CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SANYA VERMA Roll No: 23632436 has

successfully completed the project Work entitled RAILWAY

RESERVATION SYSTEM in the subject Computer Science (083)

laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose of Practical

Examination in Class XII to be held in CP International

School ,Farrukhabad on______________.

C.K. Katiyar

[Computer science (PGT)]

Examiner:

Name:

Signature:

TABLE OF CONTENTS [ T O C ]
SER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04

02 INTRODUCTION 05

03 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 05

04 PROPOSED SYSTEM 06

05 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) 07

06 PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 08

07 FLOW CHART 15

08 SOURCE CODE 16

09 OUTPUT 19

10 TESTING 20

11 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 23

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 24
 Acknowledgement
Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude
to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project.

I express deep sense of gratitude to almighty God for giving me strength for the
successful completion of the project.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents for constant encouragement while

carrying out this project.

I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the individuals who contributed in

bringing this project up to this level, who continues to look after me despite my flaws,

I express my deep sense of gratitude to the luminary The Principal, CP International

School, Farrukhabad who has been continuously motivating and extending their helping hand
to us.

I am overwhelmed to express my thanks to The Administrative Officer for providing

me an infrastructure and moral support while carrying out this project in the school.

My sincere thanks to Mr. Chandra Kishor Katiyar, A guide who critically

reviewed my project and helped in solving each and every problem, occurred during
implementation of the project

The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who
are contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. I am grateful for their
constant support and help.

introduction
The railway reservation system system is basically a database based project done with help of
python language. This project is very use full for the people to book or cancel train tickets by
sitting at home with one cell phone in their hand. This project can be modified for various
reservations.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this project is to let the students apply the programming knowledge into a

real- world situation/problem and exposed the students how programming skills helps in

developing a good software.

 Write programs utilizing modern software tools.

 Apply object oriented programming principles effectively when developing small to

medium sized projects.

 Write effective procedural code to solve small to medium sized problems.

 Students will demonstrate a breadth of knowledge in computer science, as

exemplified in the areas of systems, theory and software development.

 Students will demonstrate ability to conduct a research or applied Computer Science

project, requiring writing and presentation skills which exemplify scholarly style in

computer science.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings of be really wants to stand
against today’s merciless competition where not to wise saying “to err is human” no longer
valid, it’s outdated to rationalize your mistake. So, to keep pace with time, to bring about the
best result without malfunctioning and greater efficiency so to replace the unending heaps of
flies with a much sophisticated hard disk of the computer.

One has to use the data management software. Software has been an ascent in

atomization various organisations. Many software products working are now in markets,

which have helped in making the organizations work easier and efficiently. Data management

initially had to maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paper work has to be done but now

software product on this organization has made their work faster and easier. Now only this

software has to be loaded on the computer and work can be done.

This prevents a lot of time and money. The work becomes fully automated and any

information regarding the organization can be obtained by clicking the button. Moreover,

now it’s an age of computers of and automating such an organization gives the better look.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

(SDLC)
The systems development life cycle is a project management technique that divides complex
projects into smaller, more easily managed segments or phases. Segmenting projects allows
managers to verify the successful completion of project phases before allocating resources to
subsequent phases.
Software development projects typically include initiation, planning, design,
development, testing, implementation, and maintenance phases. However, the phases may be
divided differently depending on the organization involved.
For example, initial project activities might be designated as request, requirements-
definition, and planning phases, or initiation, concept-development, and planning phases. End
users of the system under development should be involved in reviewing the output of each
phase to ensure the system is being built to deliver the needed functionality.

PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE

CYCLE

INITIATION PHASE:-

The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an opportunity.
The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to:

 Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of the

organization or a deficiency related to a business need.
 Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need.
 Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to satisfy the need
including questioning the need for technology, i.e., will a change in the business
process offer a solution?
 Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship. The Sponsor
designates a Project Manager and the business need is documented in a Concept
Proposal. The Concept Proposal includes information about the business process and
the relationship to the Agency/Organization.
 Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal results in a
Project Management Charter which outlines the authority of the project manager to
begin the project.

Careful oversight is required to ensure projects support strategic business objectives

and resources are effectively implemented into an organization's enterprise architecture. The
initiation phase begins when an opportunity to add, improve, or correct a system is identified
and formally requested through the presentation of a business case. The business case should,
at a minimum, describe a proposal’s purpose, identify expected benefits, and explain how the
proposed system supports one of the organization’s business strategies. The business case
should also identify alternative solutions and detail as many informational, functional, and
network requirements as possible.

SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or opportunity is
validated by the Agency/Organization Program Leadership and the Agency/Organization
CIO.
The purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to:

 Determine the feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives.

 Identify system interfaces.
 Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.
 Establish system boundaries; identify goals, objectives, critical success factors, and
performance measures.
 Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the basic functional
requirements
 Assess project risks
 Identify and initiate risk mitigation actions, andDevelop high-level technical
architecture, process models, data models, and a concept of operations. This phase
explores potential technical solutions within the context of the business need.
 It may include several trade-off decisions such as the decision to use COTS software
products as opposed to developing custom software or reusing software components,
or the decision to use an incremental delivery versus a complete, onetime deployment.
 Construction of executable prototypes is encouraged to evaluate technology to support
the business process. The System Boundary Document serves as an important
reference document to support the Information Technology Project Request (ITPR)
process.
 The ITPR must be approved by the State CIO before the project can move forward.

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF SDLC:

PLANNING PHASE
The planning phase is the most critical step in completing development, acquisition, and
maintenance projects. Careful planning, particularly in the early stages of a project, is
necessary to coordinate activities and manage project risks effectively. The depth and
formality of project plans should be commensurate with the characteristics and risks of a
given project. Project plans refine the information gathered during the initiation phase by
further identifying the specific activities and resources required to complete a project.
A critical part of a project manager’ sjob is to coordinate discussions between user,
audit, security, design, development, and network personnel to identify and document as
many functional, security, and network requirements as possible. During this phase, a plan is
developed that documents the approach to be used and includes a discussion of methods,
tools, tasks, resources, project schedules, and user input. Personnel assignments, costs,
project schedule, and target dates are established.
A Project Management Plan is created with components related to acquisition
planning, configuration management planning, quality assurance planning, concept of
operations, system security, verification and validation, and systems engineering management
planning.

REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PHASE

 This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using high-level
requirements identified in the Initiation, System Concept, and Planning phases. It also
delineates the requirements in terms of data, system performance, security, and
maintainability requirements for the system. The requirements are defined in this phase to
alevel of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed. They need to be measurable,
testable, and relate to the business need or opportunity identified in the Initiation Phase. The
requirements that will be used to determine acceptance of the system are captured in the Test
and Evaluation MasterPlan.

The purposes of this phase are to:

 Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and document them in
the Requirements Document,
 Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be supported (i.e., verify
what information drives the business process, what information is generated, who
generates it, where does the information go, and who processes it),
 Develop detailed data and process models (system inputs, outputs, and the process.
 Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to determine
acceptable system performance.

DESIGN PHASE

The design phase involves converting the informational, functional, and network
requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases into unified design
specifications that developers use to scriptprograms during the development phase. Program
designs are c onstructed in various ways. Using a top-down approach, designers first identify
and link majorprogram components and interfaces, then expand design layouts as they
identify and link smaller subsystems and connections. Using a bottom-up approach, designers
first identify and link minor program components and interfaces, then expand design layouts
as they identify and link larger systems and connections. Contemporary design techniques
often use prototyping tools that build mock-up designs of items such as application screens,
database layouts, and system architectures. End users, designers, developers, database
managers, and network administrators should review and refine the prototyped designs in an
iterative process until they agree on an acceptable design. Audit, security, and quality
assurance personnel should be involved in the review and approval process. During this
phase, the system is designed to satisfy the functional requirements identified in the previous
phase. Since problems in the design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage
of the software development, a variety of elements are considered in the design to mitigate
risk. These include:

 Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.

 Performing a security risk assessment.
 Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.
 Determining the operating environment.
 Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.
 Allocating processes to resources.
 Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module. The result is a draft
System Design Document which captures the preliminary design for the system.
 Everything requiring user input or approval is documented and reviewed by the user.
Once these documents have been approved by the Agency CIO and Business Sponsor,
the final System Design Document is created to serve as the Critical/Detailed Design
for the system.
 This document receives a rigorous review byAgency technical and functional
representatives to ensure that it satisfies the business requirements. Concurrent with
the development of the system design, the Agency Project Manager begins
development of the Implementation Plan, Operations and Maintenance Manual, and
the Training Plan.

DEVELOPMENT PHASE
The development phase involves converting design specifications into executable
programs. Effective development standards include requirements that programmers and other
project participants discuss design specifications before programming begins. The procedures
help ensure programmers clearly understand program designs and functional requirements.
Programmers use various techniques to develop computer programs. The large transaction
oriented programs associated with financial institutions have traditionally been developed
using procedural programming techniques. Procedural programming involves the line-by-line
scripting of logical instructions that are combined to form a program. Effective completion of
the previous stages is a key factor in the success of the Development phase. The
Development phase consists of:

 Translating the detailed requirements and design into system components.

 Testing individual elements (units) for usability.
 Preparing for integration and testing of the IT system.

INTEGRATION AND TEST PHASE

 Subsystem integration, system, security, and user acceptance testing is conducted

during the integration and test phase. The user, with those responsible for quality
assurance, validates that the functional requirements, as defined in the functional
requirements document, are satisfied by the developed or modified system. OIT
Security staff assess the system security and issue a security certification and
accreditation prior to installation/implementation.

Multiple levels of testing are performed, including:

 Testing at the development facility by the contractor and possibly supported by end
users

 Testing as a deployed system with end users working together with contract personnel

 Operational testing by the end user alone performing all functions. Requirements are
traced throughout testing,a final Independent Verification & Validation evaluation is
performed and all documentation is reviewedand accepted prior to acceptance of the
system.

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
 This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the user. In
this phase, the system is installed to support the intended business functions. System
performance is compared to performance objectives established during the planning phase.
Implementation includes user notification, user training, installation of hardware, installation
of software onto production computers, and integration of the system into daily work
processes. This phase continues until the system is operating in production in accordance
with the defined userrequirements.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

The system operation is ongoing. The system is monitored for continued performance
in accordance with user requirements and needed system modifications are incorporated.
Operations continue as long as the system can be effectively adapted to respond to the
organization’s needs. When modifications or changes are identified, the system may reenter
the planning phase.

The purpose of this phase is to:

 Operate, maintain, and enhance the system.

 Certify that the system can process sensitive information.
 Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional requirements
continue to be satisfied.
 Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired.

FLOW CHART

4. THEN THE DATA WILL BE SEND TO THE PYTHON IDLE.PROGRAM WILL BE EXECUTED IN PYTHON IDLE .
1. COMMANDED
HE REQUIRED DATA WILL BE2.TAKEN
AS THE FROM
PYTHONTHE
ANDDATABASE.
MYSQL ARE CONNECTED THE COMMAND WILL BE SENT TO MYS

SOURCE CODE

FILE NAME : TABLES

import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
s1="create database railway"
cursor.execute(s1)
s1="create table railway(name varchar(100),phno
varchar(15) primary key,age int(4),gender
varchar(50),from_f varchar(100),to_t
varchar(100),date_d varchar(20))"
cursor.execute(s1)
s1="create table user_accounts(fname
varchar(100),lname varchar(100),user_name
varchar(100) ,password varchar(100) primary
key, phno varchar(15),gender
 varchar(50),dob varchar(50),age
varchar(4))"
cursor.execute(s1)

FILE NAME : MAIN

def menu():
print('1.YES')
print('2.NO')
ch=int(input('DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE OR NOT:'))
while ch==1:
print('WELECOME TO ONLINE RAILWAY RESERVATION
SYSTEM’)
print('1.SIGN IN')
print('2.SIGN UP')
print('3.DELETE ACCOUNT')
print('4.EXIT')
ch1=int(input('ENTER YOUR CHOICE:'))
if ch1==1:
a=checking()
if a==True:
print('WELCOME')
 main()
else:
continue
elif ch1==2:
a=checking_1()
if a==True:
main()
else:
print('PASSWORD ALREADY EXISTS')
continue
elif ch1==3:
c=checking_2()
if c==True:
print('ACCOUNT DELETED’)
continue
else:
print('YOUR PASSWAORD OR USER_NAME IS
INCORRECT')
continue

elif ch1==4:
print('THANK YOU')
break
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')
break
def main():
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
 c=int(input("do you want to continue or not:")
while (c==1):
print(' 1.TICKET BOOKING',"\n", '2.TICKET
CHECKING',"\n",'3.TICKET,
CANCELLING'"\n",'4.ACCOUNT
DETAILS',"\n",'5.LOG OUT')
ch=int(input('enter ur choice:'))
if ch==1:
ticket_booking()
elif ch==2:
ticket_checking()
elif ch==3:
ticket_cancelling()
elif ch==4:
checking_3()
elif ch==5:
print('THANK YOU')
break
else:
print('ERROR 404: ERROR PAGE NOT FOUND')

def ticket_booking():
import mysql.connector
Mycon=mysql.connector.connect (host='localhost',
User='root', passwd='manager',
database='railway')
Cursor=mycon.cursor ()
mycon.autocommit=True
nm=input('enter your name:')
 phno=input('enter your phone number:')
age=int(input('enter your age:'))
print(' M=MALE','\n','F=FEMALE','\n','N=NOT TO
MENTION')
gender=input('enter your gender:')
Gender=gender.upper()
fr=input('enter ur starting point:')
to=input('enter your destination:')
date1=input('enter date(dd):')
date2=input('enter month(mm):')
date3=input('enter year(yyyy):')
date=date1+"/"+date2+"/"+date3
a={'M':'MALE','F':'FEMALE','N':'NOT TO MENTION'}
v=a[Gender]
s1="insert into railway values ('{}',{},
{},'{}','{}','{}','{}')".format(nm,phno,age,v,fr,to,d
ate)

cursor.execute(s1)
print('BOOKED SUCCESSFULLY')

def ticket_checking():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
 mycon.autocommit=True
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
ch=int(input("do you want to continue or not:"))

if ch==1:
phno=int(input('enter your phnone number:'))
try:
s1="select * from railwaywhere phno=phno"
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
Data=list(data)

a=['NAME','PHONE,NUMBER','AGE','GENDER','STARTING
POINT','DESTINATION','DATE',]
print(a[0],'::::',Data[0].upper())
print(a[1],'::::',Data[1])
print(a[2],'::::',Data[2])
print(a[3],'::::',Data[3].upper())
print(a[4],'::::',Data[4].upper())
print(a[5],'::::',Data[5].upper())
print(a[6],'::::',Data[6])
except:
print('TICKET DOES NOT EXISTS')
elif ch==2:
print('THANK YOU')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')
def ticket_cancelling():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
ch=int(input("do you want to continue or not:"))
if ch==1:
phno=input('enter your phone number:')
s1="delete from railway where phno=phno"
cursor.execute(s1)
print('TICKET CANCELLED')
elif ch==2:
print('THANK YOU')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')

def checking_2():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
 try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:
print('
IS THIS YOUR ACCOUNT')
s1="select user_name from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from
user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:
x=['FIRST NAME','LAST NAME','PHONE
NUMBER','GENDER','DATE OF BIRTH','AGE']
s1="select
fname,lname,phno,gender,dob,age from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
 print(x[0],':::',data[0])
print(x[1],':::',data[1])
print(x[2],':::',data[2])
print(x[3],':::',data[3])
print(x[4],':::',data[4])
print(x[5],':::',data[5])
print('
1.yes')
print('
2.no')
vi=int(input('enter your choice:'))
if vi==1:
b1="delete from user_accounts
where password = '{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(b1)
return True
elif vi==2:
print('SORRY,RETRY')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT
FOUND')
else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

def checking_1():
import mysql.connector
mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
f=input("FIRST NAME:")
l=input("LAST NAME:")

a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
c=input('RE-ENTER YOUR PASS WORD:')
ph=input("PHONE NUMBER:")
print(' M=MALE','\n','F=FEMALE','\n','N=NOT TO
MENTION')
gen=input('ENTER YOUR GENDER:')
print("ENTER YOR DATE OF BIRTH")
d=input("DD:")
o=input("MM:")
p=input("YYYY:")
dob=d+'/'+o+'/'+p
age=input('YOUR AGE:')
v={'m':'MALE','f':'FEMALE','n':'NOT TO MENTION'}
if b==c:
try:
c1="insert into user_accounts
values('{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}')".form
at(f,l,a,b,ph,v[gen],dob,age)
cursor.execute(c1)
print('WELCOME',f,l)
 return True
except:
print('PASSWORD ALREADY EXISTS')
return False
else:
print('BOTH PASSWORDS ARE NOT MATCHING')

def checking():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]

data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
 data=list(data)[0]
if data==a:
print(' HII ',data1)
return True
else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

def checking_3():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
 data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:

x=['FIRST NAME','LAST NAME','PHONE

NUMBER','GENDER','DATE OF BIRTH','AGE']
s1="select
fname,lname,phno,gender,dob,age from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
print(x[0],':::',data[0])
print(x[1],':::',data[1])
print(x[2],':::',data[2])
print(x[3],':::',data[3])
print(x[4],':::',data[4])
print(x[5],':::',data[5])

else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

menu()
OUTPUT

CHOICE WINDOW

IF CHOICE IS 1(LOGIN WINDOW)

IF CHOICE IS 2 (SIGN UP WINDOW)
IF CHOICE IS 3(DELETE ACCOUNT)
IF CHOICE IS 4(EXIT)

IF CHOICE IS 5 OR MORE
SECOND CHOICE LIST AFTER LOGIN

IF CHOICE IS 1(TICKET BOOKING)

IF CHOICE IS 2(TICKET CHECKING)
IF CHOICE IS 3(TICKET CANCELLING)
IF CHOICE IS 4(ACCOUNT DETAILS)

IF CHOICE IS 5(LOG OUT)

 IF CHOICE IS 5 OR MORE

TESTING
Software Testing is an empirical investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with
information about the quality of the product or service under test[1] , with respect to the
context in which it is intended to operate. Software Testing also provides an objective,
independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks
at implementation of the software. Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process
of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs.
It can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software
program/application/product meets the business and technical requirements that guided its
design and development, so that it works as expected and can be implemented with the same
characteristics. Software Testing, depending on the testing method employed, can be
implemented at any time in the development process, however the most test effort is
employed after the requirements have been defined and coding process has been completed.

TESTING METHODS
Software testing methods are traditionally divided into black box testing and white
box testing. These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that a test engineer
takes when designing test cases.

BLACK BOX TESTING

Black box testing treats the software as a "black box," without any knowledge of
internal implementation. Black box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning,
boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, traceability
matrix, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.

SPECIFICATION-BASED TESTING

Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the

applicable requirements.[16] Thus, the tester inputs data into, and only sees the output from,
the test object. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the
tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behaviour),
either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Specification-
based testing is necessary, but it is insufficient to guard against certain risks
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The black box tester has no "bonds" with the code, and a tester's perception is very
simple: a code must have bugs. Using the principle, "Ask and you shall receive," black box
testers find bugs where programmers don't. But, on the other hand, black box testing has been
said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight," because the tester doesn't
know how the software being tested was actually constructed.
That's why there are situations when (1) a black box tester writes many test cases to
check something that can be tested by only one test case, and/or (2) some parts of the back
end are not tested at all. Therefore, black box testing has the advantage of "an unaffiliated
opinion," on the one hand, and the disadvantage of "blind exploring," on the other.

WHITE BOX TESTING

White box testing, by contrast to black box testing, is when the tester has access to the
internal data structures and algorithms (and the code that implement these)

Types of white box testing:-

The following types of white box testing exist:
 api testing - Testing of the application using Public and Private APIs.
 Code coverage - creating tests to satisfy some criteria of code
coverage.
For example, the test designer can create tests to cause all statements in the
program to be executed at least once.
 fault injection methods.
 mutation testing methods.
 static testing - White box testing includes all static testing.
CODE COMPLETENESS EVALUATION
White box testing methods can also be used to evaluate the completeness of a test suite that
was created with black box testing methods. This allows the software team to examine parts
of a system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most important function points have
been tested.

Two common forms of code coverage are:

 Function Coverage: Which reports on functions executed and
 Statement Coverage: Which reports on the number of lines executed to
complete the test.

They both return coverage metric, measured as a percentage

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

REQUIREMENTS

I.OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 7 AND ABOVE

II. PROCESSOR : PENTIUM(ANY) OR AMD

ATHALON(3800+- 4200+ DUAL CORE)

III. MOTHERBOARD : 1.845 OR 915,995 FOR PENTIUM 0R MSI

K9MM-V VIA K8M800+8237R PLUS

CHIPSET FOR AMD ATHALON

IV. RAM : 512MB+

V. Hard disk : SATA 40 GB OR ABOVE

VI. CD/DVD r/w multi drive combo: (If back up required)

VII. FLOPPY DRIVE 1.44 MB : (If Backup required)

VIII. MONITOR 14.1 or 15 -17 inch

IX. Key board and mouse

X. Printer : (if print is required – [Hard copy])

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Windows OS
 Python
 mysql connector modulle

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Computer science With Python - Class XII
By : Sumita Arora
A Project Report On Railway Reservation
Management System.
By : Chandra Kishor Katiyar
Website: https://www.w3resource.com
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