11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter 3 – Module 6
Extreme Value Theorem
and Optimization Problems
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Extreme Value Theorem and Optimization Problems
First Edition, 2020

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Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 6
Extreme Value Theorem
and Optimization Problems
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 11-Basic Calculus Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Extreme Value Theorem and Optimization Problems!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 11-Basic Calculus Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Extreme Value Theorem and Optimization Problems!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

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song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
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into real life situations or concerns.

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 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it.

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 I

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

▪ Illustrate the Extreme Value Theorem

▪ Solve optimization problems that yield polynomial functions

OBJECTIVES:
K: Illustrate extreme value theorem;
S: Solve optimization problems;
A: Show determination in accomplishing the different tasks.

Task 1
A. Direction: Identify the absolute maximum and minimum points in each of the graph.
Write your answers in your notebook.

Photo source: https://magoosh.com/hs/ap/ap-calculus-review-finding-absolute-extrema/

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B. Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write
it on your notebook.

1. What theorem states that if 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then 𝑓 (𝑥 )
achieves its maximum and minimum values on [a,b]?
A. Extreme Value Theorem C. Intermediate Value Theorem
B. Limit Theorem D. Fermat’s Theorem

2. What theorem is sometimes referred to as the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem?

A. Extreme Value Theorem C. Intermediate Value Theorem
B. Limit Theorem D. Fermat’s Theorem

3. What do you call the process of maximizing or minimizing a function f(x) subject
to some constraints set on x?
A. Maximization C. Optimization
B. Minimization D. None of these

4. Which of the following is not a step in optimization?

A. Read the problem carefully.
B. Identify the quantity to be optimized.
C. Identify the constraints set on the input values.
D. None of these

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 Lesson Illustrating the Extreme Value Theorem and
1 Solving Optimization Problems

The Extreme Value Theorem is sometimes referred to as the Bolzano-Weierstrass

Theorem. It states that, if f(x) is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then f(x) achieves its
maximum and minimum values on [a,b]. What the theorem implies is, for as long as function
is continuous on an interval, we are sure to find a maximum value and minimum value in that
interval. If a function can be easily graphed in an interval in such a way that we can see its
entire graph, then we can point to its maximum and minimum values as easily as a kid points
to balloons. But this is not true except for basic and simple functions. In most instances, to see
the maximum or minimum values of a function requires designing an algorithm. This problem
is a standard exercise for students studying applied mathematics or computer science.

’s In

Task 2
Direction: Study the table below. Follow the steps in obtaining the extreme value of functions
differentiable on [a,b]. Complete the provided solution in the given problem.

Steps to obtain the absolute extreme value of functions differentiable on [a,b]

a. Find the critical numbers of the function in (a,b) and evaluate it at these numbers.
b. Evaluate the function at the endpoints of [a.b]
c. Compare the results of steps a and b. The largest is the absolute maximum and the
smallest is the absolute minimum value of “f” on [a,b]

Problem: Find the absolute extreme values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 on the

interval [-3,5].
Solution: a. Find the critical numbers.
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12
6(x-2)(x+1)=0

1. Find the critical numbers, 𝑥1 = ____ and 𝑥2 = ____ .

2. Using the critical numbers, evaluate the function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 at these numbers.

𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = _____

𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = _____

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 b. Evaluate the function at the endpoints of the interval [-3,5].
3. Evaluate the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 at [-3,5].

𝑓 (−3) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = _____

𝑓 (5) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = _____

c. Choose the absolute maximum (MAX) and absolute minimum (MIN) values.
4. Identify the Maximum and Minimum values.

MAX = max {-20, 7, -45, 115 } = ____

MIN = min {-20, 7, -45, 115 } = ____

’s New

Task 3
Direction: Match the words in Column A to its corresponding definition in Column B. Write
the letter of your choice in your notebook.

Column A Column B
1. It is a process of maximizing or A. Optimization
minimizing a function f(x) to some B. Objective Function
constraints set on x. C. Decision variables
2. These are the inputs to the function. D. Feasible region
3. It is the function which is to be either E. Optimal solution
maximized or minimized over a set of
feasible values for x.
4. This refers to the set containing all
feasible values for the decision
variable x.
5. It is the value of x that allows the
objective function to attain either its
maximum (minimum) value over the
feasible region.

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 is It

Optimization is a process of maximizing or minimizing a function f(x) subject to some

constraints set on x. An optimization problem is formally defined in this manner.

P: maximize f(x)
Subject to 𝑥𝜖𝑋

There are technical terms that often appear in optimization problems. These are
objective function, decision variables, feasible region, and optimal solution.

The function f is called the objective function, it is the function which is to be either
maximized or minimized over a set of feasible values for x.

Decision variables are the inputs to the function, in this particular case, the possible
values of x that can either maximize or minimize the objective function.

Feasible region refers to the set containing all feasible values for the decision variable
x. It is also called the constraint region.

The optimal solution to the problem is the value of x that allows the objective function
to attain either its maximum or minimum value over the feasible region. For maximization if
x* is the optimal solution then 𝑓(𝑥 ∗) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋.

Steps to solve optimization problems:

a. Read the problem carefully.
b. Identify the quantity to be optimized.
c. Identify the constraints set on the input values.
d. Define the objective function, the function that will compute the quantity to be
optimized.
e. Find the maximum or minimum value subject to constraints.

Example 1. Applying optimization to find the largest area of a fence using the first
derivative test.

A house owner wishes to enclose his front yard with a fence. He keeps a wire fencing
150 meters long. He wishes to build it in such a way that the side nearest to the front
of his house is open. Find the dimensions of the fence so that it encloses the largest
possible area. The front yard is rectangular in shape.

HOUSE

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Solution: The quantity to be optimized is area A. The appropriate equation to work on is

A = xy

Since the length of wire available is 150 meters, the restriction or constraint set on our
enclosure is
2x + y = 150

Combining these two statements gives us an optimization problem.

Maximize A= xy
Subject to 2x + y = 150

Write y in terms of x using the constraint equation.

y= 150 - 2x

This gives A as a function of x

𝐴 = 𝑥 (150 − 2𝑥 ) = 150𝑥 − 2𝑥 2

We find the optimal value by obtaining absolute maximum of this function.

a. Find the critical numbers and evaluate the function A on these numbers.
A’= 150 - 4x
0 = 150 – 4x
75
𝑥=
2

𝟕𝟓 𝟕𝟓 𝟕𝟓 𝟐 𝟕𝟓 𝟐
𝑨 ( 𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 ( 𝟐 ) − 𝟐 ( 𝟐 ) = 𝟐 ( 𝟐 )

= 2812.5 m2

b. Evaluate the function at the endpoints of the closed interval [0, 150]. If x=0, this gives us
no area for the enclosure. On the other hand, if x = 150, the area is -22,500 and we also get no
enclosure.

c. Choose the maximum value.

MAX = max{0, -22500, 2812.5} = 2812.5 m2

What are the dimensions of the enclosure? We already know that

75
𝑥 = 2 . To solve y

𝑦 = 150 − 2𝑥 = 150 − 75 = 75

The dimension of the enclosure should be 75 meters by 37.5 meters.

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Example 2. Optimization to find the largest area using the second derivative test

Solve the problem in Example 1 using the second derivative.

Solution

The objective function we found in the previous problem is a quadratic function

whose graph opens downward. The only maximum value it will take is the one which
coincides with the vertex. The vertex of a parabola which opens downward is one where
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 0 and 𝑓"(𝑥 ) < 0.Since 𝐴 = 150𝑥 − 2𝑥 2

75
𝐴′ = 150 − 4𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 =
2

𝐴" = −4 < 0

Since 𝐴" = −4 for all values of x, the relative maximum occurs only when
75
𝑥= . The maximum value of the function is simply
2

75
𝐴( ) = 2812.5 𝑚2
2

The dimensions of the enclosure are still 75 meters by 37.5 meters.

’s More

Task 4
Direction: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Solve the problem using optimization.
Show your solution.

1. Divide 25 into two parts whose product is a maximum.

I Have Learned

Task 5
Direction: In your notebook, complete the following statements.
1. I have learned that ________________________________________________________
2. I have realized that ________________________________________________________
3. I will apply what I have learned ______________________________________________

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 I Can Do

Task 6
Direction: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Solve the problem using optimization.
Show your solution.
1. A closed box with a square base is to have a volume of 64 ft 3. Find the dimensions so
that the total area will be a minimum.

RUBRIC
CATEGORY 5 4 3 2
Mathematical Explanation Explanation Explanation Explanation
Concepts shows shows shows some shows very
complete substantial understanding limited
understanding understanding of the understanding
of the of the mathematical of the
mathematical mathematical concepts underlying
concepts used concepts used needed to concepts
to solve the to solve the solve the needed to
problem(s). problem(s). problem(s). solve the
problem(s) OR
is not written.
Mathematical 90-100% of Almost all Most (75- More than
Errors the steps and (85-89%) of 84%) of the 75% of the
solutions have the steps and steps and steps and
no solutions have solutions have solutions have
mathematical no no mathematical
errors. mathematical mathematical errors.
errors. errors.
Neatness and The work is The work is The work is The work
Organization presented in a presented in a presented in an appears sloppy
neat, clear, neat and organized and
organized organized fashion but unorganized. It
fashion that is fashion that is may be hard to is hard to
easy to read. usually easy to read at times. know what
read. information
goes together.
Completion All problems All but one of All but two of Several of the
are completed. the problems the problems problems are
are completed. are completed. not completed.

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A. Direction: Identify the absolute maximum and minimum points in each of the graph. Write
your answers in your notebook.

Photo source: https://magoosh.com/hs/ap/ap-calculus-review-finding-absolute-extrema/

B. Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write it
on your notebook.
1. What theorem states that if 𝑓(𝑥 ) is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then 𝑓 (𝑥 )
achieves its maximum and minimum values on [a,b]?
C. Extreme Value Theorem C. Intermediate Value Theorem
D. Limit Theorem D. Fermat’s Theorem
2. What theorem is sometimes referred to as the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem?
C. Extreme Value Theorem C. Intermediate Value Theorem
D. Limit Theorem D. Fermat’s Theorem
3. What do you call the process of maximizing or minimizing a function f(x) subject
to some constraints set on x?
C. Maximization C. Optimization
D. Minimization D. None of these
2. Which of the following is not a step in optimization?
A. Read the problem carefully.
B. Identify the quantity to be optimized.
C. Identify the constraints set on the input values.
D. None of these

Review the rules of differentiation.

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 14
Task 1 Task 2
A. Absolute max:(-2, 39) a. 1. x1 = 2, x2 = -1
Absolute min: (-5, -42) 2. -20,7
B. 1. A b. -45, 115
2. A c. Max = 115, Min = -45
3. C
4. D
Task 3 Task 5
1. A Answers may vary.
2. C
3. B
Task 6
4. D
Solution:
5. E
V = 64 ft3
Task 4
A = 2x2 + 4xy
Solution:
V = x2y = 64
Let x – 1st part 64
y – 2nd part y=
𝑥2
x + y = 25 64
A = 2x2 + 4x ( 2)
x = 25 – y 𝑥
256
P = xy A = 2x2 +
𝑥
P = (25 – y)(y) 𝑑𝐴 256𝐷𝑥 (𝑥)
P = 25y – y2 = 4𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑃 256
= 25 − 2𝑦 = 0 0 = 4x -
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
25 = 2y 𝑐 −𝑐𝐷𝑥 (𝑣)
Dx( ) =
y = 12.5 𝑣 𝑣2
0 = 4x3 – 256
x = 25 – 12.5 = 12.5
𝑑2𝑃
4x3 = 256
= −2< 0 256
𝑑𝑦 2 x3 =
So, a relative maximum P occurs on 4
x3 = 64
y = 12.5 and x = 12.5
x = 4 ft
see continuation above this box
64
y=
16
y = 4 ft
Continuation:
𝑑2𝐴 2(256)
=4+
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3
𝑑2𝐴
>0
𝑑𝑥 2
, So a relative minimum area occurs when x is 4 ft.
References

Electronic Reference

Extreme value Theorem

• https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/calculus/calculus/applications-of-the-
derivative/extreme-value-
theorem#:~:text=The%20Extreme%20Value%20Theorem%20guarantees,on%20%5B
%20a%2C%20b%5D

Book Reference
• Reyes, Juan Apolinario (2016). Basic Calculus. Jumczville Publications, pp 132-136.

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