Assignment - 1

IDM : Textile Testing &

Quality Control

Submitted to : Sayandeep Kidile

Submitted by : Aasawari Agrawal
Roll no. : MFM/21/N982

 Effective testing
procedure for Terry
Towel
TENSILE RESISTANCE TEST:

Among other terry towel tests, it is a very critical test. In Tensile Strength Tester in Grab Test Theory, this test is performed to assess the tensile
strength of a towel. The test protocol is listed in more detail below:

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

This test is conducted according to method ASTM D 5034.

The Tensile Strength Tester has two jaws; one is fixed (lower jaw) and the other is flexible (top jaw).
Samples shall be taken from the towel at first using a template. The sample scale is 4 inches to 6 inches.
The sample is then clamped between two jaws, and the m / c is then started.
As the distance between two jaws increases; the sample splits, finally. Unit tensile strength is shown in the kg unit on the optical monitor.
Two warp samples & two weft samples are checked and the average tensile strength of the sample is recorded separately in warp & weft direction.
TEAR STRENGTH TEST:

This check is done for evaluating a towel’s tear ability. A detailed description of the test procedure
is given below.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

This study is carried out according to method ASTM D 1424.

Initially, samples of a scale (10033 mm) are cut from the towel to be checked using a template.
Two Warp samples & two Weft samples are checked.
The sample is fixed to the tester’s jaw.
The sample is then ripped with the knife.
The indicator is then taken at null.
The scale plate shall then be removed by loosening a knob.
When the scale plate movement ceases, the reading of the scale from the indicator located on the
scale plate is then taken.
Two Warp samples & two Weft samples are checked. & the average tensile strength of the sample is
recorded separately in warp & weft direction.
ABSORPTION TEST:

Absorbency is one of the terry towel’s most important properties. Absorbency testing is performed
to assess the percentage of absorbance of the given material (towel). The test is conducted using an
absorbency tester. The test procedure is listed in more detail below.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

This study is carried out in compliance with AATCC Form 140-2010.

The sample is taken at first and clumped in the stand in such a way that water can only be absorbed
by the pile covering most of the towel.
A basin for the collection of residual water after absorption is placed underneath the stand.
In a measuring jar, 50 ml of water is then taken. 1st Reading is 50ml always.
The water is then placed in the test kit and the stand is held for 33 seconds for absorption.
The towel is taken away with the clump after 33 seconds.
The excess water, which was not absorbed by the towel and stored in the tub, is then transferred to
the measuring cylinder and read. This is 2nd reading.
And finally, the amount of absorbency is determined using the following formula:
Absorbency% = {(1st Reading × 2) – (2nd Reading × 2)} × 2
In this way, the absorbency of a terry towel is tested.
SHRINKAGE TEST:

There are two types of measures for shrinkage. Such are:

Dimensional Stability Test (Bodily Shrinkage)

This check is performed to assess the quality of towels in length. The test procedure is listed in more detail below.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

This study is carried out according to AATCC Form 138-2010.

Using a template & texile marker, at first 3 pairs of the mark are given on the surface of the specimen towel.
In AATCC Washer, the specimen towel is then washed in water for 3 cycles. The 1st & 3rd is hot wash & the 2nd is a hot wash (600C) for three
washers.
The specimen towel is then conditioned to a comfortable state in the stand. Conditioning is performed for at least 6 hours at a temperature of 21-
220C or more.
Shrinkage shall then be measured using the shrinkage scale.
Reading is taken in both the direction of warp & weft. Reading is taken in three distinct points in each case, based on the 6 marks given before
washing.
Two marks of each line are normally shrinking; thus reading is negative; this implies a shrinkage.
Finally, the mean shrinkage for the warp & weft direction is stated separately.
TEST LINTING:

Lint are the sticky loose fibers removed from the towels during tumbling, accompanied by treatment
with washing. A linting test is performed to find out the percentage of towel linting patterns. The
test protocol is listed in detail below.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

The check is conducted using CTL WW 104 Process.

The test towel is weighed first.
An example towel is then washed 5 times in AATCC Washer.
The sample towel is dried in the tumbling phase in AATCC Drier after each wash.
AATCC Drier shall have a net for the collection of lints. The lints are removed from the net after each
drying cycle.
All lints are then weighed, collected in 5 dryings.
And finally, the amount of linting is determined by the equation below
Linting % = {(Weight of Towel – Weight of Lint) ÷ Weight of Towel} × 100
In this process, a linting test is done.
CAUSTIC & EXTRACTION OF ENZYMES TEST:

This test measures the volume of residual caustic & enzyme in a given towel

PH-TESTING:

This check is performed for measuring the amount of PH in the towel. The test protocol is listed in
more detail below:
PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:
This test is conducted according to AATCC Process 81-2006.
The towel is immersed in the water at first, then held for 20 minutes.
A small check beaker then lets water in.
The pH meter is then calibrated.
Then the PH meter electrode is submerged in the water which shows the towel’s PH in the monitor.

COLORFASTNESS EVALUATION FOR RUBBING / CROCKING TEST:

The test is conducted using Crock Meter. The test protocol is listed in more detail below:

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

This study is conducted using AATCC Method 8-2007.

At first, the sample is taken, the sample is clipped in the sample stand and the nose is clamped with
a staining cloth.
The nose is then rubbed against the sample by a handle 10 times.
Rubbing is done in a wet state at first, and then rubbing is done in a dry condition with another piece
of tin cloth again.
The staining fabrics are then visually tested to determine the staining and the sample is given a
grade.
COLORFASTNESS TO FAST:

This check is conducted to assess towel colorfastness for washing. The test protocol is listed in
more detail below.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

The study is conducted using AATCC 61-2010 Process.

Samples of 5 gm are taken in a conical flask at first.
The sample is then washed in 0.5 gm / ltr soap & 0.2 gm / ltr and 600C soda for 40 minutes in
oscillating m / c coloration.
The sample is then washed three times in cold water and then squeezed & dried.
The sample is eventually analyzed visually and it is given a rating.

COLORFASTNESS TO WATER:

This check is conducted to assess towel fastness to watercolor. The test protocol is listed in more
detail below.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

The test is performed using the AATCC 107-2009 Process.

The first 5 cm (towel) and 66 cm (multi-fiber) samples are taken.
The combined sample weight & multi-fiber is then taken.
The total sample weight & multi-fiber is then multiplied by 2.5 or 3
Distilled water is now taken in a beaker and the towel sample is soaked in the water and then hand
squeezed in such a way that its weight after squeezing is equal to or nearly equal to the combined
weight of the sample & multi-fiber 2.5 (or 3)
The sample & multi-fiber should then be placed between two plates of the test kit; the multi-fiber
should be placed above.
The other test kit plates are then placed in position, and the top plate is placed over them.
Now the weight of 4.5 kg is put on the top plate and then the top plate is firmly screwed; then the
weight is taken off.
The test kit will then be placed in a hot air oven for 18 hours at a temperature of 380C.
The towel sample & multi-fiber are removed from the test kit after 18 hours.
The sample is then dried for 10 to 20 minutes at a temperature of 56-600C. Conditioning is then
completed.
Ultimately, the sample & multi-fiber is visually tested for the assessment of the color fading of the
sample & multi-fiber staining and the sample is given a ranking.

CHECK FOR COLORFASTNESS TO BLEACH WITHOUT CHLORINE:

This check is done for the dyed yarns; often used for the formulation of the selvage. The purpose of
this test is to determine the sum of the dyed yarns bleeding in color.
During testing of colorfastness to non-chlorine bleach, two separate formulas are used for P / C &
Cotton Yarn. Below: The recipes are given:

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

Initially, 5 gm of sample is taken from the towel to be checked.

The solution will then be formulated according to the recipe.
Then the laundering-o-meter solution is taken into the sample tube.
The sample is then put in a laundry-o-meter sample box along with a stained fabric and the mouth of
the boxes is then closed.
The sample cans are then put in a laundry-o-meter. Glycerin is found within the launder-o-meter.
At 60-800C temperature, the sample cans are rotated in the glycerin for 5 hours.
The sample is then cleaned in room temperature water and then dried.
The staining fabrics & the colored yarns are then visually aided and the sample is ranked.
These are the most striking tests which are performed for Terry towel quality control for terry towel
production.
 Tensile Strength Test
Tear Strength Test
Colorfastness Test - water
Shrinkage Test
Wet Rubbing
Effective testing Dry Rubbing
Abrasion resistance
procedure for Sheets Crease Recovery test
Bleaching
TENSILE RESISTANCE TEST:

Among other terry towel tests, it is a very critical test. In Tensile Strength Tester in Grab Test Theory, this test is performed to assess the
tensile strength of sheets. The test protocol is listed in more detail below:

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

This test is conducted according to method ASTM D 5034.

The Tensile Strength Tester has two jaws; one is fixed (lower jaw) and the other is flexible (top jaw).
Samples shall be taken from the sheets at first using a template. The sample scale is 4 inches to 6 inches.
The sample is then clamped between two jaws, and the m / c is then started.
As the distance between two jaws increases; the sample splits, finally. Unit tensile strength is shown in the kg unit on the optical monitor.
Two warp samples & two weft samples are checked and the average tensile strength of the sample is recorded separately in warp & weft
direction.
TEAR STRENGTH TEST:

This check is done for evaluating sheets tear ability. A detailed description of the test procedure is given below.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

This study is carried out according to method ASTM D 1424.

Initially, samples of a scale (10033 mm) are cut from the towel to be checked using a template.
Two Warp samples & two Weft samples are checked.
The sample is fixed to the tester’s jaw.
The sample is then ripped with the knife.
The indicator is then taken at null.
The scale plate shall then be removed by loosening a knob.
When the scale plate movement ceases, the reading of the scale from the indicator located on the scale plate is then taken.
Two Warp samples & two Weft samples are checked. & the average tensile strength of the sample is recorded separately in warp & weft
direction.
COLORFASTNESS TO WATER:

This check is conducted to assess sheet fastness to watercolor. The test protocol is listed in more detail
below.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

The test is performed using the AATCC 107-2009 Process.

The first 5 cm (towel) and 66 cm (multi-fiber) samples are taken.
The combined sample weight & multi-fiber is then taken.
The total sample weight & multi-fiber is then multiplied by 2.5 or 3
Distilled water is now taken in a beaker and the sheet sample is soaked in the water and then hand squeezed
in such a way that its weight after squeezing is equal to or nearly equal to the combined weight of the sample
& multi-fiber 2.5 (or 3)
The sample & multi-fiber should then be placed between two plates of the test kit; the multi-fiber should be
placed above.
The other test kit plates are then placed in position, and the top plate is placed over them.
Now the weight of 4.5 kg is put on the top plate and then the top plate is firmly screwed; then the weight is
taken off.
The test kit will then be placed in a hot air oven for 18 hours at a temperature of 380C.
The towel sample & multi-fiber are removed from the test kit after 18 hours.
The sample is then dried for 10 to 20 minutes at a temperature of 56-600C. Conditioning is then completed.
Ultimately, the sample & multi-fiber is visually tested for the assessment of the color fading of the sample &
multi-fiber staining and the sample is given a ranking.
SHRINKAGE TEST:

There are two types of measures for shrinkage. Such are:

Dimensional Stability Test (Bodily Shrinkage)

This check is performed to assess the quality of the sheet in length. The test procedure is listed in more detail below.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING:

This study is carried out according to AATCC Form 138-2010.

Using a template & texile marker, at first 3 pairs of the mark are given on the surface of the specimen sheet.
In AATCC Washer, the specimen towel is then washed in water for 3 cycles. The 1st & 3rd is hot wash & the 2nd is a hot wash (600C) for three
washers.
The specimen towel is then conditioned to a comfortable state in the stand. Conditioning is performed for at least 6 hours at a temperature of
21-220C or more.
Shrinkage shall then be measured using the shrinkage scale.
Reading is taken in both the direction of warp & weft. Reading is taken in three distinct points in each case, based on the 6 marks given before
washing.
Two marks of each line are normally shrinking; thus reading is negative; this implies a shrinkage.
Finally, the mean shrinkage for the warp & weft direction is stated separately.
WET RUBBING FASTNESS AND DRY RUBBING FASTNESS

The wet and dry rubbing colorfastness test is mainly used to test the colorfastness of textiles. It is widely used in the textile industry. For
rubbing fastness (Wet), the rubbing cloth is placed in the water and socked and squeeze. The wet rubbing cloth is placed on to the grating
and stag with stainless steel wire and run ten times manually then assesses the attaining on to the rubbing cloth and the rubbing fastness of
the sample cloth is accessed

WET RUBBING FASTNESS - AATCC 8

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING -

Wet rubbing color fastness refers to the situation of fading and staining of dyed fabric when rubbed with a standard white cloth which water
content is 95% to 105%. The friction fading of fabric is to make dye fall off caused by friction.
1. Thoroughly wet the rubbed white cloth in distilled water.
2. Before the test, use any easy-to-operate method, such as sandwiching the rubbing cloth between the filter papers and rolling with a rolling
mill to control the moisture content of the rubbing cloth to 65% ± 5%. This moisture content is calculated based on the humidity of the dry
rubbing cloth under standard atmospheric conditions (temperature 21 ° C, relative humidity 65%).
3. Perform friction test according to the above dry friction method.

DRY RUBBING FASTNESS - AATCC 8

1. Friction direction Along the length direction of the sample, the friction sandpaper is placed on the base of the friction device along the
length direction, and the wet rubbing test sample is placed on the friction sandpaper.
2. Place the sample holder on the sample to prevent the sample from slipping.
3. Attach a square friction white cloth to the downward-facing friction head. The warp direction of the small white cloth is parallel to the
rubbing direction. Use a special metal collar to cover the small white cloth. Note that the metal collar position should not be too low. This will
drag the test specimen.
4. Put down the friction test head on the sample. The starting position is to place the friction head in the forward and backward position,
and shake the handle back and forth at a speed of one round trip per second, so that the friction head reciprocates a total of 20 times in
the sample. Electric friction tester, please set and start the instrument 10 back and forth. For other round-trip requirements, please refer
to their requirements.

5. Remove the square friction white cloth, adjust the humidity according to the standard (AATCC) requirements, and then compare the
staining level against the stained gray card according to the standard method. For napping, raising, and sanding samples, once some
loose fibers are applied to the rubbing white cloth, the rating will be affected. Before rating, use tape paper by gently pressing on the
rubbing white cloth to remove the unrelated short fibers.

ABRASION RESISTANCE

Abrasion resistance is the ability of a textile material to withstand surface wear due to flat rubbing contact with another material and the
durability of a textile and clothing is greatly influenced by its abrasion resistance properties.
Abrasion testing is used to test the abrasive resistance of solid materials. ... The intent of abrasion testing is to produce data that will
reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.

CREASE RECOVERY TEST

The ability of a fabric to recover to its original condition is called crease recovery. This recovery is a measure of crease-resistance,
specified quantitatively in terms of the crease recovery angle (CRA). We measure this by using the Shirley crease recovery tester.