EST ONE Ea approximately 30 minutes ‘Note that you will hear each section once only in the exam. Before listening to the recording and completing Sections 1-2, go on to pages 11-12. Section1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-4 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. ITALIABREAKS Example Destination Name John 1 | | Mobile number 07987 2 | Number of people Two adults Holiday length 3 Hotel Scotland tar Questions 5 and 6 Choose TWO letters A-E. Which TWO good things about Hotel Scotland are mentioned? A. restaurant B convenience Croom with a terrace D_ large rooms E cleanlinessBE: a Questions 7-10 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER for each answer. 7 The departure date is. 8 The holiday excluding insurance costs €.. 9 The discount is per cent if booked before 17th February. 10 The booking reference is. Stop the recording when you hear “That is the end of Section 1’. Now check your answers.istening__ Section 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-13 Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 11 The land for development has not been used for over a... 12. There was pressure to build a training centre and a.. 13 Sponsorship has been received from a number of Questions 14-20 Label the plan below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 19 for children Stop the recording when you hear ‘That is the end of Section 2’. Now check your answers.Further practice for Listening Sections 1 and 2 The questions below help you make sure you have chosen the correct answers for questions 1-20 in Sections 1 and 2. Personal det Before you listen, use these questions to help you predict when to listen carefully for the answers. Predict the type of questions which are asked to obtain information. Look at Questions 1-4 on page 8. What questions can the Receptionist ask to obtain the information? ‘You can use the following: What/How/How long ...? or Can/Could you tell me ..? 1 Completing sentences Look at Questions 7-10 on page 9 and answer the following: 1 Which word or phase in each list below is not related to the word in italics? 7 departure start (out) date you want to leave return date go away when 8 cost price fee pay save how much 9 discount reduction additional charge less (money) off special offer 10 booking reservation part-payment reserve cancellation: put name down for 2 Does the Receptionist provide all the information in questions 7-10?Which questions or statements are likely to. Understanding plans Be used mcach caee-below? Look at Questions 14-20 in Section 2. ‘Question 7 To help you to see the organisation of the plans, use the following words to describe where the . swomewn toh places 14-20 in the plan of the park on page 10 are: centre comer park hand right Question 8 left bottom top entrance side in on near beside near How.. below above 2 Example: Question 9 14 isat the bottom of the plan. What — 15 is . Question 10 Tl just give. seems AT i Gap-filling ee e It is important that you develop the skill of co predicting the content of each gap to be filled. Look at Questions 11-13 on page 10 and decide whether a noun, adjective verb or aitverb is needed. n. 2. 2B ‘Now check your answers to these exercises. When you have done so, listen again to Sections 1 and 2 of the test and decide whether you wish to change any of your answers on pages 8-10. Then check your answers to Sections 1 and 2 of the test.Section 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-23 (Choose the correct letter A, B or C. 21 Generally, Rosana finds the Wednesday programme A. worthless. B_ very slow. C valuable. 22 Rosana wants to change her course because A. she always arrives home very late at night. B_ it affects her work on the next two days. she doesn’t get on with the course tutors. 23: If Rosana changes her course, she A may not have the same tutor. B cannot change her mind again. C_ may regret the change. Questions 24 and 25 Choose TWO letters A-E. Which TWO good things about the distance-learning component are mentioned? A. course length B_ evening seminars CC. course tutors D course flexibility E_ time factor Questions 26-30 Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER for each answer. Course Assessment Students are required to keep a written 26 wu. ..and present a paper monthly. Thirty per cent of the marks are allocated t0 the 27 vnmm.m + Bach student has to keep a 28 .- portfolio which in the end accounts for PB . ...of their marks. Bach student is also expected to present at least one piece of work at a 30.. Stop the recording when you hear ‘That is the end of Section 3’. Now check your answers.Section 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-37 Choose the correct letter A, B, or C. 31. The purpose of the data collection was to A. test people’s reaction to different buildings. B collect detailed information on various buildings. C assess the beauty of different public buildings. 32. The initial plan to use a questionnaire was abandoned, because A_ it would take too much time to produce. B_ the questions were too difficult to write. C_ it would take too long for people to complete. 33. People indicated their reactions on a 1-5 scale, A. giving rise to some interesting answers. B ensuring that the information was easier to collect. C_ making it quicker to choose the top three images. 34. To make sure people could see the detail in the images better A. only daylight images were used. B_ black and white images were used. C the images were produced in colour. 35. What was done to preserve the images when being used? A. they were covered in plastic with a special machine. B__people were asked to wear gloves when touching them. C_ the images were handled only by the researcher. 36 Among the people who formed part of the sample were A. tourists from various places. B_ office workers during lunch-break. C commuters as they exited stations. 37 What was the reason for appointing a leader for the group? A. to comply with the instructions for the task. B_ tohelp hold the team together. C_toallocate tasks to the various members. Questions 38-40 Which findings match the age groups ofthe image testing? Write the appropriate letter A-D next to each age group. Findings A. varied reaction B_ mainly scored 1 mostly scored 3 D_ mainly scored 5 38 11-18 year-olds 39 20-40 year-olds 40 50 years old and over Stop the recording when you hear ‘That is the end of Section 4’. Now check your answers.BE iS ) = Academic Reading 60 minutes Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages. Questions 1-4 Reading passage 1 has five sections A-E. Choose the correct heading for sections B-E from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-viti, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i How the problem of land scarcity has been overcome in the past li Various predictions about future solutions to a lack of space ili The effects of population growth on land availability iv The importance of the new British Library v_— Anexpanding population vi Adescription of a mega-city vil Afirm belief that human habitation of outer space will occur vili_ The importance of having an international space station__ Reading pace Section A ‘The world has changed dramatically since Thomas Malthus's work An Essay on the Principle of Population, first published in 1798, argued that by the mid 1800s the unrestricted expansion of the human population would outgrow the agricultural land available to supply humanity with food. Over 15U years have passed. since this theoretical milestone, but mankind, admittedly somewhat more cramped, is still expanding and will continue to do so. Section B The impact of unfettered population growth is clear for all to see. Urbanization is now a more evident worldwide phcnomenon than Is humanity running out of space or will we find new frontiers? s populations grow, people have to look for more innovative ways to provide space. previously as even greater numbers of people drift from rural areas to. vast cities all over the world like ‘Tokyo, Mexico City and Mumbai (26.4 million, 18.4 million and 18.1 million inhabitants in 2000 respectively) in their quest for a better life. These mega-cities, i.¢, conurbations with an estimated population of more than 10 million people, are springing up in every continent. Now teeming with humanity, they are hungry for one increasingly valuable resource: land. While developments in agricultural technology ensure humanity may be able, by and large, to feed the people flocking to these great metropolises, the expansion of the human race is fuelling an unprecedented appetite fur real estate. Spacc, whether it be for personal or public use, corporate or national, human or flora/fauna, is now at a premium as we move into a new century. Not only is more land required for accommodation, but also for a wide range of infrastructure facilities. Transport systems including roads within and between cities need to be constructed or upgraded to create motorways; green fields are turned into airports; virgin forest is stripped to provide food and firewood. In poorer regions, this newly exposed land becomes desert, completing the cycle of destruction.Ez ‘ST ONE Reading 17 Section C Hitherto, the most common practice for the utilization of expensive space for living and working has been to build upwards; hence, the demand for ever higher buildings, both apartment and commercial, in major cities like New York, Shanghai and Singapore all vying with each other for the tallest buildings. There has also been a tradition for building underground, not just for transport systems, but for the storage of waste, depositories for books etc. as in London, where The British Library housing millions of books has been built largely underground. Recent years have seen more novel construction developments around the world. In the past, in many countries, Holland and the UK included, marshes and flood plains have been reclaimed from the sea. Like the city of Venice in Italy, housing complexes and even airports have now been constructed off-shore to amazing effect. In Japan, Kansai International Airport has been built offshore on a man-made island at vast expense and in Dubai a very imaginative and expensive housing complex in the shape of a palm tree is being built just off the coast on land created by a construction company. However, these and other developments are at risk from rising sea levels as a consequence of global warming. Section D But where will the human race go when planet earth is full? There have been many theories put forward about the human population moving to outer space. Marshall Savage (1992, 1994), for example, has projected that the human population will reach five quintillion throughout the solar system by the year 3000, with the majority living in the asteroid belt. Arthur C Clarke, a fervent supporter of Savage, now argues that by the year 2057 there will be humans on the Moun, Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan and in orbit around Venus, Neptune and Pluto. Feeman Dyson (1999) favours the Kuiper belt as the future home of humanity, suggesting this could happen within a few centuries. Section E Habitation in outer space in huge stations is no longer just a dream, but a reality. A permanent international space station now orbits the earth. The first commercial tourist recently went into outer space with more trips planned for the near future. This is only a beginning, but the development of space hotels is not far-off. There is no knowing where mankind may end up. But the ideas about off-world habitation are not fanciful and I am sure I am not alone in fantasizing about summer holidays spent watching the moons rising in some far-flung planet or on a floating hotel somewhere on the Andromeda nebula.Questions 5-8 Complete the sentences below. ‘Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet. 5 The movement of rural people to cities is a Tand ig now a very 88 a result of the growing demand for space. 6 7 The feeding of the human race will perhaps be guaranteed by changes in 8 Besides the demands of accommodation, land is needed for various Questions 9-13 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN _ fit is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 9 The destruction of land for food and firewood is linked to desertification. 10. Shortage of space has also led to underground building construction. 1 The building of the airport in Japan cost much more than that of the housing complex in Dubai. 12 Arthur C Clarke was the only person to predict that mankind will inhabit other parts of the solar system. 13 The concept of the habitation of outer space by mankind is unimaginable. Before you check your answers to Reading Passage 1, go on to pages 19-20.1 Does section B describe the effects of section Title oo Look at the tite ofthe passage and ansiver the : otllewtng questions 2. Does the section contain words related to 1 Does the title give you information about a effect? problem? 3. Does the first paragraph relate to effects and 2. Can you predict the contents of the article? the second to solutions? 3° Does the title contain a cause and effect? Question 2 Further practice for Reading Passage 1 ‘The questions below help you make sure that you have chosen the correct answers for questions 1-4 in Reading Passage 1. Section A and example ’ Look at Section A and the example answer. Answer these questions. 1 Do you think it is important to look at the 2 example? 2 Does the introduction describe a problem? 3 Is the word cramped at the end of the paragraph positive? 4 In the rest of the article, do you expect to see effects and solutions? Question 1 Look at Section B and answer these questions. Look at Section C and answer these questions. Does the section talk about the future? Look at the tenses, adverbs of time and nouns. Does the section contain causes? Does the section contain different ways used to solve the problem of the lack of space?Question 3 Look at Section D and answer these questions. 1. Does the section talk about the future? Look at the tenses and time phrases. 2 Isthe time clear without reading the paragraph in detail? 3. Is the section about predictions? Question 4 Look at Section E and answer these questions. 1 Isthe section only about the space station? 2. Are there words and phrases connected with certainty? i 3 Does the section tell you what the writer believes? 4 Read the titles for sections A to E. Do they fit together? Now check your answers to these exercises. When you have done so, decide whether you wish to change any of your answers to Reading Passage 1 on pages 15 and 18. Then check your answers to Reading Passage 1.Be Reading Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. aos Story eric that we almost take itfor ‘granted. in-chemical » terms, sat isthe combination of a. sodium ion with a" chloride ion, making ittone of the most basic molecules on earth. itis also one of the ‘most plentiful it has been estimated that salt deposits under the state of Kansas alone could supply the entire world's needs for the next 250,000 years. But salt is also an essential element. Without it, life itself would be impossible since the human body requires the mineral in order to function properly. The concentration of sodium ions in the blood is directly related to the regulation of safe body fluid levels. And while we are all familiar with its many uses in cooking, we ‘may not be aware that this element is used in some 14,000 commercial applications. From manufacturing pulp and paper to setting dyes in textiles and fabric, from producing soaps and detergents to making ‘our roads safe in winter, salt plays an essential part in our daily lives. Salt has a long and influential role in world history. From the dawn of civilization, it has been a key factor in economic, religious, social and political development. In every comer of the world, it has been the subject of superstition, folklore, and warfare, and has even been used as currency. ‘As a precious and portable commodity, salt has long been a cornerstone of economies throughout history. In fact, researcher M.R. Bloch conjectured that civilization began along the edges of the desert because of the natural surface deposits of salt found there. Bloch also believed that the first. war ~ likely fought near the ancient city of Essalt on the Jordan River ~ could have been fought over the city’s precious supplies of the mineral. In 2200 BC, the Chinese emperor Hsia Yu levied one of the first known taxes. He taxed salt. In Tibet, Marco Polo noted that tiny cakes of salt were pressed with images of the Grand Khan to be used as coins and to this day among the nomads of Ethiopia's Danakil Plains itis still used as money. Greek slave traders often bartered it for slaves, giving rise to the expression that someone was “not worth his salt.” Roman22 Reading : TEST O. ag legionnaires were paid in salt - a salarium, Buddhist tradi the Latin origin of the word “salary.” which is why it is customary to throw it over your shoulder before entering your 6 Merchants in 12th-century Timbuktu house after a funeral: it scares off any ~ the gateway to the Sahara Desert and evil spirits that may be clinging to your the seat of scholars — valued this mineral back. Shinto religion also uses it to purify as highly as books and gold. In France, an area, Before sumo wrestlers enter the Charles of Anjou levied the “gabelle,” a ring for a match — which is in reality an salt tax, in 1259 to finance his conquest. elaborate Shinto rite — a handful is thrown of the Kingdom of Naples. Outrage over into the center to drive off malevolent the gabelle fueled the French Revolution. spirits. Though the revolutionaries eliminated the tax shortly after Louis XVI, the Republic 9 In the Southwest of the United States, the of France re-established the gabelle in the Pueblo worship the Salt Mother. Other early 19th Century; only in 1946 was it native tribes had significant restrictions removed from the books. ‘on who was permitted to eat salt. Hopi legend holds that the angry Warrior Twins 7 The Erie Canal, an engineering marvel punished mankind by placing valuable that connected the Great Lakes to New salt deposits far trom civilization, requiring York's Hudson River in 1825, was called hard work and bravery to harvest the “the ditch that salt built.” Salt tax revenues precious mineral. In 1933, the Dalai paid for half the cost of construction of Lama was buried sitting up in a bed of the canal. The British monarchy supported salt. Today, a gift of salt endures in India itself with high salt taxes, leading to a as a potent symbol of good luck and a bustling black market for the white crystal. reference to Mahatma Gandhi's liberation In 1785, the eat! of Dundonald wrote that of India every year in England, 10,000 people were arrested for salt smuggling. And protesting 1 The effects of salt deficiency are against British rule in 1930, Mahatma highlighted in times of war, when Gandhi led a 200-mile march to the human bodies and national economies Arabian Ocean to collect untaxed salt for are strained to their limits. Thousands of India’s poor. Napoleon's troops died during the French retreat from Moscow due to inadequate 8 In religion and culture, salt long held an wound healing and lowered resistance to important place with Greek worshippers disease — the results of salt defi consecrating it in their rituals. Further, inQuestions 14-16 (Choose THREE letters A-H. Write your answers in boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet. NB Your answers may be given in any order. Which THREE statements are true of salt? A. Anumber of cities take their name from the word salt. Salt contributed to the French Revolution. ‘The uses of salt are countless. Salt has been produced in China for less than 2000 years. ‘There are many commercial applications for salt. Salt deposits in the state of Kansas are vast. Salt has few industrial uses nowadays. mommon Slaves used salt as a currency. Questions 17-21 Complete the summary. ‘Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 17-21 on your answer sheet. Salt is SUCH aN 17 sn. that people would not be able to live without it. As well as its uses in cooking, this basic mineral has thousands of business 18 ............ Tanging from making paper to the manufacture of soap. Being a prized and 19 vows it has played a major part in the economies of many countries. As such, salt has not only led to war, but has also been used to raise 20 by governments in many parts of the world, There are also many instances of its place in religion and culture, being used as a means to get rid of evil 2124 Reading Questions 22-27 Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE ifthe statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN | if there is no information about the statement 22 Ithas been suggested that salt was responsible for the first war. 23. The first tax on salt was imposed by a Chinese emperor, 24 Salt is no longer used as a form of currency. 25 Most of the money for the construction of the Erie Canal came from salt taxes. 26 Hopi legend believes that salt deposits were placed far away from civilization to penalize mankind, 27 Alack of salt is connected with the deaths of many of Napoleon's soldiers during the French retreat from Moscow. Before you check your answers to Reading Passage 2, go on to pages 25-26.“Further practice for Reading Passage 2 ‘The questions below help you make sure that you have chosen the correct answers for questions 22-27 in Reading Passage 2. Question 22 Look at the fourth paragraph and answer these questions. 1 Did Bloch know for certain what caused the first war? 2 Do the words It has been suggested in the question mean that the information is not certain? 3 Does the question suggest that salt was the cause? 4 Inthe passage, do the words fought over show a connection (cause and effect) between salt and war? Question 23 Look at the fifth paragraph and answer these questions. 1 Does the reading passage say the tax was one of the first known taxes? 2 Do you know whether it was the first tax on salt? 3. Isit possible that a salt tax was introduced elsewhere but not known about? and guidance 25 Question 24 Look at the fifth paragraph and answer these questions. 1 Are the words no longer in the question important? 2 Does a phrase like to this day/still contradict the words no longer? 3. Ifyou remove the phrase no longer, does it change the answer? 4 Is the past tense used at the end of the third sentence in the reading passage? Question 25 Look at the seventh paragraph and answer these questions. 1 Does the name Erie help you find the information? 2 Does the word most refer to a quantity? 4 Ifso, is the quantity in the question the 3 Isa quantity given in the passage? i same as the quantity in the passage? !Question 26 Look at the ninth paragraph and answer these { questions. Does the name Hopi help you find the information easily? Are the words penalize and punishment related? Does the paragraph give a reason why salt was placed far away? Question 27 Look at the last paragraph and answer these questions. 1 Are there any words in the paragraph which show a relationship between salt and death? 2 Isthe relationship cause and effect? Now check your answers to these exercises. When you have done so, decide whether you wish to change any of your answers to Reading Passage 2. Then check your answers to Reading Passage 2.BE: ONE Reading Passage 3 Reading ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. A Volunteering, some might mistakenly think, embraces a plethora of people from all walks of life as well as ac Kingdom (UK) revealed that people in Wales, 57 per cent of adults with gross an annual income under £10,000. B As well as having high household incomes, volunteers also tend to have higher academic qualifications, be in higher socio-economic groups and be in employment. Among people with a 57 per cent had volunteered formally in the previous 12 months. For people cent. But voluntary work is certainly not the exclusive preserve of the rich, nor should it be. Does the answer not to have money to allow them the time to become involved in voluntary work compared to less well-off people? Volunteering: enriching others and helping oneself but data from the other side of the world suggest otherwise. A 2001 survey on who participated in volunteering by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in the United higher income houscholds are more likely than others to volunteer. In England and annual household incomes of £75,000 or more, have volunteered formally (such as raising or handling money for a charity or being a member of a committee) in the 12 months prior to the survey date. They were almost twice as likely to have done so than those living in households with degree or postgraduate qualification, 79 per cent had volunteered informally and with no qualifications the corresponding proportions were 52 per cent and 23 per perhaps in the fact that the rich tend c A breakdown in the year 2000 of the range of volunteering activities taken from The Australian Bureau of Statistics gives an idea of the scale of activities in which people are typically involved. Eleven sectors are given ranging from Community and Welfare, which accounted for just over a quarter of the total hours volunteered in Australia, to Law/justice/politics with 1.2 percent at the other end of the scale. Other fields included sport/recreation, religious activities and education, following at 21.2 per cent, 16.9 and 14.3 per cent respectively. Foreign/international volunteer work accounted for 2.4 per cent of the total hours. The data here also seem to point to a cohort of volunteers with expertise and experience. The knock-on effect of volunteering on the lives of individuals can be profound. Voluntary work helps foster independence and imparts the ability to deal with different situations, often simultaneously, thus teaching people how to work their way through different systems. It therefore brings people into touch with the real world; and, hence, equips them for the future. Initially, young adults in their late teens might not seem to have the expertise or knowledge to impart to others that say a teacher or agriculturalist or nurse would have, but they do have many skills that can help others. And in the absence of any particular talent, their energy andenthusiasm can be harnessed for the benefit of their fellow human beings, and ultimately themselves. From all this, the gain to any community no matter how many volunteers are involved is immeasurable. Employers will generally look favourably on people who have shown an ability to work as part of a team. It demonstrates a willingness to learn and an independent spirit, which would be desirable quali in any employee. So to satisfy employers’ demands for experience when applying for work, volunteering can act as a means of gaining experience that might otherwise elude would-be workers and can ultimately lead to paid employment in the desired field. But what are the prerequisites for becoming a volunteer? One might immediately think of attributes like kindness, selflessness, strength of character, ability to deal with others, determination, adaptability and flexibility and a capacity to comprehend the ways of other people. While offering oneself selflessly, working as a volunteer makes further demands on the individual. It requires a strength of will, a sense of moral responsibility for one’s fellow Questions 28-33 Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs ACI. Which paragraph contains the following information? human beings, and an ability to fit into the ethos of an organization or community. But it also requires something which in no way detracts from the valuable work done by volunteers and which may seem at first glance both contradictory and surprising: self-interest. Organizations involved in any voluntary work have to be realistic about this. If someone, whatever the age, is going to volunteer and devote their time without money, they do need to receive something from it for themselves. People who are unemployed can use volunteer work as a stepping-stone to employment or as a means of finding out whether they| really like the field they plan to enter or as a way to help them find themselves. It is tempting to use some form of community work as an alternative to national service or as punishment for petty criminals by making the latter for example clean up parks, wash away graffiti, work with victims of their own or of other people. This may be acceptable, but it does not constitute volunteer work, two cardinal rules of which are the willingness to volunteer without coercion and working unpaid. Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet. 28 a description of what does not satisfy the criteria for volunteer work 29 30 31 32 33 the impact of voluntary work on the development of individuals the requirement for both selflessness and self-interest in volunteers various areas in which people volunteer the benefit of voluntary work for the young a mistaken view of volunteeringQuestions 34-37 ‘Choose the correct letters A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 34-37 on your answer sheet. 34. The ONS survey was done to find out A why people undertook volunteering. B_ how many people participated in volunteering, Chow many rich people did volunteer work. D_ which people were involved in volunteering. 35. The ONS survey found that people with university qualifications were A. as likely to volunteer as those with no qualifications. B_ more likely to volunteer than those with no qualifications. C less likely to volunteer than those with no qualifications. D_ the only group likely to do formal volunteer work. 36 Itis suggested that rich people volunteer as a result of having A. clearer goals. B_ fewer children. more spare time. D_ greater guilt. 37 Volunteer work benefits people by teaching them how to function in systems. communicate clearly. deal with failure. overcome shyness. oaeD> Questions 38-40 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F below. Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 38-4 on your answer sheet. 38 One of the requirements of being a volunteer is being able to 39. Volunteering can be used as a way for the unemployed to 40. Employers in general tend to gain a very well paid job. gain access to a job in a field of interest. benefit most from volunteer work. understand how people behave. sm OOS want much younger workers. consider workers with volunteer work experience an asset.