Weighted Mean Descriptive Interpretation

4 3.26- 4.00 Very Frequent

3 2.51- 3.25 Frequently

2 1.76- 2.50 Rarely

1 1.00- 1.75 Very Rarely

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For the relationship between the use of social media and sleeping hours,

Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used. The computed value was interpreted

using the scale below.

Value Descriptive Value

Interpretation

-0.80 to -1.00 Strong Correlation 0.80 to 1.00

-0.50 to -0.79 Moderate Correlation 0.50 to 0.79

-0.20 to -0.49 Weak Correlation 0.20 to 0.49

0 to -0.19 No Correlation 0 to 0.19

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Chapter III

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

This chapter presents the result s of the study. They are presented based

on the problems raised in the previous chapters. The discussion is arranged from

highest to lowest in terms of the average mean of the indicators, which are

presented both in textual and tabular forms.

Usage of Social Media

Table 1 Students Usage of Social Media

Indicators SD Mean Description

Facebook 0.97192 4.266666667 Very Often

YouTube 1.21943 3.266666667 Sometimes
Online Games 1.44533 2.25 Seldom

OVERALL MEAN .85103 3.2605 Very Often

Shown in table 1 is the data on the students’ usage of social media. The

considered indicator which is attributed to the social media use is the common

application. The table shows that the overall mean is 3.2605 the standard

deviation of 0.85103 categorized as very often. This means that the extent of

using social media is very often evident.

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Students Sleeping Hours

Table 2 Students Sleeping Hours

Indicators SD Mean Description

Usage .60464 2.7500 Rarely

OVERALL MEAN .60464 2.7500 Rarely

Shown in table 2 is the data on the students’ sleeping hours. The

considered indicator which is attributed to the sleeping hours of the students is

the hours of their sleep. The table shows that the overall mean is 2.7500 with the

standard deviation of 0.60464 categorized as rarely. This means that the extent

of sleeping hours is rarely evident.

Significant Relationship between Students Use of Social Media and

Sleeping Hours

Table 3 Significant Relationship between Students Use of Social Media and

Sleeping Hours

Indicators r- value Description Decision

Students Usage of Social Media 1 Strong Correlation

Students Sleeping Hours .125 No Correlation Accept H○

OVERALL .5625 Moderate correlations

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Presented in the table 3 is the test on the significant relationship between

students’ use of social media and sleeping hours.

Using the Correlation Matrix, the obtained r-value was tested. The

computation reveals .5625 computed value is greater than 0.05. Hence, the null

hypothesis is accepted. There is no significant relationship between students

social media use and sleeping hours.

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Chapter IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the results as well as the

conclusions and recommendations on Students Use of Social Media and

Sleeping Hours.

Summary

Students` Use of Social Media

The respondents` overall mean is sometimes observed. This signifies that

the students` use of social media is sometimes observed. The three indicators-

Facebook is used very often, YouTube is used sometimes and Online Games is

seldom used. Therefore, the common social media that students use is

Facebook.

Students` Sleeping Hours

The respondents` overall level of sleeping hours is rarely evident. This

signifies that the students` sleeping hours is rarely evident.

Significant Relationship between Students` Use of Social Media and

Sleeping Hours

The computed significant value shows that there is no significant

relationship between students` use of social media and sleeping media. This

further implies that the students` use of social media and sleeping hours are
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independent to each other. The results confirmed that the students` use of social

media will not affect the sleeping hours of the students.

Conclusions

Based on the foregoing findings, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The Students` Usage of Social Media in Tanglaw National High School is

sometimes observed and the common social media that students use is

Facebook.

2. The level of Students` Sleeping Hours of Tanglaw National High School when

using social media applications is rarely evident.

3. There is no significant relationship between Students` Use of Social Media and

Sleeping Hours.

Recommendations

Drawn from the conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are

offered:

1. Since the Students Use of Social Media is sometimes observed, the

researchers may suggest that the future researchers will find out the factors why

the usage of social media in Tanglaw National High School is sometimes

observed and why did students prefer to use Facebook.

2. It resulted that the usage of social media rarely affects the sleeping hours of

the student, the researchers may suggest finding out the interventions made by

the social media users in order to get a sufficient sleep.

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3. The mentioned variables have no significant relationship. Thus, the

researchers may suggest that students should retain the discipline in themselves

upon using social media applications in order to avoid possible sleeping

disorders.