DIVYASPARSHI

HOLISTIC HEALING AND RESEARCH CENTER LLP

DIVYASPARSHI VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTER, KOLKI,
PHALTAN

Healer Suresh Nagarsekar

Tissue

2
 WHAT IS TISSUE
Tissues are groups of cells that have a
similar structure and act together to perform a
specific function.

TYPES OF TISSUES
A] Epithelial tissue.
B] Connective tissue.
C] Muscle tissue.
D] Nervous tissue.
3
 A] Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the
covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are
the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include
protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory
reception.

Types of epithelial tissues

The number of cell layers and cell types together give rise
to 6 different types of epithelial tissue.
1 Simple squamous epithelia.
2 Simple cuboidal epithelia.
3 Simple columnar epithelia.
4 Stratified squamous epithelia.
5 Stratified cuboidal epithelia.
6 Stratified columnar epithelia.
4
1) Simple Squamous Epithelium 2) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
• A simple squamous epithelium is a single Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a
layer of flat cells in contact with the basal
lamina (one of the two layers of the monolayer of epithelial cells that appear to be
basement membrane) of the epithelium. square-shaped in cross section. With large,
This type of epithelium is often permeable rounded, centrally located nuclei, all the cells of
and occurs where small molecules need to this epithelium are directly attached to the
pass quickly through membranes via
filtration or diffusion. basement membrane.
• Simple squamous epithelia are found in Location: secretory ducts of small
capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli, and other glands, kidney tubules Function: allows secretion
tissues where rapid diffusion is required. and absorption.
Cells are flat with flattened and oblong
nuclei. It is also called
pavement epithelium due to its tile-like
appearance.

5
 a) Ciliated columnar epithelium b) Non ciliated columnar
epithelium
Ciliated pseudostratified
• Ciliated columnar epithelium moves
mucus and other substances columnar epithelia is the type of
via cilia and is found in the upper respiratory epithelium found in the linings
respiratory tract, the fallopian tubes, the of the trachea as well as the upper
uterus, and the central part of the spinal respiratory tract.
cord. They are the primary target of
infection for "common cold viruses" Non-ciliated pseudostratified
such as coronaviruses, influenza virus columnar epithelia are located in the prostate
and rhinoviruses. and membranous part of male vas deferens.

6
 4) Stratified squamous epithelium 5) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
• A stratified squamous epithelium consists Stratified cuboidal epithelium is a type
of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells
arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. of epithelial tissue composed of multiple layers
Only one layer is in contact with the basement of cube-shaped cells. Only the most superficial
membrane; the other layers adhere to one layer is made up of cuboidal cells, and the other
another to maintain structural integrity. ... In layers can be cells of other types.
the deeper layers, the cells may be columnar or
cuboidal. This type of tissue can be observed in sweat
• Stratified squamous epithelia are found in glands, mammary glands, circumanal glands, and
nearly every organ system where salivary glands. They protect areas such as the
the body comes into close contact with the ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and
outside environment – from the skin to the salivary glands.
respiratory, digestive, excretory and
reproductive systems.

7
 Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium
• Stratified columnar epithelium is a Transitional epithelium is a type of
rare type of epithelial tissue composed stratified epithelium. This tissue consists of
of column shaped cells arranged in multiple layers of epithelial cells which can
multiple layers. Stratified columnar contract and expand in order to adapt to the degree
epithelia are found in the conjunctiva of distension needed.
of the eye, in parts of the pharynx, Transitional epithelium lines the organs of the
anus, the uterus, and the male urethra urinary system and is known here as urothelium.
and vas deferens.
One of the main features of transitional
epithelium is its ability to be stretched and recover
the original form.
For example, during the filling or emptying of
urinary bladder. It can be observed that cells of the
upper layer are sometimes flattened (stretched) and
sometimes rounded (relaxed).

8
 B] Connective Tissue
• Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs, typically having
relatively few cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or other fibres,
and including cartilaginous, fatty, and elastic tissues.
• Connective tissues are specialized tissues, which provide support and hold the body’s
tissues together. Connective tissue is made up of a small fraction of cells and a majority
of extracellular substance which keeps the cells separated. The two types of cells found in
connective tissue include fibrocytes (or fibroblasts) and fat cells, which are fixed cells.
Additionally, the extracellular substance separating the cells is made up of three types of
fibers, including collagen fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers.

Types of connective tissue

• 1. Cartilage.
• 2. Bone.
• 3. Adipose.
• 4. Blood.
• 5. Hemapoetic/ lymphatic .
• 6. Elastic .
• 7. Fibrous.
9
 1] CARTILAGE
• Cartilage is a type of
supporting connective tissue.
Cartilage is a dense connective
tissue, consisting of the
chondrocyte cells.
• Cartilage connective tissue
includes hyaline cartilage,
fibrocartilage and elastic
cartilage.
• The fibers in the cartilage
connective tissue include
collagen and elastic fibers.
• Cartilage connective tissue has
limited ground substance and
can range from semisolid to a
flexible matrix.
10
 2] BONE 3] ADIPOSE
• Bone is another type of
supporting connective tissue. • Adipose is another type of supporting
• Bone, also referred to as osseous connective tissue that provides cushions
tissue, can either be compact and stores excess energy and fat.
(dense) or spongy (cancellous), • It contains reticular cells and is made up
and contains the osteoblasts or of reticular fibers.
osteocytes cells. • The extracellular substance of adipose
• Bone connective tissue is made up connective tissue is made up of a tight
of collagen fibers and has rigid, pack of cells with a small amount of
calcified ground substance gelatinous ground substance.

11
 4] BLOOD 5] HEMAPOETIC/LYMPHATIC
• Blood, also referred to as vascular Hemapoetic or lymphatic connective tissue is
tissue, is a type of fluid connective another type of fluid connective tissue.
tissue. Lymphatic connective tissues are responsible
• Blood connective tissue contains three for the manufacture of all the blood cells and
types of cells including erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and thrombocytes. immunological capability.
• The fibers found in blood connective It contains leukocytes cells and is made of
tissue are soluble proteins that form fibers which are soluble liquid proteins that
during clotting and the extracellular form during clotting.
substance making up blood connective The extracellular substance of hemapoetic
tissue is the liquid blood plasma.
tissue is blood plasma.

12
 6] ELASTIC 7] FIBROUS
• Elastic connective tissue helps • The fibrous connective tissue functions
maintain blood pressure and promotes to provide strength to the inner layer
normal exhalation.
of skin and strength, allowing it to
• Elastic connective tissues consist of
chondrocytes cells and are made up of handle forces of joint movements.
elastic fibers. • Fibrous connective tissue contains
• The extracellular substance of elastic fibroblast cells and is made up of
connective tissue is composed of fibrous fibers.
limited ground substance and is • It is a dense connective tissue, with its
structured in a flexible, but firm
matrix. extracellular substance consisting of
parallel or irregularly arranged
bundles of fibers with few cells and
little ground substance

13
 C] Muscle Tissue
• Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal
bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.
• This is opposed to other components or tissues in muscle such as
tendons or perimysium.
• It is formed during embryonic development through a process
known as myogenesis.
Types of Muscular Tissues

• There are 3 types of muscular tissues

• 1] Skeletal muscle
• 2] Smooth muscle
• 3] Cardiac muscle
14
 Skeletal muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue
• Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated
• Skeletal muscle, also called voluntary muscle,
muscle.
in vertebrates, most common of the three types
of muscle in the body. • It is divided into two subgroups: the single-
unit (unitary) and multiunit smooth muscle.
• Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons,
and they produce all the movements of body parts • Within single-unit cells, the whole bundle or
in relation to each other. sheet contracts as a syncytium (i.e.
• Unlike smooth muscle and cardiac a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that is not
muscle, skeletal muscle is under voluntary control. separated into cells)
• Similar to cardiac muscle, however, skeletal muscle • . Multiunit smooth muscle tissues innervate
is striated; its long, thin, multinucleated fibres are individual cells; as such, they allow for fine
crossed with a regular pattern of fine red and white control and gradual responses, much like
lines, giving the muscle a distinctive appearance. motor unit recruitment in skeletal muscle.
• Skeletal muscle fibres are bound together
by connective tissue and communicate with nerves
and blood vessels.

15
 Cardiac Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue
• Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord,
muscle that is found in the walls and and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and
histological foundation of the heart,
specifically the myocardium. controlling many body activities. ... The cells
• Cardiac muscle is one of three major types of in nervous tissue that generate and conduct
muscle, the others being skeletal and smooth impulses are called neurons or nerve cells. These
muscle. These three types of muscle all form cells have three principal parts: the dendrites, the
in the process of myogenesis. The cells that cell body, and one axon.
constitute cardiac muscle,
Nervous tissue contains two major cell
• called cardiomyocytes or myocardiocytes,
predominantly contain only one nucleus, types, neurons and glial cells. Neurons are the
although populations with two to four nuclei cells responsible for communication through
do exist. electrical signals. Glial cells are supporting cells,
• The myocardium is the muscle tissue of the maintaining the environment around
heart and forms a thick middle layer between the neurons.
the outer epicardium layer and the
inner endocardium layer.

16
 TISSUE

Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

Simple squamous epithelia. Cartilage Skeletal
Simple cuboidal epithelia. Bone Smooth
Simple columnar epithelia. Adipose Cardiac
Stratified squamous epithelia. Blood
Stratified cuboidal epithelia. Lymphatic
Stratified columnar epithelia. Elastic
Fibrous

17
18