MOTORCYCLE RIDER’S

HANDBOOK

IN- SERT
PHO- TO
HERE

July 2021
 The Idaho Motorcycle Rider’s Manual paraphrases the
language of Idaho Statues. Courts go by the actual language
of the statues, not this text.

The Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) is committed to

compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and all
related regulations and directives. ITD assures that no person
shall on the grounds of race, color, national origin, gender, age,
or disability be excluded from participation in, be denied the
benefits of, or be otherwise subjected to discrimination under
any ITD service, program, or activity. The department also
assures that every effort will be made to prevent discrimination
through the impacts of its Programs, policies, and activities on
minority and low-income populations. In addition, the department
will take reasonable steps to provide meaningful access to
services for persons with limited English proficiency.

2
 PREFACE
Riding a motorcycle can be safe and fun when the rider be-
comes more knowledgeable and skilled.

This manual, even though designed mostly for the novice rider,
can educate all motorcycle riders about safe riding habits and
strategies to recognize and avoid or safely manage potential rid-
ing hazards to avoid accidents.

The Idaho Transportation Department used information provided

by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF)
and Idaho STAR to compile the Idaho Motorcycle Rider’s Manu-
al, knowledge and skills tests.

Enhanced licensing requirements along with quality motorcycle

rider education and increased public awareness have the poten-
tial to reduce the number and severity of motor-
cycle crashes.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT REQUIREMENT

Definitions & Requirements ...................................................... 9

APPLYING FOR A MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT

Riding Requirements ................................................................ 16

Instruction Permit ..................................................................... 16
Knowledge Test........................................................................ 17
Skills Test ................................................................................. 17
Fees ......................................................................................... 17

PREPARING TO RIDE

Riding Environment .................................................................. 18

Riding Gear .............................................................................. 19
Helmet Use..................................................................... 19
Helmet Selection ............................................................ 20
Eye & Face Protection .................................................... 21
Clothing .......................................................................... 22
Exposed or Protected ..................................................... 23
Know the Motorcycle ................................................................ 24
The Right Motorcycle for You ......................................... 24
Required Equipment ....................................................... 24
Becoming Familiar with the Controls............................... 27
Checking the Motorcycle ................................................ 27
Borrowing & Lending ...................................................... 29
Know Your Responsibilities ...................................................... 29

RIDER ABILITIES

Basic Vehicle Control ............................................................... 31

Body Position ................................................................. 31
Getting Underway ........................................................... 32
Braking ........................................................................... 34
Stopping in a Curve ........................................................ 35
Linked & Integrated Braking Systems ............................. 36
Anti-Lock Braking Systems (ABS) .................................. 36
Turning ........................................................................... 36
Keeping Distance ..................................................................... 38
Lane Position.................................................................. 38
Following Another Vehicle .............................................. 40

4
 Being Followed ............................................................... 41
Passing & Being Passed ................................................ 42
Passing Parked Vehicles ................................................ 43
Parking .......................................................................... 44
Lane Filtering/Splitting/Sharing ....................................... 45
Merging Vehicles ............................................................ 46
Vehicles Alongside ......................................................... 46
Mental Motorcycling (S.I.P.D.E). ..................................... 47
Scan ............................................................................... 47
Identify............................................................................ 47
Predict ............................................................................ 48
Decide ............................................................................ 48
Execute .......................................................................... 49
Intersections ............................................................................. 50
Blind Intersections .......................................................... 50
Stop Signs & Signals ...................................................... 50
Traffic Control Signals .................................................... 51
See & Be Seen......................................................................... 52
Clothing .......................................................................... 52
Headlight ........................................................................ 53
Signals ........................................................................... 53
Brake Light ..................................................................... 54
Mirrors ............................................................................ 54
Head Checks .................................................................. 55
Horn ............................................................................... 55
Riding at Night ................................................................ 56
Crash Avoidance ...................................................................... 56
Quick Stops .................................................................... 57
Front Wheel Skids .......................................................... 58
Rear Wheel Skids ........................................................... 58
Swerving or Turning Quickly ........................................... 58
Cornering & Curves ........................................................ 60
Hazardous Riding Conditions ................................................... 61
Obstacles on the Highway .............................................. 62
Slippery & Loose Surfaces ............................................. 63
Rippled & Uneven Pavement Edges ............................... 64
Wind ............................................................................... 64
Crowned Pavement ........................................................ 65
Animals .......................................................................... 65
Flying Objects................................................................. 66
Railroad & Trolley Tracks ............................................... 66
Grooves & Bridge Gratings ............................................. 67
Mechanical Problems ............................................................... 67
Tire Failure ..................................................................... 67

5
 Stuck Throttle .................................................................. 68
Wobble ........................................................................... 68
Drive Train Problems ...................................................... 69
Engine Seizure................................................................ 69
Getting Off the Highway ............................................................ 69
Carrying Passengers & Cargo .................................................. 70
Required Equipment ....................................................... 70
Instructing Passengers.................................................... 71
Riding with Passengers................................................... 72
Carrying Loads................................................................ 72
Group Riding ............................................................................ 73
Keeping the Group Small ................................................ 73
Keeping the Group Together ........................................... 73
Keeping Adequate Distance Between Motorcycles ......... 74

RIDER RISKS & RESPONSIBILTIES……………………………76

Important .................................................................................. 76
Alcohol & Drugs While Riding ................................................... 76
Alcohol in the Body ................................................................... 77
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) .......................................... 77
Alcohol & Idaho Law ................................................................. 79
Penalties when Completing & Failing a Breath Test .................. 79
Alcohol Test Refusal ................................................................. 80
Administrative License Suspension........................................... 80
Minimize the Risks .................................................................... 81
Making an Intelligent Choice ..................................................... 81
Step In & Protecting Fellow Riders............................................ 81
Fatigue ..................................................................................... 82

TWO-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST.......................... 83

THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE SUPPLEMENT……………...88

Knowing the Motorcycle ............................................................ 88

Three-wheel Motorcycle Designs .............................................. 89
The Right Motorcycle for You.................................................... 90
Borrowing & Lending................................................................. 90
Becoming Familiar with Motorcycle Controls .............................90

THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE SUPPLEMENT .................... 92

Carrying Passengers & Cargo .................................................. 97

6
THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST ...................... ..99

MOTORCYCLE HAND SIGNALS ............................................ 103

MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST CHECK LIST .......................... 104

MOTORCYCLE PRACTICE KNOWLEDGE TEST ................... 105

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING ................................................... 107

SMART RIDER COMMITMENTS ............................................. 110

7
 FEES
Motorcycle riders will be required to pay one or more of the
following fees in addition to the cost of the regular driver’s
license:

Motorcycle “M” Endorsement: $15.00

(one-time fee)

Motorcycle Instruction Permit: $15.00

(valid for 180 days)

Motorcycle Skills Test: $25.00

(paid to examiner)

Motorcycle Knowledge Test: $ 5.00

(paid to the county)

8
 MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT
REQUIREMENTS
Motorized vehicles driven on public highways require a valid
driver’s license and proof of liability insurance. Certain
motorcycles ridden on public highways also require a
motorcycle endorsement on the driver’s license. The following
information can be used to determine if the vehicle being
ridden is a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle or motorbike that
requires a motorcycle endorsement on the driver’s license.

DEFINITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

“Motorcycle” [49-114(11)] – Motorcycle means every motor
vehicle having a seat or saddle for the use of the rider and
designed to travel on not more than three wheels in contact
with the ground, or two wheels in contact with the ground
which is modified by the addition of two stabilizing wheels on
the rear of the motorcycle, that meets the federal motor vehicle
safety standards (FMVSS) as originally designed, and includes
a converted motorbike, but does not include a motor-driven
cycle, a motorbike, a tractor or a moped. Motorcycles require a
motorcycle endorsement. (See requirements on page 10)

“Motor-Driven Cycle” [49-114(13)] – Motor-driven cycle

means a cycle with a motor that produces 5 brake horsepower
or less as originally manufactured that meets federal motor
vehicle safety standards as originally designed, and does not
include mopeds. Such vehicles shall be titled and have a
motorcycle endorsement. (See requirements on page 11)

“Motor Scooter and Scooter” – A motor scooter is a light, 2-

wheeled cycle designed with the driver’s seat over an enclosed
engine and with an open, step through frame and a floorboard
for the driver's feet to rest. It is treated as a motorcycle or
motor-driven cycle when meeting FMVSS. If it has this design
but does not meet FMVSS, it can be considered a moped or
motorbike if it meets the definition or it may otherwise be
regarded as a motorized toy. (See requirements on page 12)

9
“Motor Bike” - For a motorbike > 50 cc’s ( designed for or capa-
ble of traveling off developed highways; doesn’t meet FMVSS.1)
or a motorbike < 50 cc’s ( designed for or capable of traveling off
developed highways; doesn’t meet FMVSS.1) see number 3 un-
der footnotes to determine if a motorcycle endorsement is re-
quired or not.

Code 49-114 (9)(2) qualifies that any scooter or mo-

torcycle (regardless of cc size) that can travel in ex-
cess of 30mph is “not a moped” and thus considered
a “motorcycle”

10
VEHICLE TYPE Motorcycle (Either internal combustion or electric
motor meets FMVSS.1)

REGISTRATION/ Regular highway/plates; or restricted vehicle regis-

PLATES tration/plates; or Off-highway vehicle (OHV) regis-
tration sticker only.

OPERATION IS With regular highway registration/plates: All high-

ALLOWED ways including state, U.S. and interstate, etc., ex-
cept roads that require OHV registration sticker.

With restricted vehicle registration/plates: 1) coun-

ty, city and highway district roads not closed to
OHV use, and non-full-access controlled state high-
ways within city limits and within one mile of city
limits with a speed limit of 45 mph or less open to
OHV use (check with local jurisdiction for roads
closed to OHV use); and
2) Idaho Dept. of Land, BLM, U.S. Forest Service,
and private roads open to OHV use (contact the
land owner or manager for information on roads
open to OHV use), and off-highway on a designated
trail, open riding area, or motocross track 2.

With OHV registration sticker:

(see #2 listed above.)

WHAT IS REQUIRED?

DRIVER’S MOTORCYCLE
TITLE INSURANCE
LICENSE ENDORSEMENT

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
11
VEHICLE TYPE Motor-driven cycle (Either internal combustion mo-
tor, < 5 hp or electric < 3,729 watts and meets
FMVSS.1 Includes dual-sport.)

REGISTRATION/ Regular highway/plates; or restricted vehicle

PLATES registration/plates; or Off-highway vehicle (OHV)
registration sticker only.

OPERATION IS With regular highway registration/plates:

ALLOWED All highways including state, U.S. and interstate,
etc., except roads that require an OHV registration
sticker.

With restricted vehicle registration/plates:

1) county, city and highway district roads not closed
to OHV use, and non-full-access controlled state
highways within city limits and within one mile of
city limits with a speed limit of 45 mph or less open
to OHV use (check with local jurisdiction for roads
closed to OHV use); and
2) Idaho Dept. of Land, BLM, U.S. Forest Service,
and private roads open to OHV use (contact the
land owner or manager for information on roads
open to OHV use), and off-highway on a designated
trail, open riding area, or motocross track 3.

With OHV registration sticker:

(see #2 listed above.)

WHAT IS REQUIRED?

DRIVER’S MOTORCYCLE
TITLE INSURANCE
LICENSE ENDORSEMENT

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
12
 TITLE

VEHICLE TYPE Motor Scooter (Fits within motorcycle or motor-

driven cycle definition but has a step-through
design. (Either internal combustion or electric
motor meets FMVSS.1 Includes dual-sport.)
REGISTRATION/ Regular highway/plates; or restricted vehicle
PLATES registration/plates; or Off-highway vehicle (OHV)
registration sticker only.

OPERATION IS With regular highway registration/plates:

ALLOWED All highways including state, U.S. and interstate,
etc., except roads that require an OHV registration
sticker.

With restricted vehicle registration/plates:

1) county, city and highway district roads not closed
to OHV use, and non-full-access controlled state
highways within city limits and within one mile of
city limits with a speed limit of 45 mph or less open
to OHV use (check with local jurisdiction for roads
closed to OHV use); and
2) Idaho Dept. of Land, BLM, U.S. Forest Service,
and private roads open to OHV use (contact the
land owner or manager for information on roads
open to OHV use), and off-highway on a designated
trail, open riding area, or motocross track 2.

With OHV registration sticker:

(see #2 listed above.)

WHAT IS REQUIRED?

DRIVER’S MOTORCYCLE
TITLE INSURANCE
LICENSE ENDORSEMENT

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
13
Footnotes

1-FMVSS—Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards—those

safety standards established by the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, under title 49 CFR part 500-599, for the
safe construction and manufacturing of self-propelled motorized
vehicles riding on public highways.

2-For additional rider and vehicle equipment requirements for off-

highway use, see the Idaho Department of Parks and Recrea-
tion website at parksandrecreation.idaho.gov/activities/atv-
motorbike.

3-The rider of a dual-purpose motorbike that meets FMVSS for

motorcycles must have a motorcycle endorsement if riding on
highways. These motorbikes are treated like motorcycles for the
purposes of this document and can receive regular highway
registration and plates. A motorbike that has been equipped for
highway use and meets FMVSS found in 49 CFR Part 574 as
well as equipment requirements of Title 49, Chapter 9, Idaho
Code may be self-certified to be a motorcycle by the owner (see
ITD form 3018 Motorcycle to Motorcycle Conversion Self
Certification Affidavit at dmv.idaho.gov). If a motorbike has been
self-certified as a motorcycle, the rider must have a motorcycle
endorsement on the driver’s license. Local law enforcement may
require riders of other motorbikes to have a motorcycle endorse-
ment when used on highways.

14
 APPLYING FOR A
MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT
Being a responsible motorcycle rider can be safe and fun. It
requires additional skills and a heightened sense of awareness
about other highway users, traffic, and environmental conditions.
Responsible riders manage potential problems and avoid
dangerous situations.

This manual will help riders learn how to safely ride and handle a
motorcycle along with how to pass the knowledge and skills
tests. Experience makes for a better and safer motorcyclist.

An experienced and responsible motorcyclist may be a good

mentor for teaching new riders how to handle today’s traffic, envi-
ronmental conditions, and scenic winding highways. However,
there is no substitute for the mental awareness and physical
skills required to safely ride.

Objectively assessing motorcycle riding skills and knowledge is

difficult at best, and it is even harder for friends and relatives to
be completely honest about their own skills. Taking a knowledge
test is the best way to determine if a potential rider has the mini-
mum knowledge necessary to safely ride a motorcycle on the
highway.

All riders are encouraged (or required if under 21) to attend an

entry-level motorcycle education course which provides
knowledge and hands-on training before receiving an endorse-
ment.

The knowledge test questions are based on information, best

practices, and concepts found in this manual. In order to pass the
knowledge test, the motorcycle rider must know and understand
highway rules, safe skills, and abilities. Skills tests are conducted
in a controlled, off-street area, by third party Skills Test Examin-
ers.

15
 RIDING REQUIREMENTS
To ride a motorcycle in Idaho, a valid driver’s license (Class A,
B, C or D) and a motorcycle endorsement (M) on that driver’s
license are required. A motorcycle instruction permit can be
temporarily used for riding prior to obtaining an endorsement.

Anyone wanting to ride a motorcycle must apply for an M en-

dorsement. If you are renewing a driver’s license with an M en-
dorsement that has been expired for 25 months or longer, you
will be required to pass both the motorcycle knowledge and
skills tests. If you are surrendering an out-of-state or foreign
driver’s license with an M endorsement (expired 25 months or
longer), you are required to pass a motorcycle knowledge and
skills test. Anyone under 21 years of age will be required to take
the knowledge test and successfully complete an approved Mo-
torcycle Rider Training Course. It is recommended that every-
one take a motorcycle rider training course even if they are 21
years of age or older.

INSTRUCTION PERMIT
A motorcycle instruction permit is available to anyone who holds
a valid Idaho driver’s license. This permit is valid for 180 days
and allows motorcyclists to practice riding with the following re-
strictions:

• Daylight riding only

• No freeway riding
• No passengers
Everyone must pass the written motorcycle knowledge test
before applying for an instruction permit. If you take the skills
tests while the instruction permit is valid, the fee will be waived
when you add the M endorsement to your Idaho driver’s license.
The permit may be renewed once without requiring the permit
holder to retake and pass the knowledge test, provided the
previous knowledge test was taken within the past 12 months.

16
 KNOWLEDGE TEST
The motorcycle knowledge test can be taken at any county
driver’s license office. The fee for the test is $5.00. The test
questions are based on information and concepts found in this
handbook. To pass the test, the motorcyclist must know and un-
derstand highway rules and safe riding skills. Failing the test will
require a waiting period of 3 days before retesting and repaying
the $5.00 fee.

SKILLS TEST
The motorcycle skills test is conducted by a third-party
Skills Test Examiner in a controlled off-street area. A list of mo-
torcycle Skills Test Examiners can be obtained online at:

itd.idaho.gov/dmv

• Select "Driver's License/ ID Cards" tab.

• Scroll down and select "Skills Test".

• Select the District you live in.

• Find a Motorcycle Skills Test Examiner for your area.

• Then call them and set up an appointment to take the Skills

Test.

Failing a skills test will require a waiting period of 3 days before

retesting and repaying the $25.00 fee.

RIDER TRAINING COURSE

Successful completion of an approved motorcycle rider training
course will waive the requirement to take the motorcycle skills
test if the endorsement is obtained within 25 months of taking
the training course.

17
 PREPARING TO RIDE
RIDING ENVIRONMENT
The diagram below shows the complex motorcycle riding
environment and supports the concept that safe riding depends
as much on the mental skills of awareness and judgment as it
does on the physical riding skill. Riding a motorcycle is much
more involved than driving an automobile. It requires a sense of
balance and heightened sense of the environment around the
motorcycle rider. A motorcycle responds more quickly to rider
input than an automobile and is more sensitive to outside forces
like highway surfaces and wind. Motorcycles are also less
visible due to their narrower profile, fewer and smaller lights, and
reduced contrast with the background. Riders are less protected
due to exposure to traffic and other elements.

What a motorcycle rider does before starting a motorcycle ride

goes a long way toward determining whether or not they will get
to their destination safely.

Before taking off on any motorcycle ride, a safe and responsible

rider makes it a point to:

18
• Wear the proper riding gear.
• Understand their own abilities and limitations.
• Know their motorcycle and conduct a safety inspection.
• Be aware of the riding conditions (weather, traffic, etc.).
• Be a responsible rider.

RIDING GEAR
When riding a motorcycle, the gear is “right” if it provides you
comfort, protection, and visibility. In any crash, there is a far
better chance of avoiding serious injury if wearing:

• A U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) compliant

helmet
• Face and/or eye protection
• Protective clothing, gloves, and sturdy footwear

Helmet Use

Crashes occur particularly among untrained and/or beginner

motorcycle riders. Head injuries can be just as severe as neck
injuries, and are more common. Accident analysis shows that
head injuries account for a majority of serious and fatal injuries
to motorcyclists. Research shows that, with few exceptions,
head and neck injuries are reduced by properly wearing a DOT
compliant helmet. Idaho law requires all persons under the age
of 18 to wear a DOT compliant protective helmet while riding
on a motorcycle or ATV on or off highway.

Some motorcycle riders do not wear helmets because they

think helmets will limit their view to the sides. Others wear
helmets only on long motorcycle rides, when riding at high
speeds, or where it is required by law. Consider the following:

• A DOT compliant helmet lets a motorcycle rider see as far

to the sides as necessary. A study of more than 900
motorcycle crashes, where 40% of the motorcycle rider
wore helmets, did not find even one case in which a helmet
19
 kept a motorcycle rider from spotting danger.
• Most crashes happen on short motorcycle rides (less than
five miles long), just a few minutes after starting the ride.
• Most motorcycle crashes occur at less than 30 mph. At
these speeds, helmets can cut both the number and the
severity of head injuries by half.
No matter what the speed, helmeted motorcycle riders are three
times more likely to survive head injuries than those not wearing
helmets at the time of the crash. The single most important thing
to improve the chances of surviving a crash is to wear a
securely-fastened, DOT-compliant helmet.

Helmet Selection

There are three primary types of helmets, providing three

different levels of coverage: Half, Three-quarter, Full-face.

Whichever style you choose, get the most protection by making

sure the helmet:

• Meets U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) standards.

Helmets with labels from the Snell Memorial Foundation and
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) also give an
assurance of quality.

• Fits snugly, all the way around.

• Has no obvious defects such as cracks, loose padding, or

frayed straps.

Keep your helmet securely fastened on your head when riding

the motorcycle. If a crash occurs, the helmet will be less likely to
come off before it gets a chance to protect you.
20
Eye and Face Protection

A plastic shatter-resistant face shield can help protect your

whole face in a crash. It also protects your face from wind,
dust, dirt, rain, insects, and pebbles projected from vehicles
ahead of the motorcycle. These can be distracting and painful.
Wearing a face shield may help prevent a crash, and it gives
the most eye and face protection while riding a motorcycle.

Goggles protect the eyes, though they won’t protect the rest of
your face like a face shield does. A windshield is not a
substitute for a face shield or goggles. Most windshields will
not protect the eyes from the wind. Neither will eyeglasses or
sunglasses. Glasses won’t keep your eyes from watering, and
they may blow off when you turn your head.

To be effective, eye or face protection must:

• Be free of scratches.

• Be resistant to penetration.

• Be shatter-resistant.

• Give a clear view to either side.

• Fasten securely so they don’t blow off.

• Permit air to pass through to reduce

fogging.

• Fit in the helmet if needed.

Tinted eye protection should not be worn at night or any other

time when little light is available.

21
Clothing

The right clothing protects the motorcycle rider in a crash and

makes them more visible to others. It also provides comfort, as
well as protection from heat, cold, debris, and hot and moving
parts of the motorcycle.

• Jacket and pants should cover your arms and legs

completely and fit snug enough to keep from flapping in the
wind yet loose enough to move freely. Leather is very
popular and offers good protection. Sturdy synthetic material
provides a lot of protection as well. Wear a mesh or vented
jacket even in warm weather to prevent sunburn and
dehydration. Many motorcycle riders also choose jackets
and pants with rigid body armor inserts in critical areas such
as shoulders, elbows, and knees for additional protection.
• Boots or shoes should be high and sturdy enough to cover
your ankles and give them support. Soles should be made of
hard, durable, slip-resistant material. Choose boots or shoes
with short heels so they do not catch on rough surfaces.
Tuck laces in so they will not catch on the motorcycle.
• Gloves provide a better grip and protect your hands from the
elements and from abrasion in a crash. Gloves should be
made of leather or similar durable material. Full-fingered
gloves provide the most protection.
• Hearing protection tests show that earplugs help reduce
sound levels by 30 decibels and prevent hearing loss.
Roaring engines and the wind in your face is exhilarating,
but sustained exposure, even in a good-fitting helmet, results
in hearing loss.

Keeping you warm, dry, and protected during cold and/or wet
weather should be a primary consideration when choosing riding
gear. Controlling a motorcycle is difficult if you are numb from
the cold. Riding a motorcycle for long periods in cold weather
can cause severe chill and fatigue. A winter jacket should resist
wind while fitting snugly at the neck, wrists, and waist. Good-
quality rain suits designed for motorcycle riding resist tearing
apart or ballooning up at higher speeds.

KNOW THE MOTORCYCLE

22
EXPOSED
OR PROTECTED

CHOICES HAVE CONSEQUENCES

23
There are plenty of hazards on roadways that can cause
problems while riding a motorcycle. The motorcycle itself should
not be one of them. To ensure your motorcycle will not break
down, follow these guidelines.

• Choose a motorcycle that fits you and is easily controllable.

• Choose a motorcycle that is suited for the usual type of
riding you do—commuting, touring, off-road, etc.
• Read and familiarize yourself with your motorcycles specific
owner’s manual.
• Become familiar with your specific motorcycles controls.
• Perform a pre check of the motorcycle before each and
every ride.
• Ensure regular maintenance is performed.
• Avoid add-ons and modifications that make it harder to ride
the motorcycle.

The Right Motorcycle

Make sure the motorcycle fits and is comfortable to ride. Your

feet should reach the ground while seated and the controls
should be easy to operate. Smaller motorcycles may be easier
for beginner motorcyclists to ride.

Required Equipment

Idaho Code requires all motorcycles ridden on Idaho highways

to have the following:

• Brakes – On at least one wheel and be operated by hand or

foot.
• Fenders – Must have fenders on both wheels that extend in
full width from a point above and forward of the center of the
tire to the rear of the wheel to a point not more than 20
inches above the surface of the highway.
• Passenger Seat – Must not carry a passenger unless a

24
 permanently attached seat is provided and the motorcycle is
designed to carry more than one person.
• Headlight – A headlight sufficient to reveal a person or
vehicle not less than 100 feet ahead when traveling less than
25 mph; not less than 200 feet when traveling 25-34 mph;
and not less than 300 feet when traveling 35 mph or more.
• Helmet – Any person under the age of 18 must wear a
protective helmet while riding a motorcycle or ATV, on or off
road.
• Horn – Must have a horn that can be heard not less than
200 feet away.
• Insurance – Must have (and carry) liability insurance.
$25,000 bodily injury to or death on 1 person in 1 accident,
$50,000 bodily injury to or death of 2 or more persons in any
1 accident and $15,000 injury or destruction of property of
others in any 1 accident.
• Mirror – A mirror that provides a view of the highway for at
least 200 feet to the rear.
• Muffler – Not modified to increase the noise above that
emitted by the muffler originally installed by the
manufacturer.
• Brake Light – At least one red or amber light visible from a
minimum of 100 feet to the rear in normal sunlight and
actuated when using the brakes.
• Taillight – One red taillight visible from a minimum of
500 feet to the rear.
• Reflector – At least one rear reflector.
• Turn Signals – Two white or amber lights visible from a
minimum of 100 feet to the front and two red or amber lights
visible from a minimum of 100 feet to the rear in normal
sunlight.
• Footrests – May not carry a passenger unless it is equipped
with footrests designed exclusively for the use of a
passenger.

25
26
Becoming Familiar with the Motorcycle Controls

The rider should be completely familiar with the motorcycle be-

fore riding on the street, especially if borrowing a motorcycle.

• Read and follow the owner’s manual.

• Do all required safety checks.
• Locate where everything is, particularly the turn signals, horn,
headlight switch, fuel-supply valve, and engine cut-off switch.
Learn to operate these items without having to look for them.
• Know the gear pattern. Practice using the throttle, clutch, and
brakes before beginning your ride. All motorcycle controls
react a little differently.
• Ride very cautiously. Accelerate gently, take turns more slow-
ly, and leave extra room for stopping.

Checking the Motorcycle

A motorcycle needs more frequent maintenance than an automo-

bile. A minor technical failure in an automobile seldom leads to
anything more than an inconvenience for the driver. The same
failure on a motorcycle may result in having to leave the motorcy-
cle parked on the side of the highway, or worse, a crash. If some-
thing is wrong with the motorcycle figure it out before getting into
traffic. Complete a thorough pre check of the motorcycle before
every ride.

• Tires – Check the air pressure, general wear, and tread.

• Fluids – Oil and fluid levels. At a minimum, check the oil, hy-
draulic fluids, and coolants weekly. Look under the motorcy-
cle for signs of fluid leaks.
• Headlights and Taillight – Check them both. Test the switch
to make sure both high and low beams are working.
• Turn Signals – Turn on both right and left turn signals. Make
sure all four lights are working properly.

27
• Brake Light – Try both brake controls and make sure each
one activates the brake light.
Once you are sitting on the motorcycle, you should complete the
following checks before riding:

• Clutch and Throttle – Make sure they work smoothly. The

throttle should snap back to the idle position when it is
released. The clutch should operate smoothly without
excessive tightness or free-play.
• Mirrors – Clean and adjust all mirrors before starting. It’s
difficult and unsafe to ride one handed while trying to adjust
a mirror. Each mirror should be adjusted so that you can see
the lane behind and as much of the lane next to the
motorcycle as possible. When properly adjusted, a mirror
may show the edge of your arm or shoulder—but most
important is seeing the highway behind and to the side of the
motorcycle.

28
• Brakes – Check the front and rear brake levers one at a time
to make sure each one firmly holds the motorcycle in place
when fully applied.
• Horn – Check the horn.
• Fuel Supply Valve (if equipped*) – If the valve is closed. the
motorcycle may start due to the fuel remaining in the lines but
will stall after the lines are emptied. *Many newer models are
fuel injected and do not have a fuel supply valve. Check the
owner’s manual for equipment on your motorcycle.
Also check wheels, cables, and fasteners.

Borrowing and Lending

Whether you are borrowing or lending a motorcycles, be aware

that crashes are fairly common among beginner motorcyclists—
especially in the first months of riding. Riding an unfamiliar
motorcycle adds to the problem. If borrowing a motorcycle, get
familiar with it in a controlled area and make sure it is insured. If
lending a motorcycle to friends, make sure they are licensed and
know how to ride a motorcycle before allowing them out into
traffic.

No matter how experienced you may be, ride extra carefully on

any motorcycle that’s new or unfamiliar. More than half of all
crashes occur on motorcycles that have been ridden by the rider
for less than six months. It takes time to adjust, so a beginner
motorcyclist needs a greater margin for errors when starting to
ride.

KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES

“Accident” implies an unforeseen event that occurs without
anyone’s fault or negligence. In fact, most people involved in a
crash can usually claim some responsibility for what takes place.

Someone tries to slip through an intersection on a yellow light

that is turning red; the light turns green and the motorcycle rider
pulls into the intersection without checking for possible
latecomers. It was the other driver’s responsibility to stop and the
motorcycle rider’s responsibility to look before proceeding.

29
Even when someone else is the first to start the chain of events
leading to a crash, it does not leave either party free of their own
responsibility.

Motorcycle riders cannot ensure that all drivers will see them or
yield the right-of-way. To lessen the chances of a crash:

• Be visible – wear bright-colored clothing and/or gear that

has retro-reflective material, use the headlight (set on low
during daylight hours), and ride the motorcycle in the best
lane position to see and be seen.
• Communicate your intentions – use the proper signals,
brake light, and lane position.
• Maintain an adequate space cushion – allow extra space
when following, being followed, passing, and being passed.
• Scan – the path of travel ahead.
• Identify and separate – hazards in the path of travel.
• Be prepared to act – remain alert and know how to use
proper crash avoidance skills. There is rarely a single cause
to a crash. The ability to ride a motorcycle while remaining
alert to possible hazards, the ability to make critical
decisions, and initiate those decisions separates responsible
operators riders from the rest.
To keep from being the cause of an accident or an unwilling
participant in a crash should be one of your primary goals.

RIDER ABILITIES
30
A manual cannot teach a motorcycle rider how to control
direction, speed, or balance. That is something only learned
through practice. Rider training offers a motorcycle rider the best
success in mastering control by learning and practicing the
necessary skills in a safe environment. Control is demonstrated
by knowing your riding abilities, using them, and obeying the
rules of the road.

Consider taking a rider training course, even if you have ridden

before. Training not only includes basic control, but it also covers
mental strategies and hazard avoidance skills.

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL

Body Position

Seat – Sit forward in the saddle so that your arms are slightly
bent when holding the handgrips. This allows you to press on the
handlebars without having to stretch resulting in better steering
control.

Hands – Hold the handgrips firmly especially over rough

surfaces. Proper hand position is vital to the safe operation of
your motorcycle. Improper hand position can lead to accidentally
applying too much throttle. Also response time for hand braking
can be slowed by the need to reposition your hands. Especially if
needing to reach for the brake suddenly. Also, adjust the
handlebars so your hands are even with or below your elbows.

CORRECT NOT CORRECT

Knees – Keep your knees against the gas
31
tank to help keep the motorcycle balanced and upright.

Feet – Keep your feet firmly on the footrests to maintain balance.

Don’t drag your feet. If a foot catches on something, you can be
injured and it could affect the control of the motorcycle Keep
your feet near the controls so you can get to them quickly if
needed.

Getting Underway

Once the motorcycle is running, to smoothly start moving

forward, squeeze the clutch and shift into first gear. Use the
friction zone—the area of clutch travel where the engine’s power
begins to transmit to the rear wheel. This partial engagement
allows you to smoothly and precisely control engine power to the
rear wheel. Take your time easing out the clutch. Let the
motorcycle get underway
before fully releasing the
clutch.

Shifting Gears

There is more to shifting gears

than simply getting the motorcycle to pick up speed smoothly.
Learn to use the gears correctly when downshifting or starting on
hills. This is important for safe motorcycle riding.

The gearshift lever is located in front of the left footrest and is

operated with the left foot. To shift up to a higher gear, position
your toe under the shift lever and lift. To downshift, press the shift
lever down. The shift lever changes one gear each time it is lifted
or pressed down. Whenever the lever is released, spring loading
returns it to center where the mechanism resets for the next shift.

A typical gear pattern is 1-N-2-3-4-5. The N is for neutral, which

is selected by either a “half lift” from first gear or a “half press”
from second gear. Most motorcycles have five gears, but some
have four or six gears.
Upshifting – As the motorcycle increases speed, you will need
to shift up to a higher gear. Shift up well before the engine
32
reaches its maximum recommended RPM or redline. As a
general rule, shift up in time to avoid over-revving the engine, but
not so soon as to cause the engine to drag.

When upshifting, use a 3-step process:

1. Roll off the throttle and squeeze the clutch lever.

2. Lift the shift lever firmly as far as it will go.
3. Smoothly ease out the clutch and roll on the throttle.
Once the shift is completed, release the shift lever to permit it to
reset for the next shift.

Downshifting – You can shift down through the gears with the
clutch in as the motorcycle slows or stops. You can also

downshift for more power to accelerate.

Make certain the motorcycle is going slow enough when shifting

into a lower gear. If not, the motorcycle will lurch, and the rear
wheel may skid. When riding downhill or shifting into first gear,
you may need to use the brakes to slow enough before
downshifting safely.

33
When downshifting, use a 3-step process:

1. Roll off the throttle as you squeeze the clutch lever.

2. Press the shift lever down firmly.
3. Ease out the clutch lever as you roll on the throttle.

Once the shift is completed, release the shift lever to permit it to

reset for the next shift. When downshifting, you want to release
the clutch more slowly and smoothly to prevent jerking or
chirping the rear tire. Rolling on the throttle slightly while
smoothly easing out the clutch can help the engine come up to
speed more quickly and also make the downshift smoother.

Shifting to a lower gear causes an effect similar to using the

brakes. This is known as engine braking. To use engine
braking, shift down one gear at a time and ease out the clutch
through the friction zone between each downshift. Keep the
clutch in the friction zone until the engine speed stabilizes. Then
ease out the lever fully until ready for the next downshift. It is
best to shift gears one at a time, but it is possible to shift through
more than one gear while you keep squeezing the clutch.

Remain in first gear while stopped so that you can move the
motorcycle quickly if needed.

Work toward a smooth clutch release, especially when

downshifting. It is best to change gears before entering a turn.
However, sometimes shifting while in the turn is necessary. If
so, remember to do so smoothly. A sudden change in power to
the rear wheel can cause a skid or upset the suspension.

Braking

Improper braking technique remains a significant contributing

factor in many motorcycle crashes. Most motorcycles have two
brake controls: one for the front wheel and one for the rear
wheel. Always use both brakes every time you slow or stop. The
front brake is more powerful and can provide at least 70% of the
total stopping power. The front brake is safe to use if applied
properly. Maximum straight-line braking is accomplished by fully
applying both front and rear brakes without locking either wheel.

34
To do this:

• Squeeze the front brake smoothly, firmly, and with

increasing pressure. Do not grab the brake lever or use
abrupt pressure. As the motorcycle’s weight transfers
forward, more traction becomes available for the front wheel,
so the front brake can be applied more after braking begins.
• Keep your knees against the tank and your eyes up,
looking well ahead. This helps balance the motorcycle to for
stopping in a straight line.
• Applying less pressure to the rear brake pedal to prevent
a rear wheel skid. As weight transfers forward less traction is
available at the rear. Use less and less rear brake pressure.
Using both brakes for even “normal” stops will permit you to
develop the proper habits and skills in case of emergency.
Grabbing at the front brake or jamming down on the rear can
cause the brakes to lock, resulting in significant control
problems.

Stopping in a Curve

Any time a motorcycle is leaned over in a turn, the amount of

traction available for braking is reduced. The greater the lean
angle, the more the possibility of the tires losing traction. To stop
as quickly and as safely as possible in a curve, and depending
on road and traffic conditions, try to get the motorcycle as
perpendicular to the highway as possible, then brake. This
maneuver may take the motorcycle out of the lane.

If conditions do not allow straight line braking, brake smoothly

and gradually, and as the motorcycle straightens, gradually
increase brake pressure. As the lean angle is reduced by
straightening, more traction for braking becomes available. By
the time the motorcycle is straight up and the handlebars are
square, you can apply maximum braking pressure.

Linked and Integrated Braking Systems

35
Some motorcycles have linked braking which connects the front
and rear brakes on the motorcycle, which means the brakes are
linked together in some way. For example, when you apply the
rear brake, the system automatically applies a proportional
amount of pressure on the front brake. An integrated braking
system is a variation of the linked system in which partial front
braking is applied whenever the rear brake is activated. There
are a variety of types of braking systems, so consult your
owner’s manual for a detailed explanation on the operation and
effective use of these systems.

Anti-Lock Braking Systems (ABS)

The benefit of ABS cannot be overstated. This technology

prevents wheel lockup during straight line stops, and on some
recent models, it even works when in a lean. It is important to
know if your motorcycle is equipped with ABS and how it works
on your bike. Check the owner’s manual for information about
your motorcycle’s brake system.

To use, apply maximum pressure on both the front and rear

brake. ABS is activated when electronic sensors detect a wheel
lock-up (a skid). ABS systems are capable of releasing and
reapplying brake pressure multiple times per second.

Turning

Motorcycle riders often try to take curves or turns too fast.

When they cannot hold the turn, they end up crossing into
another lane of traffic or going off the highway. They may
overreact and brake too hard, causing a skid and loss of control.
Approach turns and curves with caution.

Use these four steps for better control:

• SLOW – to reduce speed before the turn by closing the

throttle and, if necessary, applying both brakes.

• LOOK – through the turn to where you want the motorcycle

to go. Turn just your head and eyes, not your shoulders, and
keep your eyes level with the horizon.

• ROLL – on the throttle through the turn. Maintain steady

speed or accelerate gradually. Avoid decelerating in the turn.
36
• PRESS – to turn, the motorcycle must lean. To lean the
motorcycle, press on the handgrip in the direction of the turn.
Press the left handgrip—lean left—go left. Press the right
handgrip—lean right—go right. This is known as counter-
steering. The higher the speed in a turn, the greater the lean
angle.
In normal turns, the rider In slow, tight turns, counter-
and the motorcycle should balance by leaning the

Press Lean Go

37
lean together at the same motorcycle and keeping
angle. your body straight.

KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE

One of the best protections you have is distance—a “space
cushion”—separating the motorcycle from other vehicles on the
roadway. This will provide a clear view of emerging traffic
situations, so that if someone else makes a mistake, you will
have more time to respond and more space to maneuver,
including an escape route if necessary.

Lane Positions

Successful motorcyclists know that they are safer when clearly

seen. In some ways the size of the motorcycle can work to your
advantage. Each traffic lane gives a motorcycle three areas or
paths of travel as indicated in the following illustration.

Your lane position will help to:

• enhance the ability to see and be seen.

• provide an escape route.
• provide a space cushion.
• communicate your intentions.

38
• protect your lane from other vehicle encroachments.
• avoid other drivers’ blind spots.
• avoid surface hazards.
• avoid wind blast from other vehicles.
• set up for turns.

Select the appropriate path to maximize the space cushion and

help you be more visible to others on the road. Many
motorcyclists consider the left third of the lane—the left tire track
of automobiles—to be a default lane position. However, many
do vary their lane position as conditions warrant, keeping in
mind that no portion of the lane need be avoided—including the
center.

Change positions as traffic situations change.

Unless the highway is wet, the center strip (path #2) often
permits adequate traction to ride safely. The strip in the center
portion of the lane can collect drippings from vehicles but is

39
usually narrow. You can ride to the left or right of a grease strip
and still be within the center portion of the traffic lane. Avoid
riding on big buildups of oil and grease, usually found at busy
intersections or toll booth stops.

Following Another Vehicle

Following too closely is a factor in crashes. In traffic, motorcycles

typically need the same amount of distance as vehicles to stop
safely.

Normally, a minimum of a three-seconds following distance

should be maintained behind the vehicle ahead.

To gauge the following distance:

1. Pick out a fixed marker, such as a pavement marking or lamp

post on or near the highway ahead.
2. When the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead passes the
marker, count off the seconds: “one-thousand-one, one-
thousand-two, one-thousand-three.”
3. If you reach the marker before you count to “3,” you are
following too closely.

Three seconds is the minimum room to maneuver. It is not

enough distance to stop. The greater the following distance, the
greater the margin of safety, especially when conditions are less
than ideal. Your following distance should also permit a better
view of potholes and other hazards in your path of travel.

A larger space cushion is needed at higher speeds and anytime

the motorcycle will take longer than normal to stop. If the
pavement is slippery, you have a limited sight distance, or traffic
is heavy, it is wise to allow for a greater following distance.

Keep well behind the vehicle ahead even when stopped. This will
make it easier to get out of the way if someone bears down on
you from behind. It will also give you a cushion of space if the
vehicle ahead starts to back up for some reason.

When riding in the center portion of the lane behind another

vehicle, you will appear in the middle of the driver’s rearview

40
mirror. Riding in the left third of a lane may permit a driver to see
the motorcycle in a side view mirror and helps you see the traffic
ahead. But remember that most drivers don’t look at their side
view mirrors nearly as often as they check the rearview mirror.

While the center portion of the lane may be the best place to be
seen by the driver immediately in front of you, be aware that this
position can also cause you to “hide” in traffic. Constantly scan
your surroundings and adjust your position for maximum
visibility and line-of-sight.

Continually remain aware of other vehicles and their blind spots.

Avoid traveling in these for extended periods.

Being Followed

Speeding up to lose someone following too closely often ends

up with someone tailgating at a higher speed.

41
A better way to handle tailgaters is to get them in front of the
motorcycle. When someone is following too close, change lanes
when possible and let them pass. If you cannot let them pass,
then slow down gradually and open up extra space to allow room
for both you and the tailgater to stop. If they do not pass, you will
have given you and them more time and space to react in case
an emergency does develop.

Passing & Being Passed

Passing and being passed on a motorcycle by other vehicles is

not much different than when driving a vehicle. However, visibility
is more critical. Be sure other drivers see the motorcycle, and you
can see potential hazards.

Passing

1. Ride in the left portion of the lane at a safe following distance

to increase your line of
sight and make your
motorcycle more visible.
Signal and check for
oncoming traffic. Use the
mirrors and turn your head
to the left to check for
traffic behind.
2. When safe, move into the
left lane and then
accelerate. Select a lane
position that doesn’t crowd
the vehicle being passed
and provides adequate
space to avoid hazards in
the lane of travel.
3. Ride through the blind
spot quickly.
4. Signal again, complete a
mirror and a head check before returning to the original lane,
and then cancel your turn signal.
Passing Speed Limit Exception: You may exceed the posted
speed limit by up to 15 miles per hour while passing another

42
vehicle that is traveling below the posted speed limit on a 2-lane
highway. The posted speed limit must be 55 mile per hour or
greater. Not allowed in work zones. It is never a good idea to
pass on a bridge, blind hill, or any other time your sight distance
and escape route is compromised.

Being Passed

When being passed from behind or by an oncoming vehicle,

consider using the center or right portion of the lane to avoid
being hit by:

• The other vehicle – A slight mistake by you or the passing

driver could cause a
sideswipe.
• Extended mirrors –
Some drivers forget that
their mirrors hang out
farther than their fenders.
• Objects thrown from
windows – Even if the
driver knows the
motorcycle is there, a
passenger may not see
the motorcycle and toss
something out that hits
you or lands on the
highway ahead of you.
• Blasts of wind from
larger vehicles – Wind
can affect control of the
motorcycle. You have more room for error in the middle or
right portion of your lane when hit by the blast of wind.
Riding closer to hazards could put you in a dangerous
position.

Passing Parked Vehicles

When passing parked vehicles, slow down and consider staying

toward the left portion of the lane. This can help avoid problems
caused by vehicle doors opening, drivers getting out of vehicles,

43
or people stepping from between vehicles. If oncoming traffic is
present, it is usually best to remain in the center lane position to
maximize the space cushion.

A significant danger to a
motorcyclist can occur when a
driver pulls away from the
curb without checking for
traffic behind. Even a driver
who does look may fail to see
the motorcycle. In either
event, the driver might cut into
the path of the motorcycle so
slow down or change lanes to
make room for this possibility.

Vehicles making a sudden U-

turn are extremely dangerous.
They may cut you off entirely
by blocking the whole road,
leaving no place for you to go.
Since you can’t anticipate what a driver will do, get the driver’s
attention. Sound the horn and continue with caution.

Parking

Angle the motorcycle to see

in both directions without
straining or having the
motorcycle in the lane of
travel. When possible, back
into a parking spot to permit
riding the motorcycle forward
out into traffic rather than
backing out into traffic.
Whenever possible, position
the motorcycle at an angle
with the rear wheel to the
curb. (Note: Some cities may
have ordinances that require
motorcycles to park parallel
to the curb.)

44
Lane Filtering/Sharing/Splitting

The practice of “lane filtering” or “sharing: side by side” or

“splitting” is not legal in the State of Idaho.
Lane Filtering - picking your way through slow moving or
stationary traffic such as at a stoplight.
Lane Sharing - is two riders in the same lane side by side.
Lane Splitting - is weaving between moving traffic at a higher
speed, usually on the lane dividing line.

LANE FILTERING LANE SHARING LANE SPLITTING

Motorcycles need a full lane in order to maintain a space

cushion from other vehicles. Lane sharing between other
vehicles and motorcycles takes away your space cushion and
can leave you without an escape route and vulnerable to a
crash. Riding between rows of stopped or moving vehicles
can result in a crash due to the unexpected—a hand coming out
of a window, a door opening, or a vehicle turning.

Discourage lane sharing by others by positioning yourself where

drivers might be tempted to squeeze by the motorcycle. Drivers
are most tempted to do this when:

• In heavy, bumper-to-bumper traffic.

• They want to pass.
• You are preparing to turn at an intersection.
• You are moving into an exit lane or leaving the highway.

45
Merging Vehicles

Drivers on an entrance ramp

may not see the motorcycle on
the highway. Give them plenty
of room. Change to another
lane if one is open. If there is
no room for a lane change,
adjust your speed to open up
space for the merging driver.

Vehicles Alongside

Do not ride next to vehicles

in other lanes if it can be
avoided.

The motorcycle might be in

the blind spot of a vehicle in
the next lane, which could
merge into you without
warning. Vehicles in the next
lane can also block your
escape routes. Speed up or
fall back to find a place clear
of traffic on both sides.

46
 MENTAL MOTORCYCLING
Safe motorcycle riders with experience remain aware of what is
going on around them. They improve their riding strategy by
using a mental strategy for making appropriate judgments to
avoid hazards. If you do not already have a sound mental
strategy, consider using SIPDE, a strategy taught in many
motorcycle rider training courses:

• Scan
• Identify
• Predict
• Decide
• Execute

Scan

Search aggressively ahead, behind and to the sides for potential

hazards. What you don’t detect can hurt you! Scan aggressively
to recognize problems before they become critical. Other
highway users such as other vehicles, bicyclists, pedestrians and
animals can pose hazards to motorcyclists. They may violate
your right of way, limit sight distance, crash into you, or simply be
a distraction.

Focus even more on finding potential escape routes in or around

intersections, shopping areas, school zones, and construction
zones.

Search for traffic that may turn left in front of you, traffic coming
from your left and right, and traffic approaching from behind. Be
especially alert in areas with limited visibility. Visually “busy”
surroundings could hide the motorcycle from others and put you
in a dangerous and/or life threating situation.

Identify

Locate hazards and potential conflicts. Hazards typically fall into

the following three categories:

47
• Other vehicles – may move into your path and increase the
risk of a collision.
• Pedestrians, children, and animals –can be unpredictable,
making short quick moves and depending on their size, can
create an impending hazard.
• Stationary objects – recognizing potholes, guard rails,
bridges, highway signs, hedges, tire debris, lumber, or trees
in the roadway increases your reaction time and allows for
safer maneuvering to avoid these hazards.
Predict

Consider the speed, distance, and direction of hazards to

anticipate how they may affect you and your motorcycle.
Vehicles moving into your path are more critical to your decision
making process than those moving away or remaining
stationary. Predict where a collision may occur. Continually ask
yourself the “what if...?” phrase to evaluate your riding
environment.

Predict when, where, and how to act based on types of hazards

encountered:

• A single hazard
• Multiple hazards
• Stationary hazards
• Moving hazards
Weigh consequences of each hazard separately, whether single
or multiple hazards are involved. Ask this question: “What am I
going to do and how am I going to do it?”

Decide

The next step in your mental strategy is to make decisions

based upon your predictions. Complete your “What if…?” to
assess the consequences of the choices—what is the best
action to take? How best to do it?

48
In any situation, a rider has three choices:

• Adjust speed.
• Adjust motorcycle position.
• Communicate presence.
Adjusting your speed and/or position can give you more time
and space to react. Slowing is often the best way to decrease
risk; however, there may be times when acceleration away from
the hazard may be the best option.
Communicating may work, but it is typically not your first line of
defense, because it requires the other vehicle operator to see or
hear you and then process and interpret the signal you are
giving.
Execute

Act upon your choices from the Decide step. Take the
appropriate action for the situation.

To create more space and minimize harm from hazards:

• Adjust speed by speeding

up, slowing down, or
stopping.
• Adjust your position and/
or direction—move left or
move right.
• Communicate your
presence with the horn,
brake light, high beam, or
turn signals.
In potentially high risk areas,
such as intersections,
shopping areas, school
zones, and construction
zones, cover the clutch and
both brakes to reduce the time needed to react.

Apply the old adage “one step at a time” to handle two or more
hazards. Adjust speed to permit two hazards to separate.
49
Then you can deal with them one at a time as single hazards.

Decision-making becomes more complex with three or more

hazards. Weigh the consequences of each and give equal
distance to the hazards.

INTERSECTIONS
The greatest potential for conflict between the you and other
traffic is at intersections. An intersection can be in the middle of
an urban area or at a driveway on a residential street—
anywhere traffic may cross your path of travel.

Many motorcycle vs. vehicle crashes involve a driver entering a

motorcycle rider’s right-of-way. Vehicles turning left in front of
the motorcycle—including vehicles turning left from the lane to
your right and vehicles on side streets pulling into your lane—
are critical dangers. Using SIPDE at intersections is crucial.

Blind Intersections

When approaching a blind

intersection, move to the
portion of the lane that will
bring the motorcycle into
another driver’s field of sight
at the earliest possible
moment.

In this picture, the motorcycle

rider has moved to the left
portion of the lane—away
from the parked vehicle—so
the driver on the cross street
can see the motorcycle as
soon as possible. Remember, the key is to see as much as
possible and be seen by others while protecting your lane.

Stop Signs and Signals

When approaching a stop sign or traffic signal, first come to a

stop at the stop line. If your view is blocked, edge forward then
stop again, just short of where the cross-traffic lane meets your
lane. From that position, lean forward and look around buildings,
50
parked vehicles, or bushes to see if anything is coming.
Make sure your front wheel stays out of the cross lane.

Traffic Control Signals

Due to their size, motorcycles may not always trigger traffic

control signals at an intersection. Idaho Code allows a
motorcycle rider, after coming to a complete stop, to proceed
with caution through a red light at an intersection.

However, the rider may only do so if the signal fails to operate

after waiting through one complete cycle. The rider must yield to
any traffic in or approaching the intersection.

This law does not provide a defense for violations of traffic laws
under Section 49-801, Idaho Code (“Obedience to and required
traffic control devices”). Motorcycle riders must still obey traffic
signals when the traffic control signal device can be triggered by
the size of motorcycle they are operating, or if the intersection in
question does not have a signal triggered by a vehicle detection
device.

51
 SEE AND BE SEEN
In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers often say that they never
saw the motorcycle. From ahead or behind, a motorcycle’s
profile is much smaller than a vehicle’s. Also, it’s hard to see
something a driver is not looking for, and most drivers are not
intently looking for motorcycles. More likely, they are
unintentionally looking past the motorcycle’s smaller silhouette
in search of larger vehicles that may pose a problem to them.

Even if a driver does see you, you are not necessarily safe.
Smaller vehicles appear farther away and seem to be traveling
slower than they actually are. It is common for drivers to pull out
in front of motorcyclists thinking they have plenty of time. Too
often, they are wrong.

However, riders can do many things to make it easier for drivers

to recognize and see the motorcycle and rider.

Clothing

Many on-road crashes occur in daylight. Remember, the body is

half of the visible surface area of the rider/motorcycle unit.
Black is hard to see in daytime and invisible at night. Any bright
color such as orange, red, yellow, or white is better than dark
colors. Bright colors and retro-reflective materials (on your
helmet, jacket, or vest) are the best choices for keeping you
visible to surrounding traffic both day and night.

There may be times when visibility becomes limited due to

nighttime, fog, heavy rainfall or wind in a dusty area. Remember
that if you’re having trouble seeing, so are the drivers that share
the road with you. Wear bright and retro-reflective gear to make
yourself more visible. Retro-reflective tape, piping, or a retro-
reflective vest reflects light back to the source and illuminates
the rider, providing additional visual cues to others.

This is far
more
effective than
just bright
clothing.

52
Helmets can do more than provide protection in a crash, too.
Brightly-colored helmets help others see the motorcycle and
rider. Retro-reflective material on the sides of the helmet and
clothing will help drivers coming from the side of the motorcycle
notice you.

Headlight

Another way to help others see you is to keep the headlight on

at all times. New motorcycles sold in the USA since 1978
automatically have the headlights on when running. Studies
show that, during the day, a motorcycle with its light on is more
likely to be noticed. Be sure the headlight is adjusted properly.

Signals

The turn signals on a motorcycle are similar to those on a

vehicle. They tell others what the motorcycle rider plans to do.
However, due to a rider’s added vulnerability, turn signals are
even more important. Use them anytime lane changes are
made or when turning. Use them even when no one else
seems to be around.

When entering a highway,

drivers approaching from
behind are more likely to see
the motorcycle turn signal
blinking and make room for the
motorcyclist. Turning the signal
light on before each turn
reduces confusion and
frustration for the traffic around
you. Use the turn signals at
every turn so drivers can react
accordingly. Do not make them
guess what you intend to do.

Once the turn is made, make

sure the turn signal is off.
Drivers may pull directly into your path, thinking you are
planning to turn again. Many motorcycle turn signals are not self
-canceling. Some take several seconds to turn off. Be in the
habit of canceling your signal immediately after you complete a
turn or lane change.
53
Brake Light

The motorcycle’s brake light is usually not as noticeable as a

brake light on a vehicle—particularly when the taillight is on,
which goes on with the headlight. Help others notice the
motorcycle by flashing the brake light before slowing down. It is
especially important to flash the brake light before:

• Slowing more quickly than others expect (turning off a high

speed highway).

• Slowing where others may not expect it (in the middle of a

block or at an alley).

If being followed too closely, flash the brake light before slowing
down. The tailgater may be watching the motorcycle and not see
something ahead that is causing you to slow down. This will
hopefully discourage them from tailgating and warn them of
hazards ahead they may not see.

Mirrors

While it’s most important to keep track of what’s happening

ahead, motorcycle riders cannot afford to ignore situations
behind them. Traffic conditions change quickly. Knowing what
is going on behind you can help you make a safe decision about
how to handle trouble ahead. Along with using SIPDE, frequent
mirror checks should be
part of the normal scanning
routine.

Make a special point of

using the mirrors:

• When stopped at an
intersection, watch for
vehicles coming up from
behind. If the drivers are
not paying attention, they
could be on top of you
before they see you.
• Before changing
lanes, make sure no one is

54
 about to pass you.
• Before slowing down or stopping. The driver behind you
may not expect you to slow or stop. For example, when you
signal to make a turn, the driver behind you may
miscalculate when you will slow and turn and they may not
slow down soon enough.
Most motorcycles have rounded (convex) mirrors. These
provide a wider view of the highway behind than do flat mirrors.
They also make vehicles seem farther away than they actually
are. If you are not used to convex mirrors, get familiar with
them. (While stopped, pick out a parked vehicle in the mirror.
Form a mental image of how far away it is. Then, turn around
and look at it to see how close it really is.) Practice with the
mirrors until you become a good judge of distance. Even then,
allow extra distance before changing lanes.
Head Checks

Checking the mirrors is not always enough. Motorcycles have

“blind spots” like vehicles do. Before changing lanes, merging
onto a freeway, or passing another vehicle, turn your head and
look for other vehicles. On a road with several lanes, check both
the far lane and the one next to the motorcycle. A driver a
couple of lanes over may head for the same space you plan to
take. Frequent head checks should part of your SIPDE process.
Only by knowing what is happening all around the motorcycle
are you fully prepared to deal with hazards.

Horn

Be ready to use the motorcycle horn to get someone’s attention

quickly. It is a good idea to give a quick honk before passing any
vehicle that may move into your lane. Here are some situations:

• A driver in the next lane is driving too close to the vehicle

ahead and may want to pass.
• A parked vehicle has someone in the driver’s seat.
• Someone is in the street, riding a bicycle or walking.
In an emergency, press and hold the horn. Be ready to stop or
swerve away from the danger. Keep in mind that a motorcycle’s
horn is not as loud as a vehicles horn—therefore, consider using
55
it, but do not rely on it.
Other strategies, like having time and space to maneuver, may
be appropriate along with the horn.
Riding at Night

At night it is harder to see and be seen. Noticing the motorcycle

headlight or taillight amid the vehicle lights around the
motorcycle is not easy for other drivers. To compensate for this:

• Reduce Speed – Ride even slower than during the

daytime—particularly on roads you do not know well. This
will increase the chances of avoiding hazards because a
headlight does not allow the you to see as far ahead as in
daylight.
• Increase Distance – Distances are harder to judge at night
than during the day. Our eyes rely upon shadows and light
contrasts to determine how far away an object is and how
fast it is coming. These contrasts may be missing or
distorted under artificial lights at night. Increase to a four-
second following distance or more and allow more distance
to pass and be passed.
• Use the vehicle ahead – The headlights of the vehicle the
ahead of you may give you a better view of the highway than
even the high beam can. Headlights and/or taillights
bouncing up and down can alert you to bumps or rough
pavement ahead.
• Use the high beam – You need to get all the light you can.
Use the high beam when not following or approaching a
vehicle. Be visible. Wear retro-reflective materials.
• Be flexible about lane position – Change to whatever
portion of the lane is best for seeing and being seen and
maintain an adequate space cushion.

CRASH AVOIDANCE
No matter how careful a motorcycle rider is, there will be times
when they may find themselves in a dangerous situation. The
chances of getting out safely depend on their ability to react
quickly and properly.

56
Often, a crash occurs because a motorcycle rider is not
scanning far enough ahead, is not prepared or not skilled in
obstacle-avoidance maneuvers.

Two skills critical in helping to avoid a crash is understanding

when and how to stop or swerve. It is not always desirable or
possible to stop quickly to avoid an obstacle. Motorcycle riders
must also be able to swerve around an obstacle. Determining
which skill is needed for the situation is important as well.

Studies show that most motorcycle riders in crashes:

• Under-brake the front tire and over-brake the rear.

• Did not separate braking from swerving, or did not choose to
swerve when it was the most appropriate course of action.

Quick Stops

A quick stop is achieved by fully applying both front and rear

brakes without locking either wheel. Do not grab the front brake;
rather, squeeze the brake lever firmly with increasing pressure.
At the same time, press down on the rear brake pedal.

57
Front-Wheel Skids

A front wheel skid is caused by over-applying the front brake.

Front-wheel skids result in immediate loss of steering control
and balance. If the front wheel locks, release the front brake
immediately and completely. Reapply the brake smoothly and
properly. Failure to fully release the brake lever immediately can
result in a crash. ABS is designed to prevent front-wheel skids.

Rear-Wheel Skids

A skidding rear tire is a dangerous condition that can result in a

violent crash and serious injury or death. Too much rear brake
pressure can cause rear-wheel lockup. As soon as the rear
wheel locks, the ability to change direction is lost. To regain
control, the brake must be released immediately and completely.
Reapply the brake smoothly and properly with light-to-lighter
pressure.

If the rear wheel is out of alignment with the front, there is a risk
of a high-side crash. This occurs when the wheels are out of
alignment as a locked rear wheel is released.

The motorcycle can abruptly snap upright and tumble, throwing

a rider into the air. Even a slight misalignment can result in a
high-side crash. The farther out of alignment the rear wheel
becomes, the greater the risk of a high side crash. That’s why it
is important to release immediately—before the wheels get out
of alignment. ABS is designed to prevent skids.

Swerving or Turning Quickly

Sometimes there is not enough room to stop, even when using

both brakes properly. The vehicle ahead might squeal to a stop
or an object might appear suddenly in your path. The only way
to avoid a crash may be to turn quickly or to swerve.

A swerve is a rapid change in direction and is executed by two

consecutive counter steers (essentially two quick turns). To
initiate a swerve, apply a enough forward pressure on the
handgrip in the intended direction of escape to effectively
change directions. This will cause the motorcycle to lean quickly.
Keep your body upright while allowing the motorcycle to lean
beneath you. Keep your knees against the tank and your feet
58
solidly on the footrests.

Make the escape route the target of your vision. Once clear of
the obstacle, press on the opposite handgrip to return to the
original direction of travel. To swerve to the left, press the left
handgrip, then when clear of the obstacle, press the right
handgrip to straighten. To swerve to the right, press right, then
left.

Change lanes only if there is enough time to make sure there

are no vehicles in the other lane. The motorcycle may be able
to squeeze by most obstacles without leaving your lane.

IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED, BRAKE BEFORE OR AFTER

SWERVING—DO NOT BRAKE WHILE SWERVING.

59
Cornering & Curves

A primary cause of motorcycle crashes is when the motorcycle

rider takes a curve or turn too wide and collides with the
highway or a fixed object.

60
In fact, in Idaho, over 40% of fatal motorcycle crashes are single
vehicle accidents where a rider failed to negotiate a turn.

You should always ride within your own skill level and within the
posted speed limits. Every curve is different and requires your
full attention. Be alert to whether a curve remains constant,
gradually widens, gets tighter, or involves multiple turns.
Keeping your eyes up, looking all the way through the turn will
help guide you through turns.

Keep in mind the best path may not always follow the curve of
the road.

Change lane positions depending on traffic, highway conditions,

and curve of the road. One recommendation is to start toward
the outside of a curve to increase your line of sight then move
toward the inside of the curve as you pass the apex of the turn.
As you exit the turn, move toward the outside of the curve. This
strategy makes the turn less sharp, increases ground clearance,
and helps set you up for the next turn.

An alternative path is to move to the center lane position before

entering a curve and remain until exiting. While this path
maximizes your space cushion, it does not provide the best line
of sight and can make the turn more sharp.

Always use SIPDE to adjust your line for traffic “crowding” the
center line, debris blocking part of your lane, or other hazards.
Also, use extra caution when braking in turns. If you apply the
brakes too hard, the motorcycle may straighten upright causing
you to run out of your lane.

HAZARDOUS RIDING CONDITIONS

Chances of being involved in a crash may increase when riding
across or in:

• Obstacles on the highway

• Slippery and loose surfaces
• Railroad tracks and grates
• Wind and other conditions

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Obstacles on the Highway

Watch for uneven surfaces such as speed bumps, broken

pavement, potholes, rocks, or pieces of highway debris. Try to
avoid obstacles by going around them. If conditions do not
permit going around an obstacle, first determine if it is possible
to go across. Try to approach the hazard at as close to a 90°
angle as possible. Look at the intended path of travel to remain
in control. If riding over the obstacle, you should:

• Slow down as much as possible before contact.

• Make sure the motorcycle is straight.
• Rise slightly off the seat with your weight on the footrests to
absorb the shock with your knees. Rising off the seat will
reduce the chances of being thrown off the motorcycle.
However, controlling the throttle can be somewhat tricky
from this position. Practice this in an area such as an empty
parking lot away from traffic.
• Just before contact, roll on the throttle slightly to lighten the
front end. If you suspect possible damage as a result of
riding over an object, pull off the highway and check the tires
and rims for damage before riding any farther.

62
Slippery & Loose Surfaces

Motorcycles handle better when ridden on surfaces with good

traction.

Surfaces that provide poor traction include:

• Wet or Snow Covered Pavement – When it starts to rain,

before surface oil washes to the side of the highway, the
center portion of a lane is usually the most slippery. Rain
dries and snow melts faster on some sections of highways
than on others. Patches of ice tend to crop up in low or
shaded areas and on bridges and overpasses. Wet
surfaces, leaves, or mud may be just as slippery. Ride on
the least slippery portion of the lane with reduced speed.
Cautious riders steer clear of highways covered with ice or
snow. If unable to avoid a slippery surface, keep the
motorcycle straight up and proceed slowly and smoothly.
• Dirt, Sand, or Gravel Highways – Dirt, sand, and gravel
are most likely to collect at the sides of paved roads or in the
middle of intersections. However, some roads may be
completely covered with dirt or gravel due to construction.
• Oil or Fresh Tar – Avoid if possible. When riding across
tar snakes (patches where tar has been used to seal cracks
in the road), the traction can suddenly change and the tires
could slip, especially on a hot day. Go slow and avoid any
sudden movements. When stopping or parking on fresh oil
or tar, make sure your side stand is secure before getting off
the motorcycle since it may be slippery. It’s also a good idea
to place a hard object under your side stand so it does not
sink in the fresh asphalt.
• Lane Additions – Steel plates and manhole covers may be
especially slippery when wet and/or cold.
To ride safely on slippery or loose surfaces:

• Reduce Speed – Before getting to a slippery or loose

surface, slow down to lessen the chances of sliding or laying
the motorcycle down. The motorcycle needs more distance
to stop than other vehicles.
• Avoid Sudden Moves – Any sudden change in speed or
63
 direction can cause a skid. Be as smooth as possible with
the throttle and when shifting gears, turning, or braking.
• Use Both Brakes – The front brake is still effective, even on
a slippery or loose surface. Squeeze the brake lever
gradually to avoid locking the front wheel. Remember, gentle
pressure on the rear brake.
• Reduce Lean Angles – Keep your motorcycle as upright as
possible when riding across slippery surfaces.
• The Center of a Lane – May be hazardous when wet. When
raining, consider riding in the tire tracks left by vehicles.
When encountering a large surface that is so slippery that
coasting or traveling at a walking pace is required, squeeze in
the clutch and coast across without any sudden inputs. Keep the
motorcycle as vertical as possible and avoid braking if at all
possible. Attempting this maneuver at anything other than the
slowest of speeds can be hazardous.

Rippled & Uneven Pavement Edges

Scan the pavement and pick the smoothest line. Cross slowly
and carefully. Be aware of the differences in height between
lanes that have been repaved and those waiting to be paved.
Crossing into the higher lane at high speeds and a narrow angle
could cause you to loose control.

Wind

Strong, steady winds and irregular wind gusts can affect the
motorcycle and rider. This can occur anywhere and most often
happens in open areas or mountainous terrain. Wind turbulence
also occurs when sharing the highway with large vehicles (i.e.
trucks, buses).

To respond to steady winds:

• Lean into the wind, apply forward pressure on the handgrip.

• Find a safe place to park until conditions improve if the wind
becomes too dangerous to continue.

64
To respond to wind gusts or windblasts:

• Move away from other vehicles as they approach or pass.

• Maximize the space cushion around the motorcycle.

Crowned Pavement

A highway surface that is higher in the middle than at the sides

is a crowned highway. Be aware that to the left, the ground
clearance is reduced and the lean angle available will be less
than on a flat highway.

Animals

Riding the motorcycle as alert and safely as possible by using

SIPDE or another mental strategy will be a great asset to avoid
hitting an animal. When in traffic, however, remain in your lane.
Hitting something small is less
dangerous than hitting
something big— like a vehicle.
It is best to accept that you
may not be able to avoid a
small animal in your path
without increasing your risk.
Motorcycles seem to attract
dogs. If being chased, shift
down and approach the
animal slowly. As you get
closer to the point of
intersection with the dog,
accelerate and swerve out of
its reach. Do not kick at any
animal. You need to keep
your balance and maintain
control of the motorcycle.

For larger animals (deer, elk,

cattle), brake and prepare to
stop. They tend to be
unpredictable. Be aware that they are herd animals—if you see
one, expect to see more.

65
Flying Objects

From time to time motorcycle riders are struck by insects,

cigarettes thrown from vehicles, or rocks thrown by the tires of
the vehicle ahead. When wearing face protection, it might get
smeared or cracked, making it difficult to see. Without face
protection, an object could hit you in the eye, face, or mouth.
Whatever happens, try to keep your eyes on the highway and
your hands on the handlebars. When safe, pull off the highway
and replace your damaged visor or eye protection if possible.

Railroad or Trolley Tracks

Cross Tracks
Usually it is safer to ride straight within your lane to cross tracks.
For tracks that cross your path at an angle, turning to take them
head-on (at a 90° degree angle) can be more dangerous and
may carry you into another lane of traffic.

Parallel Tracks
Move far enough away from tracks, ruts, or pavement seams
that run parallel to your path in order to cross at an angle of 45°
degrees. Then make a deliberate turn. Edging across could
catch the tires and throw you off balance.

66
Grooves and Bridge Gratings
Riding over rain grooves or bridge gratings may cause the
motorcycle to weave or wander. Though disconcerting, the
wandering feeling is generally not hazardous. Maintain a steady
speed and ride straight across. Avoid any sudden inputs or
excessive lean angles.

MECHANICAL PROBLEMS
Something going wrong with the motorcycle may put you
immediately into an emergency situation. In dealing with any
mechanical problem, take into account the highway and traffic
conditions. The following sections include some guidelines that
can help assist in handling mechanical problems safely.

Tire Failure

Seldom will a you hear a tire going flat. When the motorcycle
starts handling differently, it may be a tire failure—this can be
dangerous. When one of the tires loses air, react quickly to keep
the motorcycle balanced and upright. Pull off and check the
tires. If the front tire goes flat, the steering will feel “heavy.” A flat
front-wheel is particularly hazardous because it affects your
ability to steer the motorcycle and keep it upright.

If the rear tire goes flat, the back of the motorcycle may feel
sluggish and may sway or wobble from side to side.

If either tire goes flat while riding:

• Hold the handle grips firmly, squeeze in the clutch to coast,

and keep a straight course.

67
• When braking, gradually apply the brake of the tire that is not
flat.
• When the motorcycle slows, edge to the side of the highway
and stop.

Stuck Throttle

If your throttle becomes stuck while riding, immediately use the

engine cut-off switch and pull in the clutch at the same time.
This will remove power from the rear wheel. Once you have the
motorcycle “under control,” pull off and stop. Check the throttle
cable carefully to find the source of the trouble. Make certain the
throttle works freely before starting to ride again.

Wobble

A “wobble” typically occurs when the front wheel and handlebars

on the motorcycle suddenly start to shake from side to side at
any speed. Most wobbles can be traced to improper loading,
unsuitable accessories, incorrect tire pressure, or misaligned
tires and/or chain drive.

If carrying a heavy load, center the weight lower and farther

forward on the motorcycle. Make sure tire pressure, spring pre-
load, air shocks, and dampers are at the settings recommended
for that weight. Do not exceed the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
(GVWR) for your motorcycle. GVWR includes the weight of the
motorcycle, the rider, any cargo, and any passenger.

If loading is not the cause of the wobble, make sure windshields

and fairings are mounted properly. Check for poorly adjusted
steering, worn steering parts, a front wheel rim that may be bent,
misaligned or out of balance, loose wheel bearings or spokes,
and swing arm bearings. If none of these are determined to be
the cause, have the motorcycle checked out thoroughly by a
qualified professional. Trying to “accelerate out of a wobble”
may only make the motorcycle more unstable.

Instead:

• Hold the handle grips firmly, but do not fight the wobble.
• Squeeze in the clutch and gradually slow the motorcycle.
68
• Do not apply the brakes; braking could make the wobble
worse.
• Move as far forward in the saddle as physically possible.
• Pull off the highway as soon as possible to fix the problem.

Drive Train Problems

The drive train for a motorcycle uses either a chain, belt, or drive
shaft to transfer power from the engine to the rear wheel.
Routine inspection, adjustments, and maintenance make a drive
train failure a rare occurrence. A chain or belt that slips or
breaks while riding the motorcycle could lock the rear wheel and
cause the motorcycle to skid. If the chain or belt breaks, you will
notice an instant loss of power to the rear wheel. Close the
throttle and brake to a stop in a safe area.

On those motorcycle models with a drive shaft, loss of oil in the

rear differential can cause the rear wheel to lock, and you may
not be able to prevent the motorcycle from skidding.

Engine Seizure

If the engine “locks” or “freezes,” it is usually low on oil. The

engine’s moving parts cannot move smoothly against each
other, and the engine overheats. The first sign may be a loss of
engine power or a change in the engine’s sound. Squeeze the
clutch lever to disengage the engine from the rear wheel. Pull off
the highway and stop. Check the oil. When needed, oil should
be added as soon as possible or the engine may seize. When
this happens, the effect is the same as a locked rear wheel. You
could ruin the engine by restarting.

There is no substitute for frequent routine and

preventative motorcycle maintenance.

GETTING OFF THE HIGHWAY

When needing to leave the highway to check the motorcycle (or
just to rest) be sure to:

• Check the roadside – Make sure the surface of the

69
 roadside is firm enough to support the weight of the
motorcycle. If it is soft grass, sand, or if unable to quickly
determine what type of surface it is, slow down considerably
before turning onto it.
• Signal – Drivers behind the motorcycle may not expect you
to slow down. You should give clear signals that you will be
slowing down and changing directions by tapping your
brakes to flash your brake lights in advance of slowing.
Before taking action check the mirror and make a head
check.
• Pull off the highway – Get the motorcycle as far off the
road as possible. It can be extremely hard to spot a
motorcycle parked on the side of the road.
• Park carefully – Loose and sloped shoulders may make it
hard to safely set the side or center stand on the motorcycle.

CARRYING PASSENGERS AND CARGO

Only experienced motorcycle riders should carry passengers or
large loads. The extra weight changes the way the motorcycle
handles, balances, turns, speeds up, and slows down. Before
traveling with a passenger or heavy load upon the highway,
practice away from traffic in a controlled, safe area.

If you can, adjust the motorcycle suspension to handle the

additional weight. (Check motorcycle owner’s manual.) Consider
adding a few pounds of pressure to the tires if carrying a
passenger. With both you and the passenger sitting on the seat,
adjust the mirrors according to the change in the motorcycle’s
angle to ensure your vision to the rear is not obstructed.

Required Equipment

To carry passengers safely:

• Equip and adjust your motorcycle to carry passengers.

• Instruct your passenger before you start.

• Adjust your riding technique for the added weight.

70
• Have passengers wear the same type of protective gear
recommended for motorcycle riders.

The following equipment is required by Idaho law:

• A proper seat – large enough to hold both the rider and

passenger without crowding, or a separate, permanently
attached passenger seat. Do not sit any farther forward than
usual.
• Footrests – for the passenger. A firm footing prevents the
passenger from falling off and pulling the rider off as well.
The passenger must be able to reach the footrests and
should keep their feet on the pegs even when stopped.
• A helmet – any person under the age of eighteen (18) must
wear a DOT compliant helmet while operating or riding on a
motorcycle.

Children should be placed immediately behind the motorcycle

rider. Carrying a child passenger on a motorcycle in front of you
is not legal in Idaho. With a child sitting in front of you, you will
not be able to properly balance yourself and may interfere with
control of the motorcycle.

Instructing Passengers

Even if the passenger is a motorcycle rider, provide complete

instructions before starting to ride. As the passenger mounts,
keep both of your feet on the ground and the front brake
applied.

Tell your passenger to:

• Sit as far forward as possible without crowding you.

• Hold firmly to your waist, hips, or belt.
• Keep both feet on the pegs, even when stopped.
• Keep legs away from the muffler, chains and moving parts.
• Stay directly behind you, leaning as you lean.

71
• Avoid unnecessary talk or motion.

Also, tell the passenger to tighten their hold as you are about to
start from a stop and as you approach surface problems.

Whenever possible, warn your passenger that you are going to

make a sudden move.

Riding with Passengers

The motorcycle will respond more slowly with a passenger on

board. The heavier the passenger, the longer it may take to slow
down, speed up, or turn—especially on a lighter motorcycle.

• Ride a little cautiously, especially when taking curves,

corners, or bumps.
• Start slowing earlier when approaching a stop.
• Maintain a larger space cushion ahead and to the sides.
• Wait for larger gaps in traffic to cross, enter, or merge onto
the roadway.

Warn passengers of special conditions—when pulling out,

stopping quickly, turning sharply, or riding over a bump.

Carrying Loads

Most motorcycles are not designed to carry much cargo. Small

loads can be carried safely if positioned and fastened properly.

• Keep the load low – Fasten loads securely, or put them in

saddle bags. Piling loads against a sissy bar or frame on the
back of the seat may raise the motorcycle’s center of gravity
and upset its balance.
• Keep the load forward – Place the load over, or in front of,
the rear axle. Tank bags keep loads forward, but use caution
when loading hard or sharp objects. Make sure a tank bag
does not interfere with the handlebars or controls. Mounting
loads behind the rear axle can affect how the motorcycle
turns and brakes. It can also cause a wobble.

72
• Distribute the load evenly – Load each saddlebag with
about the same amount of weight. An uneven load can
cause the motorcycle to drift to one side.
• Secure the load – Fasten the load securely with elastic
cords (multiple bungee cords or nets). A secured load will
not catch in the wheel or chain. Rope tends to stretch and
knots come loose, permitting the load to shift or fall, which
could cause the motorcycle to lock up and skid.
• Check the load – Stop and check the load often to make
sure it has not worked loose or moved. Whatever passenger
and/or cargo you carry, do not exceed the gross vehicle
weight rating of the motorcycle and make adjustments to the
motorcycle to compensate for the added weight.

GROUP RIDING
When riding with other motorcycle riders, do it in a way that
promotes safety and does not interfere with the flow of traffic.

Keeping the Group Small

Small groups of motorcycle riders make it easier and safer for

vehicles that need to get around the group of motorcycles. A
small number isn’t separated as easily by traffic or red lights.

The other motorcycle riders in the group won’t always be

hurrying to catch up. When the group is larger than four or five
riders, divide it up into two or more smaller groups.

Keeping the Group Together

• Plan –The leader of the motorcycle rider group should look

ahead for changes and signal early so “the word gets back”
to the other riders in plenty of time. Start lane changes early
to allow all the riders to complete the lane change.
• Put beginners up front – Place inexperienced motorcycle
riders just behind the lead motorcycle rider. That way, the
less experienced riders are not exceeding their comfort and
skill levels by trying to keep up with the more experienced
riders in the group.

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• Follow those behind – Let the motorcycle rider on the tail
end set the pace. Use the mirrors to keep an eye on the
person behind. If one rider falls behind, all riders should slow
down a little to stay with the tail ender.
• Know the route – Make sure all riders know the route.
When a rider gets separated, they won’t have to hurry to
keep from getting lost or taking a wrong turn.

Keeping Adequate Distance Between Motorcycles

Many motorcycle riding groups like to keep close ranks, but it is

important to keep a safe distance to allow each rider in the
group time and space to react to hazards. A close group takes
up less space on the highway, is easier to see, and is less likely
to be separated. However, it must be done properly.

• Do not pair up – Never ride directly alongside another rider.

There is no place to go to avoid a vehicle or a hazard on the
road. To talk to another motorcycle rider, wait until you are
both stopped.
• Staggered formation – This is the best way to keep ranks
close yet maintain an adequate space cushion.
The lead motorcycle rider is in
the left side of the lane, while
the second motorcycle rider
stays 1 1/2 to 2 seconds
behind in the right side of the
lane. A third motorcycle rider
stays in the left position, 3 to 4
seconds behind the first
motorcycle rider. The fourth
motorcycle rider would keep a
3- to 4-second distance behind
the second motorcycle rider.

Staggered formation keeps the

group close and discourages
traffic from breaking into the
formation while still giving each
rider a safe space cushion and
an escape route.

74
• Passing in formation – When the group wants to pass slow
traffic on a freeway or interstate, the group may pass as a
unit. On a two-lane highway, motorcycle riders in a
staggered formation should pass one at a time.

First, the lead rider should pull out and pass when it is safe.
After passing, the lead rider should return to the left position and
continue riding at passing speed to open room for the next rider.
After the lead rider passes safely, the second rider should move
up to the left position and watch for a safe chance to pass. This
rider should return to the right position and open up room for the
next rider.

Some people suggest that the lead motorcycle rider should

move to the right side after passing a vehicle. This is not a good
idea. It encourages the second motorcycle rider to pass and cut
back in before there is a large enough space cushion in front of
the passed vehicle.

It’s simpler and safer to wait until there is enough room ahead of
the passed vehicle to allow each rider to move into the same
position held before the pass.

• Single-file formation – It is best to move into a single-file

formation when riding motorcycles on curvy roads, when
turning, and when entering or leaving a freeway or highway.

75
RIDER RISKS & RESPONSIBILITIES
Riding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled
motorcycle riders pay attention to the riding environment and to
operating the motorcycle, identifying potential hazards,
exercising good judgment, and executing decisions quickly and
skillfully.

The ability to perform and respond to changing highway and

traffic conditions is influenced by how fit and alert the motorcycle
rider is. Alcohol and other drugs, more than any other factor,
degrade the ability to think clearly and to ride safely. As little as
one drink can have a significant effect on riding performance.
Let’s look at the risks involved in riding a motorcycle after
drinking or using drugs and what you can do to protect yourself
and fellow riders.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION
Alcohol is a major contributor to motorcycle crashes, particularly
fatal crashes. National studies show that over one-third of all
riders killed in motorcycle crashes had been drinking, and only
one-third of those riders had a blood alcohol concentration
(BAC) above legal limits. The other riders were under the legal
limits but riding skills were still impaired. In the past, drug levels
have been harder to distinguish or have not been separated
from drinking violations. Riding a motorcycle “under the
influence” of either alcohol or drugs poses physical and legal
hazards for every motorcycle rider.

Alcohol and drug use occurs among other drivers; however,

motorcyclists are more likely to be killed or severely injured in a
crash. Injuries occur in 90% of motorcycle crashes and 33% of
automobile crashes that involve abuse of substances. On a
yearly basis, 2,000 motorcyclists are killed and about 50,000
seriously injured in this same type of crash.

Alcohol & Drugs While Riding

No one is immune to the effects of alcohol and drugs. Friends

may brag about their ability to hold their liquor or perform better
on drugs. However, alcohol and drugs makes people less able
to think clearly and perform physical tasks skillfully.

76
Judgment and the decision-making processes needed for riding
a motorcycle are affected long before legal limits are reached.
Many over-the-counter, prescription, and illegal drugs have side
effects that increase the risk of riding a motorcycle safely. It is
difficult to accurately measure the use of particular drugs in
motorcycle crashes. We know what effects various drugs have
on riding skills and that the combined effects of alcohol and
drugs when taken together are way more dangerous.

Alcohol in the Body

Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly. Unlike foods and

beverages, it does not need to be digested. Within minutes of
consumption, it reaches the brain and begins to affect the
drinker. Alcohol slows down and impairs bodily functions (both
mental and physical), which adversely affects coordination,
balance, the ability to think clearly and make sound judgments.

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is the amount of alcohol in

relation to blood in the body. Generally, alcohol can be
eliminated in the body at the rate of almost one drink per hour.
However, a variety of other factors may also influence the level
of alcohol retained. The more alcohol there is in the blood, the
greater the impairment.

Three factors play a major part in determining BAC:

• Amount of alcohol consumed.

• Rate of consumption.
• Body weight.

Other factors contribute to the way alcohol affects the system

and may cause the BAC level to be even higher, such as
gender, physical condition, and the amount of food.

The full effects of these are not completely known. Alcohol may
still accumulate in your body even if you are drinking at a
rate of one drink per hour. Abilities and judgment can be
affected by that one drink.
77
A 12-ounce bottle of beer, 8-ounce bottle of malt liquor, 5-ounce
glass of wine, and a 1 ½ ounce of distilled spirits or liquor all
contain the same amount of alcohol*. The faster they are
consumed, the more alcohol accumulates in the body. At the
end of one hour, drinking at a rate of two drinks per hours, at
least one drink will remain in your bloodstream. Without taking
into account any other factors, these examples illustrate why

time is a critical factor when a motorcycle rider decides to drink.

*Alcohol by Volume (ABV) varies in beer, wine, and spirits;
therefore this may not hold true for all comparisons.

A person who drinks:

• Seven drinks over the span of three hours would have at

least four (7-3 = 4) drinks remaining in their system at the
end of the three hours. They would need at least another
four hours to eliminate the remaining drinks before riding.
• Four drinks over the span of two hours would have at least
two (4-2 = 2) drinks remaining in their system at the end of
the two hours. They would need at least another two hours
to eliminate the two remaining drinks before they consider
riding.
There are times when a larger person may not accumulate as
high a concentration of alcohol for each drink consumed
because they have more blood and other bodily fluids. Because
of individual differences, it is better not to take the chance that
abilities and judgment have not been affected. Whether or not
they are legally intoxicated is not the real issue. Impairment of
judgment and riding skills begins well below the legal limit.

78
Alcohol and Idaho Law

It is considered to be driving under the influence (DUI) if the

driver’s BAC is:

• .02 or more and the driver is under 21 years of age.

• .04 or more and the driver is operating a commercial motor
vehicle (CMV).
• .08 or more and the driver is 21 years of age or older.

An alcohol concentration of .20 or more carries even stiffer

penalties. Even if your BAC is less than .08, you may still be
convicted of a DUI.

Penalties When Completing & Failing a Breath Test

Idaho law now imposes stiffer penalties on DUI offenses than in

the past. Most penalties are mandatory and imposed by the
court.

When convicted in Idaho and over 21:

• For a first conviction – Up to six (6) months in jail; up to a

$1,000 fine; mandatory driver’s license suspension of at
least ninety (90) days and up to 180 days with no driving
privileges for the first thirty (30) days. After the thirty (30) day
court suspension, a request may be made to the court for
restricted driving privileges (RDP) if determined necessary.
(CMV does not qualify for RDP). Ignition interlock device is
required after suspension ends.
• For a second conviction within 10 years – Mandatory jail
time of ten (10) days and maximum jail sentence of one (1)
year; up to a $2,000 fine; mandatory driver’s license
suspension of one (1) year after release of confinement.
Ignition interlock device required after one (1) year
mandatory suspension.
• For three or more convictions within 10 years –
Sentenced to the State Board of Corrections not to exceed
ten (10) years; up to a $5,000 fine; mandatory driver’s

79
 license suspension for one (1) year after release from
confinement, and up to an additional four (4) years may be
added to the suspension. Ignition interlock device is required
after one (1) year mandatory suspension. This conviction is
a felony.

Refer to Idaho Code 49-18-8004A for penalties for

conviction under 21 and Idaho Code 49-18-8004C for
penalties for conviction of excessive DUI.

Alcohol Test Refusal

Implied Consent – Any person who drives or is in physical

control of a motor vehicle has given their consent to take a BAC
or drug test if pulled over. If enforcement personnel suspects a
vehicle operator is driving under the influence, they may
request a breath test. Refusal of the breath test leaves the
driver’s license subject to suspension (under the provisions of
Section 18-8002 of Idaho Code).

Upon refusal of a requested breath test, enforcement personnel

will issue a Notice of Suspension. If the court upholds the
officer’s findings, the license will be suspended for one year with
absolutely no driving privileges of any kind, if it is a first offense.
A second refusal within 10 years results in a two-year absolute
suspension and is in addition to any penalty from the court for a
DUI conviction.

Administrative License Suspensions

Failure of an evidentiary test with a BAC over the legal limit

following an arrest for operating a motor vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol or other intoxicating substances will result in
being served with a Notice of Suspension. This Notice of
Suspension is an ITD-imposed Administrative License
Suspension (ALS) issued in accordance with Section 18-8002A,
Idaho Code. The driver has the right to request an administrative
hearing for an ALS with an ITD-designated hearing officer.

The ALS penalty is a civil penalty and is separate and apart from
any criminal penalties imposed by the court system. If they
receive an ALS, they must comply with the ALS requirements
and appear in court on the appointed date regarding the criminal

80
DUI charges brought against them. Their Notice of
Suspension becomes effective thirty (30) days after the date of
service (date notice received). For a first failure, driving
privileges are suspended for a period of ninety (90) days with
absolutely no driving privileges during the first thirty (30) days of
that ninety (90) day suspension. Driving privileges are
suspended for one (1) year with absolutely no driving privileges
of any kind for a second failure of the test within five (5) years.

Minimize the Risks

Judgment is affected first and may give a motorcycle rider a

false sense of confidence in their riding abilities. The rider may
think they can ride well (or even better than when sober), but in
reality, their skills are impaired. The rider may be riding more
confidently but is taking greater risks. The best way to minimize
risk is to separate drinking and riding.

Make an Intelligent Choice

• Do not drink – Setting a limit or pacing are poor alternatives

at best. The ability to exercise good judgment is the first
thing affected by alcohol. Even if drinking in moderation, a
rider may not realize to what extent their motorcycle riding
skills have suffered from alcohol’s effects.
• Do not ride – Plan ahead and leave the motorcycle at
home. Have a designated driver or plan to ride share.
• Leave the motorcycle – Secure your motorcycle and get a
ride home.
• Wait – Sit it out per the recommended guidelines until the
alcohol and its effects exit the body.

Step In & Protect Fellow Riders

Motorcycle riders who have had too much to drink are often
unable to make responsible decisions on their own. It is up to
others to step in and keep them getting on a motorcycle. No one
wants to do this—it can be uncomfortable and thankless, but the
alternatives are often way worse.

There are several ways to keep motorcycle riders from hurting

81
themselves:
• Arrange a safe ride – Provide alternative ways for the rider
to get home safely.
• Slow the drinking – Stop serving if you are the host and
involve them in other activities.
• Keep motorcycle riders there – Use any excuse to keep a
rider from getting on their motorcycle. Serve them food and
coffee to pass the time. Take the key to the motorcycle if
possible.
• Get other riders involved – It helps to enlist support from
other motorcycle riders when deciding to step in. The more
riders that step in, the easier it is to be firm and the harder it
is for the impaired rider to resist. While you and the other
riders may not be thanked at the time, you will never have to
say, “If only I had...”
Fatigue

Riding a motorcycle is more fatiguing than driving a vehicle.

Avoid riding a motorcycle when you are tired. Fatigue can
significantly affect your control of the motorcycle.

• Protection from the elements – Wind, cold, and rain make

a motorcycle rider tire quickly. Dress warmly. A windshield
is worth its cost, especially when planning to riding long
distances.
• Limit the riding distance – Experienced motorcycle riders
know their limits for time in the seat and do not push
themselves or others past those limits.
• Take frequent rest breaks – Stop and get off the
motorcycle at least every two (2) hours to stretch and
hydrate.
• Do not drink or use drugs – Artificial stimulants often
result in extreme fatigue or depression when they start to
wear off, making it very difficult to concentrate on the task of
safely riding the motorcycle.

82
 TWO-WHEEL
MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST
Basic motorcycle control and obstacle-avoidance skills are
included in the skills test to determine the motorcycle rider’s ability
to handle normal and hazardous traffic situations. At a minimum,
the motorcycle rider may be tested for the ability to:

• Demonstrate slow speed control.

• Accelerate, brake, and turn safely.
• Stop, turn, and swerve quickly.
• Adjust motorcycle speed and position.

Skills test examiners may score on factors related to safety

such as:

• Selecting safe speeds to perform the skills.

• Choosing the correct path and staying within boundaries.
• Completing normal and quick stops.
• Completing various turns and swerves.

Points will be deducted when the engine is stalled while

attempting any of the skills. You will be graded on the ability to
control the motorcycle, turn, stop quickly and ride the motorcycle
in a straight line. The skills test examiner will also watch the your
posture and overall operation and attention. You may stop the
skills test at any time. Do not attempt a skills test if not ready or
comfortable doing it.

The following are some of the skills that are required to be

demonstrated during the two-wheel motorcycle skills test:

83
84
85
86
87
 THREE-WHEEL
MOTORCYCLE SUPPLEMENT
Requirements for licensing three-wheel motorcycles vary by
state. In Idaho, a standard motorcycle (M) endorsement or a
three-wheel restricted endorsement on a driver’s license is
required to ride a three-wheeled motorcycle on the highway. To
obtain a three-wheel restricted endorsement, the applicant must
pass the knowledge test for the motorcycle (M) endorsement
and a skills test that has been modified to accommodate three-
wheeled vehicles.

This information is provided in addition to that offered in the first

part of this Motorcycle Riders Manual, so when preparing to take
the knowledge test, begin by reading the information on two-
wheel motorcycles thoroughly. It provides information on safe
operation of the motorcycle on the highway. This supplement
contains information specific to the safe operation of a three-
wheel motorcycle, including both trike style motorcycles and
motorcycles with sidecars.

KNOW THE MOTORCYCLE

There are many types of three-wheel motorcycles available on
the market today. In general, three-wheel motorcycles will have
the following characteristics:

• Three wheels leaving two or three separate tracks during

straight line operation.
• Motorcycle-based conversion or design with:
✓ Handlebar steering.
✓ Motorcycle-type controls with the standard layout.
✓ Convenience alterations like a single brake pedal or
lever control, automatic clutch, or automatic
transmission.
✓ Saddle seating is seating in which the rider/passenger
straddles the vehicle. When designed for a passenger,
the passenger must be seated behind the rider (or in a
separate passenger compartment in the case of a

88
 motorcycle with a sidecar.
✓ The vehicle meets all applicable federal on-road
standards.
✓ Turning diameter of the vehicle at its widest point must
be less than 40’.

Three-Wheel Motorcycle Designs

Three-wheel motorcycle designs vary among manufacturers.

Unlike traditional motorcycles, which are considered single-track
motorcycles, three-wheel motorcycles could be either dual or
triple track design. Dual track vehicles are motorcycles with
sidecars, while triple track motorcycles can be configured either
with dual front wheels or dual rear wheels.

89
The Right Motorcycle for You

Make sure the three-wheel motorcycle or sidecar-equipped

motorcycle is right for you. The motorcycle rider should be able
to comfortably reach and operate all of the controls and be able
to complete full turns using the handlebars without excessive
reach or upper body movements that could jeopardize stability
and control.

Borrowing and Lending

Borrowers and lenders, beware. Crashes are fairly common

among beginning motorcycle riders, especially in the first month
of riding. Operating an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the
problem. If borrowing a three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle
with sidecar, get familiar with it in a controlled area first. If
lending a three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar
to friends, make sure they are licensed and know how to ride
before they ride in traffic. These motorcycles handle very
differently than two-wheeled motorcycles. No matter how
experienced they are, be extra careful on any vehicle that is
unfamiliar or new to them.

Becoming Familiar With Motorcycle Controls

Be sure you are familiar with the controls of the three-wheel

motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar before attempting to
ride it on any highway, since some controls may differ from
those found on other motorcycles. This is especially important if
riding a borrowed motorcycle.

Before beginning to ride:

• Make all the pre-ride checks you would on any motorcycle

(see pages 27-29) .
• Be familiar with all controls, such as the turn signals, horn,
headlight switch, fuel control valve, and cut-off switch.
Locate and operate these items without having to search for
them.
• Operate all the controls before starting to ride. Know the
gearshift pattern and operate the throttle, clutch and brakes
a few times. Controls react differently on different

90
 motorcycles, and exact locations of controls may vary
slightly. Additionally, some motorcycle conversions may be
equipped with a single brake pedal or lever control,
automatic clutch, or automatic transmission.
• At the beginning, start out slowly and carefully and be aware
of the surroundings. Accelerate gently, take turns a little
more slowly, and leave extra room for stopping.

91
 RIDER ABILITIES
BASIC MOTORCYCLE CONTROL
Steering & Tip-over Lines – Three-wheel motorcycles handle
differently than two-wheeled motorcycles. With three wheels on
the ground, they are naturally more stable than a two-wheel
motorcycle. They also steer differently. Because conventional
three-wheel motorcycles cannot lean, they cannot counter steer.
Instead, the front wheel is pointed in the direction the rider wants
the motorcycle to go.

Under some conditions during the operation of a three-wheel

motorcycle, it is possible to have only two wheels in contact with
the highway surface. This could occur during turning or tight
turns whenever enough weight is transferred outside of the tip-
over lines (see illustration).

This tendency requires careful load and passenger positioning

inside the tip-over lines to help maintain maximum stability.

92
Body Position – As with any motorcycle, rider position is
important for control and reducing or preventing fatigue. You
should be able to reach both handgrips comfortably, since more
handlebar movement is necessary than when riding a two –
wheel motorcycle. While it is not necessary for the rider of a
three-wheel motorcycle to move drastically during operation,
shifting weight in the direction of the turn can improve control.

Braking – On a motorcycle with a sidecar, during braking in a

sharp turn, the sidecar wheel may lift off the ground.
Motorcycle and sidecar tires have limited traction or grip on the
highway surface, and traction is greater when the motorcycle is
rolling, not skidding or slipping. During turning, some of the
available tire traction is used for cornering, so less is available
for stopping. Thus, a skid can occur if you brake too hard.

Turning – The tendency of the rear inside wheel to lift during

turning is greater with increased speed and tighter curves.
During a turn, inertia causes the center of gravity of the
motorcycle to shift sideways and outward toward the tip-over
line. The reduced weight over the opposite side wheel can
cause it to lift slightly.

The weight of a three-wheeled motorcycle (trikes and reverse

trikes) is distributed almost equally between the two front or two
rear wheels. These motorcycles handle the same in left and
right hand turns.

When Turning a Three-wheeled Motorcycle:

• Approach a turn at speed with the head up, and look through
the turn.
• Concentrate on pointing the front wheel(s) in the direction
you want the motorcycle to go.
• Roll off the throttle before entering the turn.
• Apply the brakes enough to slow the motorcycle to a speed
at which you can safely ride through the turn, then release
the brakes before the turn.
• Slightly lean your upper body in the intended turn direction.

93
• Steer the front wheel/wheels toward the turn. Roll on the
throttle to pull the motorcycle through the turn.

Because the center of gravity of a motorcycle with sidecar is

close to the motorcycle itself, the behavior of the vehicle when
turning right and when turning left is quite different.

During a right turn, cornering forces push the outfit to the outside
of the turn resulting in a greater tendency for the sidecar wheel
to lift. The lift will be greater if the sidecar is empty or lightly
loaded.

When Turning Right on a Motorcycle With a Sidecar:

• Anticipate the degree of turn required.

• Reduce speed before entering the curve by downshifting or
braking.
• Shift your body weight over the sidecar and lean your upper
body in the direction of the turn.
• Maintain speed as entering the curve.
• Accelerate gradually as exiting the curve.

During a left hand turn, the sidecar acts as a stabilizer, so the

sidecar wheel stays on the ground. However, if the turn is taken
too sharply or at too high a rate of speed, there is a tendency for
the motorcycle rear suspension to extend, and this may cause
the rear wheel of the motorcycle to lift off the ground.

When Turning Left on a Motorcycle With a Sidecar:

• Reduce speed prior to entering the turn.

• Apply more pressure on the rear brake then on the front
brake.
• Lean the upper body in the direction intended to turn, and if
necessary, shift your body weight.

94
Cornering & Curves – The cornering characteristics of a three-
wheel motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar differ from those
of a two-wheel motorcycle. Even with three wheels on the
round, a sidecar can tip over if it is being turned too sharply or is
going too fast for a corner. Therefore, it is best to always slow
before entering a corner.

The best path to follow in the curve may not be the one that
follows the curve of the highway. Following the center of the
lane may actually increase the tip over forces. Check opposing
traffic carefully, and if safe, enter the curve toward the outside of
your lane. This increases the line of sight through the curve and
makes the turn less sharp. As you turn the motorcycle, move
toward the inside of the curve, and as it passes the apex, move
to the outside to exit, always remembering to stay in your lane.

Hills – When riding uphill on a three-wheel motorcycle or

motorcycle with a sidecar, some weight will shift to the rear,
causing the front of the motorcycle to become lighter.

95
This weight shift reduces the traction on the front tire/tires for
steering and tire grip.
When riding downhill, gravity increases the amount of braking
force required to slow or stop the motorcycle. It is important to
begin slowing earlier for cornering and stopping.

Lane Position – The track of the dual wheels of a three-wheel

motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar is almost the same
width as some automobiles; therefore, they are limited in lane
positioning. Keep toward the center of the lane to ensure the
tracks of the dual wheels do not cross the painted lines into
opposing traffic. Riding the motorcycle too far to the right could
cause loss of traction if the tire leaves the pavement.

In spite of the extra width, you still have options for lane
placement to maintain an escape route and space cushion.
Adjust your position to your surroundings.

Lane positioning when riding three-wheeled motorcycles in

groups is also an important consideration. You can still use a
staggered formation (see page 74); however, there will not be as
much of a space cushion to the side because of the added
width. Always maintain a safe margin between all motorcycles.

Parking at the Highway Side – Because of the limitations on

mobility and motorcycle length, it is not practical to park the
motorcycle at a 90 degree angle with the rear wheel touching
the curb, like with a two-wheel motorcycle. Position the
motorcycle in a parking space so it is parked parallel to the curb.
Some three-wheel motorcycles have reverse, so they can more
easily get into a parking space designed for a vehicle. Parking
parallel to the curb will facilitate pulling away from the curb and
entering the lanes of traffic.

Acceleration and Deceleration – A three-wheel motorcycle

with two drive wheels tends to be much more stable during
acceleration and braking than a motorcycle with a sidecar.
Attaching a sidecar to the motorcycle adds a non-powered, off-
centered mass of weight.

During acceleration the sidecar will feel as though it is lagging

behind, causing the motorcycle to feel as though it is being
steered to the right. During deceleration or braking, the

96
momentum of the sidecar continues to carry it forward, giving
the feeling that the sidecar is trying to pass the motorcycle and
makes the motorcycle feel as though it is being steered left.

• On acceleration, compensate for this tendency by steering

slightly in the opposite direction from the sidecar.
• On deceleration, compensate for this tendency by steering
slightly in the direction of the sidecar. Also pull in the clutch
when braking.

Swerving – A quick stop may not always be sufficient to avoid

an obstacle in the path of the motorcycle, even if you properly
apply both brakes. Sometimes the only way to avoid a collision
is to swerve. On a three-wheel motorcycle, it is two quick turns
in rapid succession. Often, there is not much time to adjust your
body position.

A three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar is not as

easy to swerve as a two-wheel motorcycle, and this is not
typically the best option for hazard avoidance so plan well
ahead to avoid the need for swerving. If braking is needed,
remember to brake then swerve or swerve then brake. Never
brake while swerving.

CARRYING CARGO & PASSENGERS

Three-wheel motorcycles are designed to carry passengers and
cargo, but they still have a gross vehicle weight rating (GVW).
Do not exceed the tire or motorcycle loading capacity rating.
The extra weight could change the handling characteristics of
the motorcycle, so give some thought to where the loads are
positioned.

Many three-track motorcycles will have built-in storage

compartments for cargo, either in front of, or behind the rider.
On these motorcycles, center the load and keep it low in the
storage areas so it is positioned within the tip-over lines and
balanced side to side. If carrying a passenger on a trike or
reverse trike, have them sit directly behind you.

On a motorcycle with a sidecar, the best place for a passenger

97
is in the sidecar. Never put a single passenger on the saddle; the
added weight over the tip-over line will increase the instability of
the motorcycle. While a second passenger can be carried on the
seat behind the rider, the heavier passenger should always be in
the sidecar.

The passenger sitting behind the motorcycle rider should sit

upright at all times. It is not necessary for the passenger to lean
into the curves.

When carrying loads in a sidecar, secure the load firmly in place

to keep it from shifting and affecting the handling. Loads should
be distributed toward the rear of the sidecar to reduce tipping of
the nose of the sidecar in the event of a sudden left turn.

When loaded, you may find performance is reduced and

stopping distances are longer, so allow a little extra distance.

The addition of a sidecar passenger will greatly improve stability,

and right hand turns can be made at a slightly higher speed.
Turning left however will require more turning force.

98
 THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE
SKILLS TEST
Basic motorcycle control and obstacle-avoidance skills are in-
cluded in the skills test to determine the motorcycle rider’s ability
to handle normal and hazardous traffic situations. At a minimum,
the motorcycle rider will be tested for the ability to:

• Demonstrate overall vehicle control.

• Accelerate, brake, and turn safely.
• Stop, turn, and swerve quickly.
• Adjust motorcycle speed and position.

Skills test examiners may score on factors related to safety

such as:

• Selecting safe speeds to perform the skills.

• Choosing the correct path and staying within boundaries.
• Completing normal and quick stops.
• Completing various turns and swerves.

Points will be deducted when the engine is stalled while attempt-

ing any of the skills. You will be graded on the ability to control
the motorcycle, turn, stop quickly and ride the motorcycle in a
straight line. The skills test examiner will also watch the your
posture and overall operation and attention. You may stop the
skills test at any time. Do not attempt a skills test if not ready or
comfortable doing it.

If testing on a three-wheel vehicle (sidecar, trike, etc.)

a three-wheel only restriction will be added to the en-
dorsement on your driver’s license.

99
100
101
102
103
 MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST
CHECK LIST
To bring all the required information for the motorcycle skills
test, use this checklist to help prepare:

I have made a skills test appointment.

I have my valid driver’s license.
I have my valid motorcycle instruction permit.
I have my helmet and eye protection.
I will provide a motorcycle on which to take the skills test.
Basic safety equipment must be in working condition.
Motorcycle registration must be current including the
registration stickers on the license plate or have a
temporary registration.
I have proof of valid and current Insurance for the
motorcycle on which I am taking the skills test.
I have $25.00 in cash to pay the skills test examiner.
If under 21 years of age, I have my course completion
certificate from an approved rider safety course.

Rider under 18 will be required to have a parent or court-

appointed guardian sign the application to add the motorcycle
endorsement to their driver’s license. Is this required for Idaho?

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 TWO-WHEEL & THREE-WHEEL
MOTORCYCLE
PRACTICE KNOWLEDGE TEST
(The answers are printed at the bottom of the page 109.)

1. It is MOST important to flash your brake light when:

A. Someone is following too closely.

B. You will be slowing suddenly.
C. There is a stop sign ahead.
D. Your signals are not working.

2. The FRONT brake supplies how much of the potential

stopping power?

A. About 25%.
B. About 50%.
C. At least 70%

3. To swerve correctly:

A. Shift your weight quickly.

B. Turn the handlebars quickly.
C. Press the handgrip in the direction of the turn.
D. Press the handgrip in the opposite direction of the turn.

4. If a tire goes flat while riding, it is usually best to:

A. Relax on the handgrip.

B. Shift your weight toward the good tire.
C. Brake on the good tire and steer to the side of the
highway.

5. A vehicle is waiting to enter the intersection. It is best to:

A. Make eye contact with the driver.

B. Reduce speed and be ready to react.
C. Speed up and be ready to react.

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6. When riding with passengers, you should:

A. Start slowing sooner.

B. Start in the center of the lane.
C. Use only your front brake to slow.
D. Never talk to them.

7. When riding at night:

A. Always ride in the center lane.

B. Ride with the flashers on.
C. Follow closer to the vehicle ahead for safety.
D. Wear reflective clothing.

8. For greatest safety, your helmet should:

A. Fit loosely all the way around..

B. Fit snugly all they way around.
C. Fit tightly at the base; loosely at the top.
D. Be worn only on long rides.

9. When riding in traffic at night, the best way to locate

bumps in the road is to:

A. Put your headlights on high beam.

B. Read the road signs.
C. Watch the taillights of the car ahead.
D. Look over the cars ahead.

10. Riding in the center lane position:

A. Keeps others from sharing your lane.

B. Should be avoided at all costs.
C. Is the safest place when approaching intersections.
D. Keeps other drivers from seeing you.

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 PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
Recent research into Idaho’s fatal motorcycle crash data (2014-
2018) revealed some startling findings:

• 77% were associated with rider error

• 69% were on cruisers or touring bikes
• 68% were over 40 years old
• 37% involved riders running off the highway in a corner
• 18% involved a vehicle violating the rider’s right-of-way

The Idaho STAR Motorcycle Safety Program provides high

quality rider training that makes motorcycling safer and more
enjoyable for everyone.

STAR training is associated with a 79% reduced crash risk, and

an 89% reduction in the risk of a fatal crash. STAR courses are
taught by state-certified instructors who have the patience,
understanding, training, and knowledge to help you develop the
skills you need.

Training for all Levels – Whether you have ridden thousands

of miles, or have never even sat on a motorcycle, Idaho STAR
has a course to fit your needs. Increasing your knowledge and
skill can help keep you out of the crash statistics.

STAR courses take place in a controlled, off-street environment

and are designed to help you develop the physical skills as well
as the mental strategies needed to successfully navigate today’s
highways and prevent crashes. Idaho STAR courses are held
throughout the state during the riding season.

Introduction to Riding – This is the perfect course for folks who

just want to see if motorcycling is for them or those who are
especially nervous about riding and would like to ease into it at a
slower pace. This 3-hour session covers motorcycle controls,
starting, stopping, and balance. Class sizes are kept low for lots
of individual attention. Motorcycles and helmets are provided.

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Basic Rider Training – Designed for the novice rider with no
(or limited) street riding experience. During this 17-hour course,
you will learn fundamental skills required to ride the motorcycle
and progress to street-strategies and emergency situation skills.
Motorcycles are provided in this course. Available with an online
option for the classroom session.

Intermediate Rider Training – For riders who are already

comfortable with the basic skills of turning, shifting, stopping,
and balancing the motorcycle. This 9-hour course includes
instruction in street-strategies and emergency situation skills.
You will practice cornering, braking, and swerving maneuvers
on the riding course. Ride one of our motorcycles or bring your
own. Available with an online option for the classroom session.

Enhanced Street Skills – Designed for endorsed motorcycle

riders with current street-riding experience. In this 6-hour
course, you will improve your braking skills and build confidence
in your ability to handle emergency braking situations on your
own motorcycle. You will also improve your skills and build
confidence in leaning and cornering on your own motorcycle.

Enhanced Control Skills – For endorsed riders with current

street-riding experience. This 6-hour intensive on-cycle course
is based on Idaho Police Motor School drills. You will have the
opportunity to master precision vehicle control, advanced low-
speed maneuvering, and hazard response skills on your own
motorcycle.

Enhanced 2-Up Skills – For endorsed riders current street-

riding experience who want to build skill in carrying passengers.
This 6-hour on-cycle course focuses on confidence-building
exercises for handling emergency braking situations, leaning,
and cornering while carrying a passenger. Both rider and
passenger receive individual and “team” coaching.

Sidecar/Trike Courses (I and II) – Designed for sidecar and

trike riders with no experience (level I) and riders with at least
three months of current street-riding experience (level II). In
these courses, you will learn street strategies and hazard
response skills as well as practice cornering, braking, and
swerving skills. We offer three-wheel training rigs for the level I
courses. You bring your own to the Level II courses.

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 MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENTS
Successful completion of STAR’s Basic or Intermediate Rider
Training will waive the skills test portion of the motorcycle
endorsement requirement.

Successful completion of one of the Sidecar/Trike courses will

waive the skills test portion of a three-wheel only endorsement.

If you are under 21, state law requires completion of an

approved motorcycle rider training course (Basic I, Basic II, or
Experienced Course) before you can apply for a motorcycle
endorsement.

The Idaho STAR Motorcycle Safety Program is incorporated

within the Idaho Division of Career-Technical Education (CTE)
and is operated by the College of Southern Idaho.

To learn more or to register for a class, go to IdahoSTAR.org or

call (208) 639-4540 or toll free at 888-280-STAR (7827).

SEE THE IDAHO DRIVERS MANUAL FOR

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON ALL
OTHER TRAFFIC RELATED LAWS SUCH AS
TRAFFIC SIGNS, TRAFFIC LIGHTS, ETC.

Knowledge Test Answers: 1-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-C, 5-B, 6-A, 7-D,
8-B, 9-C, 10-A

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 SMART RIDER COMMITMENTS
The “Smart Rider Commitments” below are taken from the Idaho STAR Rider’s
Guide.

We encourage you to review and consider making some (or all) of these
commitments as a way to help you prevent and survive crashes and come home
safely to your loved ones after every ride.

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that part of being a responsible rider is knowing

and following the ‘rules of the highway.’ I accept this fact and commit to learning
and complying with state laws, rules, regulations and equipment requirements.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that riding a motorcycle in a complex traffic and

highway environment is an activity involving risk and danger. I accept this fact
and commit to managing those risks.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that when riding a motorcycle, the only thing
between me and the elements (hot, cold, rain, hail, bugs, the asphalt, other
vehicles, etc.) is the gear I am wearing. I accept this fact and commit to getting
and wearing riding gear that is right for me and my family.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that an expert rider is one who uses expert
judgment to avoid having to use expert skills. I accept this fact and commit to
becoming an expert rider by practicing SIPDE skills, keeping my eyes up and
scanning 20 seconds ahead.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that motorcyclists running wide in turns is the most
common fatal crash situation. I accept this fact and commit to practicing good
cornering skills, and in particular LOOKING through the turn and PRESSING
forward on the handgrip to cause the bike to lean/turn.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that braking errors are very common in crash
situations. I accept this fact and commit to regularly practicing quick stops, with
an emphasis on smooth increasing pressure on the front brake and a light to
lighter application of the rear brake.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that many fatal motorcycle crashes involve riders
who had been drinking. I accept this fact and commit to separate the use of
alcohol (and other drugs) from riding a motorcycle. I commit to riding sober.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that when I carry a passenger, I am responsible for

their safety and comfort. I accept this fact and commit to waiting to carry
passengers until I have well developed skills and significant experience as a
solo rider.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that group riding demands more skill and attention
than riding solo. I accept this fact and commit to waiting to ride with a group until
I have well developed skills and significant experience riding by myself or with
just one other (and more experienced) rider.”

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NOTES

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 IDAHO
MOTORCYCLE RIDER’S
HANDBOOK

Visit us online at
itd.idaho.gov/dmv

Published by
Idaho Transportation Department
Division of Motor Vehicles
P.O. Box 7129
Boise, Idaho 83707-1129

Phone: (208) 334-8736

Fax: (208) 334-8739

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