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 In tr o d u i
ct o N t o s ig n a ls a n d S y s te m s 37

d e c a y in g
g a t iv e (a < O ), t h e n ￡ (t ) is a
D e c a y in g e a p o n e r z t ia l If a is n e

e x p o n e n t ia l a s ig n a l t h a t is a ls o u s e d t o d e s c r ib e a w id e v a r ie t y o f p h e n o m e n o n ,
in c lu d in g t h e p r o c e s s o f r a d io a c t iv e decay a n d th e re sp o n se s o fR C c ir c u it s a n d
da m p e d m e c h a n ic a l s y s t e m s
T h e tw o fo rm s o f a n ex t ia l s ig n l illu s t r a t e d in F ig 1 18
p o n e n a a re
* D is t e t im ig l In d is c r e t e t im e , t h e p le x o n e n t ia l
c r e e e x p o n e n t ia l s n a c o m ex p
s ig n a l o r se qu e n c e is d e E n e d a s

(1 37)
(n ) C "
x - r

If C a n d T a re re a l, t h e n x (T z ) is kn o w n m re a l ex p o n e n t ia l s ig n a l
T h is co u ld a lt e r n a t e ly b e ex p re sse d as

w here
a
r = e

A illu I, 1 > f th e l g ro w t ia lly

s s tr a t e d in F ig 1 1 9 If 1 th e ,
tr r n g n it u d e o s ig n a s e x p o n e n

w it h rz , w h ile if T < 1 w e hav e n d e c n y in g e x p o n e n t ia l F b r th e r m o re if r is p

,
o s it iv e ,

a ll t h e v a lu e s o fC T
"
a re o f th e 8 8 1 11 o s ig n ,
h u t if T is n e g a t iv e ,
th e n t h e s ig n o f = (n )
a lt e rn a te s

1 6 2 C o m p le x Ex po n e n t ia l S ig n a ls

T he m a th e m a t ic a l fo rm s o f co m p le x ex p o n en t ia l s ig n a ls a re th e sa m e a s th o se sh o w n in
E q s (1 3 6 ) a n d (1 3 7 ), w it h t h e fo llo w in g d ifte r e n c e s : In t h e c o n t in u o u s t im e c a s e , in E q

(1 3 6 ), p a r a m e t e r C o r p a r a m e t e r a o r b o t h m s u m e c o m p le x v a lu e s S im ila r ly , in t h e
in E q (1 3 7 ), p a r a m te r C te r b o th
d is c r e t e t im e ca se ,
e o r p a ra m e T o r a ssu m e co m p le x
lu T w o co m m o n ly en co u n te r e d e x a m p le s o f co m p le x ex p o n en t ia l s ig n a ls m e e
ju t
v a es

a n d e
ju n

A im p o r t a n t p r o p e r ty o f t h is s ig n a l is t h a t it is p e r io d ic
n
T o v e r ify t h is , w e re c a ll fr o m

E q (1 3 0 ) t h a t = (t ) w ill b e p e r io d ic w it h p e r io d T if
z (t ) = x (t + T )
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