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Lab 3

This document describes tasks to practice converting Boolean equations and logic gates into ladder logic diagrams. The tasks involve temperature control, NAND logic, a car safety system, and other industrial control examples. Students are asked to draw the ladder logic diagrams, function block diagrams, and Boolean equations to represent the examples. Review questions at the end cover inverters, series vs parallel switches, eliminating bidirectional power flow, and drawing equivalent diagrams. The conclusion states that the lab helped students simplify designs with Boolean algebra and convert between Boolean, logic gates, and ladder logic representations.

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A. Alghamdi
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63 views

Lab 3

This document describes tasks to practice converting Boolean equations and logic gates into ladder logic diagrams. The tasks involve temperature control, NAND logic, a car safety system, and other industrial control examples. Students are asked to draw the ladder logic diagrams, function block diagrams, and Boolean equations to represent the examples. Review questions at the end cover inverters, series vs parallel switches, eliminating bidirectional power flow, and drawing equivalent diagrams. The conclusion states that the lab helped students simplify designs with Boolean algebra and convert between Boolean, logic gates, and ladder logic representations.

Uploaded by

A. Alghamdi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction :

In this lab we will learn about Boolean equations and how to convert it into ladder logic
or circuit. Boolean algebra is a division of mathematics that deals with operations on logical
values and incorporates binary variables . The process of converting control objectives into a ladder
logic program requires structured thought. Boolean algebra provides the tools needed to analyze and
design these systems.

Objective of this lab to Simplify designs with Boolean algebra. And to Convert Boolean algebra
and logic gates (FBD) into ladder logic.

Tools & equipment that will use

 PLC

 PC

 FESTO workstation (PLC trainer)


TASK-1: Temperature Control
Process Description:
A heating oven with two bays can heat one ingot in each bay. When the heater is on it provides
enough heat for two ingots. But, if only one ingot is present the oven may become too hot, so a fan
is used to cool the oven when it passes a set temperature.

Control Description:
If the temperature is too high and there is an ingot in only one bay then turn on fan.
Define Inputs and Outputs:
B1 = bay 1 ingot present
B2 = bay 2 ingot present
F = fan
T = temperature overheat sensor
Boolean Equation:
F = T.(B1 B2)
F = T. (B1 .B2 + B1 .B2) (1)
F = B1 .B2 .T + B1 .B2 .T (2)
Ladder logic for equation (1)

Note that the XOR prevents output to be energized if both inputs occur simultaneously. Draw
an alternate ladder logic using equation (2). Test it on your Siemens PLC.
# LAD (Ladder Logic)

#ON TIA Portal Software


TASK-2:
The PLC shown below is to be used as a controller which implements NAND control action. The
truth table for the NAND logic function is also shown. Using De Morgan’s theorem or other
method, develop a simple ladder diagram which achieves this control objective. Test it on your
Siemens PLC.
(Hint : A.B= A+ B)
# LAD (Ladder Logic)

#ON TIA Portal Software

A+B

A.B
TASK-3: Car Safety System
Problem: Develop Ladder Logic for a car door/seat belt safety system. When the car door is open,
and the seatbelt is not done up, the ignition power must not be applied. If all is safe then the key
will start the engine. Test it on your Siemens PLC.

# LAD (Ladder Logic)

#ON TIA Portal Software


TASK-4:
Almost all PLCs, prevents reverse (i.e., right-to-left) power flow in a ladder network (see Figure )

Solve the logic network shown in Figure so that no reverse power flow condition exists. The
reverse condition is not part of the required logic for the output to be energized.

The forward power flow of the logic determines output Y. Let’s implement it using logic concepts.
The output Y is defined, using forward paths only, as:

1st line 2nd line 3rd line


Y= (A.B.C) + (A.D.E) + (F.E)

Minimize it, using Boolean algebra’s distributed rule, to show that the equivalent ladder diagram
is. Test it on your Siemens PLC.
# LAD (Ladder Logic)

#ON TIA Portal Software


TASK-5:
Solve the ladder logic shown in the last Figure 5. so that no reverse power flow exists. Assume
that the reverse path logic through contact D and then forward through contacts B and C is required
in the PLC logic solution to energize the output.

Following the same procedure as in Task 4, we can obtain the desired logic for output Y using
Boolean logic expressions. Therefore, output Y, including the reverse power flow logic, is
represented by:

1st line 2nd line 3rd line reverse path


Y= A. B.C + A. D.E + F. E + F.D. B.C

The term F • D • B • C implements the reverse power flow sequence that output Y requires.

Use Boolean simplification to show that the equivalent ladder diagram is.

# LAD (Ladder Logic)

#ON TIA Portal Software


TASK-6:
A signal lamp is required to be switched on if a pump is running and the pressure is satisfactory,
or if the lamp test switch is closed. Draw the function block diagram (FBD) and then find its
equivalent ladder diagram. Repeat using: view LAD. Test it on your Siemens PLC

# LAD (Ladder Logic)

#ON TIA Portal Software


TASK-7:
Convert the following FBD into a Ladder diagram. Test it. It represents controlling a lamp from
4 places, two in series, and switched off from one place

# LAD (Ladder Logic)

#ON TIA Portal Software


REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Which logic function is used for inversion?
Not gate

2. Which logic function is used for switches connected in series?


And gate

3. Which logic function is used for switches connected in parallel?


OR gate

4. Convert the following Boolean equation to the simplest possible


ladder diagram.

X= A. (A + A .B)
5.Using Boolean algebra, show that the following ladder
diagram
6. Show that Figure 8 (a) is equivalent to Figure (b) using Boolean
algebra .This is to eliminate bidirectional power flow in the
vertical contactor CR3

7. An industrial process (e.g boiler) whose output has to be


switched off if any one of four sensors (e.g. over pressure, max
temperature, no fuel,. .etc) being activated. Draw the function
block diagram and then find its equivalent ladder diagram.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion , the laboratory was interesting and helpful to do, this lab experiment
enabled me to Simplify designs with Boolean algebra. Moreover experiment was useful in
many things First of all, I have able to And to Convert Boolean algebra and logic gates (FBD) into
ladder logic. , Secondly, I have learned how to redraw the ladder diagram in such way to
prevent reverse power and only forward power flow, also I have learned more skills of using
PLC. Finally I am looking forward to gaining more and more knowledge about PLC next lab .

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