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4.3. Domain Theory of Ferro Magnetism

The document discusses the domain theory of ferro magnetism. It explains that a ferromagnetic material is divided into small regions called domains, within which the magnetic moments are aligned in the same direction. However, the directions vary between domains such that the net magnetization is initially zero. When an external magnetic field is applied, the domains align via the motion of domain walls or rotation of domains. The total internal energy of the domain structure comes from exchange energy, anisotropy energy, domain wall energy, and magnetostriction energy.

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Raphael Otieno
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630 views4 pages

4.3. Domain Theory of Ferro Magnetism

The document discusses the domain theory of ferro magnetism. It explains that a ferromagnetic material is divided into small regions called domains, within which the magnetic moments are aligned in the same direction. However, the directions vary between domains such that the net magnetization is initially zero. When an external magnetic field is applied, the domains align via the motion of domain walls or rotation of domains. The total internal energy of the domain structure comes from exchange energy, anisotropy energy, domain wall energy, and magnetostriction energy.

Uploaded by

Raphael Otieno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

4.3. Domain Theory of Ferro Magnetism


This theory was proposed by Weiss in 1907. It explains the hysteresis and the properties of
ferromagnetic materials.
Postulates of domain theory:
1. A ferromagnetic material is divided into a large number of small region called domains
(0.1 to 1 of area)
2. In each domain the magnetic moments are in same direction.
3. But the magnetic moment varies from domain to domain and the net magnetization is
zero,
4. In the absence external magnetic field all the magnetic moments are in different
direction.
5. When a magnetic field is applied there are two process takes place
By the motion of domain walls.
By the rotation of domains.
By the motion of Domain walls
When a small amount of magnetic field is applied, the dipoles in the domains are aligned
parallel to the applied magnetic field. It increases domain area by the motion of domain walls.
By the rotation of Domains
If the applied magnetic field is further increased, the domains are rotated parallel to the field
direction by the rotation of domains.

4.3.1 Energies involved in the domain growth (or) Origin of Domain theory of
Ferromagnetism
PH 8251 MATERIALS SCIENCE
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
The total internal energy of the domain structure in a ferromagnetic material is made up from
the following
1. Exchange energy (or) Magnetic field energy.
2. Crystalline energy (or) Anisotropy energy.
3. Domain wall energy (or) Bloch wall energy.
4. Magnetostriction energy
1. Exchange energy (or) Magnetic Field energy
“The interaction energy which makes the adjacent dipoles align themselves” is the called
exchange energy (or) magnetic field energy. It arises from an interaction of electron spins. It
depends upon the inter atomic distance. This exchange energy also called magnetic field
energy. Whose energy is required in
assembling the atomic magnets into a single domain
and this work done is stored as potential energy. The
volume of the domain may very between 10–2 to 10–6
cm3.

2. Anisotropy energy
The excess of energy is required to magnetize a specimen along the hard direction is called
the crystalline anisotropy energy. In ferromagnetic materials there are two types of directions of
magnetization namely,
 Easy direction and
 Hard directions.
In easy direction of magnetization, weak field can be applied and in hard direction of
magnetization, strong field should be applied.

PH 8251 MATERIALS SCIENCE


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Crystalline anisotropy energy is energy of magnetization which is the function of crystal


orientation. As shown in figure magnetization curves for iron with the applied field along different
crystallographic direction crystallographic directions have been drawn. For example, in BCC iron
the easy direction is [100], the medium direction is [110], and the hard direction [111]. This
energy is very important in determining the characteristic domain boundaries.

3. Domain wall energy or Bloch wall energy


A thin boundary or region that separates adjacent domains in different directions is called domain
wall or Bloch wall. The size of the Bloch walls is about 200 to 300 lattice constant thickness. The
energy of domain wall is due to both exchange energy and anisotropic energy. Based
on the spin alignments, two types of Bloch walls may arise, namely
Thick wall: When the spins at the boundary are misaligned and if the direction of the spin
changes gradually as shown in below figure, it leads to a thick Bloch wall. Here the
misalignments of spins are associated with exchange energy.

Thin wall: When the spins at the boundaries changes abruptly, then the anisotropic energy
becomes very less. Since the anisotropic energy is directly proportional to the thickness of the
wall, this leads to a thin Bloch wall.

PH 8251 MATERIALS SCIENCE


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

4. Magetostriction energy
When a material is magnetized, it is found that it suffers a change in dimensions. This
phenomenon is known as Magnetostriction. This deformation is different along different
crystal directions. So if the domains are magnetized in different directions, they will either
expand or shrink. This means that work must be done against the elastic restoring forces. The work
done by the magnetic field against these elastic restoring forces is called magneto-elastic energy or
Magnetostrictive energy.

PH 8251 MATERIALS SCIENCE

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