KATHIR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

“WISDOM TREE”, NEELAMBUR, COIMBATORE - 641062.

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
__________________________________________________________________________________________

ENERGY OPTIMISATION IN WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER

SYSTEM

BATCH MEMBERS : A.R.MOHAMMED IBRAHIM

A.SURESH

S.SURESH KRISHNAN

M.SURESH

E-MAIL ID : suresh.mge@gmail.com

CONTACT NUMBER : +91- 9942661836

ENERGY OPTIMISATION IN WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM

 S.SureshKrishnan1, A.Suresh2, A.R.MohammedIbrahim3, M.Suresh4

Suresh.mge@gmail.com

Abstract – A probabilistic methodology is described in this paper to determine an optimal design

and implementation of a multi source hybrid Wind-Photovoltaic (PV ) stand alone system with
energy management strategy. Hybrid energy system is an excellent solution for electrification
of remote rural areas where the grid extension is difficult and not economical. Hybrid Wind-PV
system are highly efficient and requires very low maintenance. An average model of a hybrid
Wind-PV generating system has been presented. The Model is important for synthesizing the
control strategy and analyzing the dynamic behavior of the system. The main objective is to
provide 24 hrs demand quality power in remote communities. The method of investigation
concerns with the definition of the system topology, interconnection of the various sources with
maximum energy transfer, optimum control and energy management. The proposed energy
management strategy was simulated for Very Low Voltage (VLV) node connection and its
coupled with DC loads in MATLAB/Simulink using the Fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The Fuzzy
logic controller takes the input from Solar (irradiation), Wind (speed) and the battery voltage
and controls the respective subsystem which formulates into different operational modes of
energy management. The role of Fuzzy threshold controller is to adjust continuously the
threshold value for optimal performance based on expected wind, solar conditions and batter
voltage. It is shown that when the Fuzzy Logic Controller is used.The proposed DC bus voltage
regulation strategy with different modes of operation have a fast response and efficient
operation which leads to a reduced operating cost. The optimal transfer of power from the sources
is based on power, voltage and current control was done in order to regulate the DC bus voltage
to a fixed value. The various models with the output waveforms are represented and discussed.
Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed
system.

Keywords: Control and Energy management system, Fuzzy logic controller, Hybrid wind-Solar
System, Photovoltaic conversion, Power modeling, Wind conversion system.

I. Introduction which has the good application prospect in terms of

development. The rational allocation of capacity for
The recent technological invasions have propelled the Wind Solar hybrid power system can increase reliability
development of the entire world to its new heights. These of power supply and reduce the system cost according to
developments have transformed the world in to its new load characteristics for remote areas electrification,
dimensions through technological aspects & impact. This residential use and local environment condition [3]-[6].
is the main reason for the increase in power demand. The Battery units integrated with solar and wind sub systems
rate of world development in geometric ratio catalyses can give a good reliability. In stand-alone Wind Solar
the need of extracting power from renewable energy hybrid power system [7], the lead-acid batteries play an
resources and another reason is that the availability of important role as an energy storage component. Where as
conventional energy resources is only up to 60-70 years. charge and discharge strategies of battery storage directly
Out of the renewable energy resources such as Wind, affects the power supply quality in Wind-Solar hybrid
Geothermal, Solar, Ocean, Biomass and Chemical power system since electrical energy from solar and wind
resources, the Wind and Solar resources are one efficient turbine generator has fluctuation. This causes a higher
Solution to supply power either directly to a utility grid demand to electric power management system.
or to an isolated load with other advantages include the Therefore, it has great theoretical significance to study
long life time and low maintenance requirements, and enhance the performance of power management of
reliability, simplicity [1]-[2]. They are widely available hybrid Wind and Photovoltaic system. In this context, we

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 ENERGY OPTIMISATION IN WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
S.SureshKrishnan1, A.Suresh2, A.R.MohammedIbrahim3, M.Suresh4
`
define a hybrid generation system obtained by combining A block diagram of closed loop control of the step
photovoltaic panels and wind turbine with storage down chopper is proposed for MPPT control in wind
batteries to overcome the periods of small quantity energy system and it is shown in Fig.2.
generation and the unit control. The mathematical
models of all these subsystems that describe the
operational behavior in steady-state or dynamic mode
have been presented and analyzed in the literature [8]-
[12]. Many topologies are available for hybrid systems,
depending on interface converters between sources and
the interconnection method [13]. Design of such systems
is also an issue that has attracted significant attention.
Generally, solar and wind energy production capacity
play a major role in the selection of proper sizes for all
units in integrated power systems [13]-[16].The proposed
system concerns the definition of the system topology,
the interconnection of the sources with maximum energy
transfer, the analysis of energy losses involved with
converters and the optimum power flow control and the
energy management in the system. The fuzzy system
allows managing all power devices (converters,
protection).A hybrid system is simulated for varying
wind velocities, solar irradiation and DC load
respectively. Fig.1. Functional Block Diagram of the Proposed System

II. Modelling of Wind-Solar System It consists of a small wind turbine and the turbine was
coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator
The 600 W wind generating system is used for a (PMSG), the generator output voltage and frequency
modeling of hybrid system. A wind generating system varies with respect to different wind velocities. The
contains a wind turbine , direct driven permanent magnet variable generator output power from the generator is
synchronous generator (PMSG), a three leg diode rectified by using a diode bridge rectifier.
rectifier and a step down chopper (DC/DC) is used for
maximum power point tracking [11]-[15]. The 400 W
solar PV systems are combined with a wind energy
system to form a modeling of hybrid system. Solar PV
system is designed by a combination of individual
photovoltaic modules are connected in series and parallel
combination. As the output DC voltage of the solar panel
varies with respect to solar intensity. This change in DC
output voltage of the panel is controlled by another step
down chopper, before feeding this variable DC output
voltage in DC bus. It is regulated by MPPT by regulating
the output current IPV. The common DC bus for (wind
system and solar system) collects the total energy from
hybrid system and the collected energy are partly used
for supplying the required load demand and to charge the Fig.2. Closed Loop current control of DC/DC Buck converter
battery bank. When the hybrid energy conversion system
operates at normal operating conditions, the battery bank The rectified output is fed to buck converter. The
is an additional load to the system and the battery bank maximum power is tracked by step down chopper for a
acts as an additional source to supply the demand, when Power available from the wind energy system for a given
the during solar intensity and wind velocities are low. wind velocity and this power is fed to a 48 V DC
Before defining the supervisory (fuzzy) control concepts,
constant voltage load and this system is designed to vary
each element in the hybrid energy conversion system
the duty cycle of the buck converter to control the output
model is described. A description of wind and
current. The reference battery current is calculated by
photovoltaic energy system is mentioned below and the
dividing the reference wind power Pref.w by the battery
functional block diagram of the proposed system is
shown in Fig.1 voltage Vbat. The optimal reference value of the current
Iref.w is given to the current controller of the buck
converter. The error resulting from the comparison
III. Wind Energy Conversion System
between actual value of output current from buck

3
converter with the desired values of the reference battery 1 2
current and it is processed by the PI regulator through ( ρ . S . R . V W .C p . λ )
Tw Pw 2
microcontroller and issuing a value of inductance voltage ¿ =
VL. The sum of the battery voltage Vbat and inductance
ωm λ
voltage VL is divided by the DC voltage Vbus to provide a (3)
duty-cycle α W required for the switching operation of
IGBT, as shown in Fig.2. III.2. Model of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator (PMSG)
III.1. Wind turbine
A permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
A model of wind turbine is shown in Fig.3.The rated 1 kW, 400 V and rated speed 200 rpm is employed
mechanical output power of the wind turbine is given by in the wind energy system. The output voltage of the
cube law: generator varies with respect to the wind speed variation.
Hence, the output of the PMSG is rectified with a
rectifier and filtered to remove ripple voltage
1
Pw = ρ .S.V 3W . C p .𝝀 components and the rectified voltage is fed to buck
2 converter. A model of PMSG is shown in Fig.4.The line
(1) to line voltage of an ideal (unloaded and loss-less) PMSG
is given as:
Where ρ is the air density (kg/m3), S is the surface of
the turbine blades (m2) and VW is the average wind VL¿ K v ω e sin(ω e . t) (4)
velocity in (m/s), Cp is the power coefficient,
Where KV is the voltage constant and 𝝎e is the
electrical frequency related to the mechanical speed 𝝎m
by the relation
Np
𝝎e¿ ω m .( ) (5)
2
Where, NP is the number of poles of PMSG.
Considering the overlapping effects, the DC rectifier
voltage VDC is given as equation

3 √2 3 ωe L s
V DC = . V Lrms− . I DC
π π
(6)

Where
3 √V2Lrms is the 3rms value of the PMSG output
ωe L s
V DC = . V Lrms− . I DC
π π
voltage, IDC is the average rectifier PMSG output current
and Ls is the stator inductance. The rectified electrical
power, PDC is given below:
Fig.3.Model of a Wind turbine
P DC =V DC . I DC
The tip speed ratio function is given by (7)

ωm . R
𝝀= (2)
Vw

Where 𝝎m is the rotor mechanical speed (rad/s) and R

is the blade radius. The wind turbine output torque Tw is
calculated from the following equation:

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 ENERGY OPTIMISATION IN WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
S.SureshKrishnan1, A.Suresh2, A.R.MohammedIbrahim3, M.Suresh4
`
IV. Solar PV Energy Conversion
Subsystem
The Solar PV array delivers a output voltage of 75.5 V
and current 5.5 A and 200 W peak power at 1000
W/m2 and 25°C and a model of solar PV is shown in
Fig.6.The Buck converter is used to extract the maximum
power from the solar PV and to provide a constant 48 V
bus voltage. The control strategy is used to control the
voltage VPV to have the maximum power extraction. Two
controllers are used to control the voltage of V PV and the
output current IPV of solar PV, which are the two state
variables [17]. The closed loop operation of Voltage and
Current control of PV subsystem is shown in Fig.5. A
Solar PV system is designed by a combination of
individual photovoltaic module is connected in series and
parallel combination to obtain a high power. Like wind
Fig.4.Model of Permanent magnet synchronous generator
energy system only the current loop is tested, where the
III.3. Model of Step Down Chopper reference value of the current IREF.PV is calculated by
dividing the reference PV power PREF.PV by the battery
The output voltage of step down chopper is given by: voltage Vbat as in equation [11]. Various equivalent
circuit models of a PV cell have been proposed.
V W =α . V DC Parameters for the Solar PV module model may be
obtained from manufacturer’s data sheet are given by:
(8)

Where α is the duty cycle of the chopper. The DC

voltage at the converter output feds to the battery DC bus
which is nearly constant. Assuming negligible converter
losses, the average output current of the step down
chopper is given by:

I DC
I w=
π
(9)

III.4. Lead-Acid Battery Accumulators

Arrays of four accumulators are connected in series to

Fig.5. Closed Loop Voltage-Current control of PV side DC/DC Buck
provide an energy storage system. Each accumulator converter
consists of six 2 V cells that are connected in series and

[ ( )]
this four accumulators provides an average voltage of 48
V. The accumulators are over charging and deep V p + I PV . RS
I PV =N P . I SC −N P . I d exp −1
discharging, during the periods of energy surplus or n . N S . V TS
deficit, resulting from hybrid system. So to protect an
accumulator by an appropriate energy management (11)
system is needed to ensure that the accumulator is
adequately protected from overcharging or deep IPV = Output current of PV panel [A]
discharging. The lead–acid accumulator is represented by ISC = Short circuit current of PV module [A]
an electrical model, a voltage source in series with a Id = Diode saturation current [A]
resistance. The internal voltage Ebat is varies with the VPV = Terminal voltage of PV panel [V]
state of charge and the internal resistance, Rbat is Rs = Series resistance [Ω]
assumed to be constant and the internal terminal voltage, n = Ideal constant of diode (1~2)
Vs in charge operation is given by: VT = Thermal potential of PV module [V]

V S =Ebat + I bat . R bat (10)

5
 Fig.6.Model of Solar PV System
Fig.4. Strategical Regulation of DC Bus Voltage
V. Supervisory Control of Energy
Management VI. Operational Strategy of Different
Modes of Operation
The power demand of the remote network is depends
A comprehensive supervisory (fuzzy) control
upon the climatic conditions (Wind, Solar), and on the
algorithm is essential to efficiently manage the operation
battery state of charge. It can be tested for different
of the generating systems according to those modes [18].
system operations. The utility of the energy management
For the design of such energy management supervisor, it
fuzzy control input is shown in Table I and it is to control
has been decided that the solar subsystem would be
the battery charge state by keeping the DC bus voltage,
considered as the main generating system, while the wind
Vbus, between two limits (53 V, 43 V) around the rated
subsystem is added together to form a system efficient:
battery voltage Vbat_nom = 48 V.
the cooperation strategy between those two energy
TABLE I sources is described below. This particular choice is not a
FUZZY INPUT TO THE DC BUS VOLTAGE REGULATION limitation and the results presented below can consider
Fuzzy input (Solar Irradiation , Wind Speed and Battery) the wind system as the main supplier and the solar
Solar subsystem as a secondary. One example of energy
Time Wind m/s Battery Voltage
w/m2 management through a system supervision strategy is
T1 Off Off 48 Vbat_nom
proposed following three different modes
T2 Off 14 45 Vbat_min
T3 1000 10 45 Vbat_min
T4 1000 Off 53 Vbat_max MODE 1: If the hybrid system operates at a maximum
43 Vbat_low energy conversion and it’s categorized as a mode 1
T5 1000 14
(security mode)
operation. It is shown MATLAB/Simulink simulation in
Fig.7. The battery is able to add an energy flow to satisfy
The Strategical regulation of DC Bus Voltage is the load demand, for example in the case of high power
shown in Fig.4. It has a two hysteresis band with high demand. In such a case, Mode 1 can be maintained as
(Vdc, high) and low (Vdc, low). If the DC bus voltage falls long as the energy available in the battery bank is
inside the hysteresis band, the reference power will sufficient to complement the generation and to satisfy the
remain unchanged. If the DC bus voltage is higher than load requirements. If the bus voltage is too much
Vdc_high, inside the area “H”, then the energy management decreased (Vbus < Vbat_max), due to the battery discharge,
will stop charging battery and the reference power and the operation is then switched on to security mode, where
the DC bus voltage should be pulled down. On the other all sources of the hybrid system and loads are
side, if the DC bus voltage is lower than Vdc_low, inside disconnected. If demand of the load is low, the battery
the area “L”, the energy management will stop supplying will be charged up to maximum voltage limit. If this
power to the load and the reference power switches to the voltage limit (Vbus > Vdc_high) is exceeded, Mode 2
maximum power generation and the DC bus voltage will operation is reached.
be increased.
MODE 2: The fuzzy system continues to manage the
solar system for maximum generation i.e. the solar
system operates at the maximum energy conversion but
the wind system is set to track a power reference. This
power reference is corresponds to the power required to
6
 ENERGY OPTIMISATION IN WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
S.SureshKrishnan1, A.Suresh2, A.R.MohammedIbrahim3, M.Suresh4
`
improve the solar generation and the two system satisfies activating the wind system. A reliable standard to be
the total power demand and the battery bank is by passed decided when to switch from maximum power
and it is consequently not requested to supply the power generation (Mode 1) to power regulation (Mode 2) is
of the load. If, during this Mode 2, the battery is must to form an option about of photovoltaic and wind
discharged and systems.
The bus voltage was decreasing to its minimum limit
(Vbus < Vdc low), and the system returns to mode 1 A statement of the main points of fuzzy control is
operation and the operation of Mode 2 is shown in Fig.8. described and its responsible for switching operation
from one mode to another mode, depending upon the
Mode 3: As the solar power is sufficient to satisfy the climatic conditions and the battery charge and load
load demand and it’s categorized as mode 3 operation. demand. Moreover, it is in charge of setting the reference
There fore, the wind energy system is switched off and values of the generation modules and the battery current
the total demand of the load was tracked by the solar for each mode of operation. The value of reference power
system. It is shown in Fig.9. A charge cycle is then to the source is communicated by energy management
applied to the battery. This situation is maintained until program. The operating modes of both generating
the total power demand exceeds the available solar power systems are determined by fuzzy controller for switching
reference; for such a case the battery bank is able to from the power regulation to maximum power
provide the complement of energy flow for a short period conversion. The decision criterion for the fuzzy is based
of time, until its discharge up to the voltage limit for on measurable system variables (voltage and current).
which the supervisor control switches to Mode 2,

7
Fig.7. Mode 1 operation of Hybrid topology operates at their maximum energy conversion

8
ENERGY OPTIMISATION IN WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
S.SureshKrishnan1, A.Suresh2, A.R.MohammedIbrahim3, M.Suresh4
`

Fig.8. Mode 2 Operation of Energy Management System

Fig.9.Mode 3 Operation of Energy Management System

9
 VII. Implementation of Fuzzy Logic linguistic terms. Similarly, fuzzy sets are assigned to the
Controller other system variables – predicted wind speed, solar
irradiation level. These rnembership sets are illustrated in
In order to implement the controller, fuzzy logic is Fig.11and Fig.12.
used. Fuzzy logic is well suited to the task for a number
of reasons. Primarily, an exact mathematical model
defining how the three input variables (battery voltage
level, future wind conditions and solar irradiation) should
be used to influence the value of output (the charge &
discharge threshold) is not known. Instead, we have the
rather vague reasoning of how an improved strategy
might be achieved as outlined above. Thus a design that
implements this type of approximate reasoning is needed.
An improved charge and discharge strategy based on the
use of fuzzy logic is now presented [18].

The goal is to design a practical charge and discharge

controller that can perform better lower operating costs
than the practical charge & discharge strategies discussed
previously [19]. The philosophy of the fuzzy control
strategy is presented in this chapter, followed by details Fig.11. Membership function of solar irradiation as FIS variable
of its implementation in the next. There are three factors
that need to be considered in implernenting an improved
discharge strategy: the current state of charge of the
storage batteries and a forecast of future wind speed and
solar climatic conditions.

VII.1. Fuzzy sets and Membership function

Conventional control methods describe input and

output variables using what are known as "crisp" values.
A crisp value is a specific numeric value used to describe
the state of a variable. In fuzzy systems, on the other
hand, variables are described in terms of their degrees of
membership in particular fuzzy sets are also known as
membership functions. These fuzzy sets are usually Fig.12. Membership function of Wind as FIS variable
referred to in linguistic terms. There are a number of
shapes that could be used to define the membership The battery voltage level is defined in terms of the three
functions in a fuzzy system. Triangular, trapezoidal, fuzzy sets: Low, Medium and High. It is shown in
Gaussian, and sigma functions are among those that have Fig.13.
been used in various applications. Triangular
membership functions are used in this design.

Fig.13. Membership function of Battery Voltage Level

Fig.10.Implementation of Fuzzy inputs to Mamdani type FIS The other input variables such as Solar, Wind and
The implementation of fuzzy inputs sets are shown in Battery voltage level checks its condition as per the
Fig.10. It shows the solar irradiation, Wind speed and power demand across load side which is another input
Battery voltage level and Load power which are given as
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 ENERGY OPTIMISATION IN WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
S.SureshKrishnan1, A.Suresh2, A.R.MohammedIbrahim3, M.Suresh4
`
variable to the Fuzzy controller as it is given below formed in the Fuzzy inference system as per the input
Fig.14. variables are shown below in Fig.17.

Fig.14. Membership functions for Power demand for varying loads Fig.16.Rule Editor of Fuzzy input Variables

The output variable from the Fuzzy controller is fed to

the MATLAB function. The ON/OFF operation of the
hybrid system as per its operation in respective modes is
programmed in MATLAB function. The below figure
shows the membership function of threshold output
value, it differs for different of modes of operation.
According to the threshold value from fuzzy controller
output, the operation of wind and solar power is
determined and battery is charged and discharged
respectively and the same is shown in Fig.15 and the rule
editor of fuzzy input variables are shown in Fig.16

Fig.17. Simulation diagram of the surface view in the Fuzzy controller

The output waveform of Hybrid DC bus voltage is shown

in below Fig.18.

Fig.15.Membership functions for Output Threshold Value

VIII. Simulation Results

According to the different mode of operation the
Fuzzy rules are framed to satisfy the main objective such
as maintenance of constant DC bus voltage with respect Fig.18. Simulation waveform of hybrid DC bus voltage
to the availability of renewable resources. The surface is

11
The Fig.19.Shows the Wind Side Energy Output Wave Form is given below:

Fig.19. Simulation waveform of Wind Energy System

The Solar energy side output waveform is given below in Fig.20.

Fig.20.Simulation waveform of Solar Energy System

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 ENERGY OPTIMISATION IN WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
S.SureshKrishnan1, A.Suresh2, A.R.MohammedIbrahim3, M.Suresh4
`

The simulation of overall power management of fuzzy based hybrid Wind-Solar system is shown in Fig.21.and it
represents the fuzzy input for different modes of operation to switch the source according to the power availability and
load demand.

Fig.21.Simulation Waveform of Power Management for a Hybrid Wind-Solar System Using Optimization Technique

IX. Conclusion battery voltage as Fuzzy inputs and decisions were made
right for the situation. The hybrid wind-photovoltaic
The modeling and control of energy management of a generation system has been numerically simulated for
hybrid system has been treated. The entire hybrid system different modes of operation derived in the energy
is made up of the interconnection of the photovoltaic management strategy. The results show a good
panel and wind turbine generator system. The hybrid performance of the designed system and to make an
system with converter based interfaces is used for arrangement for the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid
optimal power transfer of DC and it was analyzed. For a energy management strategy for any operating mode
remote system, an energy management strategy is conditions as the Fuzzy logic controller makes fast and
implemented by Fuzzy logic controller, in order to precise decision analysis.
provide a stable and safe operation. In accordance with
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