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    Reported Speech: Grammar Focus

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    Viktorija Atanasovska
    When reporting someone's words, there are rules for changing verb tenses and pronouns. Verbs are usually moved back one tense when the reporting verb is past tense. Pronouns and words referring to time and place are also changed. Reporting verbs can be used with that clauses, to-infinitives, or ing forms, depending on whether they take a direct object. There are also alternatives to using "if" to create conditional sentences, such as "unless", "imagine", "provided/providing", and inversion. Mixed conditionals describe imaginary past situations and results or imaginary present situations and results.

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    Reported Speech: Grammar Focus

    Uploaded by

    Viktorija Atanasovska
    57 views2 pages
    When reporting someone's words, there are rules for changing verb tenses and pronouns. Verbs are usually moved back one tense when the reporting verb is past tense. Pronouns and words referring to time and place are also changed. Reporting verbs can be used with that clauses, to-infinitives, or ing forms, depending on whether they take a direct object. There are also alternatives to using "if" to create conditional sentences, such as "unless", "imagine", "provided/providing", and inversion. Mixed conditionals describe imaginary past situations and results or imaginary present situations and results.

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    Grammar focus

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    When reporting someone's words, there are rules for changing verb tenses and pronouns. Verbs are usually moved back one tense when the reporting verb is past tense. Pronouns and words referring to time and place are also changed. Reporting verbs can be used with that clauses, to-infinitives, or ing forms, depending on whether they take a direct object. There are also alternatives to using "if" to create conditional sentences, such as "unless", "imagine", "provided/providing", and inversion. Mixed conditionals describe imaginary past situations and results or imaginary present situations and results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    57 views2 pages

    Reported Speech: Grammar Focus

    Uploaded by

    Viktorija Atanasovska
    When reporting someone's words, there are rules for changing verb tenses and pronouns. Verbs are usually moved back one tense when the reporting verb is past tense. Pronouns and words referring to time and place are also changed. Reporting verbs can be used with that clauses, to-infinitives, or ing forms, depending on whether they take a direct object. There are also alternatives to using "if" to create conditional sentences, such as "unless", "imagine", "provided/providing", and inversion. Mixed conditionals describe imaginary past situations and results or imaginary present situations and results.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Grammar focus

    Reported speech
    When we report someone’s words, we have to follow some rules:

     You usually move the verbs ‘one tense back’ when your reporting verb is in a past tense
    (She said, He told me….)
     You don’t change the verb form if your reporting verb is in a present tense (She says,
    or … He has told me… He says)
     You don’t change verbs in the Past Perfect or modal verbs such as would, could,
    should, might
     You change pronouns, possessive adjectives and words for time and place as
    necessary.
     You change the word order in questions and don’t use do, does or did.
     You use told + sb + to-infinitive to report requests

    Reporting verbs
    1. Verbs without a direct object
    • verb + that clause: add, admit, agree, claim, deny, explain, insist, promise, propose,
    recommend, suggest
    He suggested that he would help
    • verb + to-infinitive: agree, claim, offer, promise, refuse
    She agreed to help
    • verb + ing form: admit, deny, propose, recommend, suggest
    They admitted telling the principal
    • verb + preposition + ing form: apologise for, object to, insist on
    She insisted on paying for everything
    2. Verbs with a direct object
    • verb + object + that clause: assure, convince, inform, promise, remind, warn
    He reminded me that he is here for me
    • verb + object + to-infinitive: advise, beg, convince, encourage, invite, order, persuade,
    remind, urge, warn (not).
    She begged me to stay
    • verb + object + preposition + ing form: accuse sb of, blame sb for, congratulate sb on, thank
    sb for
    I congratulated Jana on graduating from school
    Conditional clauses - alternatives to if
    1. You use unless to mean 'except if'
    I wouldn't come to you uninvited unless it was an emergency,
    2. You can use imagine or suppose/supposing to ask questions.
    Imagine you have kids, how would you feel?
    3. You use provided/providing to create a condition
    I'll give you my book provided you give it back to me by tomorrow
    4. You can use inversion in formal contexts - mostly with the auxiliary verbs were, had or
    should
    Had they listened to me, they wouldn't be failing the test
    Note: In inversion you do not contract negative forms
    ex. Had they not called (NOT hadn't they called)

    Mixed conditionals
    We use a mixed conditional to describe certain imaginary situations and their imaginary results.
    There are two main types:
    1. imaginary PRESENT condition - imaginary PAST result
    if + Past Simple - would/wouldn't have + p. participle
    ex. If it wasn’t cold today, I wouldn’t have come to school by bus
    2. imaginary PAST condition - imaginary PRESENT result
    if + Past Perfect - would/wouldn't + infinitive
    ex. If I had been born in USA, I would have lived a better life
    Note: As well as would, we can also use could, might and should in mixed conditional sentences

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