NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

Department of Mathematics

2018-2019 (Semester 2) MA1513 Tutorial Set 2

To be discussed in week 3 (Jan 28-Feb 1, 2019).

Hints are given on the last page. Refer to them only when necessary.

1. A manufacturer makes three types of chairs A, B, C. The company has available

260 units of wood, 60 units of upholstery and 240 units of labor. The manufacturer
wants a production schedule that uses all of these resources. The various products
require the following amounts of resources.

A B C
Wood 4 4 3
Upholstery 0 1 2
Labor 2 4 5

(a) Find the inverse of the data matrix above and hence determine how many
pieces of each product should be manufactured.
(b) If the amount of wood is increased by 10 units, how will this change the
number of type C chairs produced?

2. Consider the following matrices:

     
0 1 1 −1 3 −4 2 0 1

A= 1 0 1, B =  2 4 1 , C = 0 2 −1,
1 1 0 −4 2 −9 0 −1 2

(a) Determine whether each matrix above is non-singular. For those that are
non-singular, find their inverses.
(b) Find the inverses of AT , B T , C T if they exist.
(c) Which of the homogeneous systems Ax = 0, Bx = 0, Cx = 0 have non-
trivial solutions? Find all the non-trivial solutions for these systems.
(d) Without performing Gaussian Elimination, can you tell whether the homoge-
neous systems ABx = 0 and ACx = 0 have non-trivial solutions? Why?

3. (a) Find the determinant of each of the following matrices.

 
    1 0 0 1
−1 3 −4 2 0 1 1 2 0 0
(i) A =  2 4 1 , (ii) B = 0 2 −1, (iii) C =  1
.
2 3 0
−4 2 −9 0 −1 2
1 2 3 4
(b) Which matrices above are non-singular?
(c) Without any further computation, can you tell whether AB and CC T are
singular?

1
4. Cramer’s Rule states that:
If A is an n × n non-singular
  matrix, then the linear system Ax = b has exactly
x1
 x2  det Ai
 
one solution for x =  ..  given by xi = for every i, where Ai is the matrix
 .  det A
xn
obtained from A by replacing the ith column of A by b.
Use Cramer’s rule to solve the system of linear equations

 x + y + 3z = 0
2x − 2y + 2z = 4

3x + 9y = 3.

5. Find the rank of each of the following matrices, and determine which ones are full
rank.
 
1 2 0  
2 1 4 1 2  
0 1 1 1 4 5 8
  4 2 2 3 2
A= −1 3 6, B=
2
, C = −1 4 3 0 .
2 1 −2 2 0
1 0 2 0 2 1
6 3 6 4 4
3 1 −1

6. Find the distance and angle between each of the following pairs of vectors u and
v. Which pairs are orthogonal to each other?
(a) u = (1, −1) and v = (−1, 3).
(b) u = (1, 2, 3) and v = (0, −3, 2).
(c) u = (1, −1, 1, −1) and v = (2, 1, 1, 2).
7. Let u1 = (2, 1, 0, 3), u2 = (3, −1, 5, 2), and u3 = (−1, 0, 2, 1) and
v = (2, 3, −7, 3), w = (1, 1, 1, 1).
(a) Are v and w linear combinations of u1 , u2 , u3 ?
(b) Do v and w belong to span{u1 , u2 , u3 }?

8. (a) How are span{(1, 0, 0)}, span{(−1, 0, 0)} and span{(1, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 0)} related?
Describe what geometrical object do they represent in the xyz-space.
(b) Recall that the span of two non parallel vectors in R3 represents a plane in
the xyz-space that contain the origin.
(i) Find the linear equation of the plane P that represents span{(2, −1, 0), (−1, 1, 1)}.
(ii) Show that the vector (−2, −4, 2) is orthogonal to both (2, −1, 0) and
(−1, 1, 1). Use this to explain why vector (−2, −4, 2) is perpendicular to
the plane P in (i).

2
Hints
 
3
2
4 − 52
1. (a) −2 −7 4 .
1 4 −2
Let x, y, z be the number of type A, B, C chairs to be manufactured respectively.
Then set up a linear system in matrix equation form using the data matrix pro-
vided. Then solve for x, y, z using the inverse matrix approach. 30 chairs of type
A, 20 chairs of type B and 20 chairs of type C.
(b) Increased by 10. (Look at the (1,3)-entry of the inverse matrix.)

2. For (a), use Gaussian

 1elimination or Gauss-Jordan
 1 elimination,
 whichever is ap-
−2 21 1
2 2
−6 −3
1 1

−1  1 1  −1  1 
propriate. A =  2 − 2 2  and C =  0 32
1
3 
.
1
2
1
2
−2 1
0 3 1 2
3
For (b), use the answers in (a).
For (c), recall the relationship between singularity of a matrix and the number of
solutions of a related homogeneous system. To find the solutions of the systems,
make use of your workings in part (a).
   
x −19t
 
The general solution for Bx = 0: y  =  7t  for some parameter t.
z 10t
For (d), the answer is yes.

3. (a) 24 (Compute the determinants directly by expanding into smaller determi-

nants). (b) There is a relation between determinant and singularity of matrices.
(c) What are the determinants of AB and CC T ?

4. x = 2.2, y =−0.4, z = −0.6.

    
0 1 3 1 0 3 1 1 0
Here A1 = 4 −2 2 , A2 = 2 4 2 , A3 = 2 −2 4.
3 9 0 3 3 0 3 9 3
5. You need to work out the row echelon form of each matrix.
√ √ √
6. Use the dot product. (a) 20, 153.4◦ , (b) 27, 90◦ , (c) 14, 90◦ .

7. (a) For each of v and w, you need to set up a vector equation and convert into a
linear system. (b) The answers follow from those of (a) immediately.

8. Refer to the last part of section 2.2. For (b) part (i), recall from section 1.1 that a
plane in xyz-space is represented by a linear equation of the form ax + by + cz = d.
(Ans: x + 2y − z = 0.) For part (ii), do a rough sketch of the plane P together
with the two vectors (2, −1, 0) and (−1, 1, 1).