The plan of the United States to survey the Philippine Islands began in _______ when a _______ officer was

sent to
Manila with instructions to prepare a report on the existing cartographic conditions in the
Philippines and to obtain all information necessary for the execution of geodetic, hydrographic,
and topographic surveys in the country.
March 1900

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS)

From _________, the USCGS established several triangulation networks all over the country which had different
origins.
1901 to 1911

In 1911, these different networks on different datums and with different origins were consolidated into one
nationwide network and the _______ was established with triangulation station Balanacan as its
datum origin.
Luzon Datum

The Luzon Datum of 1911 was defined by station Balanacan as datum origin, using the station's ________, ______,
and ______ to station Baltazar and Clarke 1866 as reference ellipsoid.
astronomic latitude

longitude

azimuth

Balanacan station has the following description:

Latitude = N 13° 33' 41.000"

Longitude = E 121° 52' 03.000"

Balanacan Station Description:

Station mark is the center of a hole ____cm in diameter and __ cm deep, drilled at the center of a triangle ___ cm on
a side, cut in a hard rock.
1.5 6 16

Balanacan Station Description:

Reference mark is on a hard, white boulder of about one cubic meter in volume, standing ___ cm above the ground
and ___ cm higher than the station. The mark is a hole ___ cm in diameter and __ cm deep, at the
center of a cross cut on top of this stone.
80

90

1.5

_________ established both stations with ______ as chief-of-party. Thus, a geodetic station is said to be in the
_____ if it is connected by continuous triangulation from the Station Balanacan.
Mr. O.W. Ferguson
Mr. H.D. King

Luzon Datum

The __________ developed until 1946, consisted of narrow chains of 2nd order triangulation stations
concentrated along the coastal areas for topographic and hydrographic surveys.
Philippine Geodetic Network (PGN)

PGN
Philippine Geodetic Network

The PGN was upgraded into the Philippine Reference System of 1992 (PRS92) through an _______ from 1988 to
1991. To date, the Station Balanacan is the datum origin.
Australian assisted project

During the development of PRS92 from 1987 to 1991, a total of ________ GPS stations were established. Of these
stations, 69 were common to the primary triangulation network stations defined with the old
Luzon datum.
360 (332 1st order, 17 2nd Order, 11 Third Order)

Section 1. ________ shall be fixed in a position on the surface of the earth by monuments of permanent nature.
Control Survey

shall refer to the survey conducted to determine the _________________ which will form part of a geodetic network
or project controls over an area which will subsequently become the basis in determining the
rectangular coordinates in an area. (DAO 2007-29)
Control Survey

horizontal and vertical positions of points

2 Classification of Control Survey

Geodetic Control Survey
Project Control Survey

Section 2. All _________ shall be conducted in the PRS 92 using survey grade GNSS receivers.
Geodetic Control Surveys

___________ shall refer to the surveys conducted covering extensive areas which take into account the
_________________ of the earth at sea level for the purpose of establishing basic network of
reference points, covering the first and second order controls. (DAO 2007-29)
Geodetic Control Survey

curvature and the geoid-spheroidal shape

Section 3. The conduct of Geodetic Control Survey shall be in accordance with the following conditions:
a. Recommendation of the Regional Executive Director (RED).

b. Authorized to conduct the survey shall be a licensed GE.

c. Survey Order issued by the NAMRIA Administrator.

d. Copy of the Contract.

Section 4. The survey party and its component shall be as determined by the
Project Contractor or the Chief of Party

3 basic components of survey party:

1. Project Main Office

2. Office Operations

3. Field Operations
*Survey Control Team
*Reconnaissance and Monument Recovery Team
*Monument Setting Team

Section 5. The Geodetic Control Work Plan shall be forwarded to the ______ for approval. The approved Work Plan
shall form part of the Survey Returns.
NAMRIA

Geodetic Control Project Management Plan:

1. Geodetic Control Survey Party

2. Financial Plan

3. Equipment

4. Duration of the project

Geodetic Control Technical Plan:

1. NAMRIA Topographic Map

2. Number of control points to be established

3. Proposed leveling measurement

Section 6. The individual status of reference points of previously established Geodetic Control and Project Control
Network adjacent to or within the project area shall be researched, evaluated and verified on the
ground. Their corresponding GPPC, both in the Local and in the PPCS, shall be determined. Only
___________________ shall be considered in the design of Control Network.
stable or undisturbed control or reference points

Section 7. The following shall be notified in writing before the conduct of the survey, if applicable:
a. Provincial Engineer
b. PENRO
c. DPWH District Engineer
d. CENRO
e. Municipal Engineer
f. Head of the Field Office
g. Barangay Chairman
h. Lot owner/claimant
Section 8. The network of controls covering the project site shall be plotted on the map as mentioned in Section 5-b
of DMC 2010-13. The network design shall be composed of ____________ and shall serve as
guide in the conduct of actual ground survey.
recovered/new control points

Section 9. The conduct of survey shall start from an established ___________ and shall end at another _________
for checking purposes.
PRS 92 control point

PRS 92 control point (check base)

Primary Geodetic Network (Baseline Length)

1st Order?
2nd Order?
50km
25km

Secondary Geodetic Network (Baseline Length)

3rd Order?
4th Order?
5km

variable (each Barangay shall have at least a pair of Control Points not more than 2 km apart)

Section 10. The inter-visibility of stations are _____ in order to have a good Network Geometry in the GNSS
observations. However, in the preparation of the _____________, it is necessary that the points
selected can be occupied, located in a stable ground and shall not be affected by any construction
activities in the near future.

_________or__________ soil areas should be avoided.

not necessary

Network Design

Swampy or loose

Section 11. In the Network Design, the following shall be considered:

a. The terrain and the physiographic features of the project area.

b. The availability of old Geodetic Controls.

c. Number of GNSS Receivers. More than Three (3) Receivers are sufficient for the purpose.

d. Appropriate number and length of observations. These are dependent on the type of receivers (single or dual) to be
used and the purpose of the survey.

e. See section 25 for other details.

Section 12. The following shall apply in the preparation of the map of the project site:
a. The available NAMRIA Topographic Map on the area shall be used as base map.
b. All the fixed controls (Old Control Points) based on the available records shall be plotted.

c. The Points to be established shall be approximately plotted on the selected locations.

d. Caution shall be taken in order to scale the map correctly. The distance between points is an important factor.

e. Each station shall be numbered in accordance with Section 16 of this Manual.

f. The Network Design's final map may be modified upon the conduct of Field Reconnaissance.

Section 13. Using the project site map mentioned in Sections 5.b, 8 and 12 of DMC 2010-13 as reference, it shall be
ascertained that the Network Design shall be made to conform to the following conditions:
a. The lines connecting the control points within the network should create closed polygons with the minimum
number of sides, such as triangles that will create a rigid network.

b. The Network shall be designed so that all stations or points included therein have at least three (3) known PRS 92
control points.

c. The designed Network should have an adequate amount of Redundancy, or additional measurement over and
beyond the absolute minimum required considering that the main objective is to have a required
precision of the control point's final coordinates. As such, an optimal number of known points
should be included, with as many cross-ties and repeated measurements as possible.

d. Schedules for the field observation shall also be included in the plan. The field observations shall be timed when
the Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) is low. A low PDOP value indicates a higher
probability of accuracy.

Section 14. Reconnaissance of the area shall be conducted to determine if there are control points that need to be
transferred from their proposed sites to strengthen weak geometric figures. During the
reconnaissance, the following shall be determined:
a. Accessibility of the proposed locations of the control points.

b. Ground stability of the proposed location.

c. The best route to reach each survey station.

d. Proximity of radio station towers that may possibly disrupt transmission of data and presence of any obstructions
above 15° of the horizon.

e. Estimated travel time between stations. The travel time from the field
office to the project site shall also be determined.

f. Actual number of the old control points to be recovered by the survey

team and their corresponding status on the ground.

g. The private property owners from whom to obtain the permission to enter the premises where the survey stations
are proposed to be established, or if the owners are already known, secure the said permission.

Section 15. The position of reference points shall be in the form of a _______ illustrated in Annex III.A.1 of DMC
2010-13
square base frustum
Concrete monuments shall be fabricated w/ reinforced steel bar: _______________

and satisfying the requirements of class A concrete specifications in the ratio of 1:2:4 or translated into a concrete
mixture such as:
1 cubic meter of cement
2 cubic meters of sand
4 cubic meters of gravel

Note: Sand and gravel must be clean, free from dust or mud or other organic matter.
10 mm in diameter for vertical bars.
8 mm in diameter for ties.

Section 16. Reference Monuments shall be marked on top with engraved letters and shall consist of five (5) parts
namely:
a. Provincial Code
b. Control Point Number
c. Year Established
d. Order of Accuracy
e. office or entity that established the Reference Monument.

In markings of reference monuments, the ______ shall be consulted for assignment of Code to the newly created
provinces.
NAMRIA

In markings of reference monuments, the numbering of control points:

_______ for those established by NAMRIA and
_______for LMB/LMS and other entities.
1 to 3000
3001 and so forth

In markings of reference monuments, the name of the office or entity shall be inscribed using only one word. Which
could either be an _______ , __________ or ________.
acronym, company name or surname of a person.

In markings of reference monuments, to avoid duplication of numbers, the establishing entity shall coordinate:

_______ = 1st and 2nd Order control points.

_______ = 3rd and 4th Order control points.
NAMRIA

LMS Regional Office

The LMS shall furnish the data (3rd and 4th Order control points) to LMB on the established control points for the
updating of the ___________.
Reference Points National Database

In markings of reference monuments, all the letters and numbers shall be:
*Arial Bold in font type
*all capital
*2.5 cm in height
*2 cm in width
*0.4 cm in thickness
*margins not less than 2 cm. along the edge of the monument.

In markings of reference monuments, it should bear the mark "________" which stands for government property.
GOV PROP

In selecting location for Establishing the Reference Monuments, the spot shall be readily ____________.
identifiable and easy to find

In selecting location for Establishing the Reference Monuments, It shall provide the most ___________ and has
considerable distance from shorelines, river banks, ravines, ditches, etc. to prevent its
displacement in case of landslide, erosion or rising of water level.
stable ground

In selecting location for Establishing the Reference Monuments, The monuments shall be located in an area with a
___________ from the road, a right of way or from the proposed expansion or road widening
where it is likely to be subjected to damage, disturbance or obliteration in the future.
safe distance

In selecting location for Establishing the Reference Monuments, The ___________ shall be observed so that the
required depth below the ground and the length exposed above the ground can be determined.
nature of soil

In selecting location for Establishing the Reference Monuments, The priority area shall be a _______________
wherein the accessibility and the security of the monument can be assured
government owned land

Section 18 . The control point shall be identified by its complete geographic position which shall be expressed in
_________________________.
atitude, longitude and elevation

Section 19.The establishment of geodetic control covering the First and Second Order Accuracy shall be done only
using a _____________________

Note:
There shall be at least 3 receiver units per survey team.

The employment of more than 4 receivers is preferable

GNSS Receiver

Section 20. The GNSS receivers to be used in the conduct of ground survey shall undergo calibration/testing and
registration pursuant to ____________.
Section 22 of DAO No. 2007-29

DA0 2007-29 Section 22. All conventional survey instruments, GNSS receivers and smart stations shall be properly
calibrated by and registered to the ___________ before it can be used for any kind of survey
covered by this regulation.
LMB/LMS

Validity of registration.

For steel tapes

two (2) years or up to three (3) breaks, whichever comes earlier

Validity of registration.

For engineer's transits and optical and electronic theodolites:

three (3) years

Validity of registration.

For EDM and ETS

two (2) years

Validity of registration.

For GNSS Receiver

two (2) years

Field test for Survey Accuracy for the issuance of Certification shall be done only upon presentation of at least a pair
(two units) of GPS Receivers:
a. One as Base Receiver and

b. the other one as Rover, for differential (simultaneous) observations.

The Receivers, either of single frequency (L1 C/A Code) or dual frequency (L1/L2 P-code) shall have the following
minimum accuracy:
a) At Static Survey:
*Horizontal: 5 mm+1 ppm, multiply by baseline length
*Vertical: 10 mm+ 1 ppm, multiply by baseline length

b) At Kinematic Survey:
*Horizontal: 20 mm+1 ppm, multiply by baseline length
*Vertical: 20 mm+ 1 ppm, multiply by baseline length

(Required Standards for Issuance of Certification of Instrument Registration)

Must be a survey grade receiver and a dual frequency (L1/L2) for the establishment of ________________ for the
lower accuracies.
First and Second Order Accuracies and single frequency

(Required Standards for Issuance of Certification of Instrument Registration)

Preferably capable of _______________ from several satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, etc.).
receiving signals

(Required Standards for Issuance of Certification of Instrument Registration)

Capable of tracking at least __________ common satellites with good geometry

four (4)

(Required Standards for Issuance of Certification of Instrument Registration)

Capable of obtaining _________ observable (not just C/A code).

carrier phase

(Required Standards for Issuance of Certification of Instrument Registration)

Position is expressed in ______-

Longitude, Latitude and Altitude.

(Required Standards for Issuance of Certification of Instrument Registration)

Capable of observing and logging at ___________.

common times

(Required Standards for Issuance of Certification of Instrument Registration)

Capable of achieving precision of ______________

1 ppm to 0.1 ppm

Section 21. Before going out in the field, the following should be checked/done:
a. There shall be no mixing of different receiver types or even model.

b. Fully charge the battery to ensure maximum power supply. At no stage during the field observation should the
Receiver be powered down, not even for a few seconds. There should always be spare batteries.
Changing of batteries shall not be done during the observation as it will cause the Receiver to
lose lock on satellites, which in turn will cause a major cycle slip.

c. Ensure that the memory device of the receiver has an ample storage capacity left for. Field notes shall still be used
for purpose storing the estimated observations as per Network Designs of counter-checking and
cross referencing
during the data processing; and

d. Ensure that the receiver settings such as elevation mask, synchronous rates, observation types, etc., are the same
for all types of receivers.

Section 22. Before the start of operation, the following procedural conditions shall be observed:
a. Control points that are to be observed at the same time shall form a Session and shall be linked together through
pivot sites. Pivot sites shall be the stations that are common to two or more sessions.

b. All receivers shall be set at the same logging interval (default is 15 seconds.

c. All receivers shall have the same elevation mask (default is 13°)

d. All receivers shall be set at the same coordinate system (UTM, Zone 51 North, WGS84).

e. The Maximum PDOP shall be 7 and shall preferably less than 5 particularly for shorter observation such as Rapid
Static.

f. The survey mode shall be the same (if one is in the Static Mode others should also be in the Static Mode; if one is
in Real-Time Kinematic others should also be in Real Time Kinematic, and so on).

g. The equipment frequency shall be the same in all the observation points (if dual frequency is being used by one
station, the other stations should be also using dual frequency).
(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The GNSS receiver unit shall be set up on the survey mark/monument with the __________________ which is
usually a brass or steel bar.
receiver's center exactly over the center of mark/ monument

(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The observer shall ____________________ as per manufacturers' specification considering that it is instrument
dependent.
follow the amount of warm-up time

(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The receiver shall be__________________. A second of glitch in the power source will affect the entire
observations.
properly connected to the power source (battery packs)

(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The ___________ shall be measured to the nearest millimeter. At least two (2) members of the team shall be
assigned to measure the antenna height separately.
antenna height

(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The antenna shall be centered to the station to the ___________. Antenna shall be oriented to the North. All
antennae shall be oriented in the same direction, as this helps eliminate any systematic errors in
antenna center location. Antenna are usually marked with an arrow on the ground plane to aid
orientation.
nearest millimeter

(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The observer shall indicate where the _______________ were taken. (Bottom or Top of notch, Hook using tape,
etc.)
antenna height's measurements

(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The antenna heights measurement shall be taken _____________. Measured data shall be written on field sheets.
before and after observations

(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

_____________ shall be taken to make sure that the instrument height measurements are recorded correctly in the
field sheets, as well as the station name, unit serial number, and the time. Mistakes in height
measurements are the most common source of error in GNSS surveying. Effort shall be made in
order to reduce the possibility of blunders caused by incorrect measurement such as considering
using Fixed-height tripods
Precautions
(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The __________, __________, _________, ______________, and ___________ shall be properly recorded in the
field sheets. All information in the field sheet found in the Annex XX of DMC 2010-13 shall be
completely and properly filled-up.
height
station name
serial number
antenna model
start and stop time

(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The observation shall begin after verifying if the instrument is ___________ when the unit is turned ON.
logging data

(prescribed activities in the conduct of GNSS field observations)

The guide to baseline length based on the Network Design and the
observation time shall be followed by the ________. Some of the baselines shall be observed ____________ to
increase the level of redundancy.
observer

more than once

(Observation Time and Number of Session)

The minimum session lengths stated above shall be the _____________. In case of doubt, more data shall be
recorded in order to ensure redundancy.
minimum period of unbroken data

(Observation Time and Number of Session)

If observations are being conducted in a remote area where the baselines cannot be processed and validated before
the survey team leave the area, _________ periods shall be considered.
longer observation

(Independent Observations)

Each point shall have a minimum of ____________________ to ensure true redundancy.

two independent observations

(Independent Observations)

Each independent observation shall be of different _________

antenna height

(Independent Observations)

To ensure different satellite geometry while conducting independent observations on the same day, the time
difference between succeeding observations shall be at least _______.
1 hour
Section 27.The following shall be observed during and after the GNSS session in order to prevent loss of data, low
data quality, and other blunders which will necessitate field re-observations:
a. During the recording session, the observer shall take note of the Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) which
indicates the geometrical strength of a four or more satellite constellation as it applies to
instantaneous point position fixing.

Note: The lower the number of the GDOP, the better the geometry for achieving an accurate point position.

b. The data stored inside the receiver shall be downloaded as soon as possible and determine if there is a need to
delete previous observed data to avoid overload on the receiver's memory which could prevent
recording of the next session.

c. While collecting data, the use of electronic device such as radio, cellphone, laptop, etc. within 10 meters from the
GPS Receiver should be avoided.

PDOP - means

Note: A low PDOP value indicates a higher probability of accuracy.

Position Dilution of Precision

Section 28. The ______________ shall be included in the Geodetic Network Design pursuant to Sections 6, 11 and
12 of this Manual and shall be observed together with the new control points. Each of the
recovered control points shall have both the old PTM (PPCS) and PRS92 coordinates due to the
possibility that a number of titled properties are tied to the said monuments.
Old Geodetic Control Points

Section 166. The following shall form part of the survey returns of the Geodetic Control Survey:
a. Copy of the Required Certifications and other Legal Documents.

b. References and other Technical Documents:

c. GPS/ETS observation

d. Established Controls Points

Copy of the Required Certifications and other Legal Documents shall include the following:
1. Transmittal Letter, signed and sealed by the Chief of Survey Party
2. Project Contract
3. Survey Order
4. Approved Geodetic Control Work Plan consisting of Project
Management Plan and the Technical Plan.
5. Certificate of GPS Testing from NAMRIA and Registration from the LMB. The brand, model, serial number of
GPS receiver and antennae used should be indicated.
6. Notification Letter
7. Field Inspection Report
8. Geodetic Engineer's Certificate signed by the Chief of Survey Party,
marked with dry seal and duly notarized.
9. Certificate of Instrument Registration (CIR)

References and other Technical Documents:

1. Certification of Geographic Position of Reference Points used in the project which are not available in the LMS.
2. Monument Recovery Report.
The physical status of the old control monuments shall be described.
A photograph of the monument (top and perspective views) shall be attached. The sample form to be used for the
purpose is illustrated in Annex XIX of this Manual.

GPS observation
1. Raw Observed GPS data in NAMRIA prescribed format in digital files.
If the instruments used are non-Trimble receivers (Ashtech, Sokkia, Leica, etc.) convert the GPS raw data to RINEX
digital format.
2. Processed GPS Data using an appropriate software.
3. Fully accomplished GPS Field Sheet.
4. Description of all PRS92 controls used.
5. Photograph of the established monuments (top and perspective views).

ETS Observation

If the instrument used is an ETS, in addition to the applicable provisions stated in Section 166.d of this Manual, the
following shall also be prepared:
1. The following shall have each field notes:
a) Primary Traverses
b) Secondary Traverses
c) Astronomical observations

2. The Original Computations of:

a) Survey Control Traverses
b) Astronomical Observations
c) Elevation and Sea Level Reductions
d) Scale Factor and Grid Distance and other misc. computation
e) Azimuth Derivations

3. Test Traverse field notes and computations

4. The Project Control Map shall be prepared in lieu of Geodetic Control

Map.

(Established Control Points)

Monument Description Book in prescribed LMB Forms which includes the following:
a) The geographic and grid coordinates of BLLM No. 1.

b) There should be at least three (3) references for each station. Each reference points should be described with
corresponding
distance and bearings from station and BLLMs.

c) Each station and BLLM should be sketched in its location

(Established Control Points)

PRS92 Geodetic Network Control Map prepared in 54 x 54 cm drafting

film with marginal lines of 50 x 50 cm in prescribed LMB forms duly signed by the Chief of Party and shall contain
the following:
a) The boundary of the project.

b) The adjoining municipalities with their corresponding cadastral survey number, and survey projects undertaken
within the area being surveyed, if any.

c) The existing provincial and national roads, rivers, creeks, timber or forest lands (shaded), unclassified areas, and
other natural features within the project.

d) The First and Second Order control stations established shall be plotted in appropriate scale.

e) Existing triangulation stations and location monuments (old and those belonging to approved project within the
boundary).

f) The following details shall also be indicated:

1) locality of the project (municipality, province, and island).
2) PPCS Zone Number
3) Bar scale
4) Approximate area
5) Project Number
6) Date submitted
7) Date surveyed

g) The Conventional symbols shall be used in the preparation of Geodetic Control Maps.

IVAS means
Inspection, Verification, and Approval of GEODETIC CONTROL SURVEY RETURNS

Section 186. The NAMRIA shall verify the correctness and technical accuracy of the survey returns of the First and
Second Order Geodetic Control Surveys. The following basic procedure shall apply in addition to
the requirements that shall be issued on the matter by the NAMRIA:
a. Preliminary Evaluation
b. Technical Evaluation

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION or initial examination shall be conducted to

determine if the survey returns are complete as per List of Transmittal:
1. Certifications, Reports, endorsement letters, etc.
2. References and Technical Documents.
3. GPS Observation raw data on digital form and RINEX files (if non-
Trimble receiver was used).
4. GPS Field Sheet properly accomplished.
5. Processed GNSS data in hard copies and in digital files.
6. Position derivation and the computations.
7. Geodetic Network Control Maps with all the control points plotted and
complete in details, both the natural and man-made features.
8. Monument Description Book and the Photograph of all established
monuments.
9. Other technical documents and data gathered in the field.

(TECHNICAL EVALUATION shall be conducted in order to determine accuracy, analyze error in observation, and
detect mistakes.)
1. Office Processing of GNSS raw data shall be conducted using computer with any of the GNSS data analysis
software (TGO, GNSS QC, GrafNav, etc.).
a) Logged RINEX data shall be checked for compliance to the
RINEX standard.
b) The following data analysis shall be performed:
i. Data gaps
ii. Cycle slips
iii. Multipath
iv. Signal to noise ratio (SNR)

c) Baseline processing shall be conducted to distribute the random error using Least Squares method, check the
Network Reference Factor (NRF), and launch the Chi Square Test. After data processing, the
following statistics shall deem that the adjustment is successful:
i. NRF = 1.00
ii. Chi Square Test = Pass
iii. Redundancy Number = maximum
iv. Scalar = less than 20
v. PPM = 1 ppm to 0.1 ppm

(TECHNICAL EVALUATION shall be conducted in order to determine accuracy, analyze error in observation, and
detect mistakes.)

2. Field checking shall be conducted to cross check the survey work using
independent measurements in the following manner:
a) There shall be two (2) old established GPS stations within the area
to be selected as the starting point for survey evaluation work. The observer shall see to it that there are no new
structures built near the old GPS station that shall obstruct the satellite signals during
observations. Otherwise, different established GPS station shall need to be occupied for the
purpose.

b) Likewise, there shall be one or two (2) stations to be selected

among the set of newly observed GPS stations subject of validation. The horizon adequate clearance shall also be the
major consideration in the selection of points to be occupied and be included in the validation
process.

c) The old and the new GPS stations shall be connected, making a triangular or rectangular closed polygon.

d) The GPS observation shall be conducted in accordance with Section 25 of this Manual with minimum two (2)
sessions per station.

e) The GPS Field Sheet as shown in Annex XX of this Manual shall be used in every session and the GPS
observation shall follows the procedures as stated in Section 23 of this Manual.

f) The GPS data shall be downloaded to a computer for processing following the provisions as stated in b.1. of this
Section.

(TECHNICAL EVALUATION shall be conducted in order to determine accuracy, analyze error in observation, and
detect mistakes.)

3. From the adjusted coordinates, determine the strength of figure of the polygon and compute the accuracy. The
relative error of closure shall be in accordance with ____________________. The plotting of the
acceptable points in the Geodetic Network Control Map for _________.
Section 28 of DAO 2007-29

accuracy

Section 187. The completeness of the documents included in the survey returns initially inspected in Section 186.a of
this Manual shall be checked. The details of the following shall be evaluated:
1. Accuracy of plotting the control points on the Geodetic Network
Control Map;
2. Printout of list of control points; and
3. The forms if properly accomplished, etc.

Section 188. Pursuant to Section 67 of DAO No. 2007-29, copies in digital form of the approved Geodetic Control
Points shall be furnished by __________________.
NAMRIA to LMB/LMS