CHAPTER 14 Antennas and Wave Propagation

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (4th Edition)
By LOUIS E. FRENZEL JR.
CHAPTER 14
Antennas and Wave Propagation
An RF signal produced by a transmitter is sent into free space and gradually
picked up by a receiver in wireless communication systems. The antenna serves as a
link between the transmitter and free space, as well as between free space and the
receiver. A few main ideas underpin the enormous number of antenna types used in
radio communication. In HF, VHF, and UHF applications, we have all of the most
common and commonly used antennas. The properties of free space, as well as its
ability to send messages over long distances. Understanding how radio signals are
influenced by the earth and space as they travel from transmitting antenna to receiving
antenna is crucial to ensuring efficient transmission over the desired distance at specific
frequencies.
Since it contains both electric and magnetic fields, a radio pulse is considered an
electromagnetic wave. A magnetic field is a force field that is formed by a magnet. An
electromagnet is a kind of antenna. As current flows through a conductor, a magnetic
field is generated around it. A potential difference between two conductors produces an
electric field, which is an intangible force field. An antenna connects a transmitter or
receiver to the rest of the world. An electric field is either emitted or sensed by it. The
electric and magnetic fields formed by the antenna are perpendicular to the wave's
propagation path and are at right angles to each other. The near field and the far field
are the two sets of fields generated by antennas. The electric and magnetic fields are
distinct in the near field, which is the region immediately around the antenna. The radio
wave with the composite electric and magnetic fields is in the far field, which is about 10
wavelengths from the antenna. While the near field is seldom used, it is used in
applications such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) and near field communication
(NFC).
The direction of magnetic and electric fields with respect to the earth is referred
to as polarization. The electromagnetic pulse is said to be horizontally polarized if the
electric field is parallel to the earth; the wave is said to be vertically polarized if the
electric field is perpendicular to the earth. Horizontal polarization is produced by
antennas that are horizontal to the ground, while vertical polarization is produced by
antennas that are vertical to the earth. The most popular types of antennas used in the
communications industry are all built on a simple dipole, with the majority of them being
modified versions of the one-half wavelength dipole. The half-wave dipole is one of the
most common antenna types. The Hertz antenna is named after Heinrich Hertz, who
was the first to explain the presence of electromagnetic waves. A dipole antenna, also
known as a doublet, is made up of two quarter-wavelength bits of wire, rod, or tubing at
the working resonant frequency. Glass, acrylic, or plastic insulators are used to protect
wire dipoles at their ends and in the center.
The one-quarter wavelength vertical antenna, also known as a Marconi antenna,
is another commonly used antenna. It works exactly the same way as a vertically
mounted dipole antenna. However, since it is half the length of a dipole antenna, it has
significant advantages. Antennas with omnidirectional characteristics, that is, antennas
that can transmit and receive messages from any direction, are ideal in many forms of
communication systems. In certain cases, it's better to limit the direction in which signals
are transmitted or received. This necessitates the use of a directivity antenna. The
power of an antenna to transmit or receive signals over a narrow horizontal directional
range is referred to as directivity.
After being radiated by an antenna, a radio signal passes or propagates through
space until it meets the transmitting antenna. With the distance from the transmission
antenna, the signal's energy level drops rapidly. Things it meets along the way, such as
trees, houses, and other significant structures, have an effect on the electromagnetic
wave. Furthermore, the direction an electromagnetic signal follows to a transmitting
antenna is influenced by a number of factors, including the signal's wavelength, ambient
conditions, and time of day. All of these considerations should be considered when
predicting radio wave transmission from transmitter to receiver.

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CHAPTER 14 Antennas and Wave Propagation

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PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (4th Edition)

By LOUIS E. FRENZEL JR.

Antennas and Wave Propagation

An RF signal produced by a transmitter is sent into free space and gradually

picked up by a receiver in wireless communication systems. The antenna serves as a

electromagnetic wave. A magnetic field is a force field that is formed by a magnet. An

electromagnet is a kind of antenna. As current flows through a conductor, a magnetic

electric field, which is an intangible force field. An antenna connects a transmitter or

applications such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) and near field communication

to as polarization. The electromagnetic pulse is said to be horizontally polarized if the

electric field is perpendicular to the earth. Horizontal polarization is produced by

known as a doublet, is made up of two quarter-wavelength bits of wire, rod, or tubing at

wire dipoles at their ends and in the center.

The one-quarter wavelength vertical antenna, also known as a Marconi antenna,

power of an antenna to transmit or receive signals over a narrow horizontal directional

range is referred to as directivity.

After being radiated by an antenna, a radio signal passes or propagates through

wave. Furthermore, the direction an electromagnetic signal follows to a transmitting

antenna is influenced by a number of factors, including the signal's wavelength, ambient

predicting radio wave transmission from transmitter to receiver.

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