SHS

SHS

Philippine Politics and

Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Characteristics and Basic Tenets
of the Major Political Ideologies

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 Target

The political Ideology is defined “as a set of opinions underpinned by

doctrines, values, and perceived moral truths that guide behavior towards a
specific social order” (Johnson & Roberto, 2018).

Political ideologies are powerful such that they shape the structure of a
society, institutions and the ways of doing things. These ideologies are comprised
of beliefs and value systems that give rise to political processes; they also
constitute ideas about change and its desired future.

In your previous lesson, you have learned the concept, relationship and
importance of politics, governance and government.

This learning material will provide you with information and activities that will
aid you to distinguish the different basic tenets of the major political ideologies.

After going through this learning material, you are expected to:
 Differentiate the political ideologies (HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-6)

TASK 1.1: WHAT I KNOW

Activity 1: Let’s find it!

Direction: Find and circle 10 key words that are related to Political ideologies.
The words may be hidden in any directions.

I S A D F R E Y H L K I O F I O
L D U Y J H M N H L H H F A H F
I O E P P J M M S I L A I C O S
B A P O L I T I C S I P H I I J
E A S S L S I O P M H H C S Y G
R A A D A O D F G M S M I M N O
A V S S O N G I X M S I I V T V
L X Z S I O A Y E I B B X E R E
I X I D T A B R N S A D I R E R
S I K D I H S I C A A V U N A N
M O F C V R M R E H I O P M E M
P C O N S E R V A T I S M E W E
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 I S X O F D T T V T E S R N D N
U T R V E S X V W A E E M T S T
A S D A F G H J T Y U N M B V A

KEY WORDS
1. ANARCHISM 6. IDEOLOGIES
2. CONSERVATISM 7.LIBERALISM
3. FASCISM 8. MARXISM
4. FEMINISM 9. POLITICS
5. GOVERNMENT 10. SOCIALISM

WHAT’S IN?

An ideology is more or less a coherent set of ideas that direct or organize a

specific political action. It consists of belief and value systems, a discussion of
existing power relationships, an exploration of how political change is achieved in
line with these power relations and an illustration of a desired future (Heywood
2013).

MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND THEIR KEY TENETS (Heywood 2013)

1. ANARCHISM
Political authority in all its form, and especially in the form of the state, is
both evil and unnecessary (anarchy literally means ‘without rule’).
The sovereign, compulsory, and coercive authority of the state is seen as a
nothing less than legalized oppression operating in the interests of the
powerful, propertied, and privileged.
Anarchist prefers a stateless society. Individuals can best manage their
own affairs through voluntary agreement and cooperation.

2. CONSERVATISM
Tradition must be conserve. These traditions include established customs,
institutions, and ways of doing things that have endured through time.
The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of human reason. As a belief,
pragmatism emphasizes that the action should be shaped by practical
circumstances and goals.
Human imperfection presents the pessimistic view of conservatives on the
individual. Accordingly, individuals are morally corrupt and are therefore the
sources of crime and disorder. Order could thus be achieved through a strong
state.
Conservatives believe that society is an organic whole and is a living entity,
more than being an artifact of human ingenuity. This belief is known as
organicism.
Conservatives also believe that social position and status are only natural.
With this, hierarchy is thought to be inevitable.
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 Authority must be exercised from above. Leadership is provided to guide and
support those who lack knowledge and education and those who have little
capacity to act for their own interest.
Conservatives look at property as significant because it is the individual’s
source of security and independence from the government.

3. FACISM
Ultranationalist ideology. As such, it subscribes to the idea of a supreme
race, whose members should enjoy the natural resources. It is by nature
exclusive as it excludes nonmembers of the race.
Manifested during Mussolini’s facist dictatorship in Italy and Hitler’s
dictatorship in Germany.
Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, power, heroism, and war.
The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by duty, honor, and self-sacrifice;
and gives unrelenting obedience to the supreme leader is a fascist ideal.
Fascists believe in a unified national community of strength through unity.
As such, individual identity is not as important as that of the social group or
community.

4. FEMINISM
A diverse but its unifying theme is the desire to enhance the social role
of women.
Society is characterized by sexual or gender equality.
The structure of male power must be overturned, hence the belief in
gender equality.
Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist feminism and radical
feminism.

5. LIBERALISM
Belief in individualism underscores the importance of the human individual
compared to any other group.
Liberty of the individual must be protected. An individual has freedom when
he or she is able to act as he or she pleases.
Reason can lead individuals to make wise judgments, which could solve
issues or differences.
Equality implies that individuals are born equal, at least in moral terms. Equal
rights and entitlements are at its core. It must be noted, however, that liberals
do not endorse social equality or equality of outcome,
Tolerance is willingness of individuals to allow others to think and behave in
ways they do not approve. It is a guarantee of individual liberty.
Authority and social relationships must also be based on agreement and
consent.

6. SOCIALISM
Belief in the community highlights the degree to which the individual is
connected with others. Identify is therefore a product of social interaction more
than innate qualities.
Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared common humanity Socialist
thus prefer cooperation rather than competition and collectivity rather than
individualism.
Socialists look at society in terms of differences in the distribution of income
or wealth. Social class is believed to be an important social cleavage, which
divides societies. The interests of the working class and the oppressed

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 should be upheld. With this, eradicating economic and social inequalities is
deemed as the primary goal of socialism.

Common ownership is also central to socialist thought. Unlike private

property, common ownership is a means to harness material resources
for the common good.

TASK 1.2: WHAT’S MORE?

Activity 1: The weight of thinking

Direction: Complete the chart below to compare and contrast the different major
political ideologies.

Political Similarities Differences

Ideologies

1.Conservatism
and Liberalism

2. Fascism
and
Socialism

3. Anarchism
and Feminism

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 Assessment Rubric for a Comparison and Contrast

Category 5 4 3 2 1
Each Each section Each Each Each
section of the chart section of section of section of
of the contains the chart the chart the chart
Concept chart three facts contains contains contains
Arrangement contains easily two very few facts that
four facts identified facts facts that are not
easily that are not related at
identified ar easily all.
e identified
somewhat
identified.
Reflects Most of the Reflects Reflects Contains
factual information some very little non-factual
information is factual factual factual information
that and informatio informatio that
Content corresponds seemingly n n and doe
with corresponds an attempts s not
appropriate with d to put it in correspond
section of appropriate attempts the to the
chart. section of to put it in appropriat appropriate
chart. correspond e section section of
ing section of chart. chart.
of chart
Easy to Most text is Some text Text is not Not legible.
read, easy to is easy to easy to Excessive
Text legible. read. Fewer read. read. errors.
N than There are Excessive
o four five misspelling
misspellings misspellings misspelled s more
. . words. than five
errors.

Clean, neat Fairly neat A little bit Not well Messy

Presentatio and well and clean. organized. an
n of output organized. clean Needs A little d
. Some some cluttered. unorganize
organization more d. Not well
organizatio put
n. together.

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Activity 2: KataQuote!

Directions: Read the statement carefully and briefly explain your understanding of
the quotation below.

Rubric for Statements response

Category 4 3 2 1
Reasoning Fully Logical Reasoning has Reasoning is
logica reasoning some flaws or flawed or weak
l reasoning. . limitations.
Support is Support is Support is Little or no
Quality strong, adequate, barely support for
o applicable although may adequate or argument.
f support and effective. be perhaps
somewha insufficient.
t
vague or
tangential.
Argument is Argument is Argument Argument is
Presentation presented in presented in presented either highly
strong, yet reasonable offensively or offensive or
approachable way. May be shallowly. given little or no
way. lacking in thought.
Persuasive respect for
but not at all other point
offensive. of
view.

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 No syntax or Few syntax or Enough errors Unacceptable
Writing grammar grammar that they number of errors
errors detract errors. detract from that
from writing. the argument. caus
e
distraction.

TASK 1.3: WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

Activity 1: Hear Me Out!

Direction: Complete the table below by giving and explaining your ideas on how
characteristics of the different Political Ideologies become positive or negative to
every society at present.
POLITICAL POSITIVE NEGATIVE
IDEOLOGIES

1. ANARCHISM

2.CONSERVATISM

3.FASCISM

4. FEMINISM

5. LIBERALISM

6. SOCIALISM

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 Scoring Rubric

POINTS REQUIREMENTS
5 Provides insightful and detailed explanation/opinion that includes
or extend ideas from the text.

4 Provides some explanation/opinion that includes or extend ideas

from the text.

3 Uses text incorrectly with limited success and includes

an inconsistent or confusing explanation.

2 Demonstrates minimal understanding of the task and provides

an unclear or no use of text for support.

1 Response Is completely irrelevant or off – topic

TASK 1.4: ASSESSMENT

Activity 1. Read, Analyze and Select!

Directions: Read and understand each item carefully then write the letter of the best answer in
the space before the number.

_____ 1. Which one refers to a movement that advocates or demands for women the same rights
granted men, such as equal economic and political status?
A. Anarchism B. Conservatism C. Feminism D. Liberalism

_____ 2. Which among the following is a basic element of Conservatism?

A. Equality B. Hierarchy C. Impatience D. Individualism
_____ 3. Which one refers to a theory or system of social organization that advocates the
vesting of ownership and control of the means of production and distribution of capital, land in the
community as a whole and everybody is equal?
A. Anarchism B. Conservatism C. Liberalism D. Socialism
_____ 4. This political ideology embraces the ideas of totalitarian democracy, holding that a
genuine democracy is an absolute dictatorship as the leader monopolizes ideological wisdom and
is alone able to articulate the true interests of the people.
A. Anarchism B. Conservatism C. Fascism D. Socialism
_____ 5. Which of the following characteristics best represents Conservatism?
A. Focused on conserving something
B. Ensuring the safety and fairness of everyone
C. A belief in the value of social and political change to achieve progress
D. A way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator
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 _____ 6. Anarchism is said to be the most chaotic of all political ideologies. Why is regarded as
such?
A. Because the government was controlled by dictator
B. Because people do not care for each other thus ruining the society
C. If there is no government or state intervention, we are bound of war and conflicts
D. None of the above
_____ 7. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT about Conservatism?
A. It’s suspicion of change
B. It fears government power
C. It supports the society’s traditional values
D. It supports the traditional institutions of its society
_____ 8. Which of the following slogans best captures the Fascism or Fascist ideology?
A. “From each according to his ability; to each according to his need”
B. “Over himself, over his own mind and body, the individual is sovereign”
C. “Don’t limit a child to your own learning, for he was born in another time”
D. “Nothing outside the state; nothing against the state; everything for the state”
_____ 9. Adonis believes that it is the duty of the government to ensure that every person’s right to
live, right to own property and right to enjoy freedom within the bounds of the law. This makes
Adonis an advocate of which ideology?
A. Anarchism B. Conservatism C. Feminism D. Liberalism
_____ 10. Which of the following statement is most likely associate with Socialist political ideology?
A. Military intervention is more effective than diplomacy
B. A free-market economy is the solution for economic struggles
C. Healthcare will be provided to all citizens by the government regardless of their income
D. Public education is no longer be operated by the government but by private education
companies

Activity 2. Make It Essay!

Direction: Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having or promoting a

certain ideology?

2. Which among the different Political Ideologies best fit in the Philippines and
Why?

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 References

Printed Materials:
Pawilen, R.A. & Pawilen, Reidan M. (2017). Philippine Politics and
Governance. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore Inc.

Villanueva, Prince Aian G. (2017 ). Philippine Politics and Governance. Makati

City, Philippines: Diwa Learning System Inc.

Heywood, A. (2017). Political Ideologies an Introduction. In Political Ideologies

an Introduction (6th ed.).London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Heywood, A.( 2013) Political Ideologies an introduction. New York, USA:

Palgrave Macmillan

Website:
https://www.macmillanihe.com/companion/Heywood-Political-
Ideologies/resources/Web-links/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies#:~:text=In%20social%20s
tudies%2C%20a%20political,for%20a%20certain%20social%20order.
https://www.hillsroad.ac.uk/docs/default-source/summer-word-2020/politics-
ideologies.pdf?sfvrsn=2

Development Team of the Module

Author: Antonio Q. Vasadre Jr.

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D.
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, Ph.D., CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D., EPS in Charge of LRMS
Mario B. Paneda, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Araling Panlipunan
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II