BS 5950-5~1998

Structural use of
steelwork in building -
Part 5. Code of practice for design of cold
formed thin gaugesections

ICs 91.080.10

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Committees responsible for this
British Standard
The prepamtion ofthis British Standard wasentrusted by Technical Committee
B/525, Buildingand civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/31,
Structural useof steel, upon whichthe following bodies were represented:

British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd.

British Industrial Fasteners’ Federation
British Iron and Steel Producers’ Association
Cold Rolled Sections’ Association
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property andBuildings Directorate)
Department of the Environment (Specialist Services)
Department of Transport (€€@ways Agency)
Health and Safety Executive
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Royal Institute of British Architects
Steel Construction Institute
The Welding Institute

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of Technical Committee
Bl525, was published under the
authority of the Standards
Committee and comes into effect
on 15 December 1998

O BSI 1998
Amendments issued sincepublication
Amd. No. Date Text affected

~~

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard
Committee reference B/525/31
Draft forcomment 95/100698 DC

ISBN O 680 28248 1

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Licensed by Information Handling Services
 STD.BS1 5s 5950-5-ENGL 1998 W Lb2qbbS 07.44271 7 5 8 I
I
BS 5950-5:1998

Contents

Page
Inside responsible
Committees front cover
Foreword vii
Section 1. General
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Aims of economical structural design 1
Overall 1.1.2 stability 1
1.1.3 Accuracy of c a l c u o n 1
1.2 Scope 1
1.3 Normative references 1
1.4 Tenns and d e f ~ t i o n s 2
1.5 Symbols 3
Section 2. Limit state design
2.1 General principles and design methods 5
2.1.1 General 5
2.1.2 Methods of design 5
2.2 Loading 6
2.2.1 General 6
2.2.2 Dead, imposed and wind loading 6
2.2.3 Accidental loading 6
2.2.4 T e m p e m e effects 6
2.3 ultimate limit states 6
2.3.1 Limit states of strength 6
2.3.2 Stability limit state 6
2.3.3 Fatigue 7
2.3.4 Brittle fractwe 7
2.3.5 structural integrity 7
2.4 Serviceabiity limit states 8
2.4.1 Serviceability loads 8
2.4.2 Deflection 8
2.5 Durability 8
Section 3. Properties of materials and section properties
3.1 Range of thicknesses 9
Design 3.2 thickness 9
3.3 Properties of materials 9
3.3.1 General 9
3.3.2 Strength of steel 10
properties
3.3.3 Other of steel 10
3.4 Effects of cold forming 10
3.5 Calculation of section properties 10
3.5.1
10 Method of calculation
properties 3.5.2 Cross-section 11
3.5.3
Net section
propertiesfor
members bending
in or
compression 11
3.5.4
members
properties
for
Section in tension 11

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Section 4. Local buckling
General
4.1 12
4.2 Maximum width to thickness ratios 12
4.3
Basic
effective
width 12
4.4Effective widths of plates with both edges supported (stiffened elements) 12
4.4.1Elementsunder uniform compression 12
4.4.2Elements under stress gradient 12
4.5 Effective widths of plates with one edge supported (unstiffened elements) 14
4.5.1Elementsunder uniform compression 14
4.5.2 Elements under combined bending and axial load 14
4.6
Edge
stiffeners 14
4.7
Intermediate
stiffeners 15
4.7.1 Minimum stiffenerrigidity 15
4.7.2Reducedsub-elementproperties 16
4.7.3 Limitations in the case of multiple-intermediatestiffeners 16
Section 5. Design of members subject to bending
5.1 General
Laterally 5.2
17 stable beams
5.2.1 General
Determination5.2.2 17 capacity
of moment
Utilization
5.2.3 bending
of plastic capacity 18
5.3
Shear 21 5.4 in webs
5.4.1 General 21
5.4.2 Maxjmum shear stress 21
Average 5.4.3 shear stress 21
mbined 5.5
2 crushing web and bending
Combined 5.5.1
and bending Combined 5.5.2
eral 5.6 22
5.6.1 General 22
resistance Buckling 5.6.2
Effective 5.6.3
Destabilizing 5.6.4
5.7 Deflections
ge 5.8
Effects 26 5.9 of torsion
5.9.1 General
Direct
5.9.2 stresses due to combined
bending and torsion 26
Angle 5.9.3 of twist 26

O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I BS 5950-5-ENGL 1 9 9 8 81 Zb24.bb7 0744273 5 2 0 m
BS 6960-5:1998

Section 6. Members in compression

6.1 General 27
6.1.1 Introduction 27
6.1.2 Effective crosssectional area 27
6.1.3 Use of enhanced K values 27
6.2 Flexural buckling 27
6.2.1 Effective lengths 27
6.2.2 Maximum slenderness 27
6.2.3 ultimate loads 27
6.2.4 Singly symmetrical sections 27
6.2.5 Compound sections composed of channels backto back 28
6.3 Torsional f l e d buckling 29
6.3.1 General 29
6.3.2 Sections with at least one axis of symmetry (x a
xis) 29
6.3.3 Non-symmetrical sections 29
6.4 Combined bending and compression 33
6.4.1 General 33
6.4.2 Local capacity check 33
6.4.3 Ovedl buckling check 33
Section 7. Members in tension
7.1 General 34
Tensile 7.2 capacity 34
7.2.1 General 34
7.2.2 S i plain
e angles, channels
T-sections
and 34
Double
7.2.3 plain
angles, channels and T-sections 34
bending Combined 7.3 and tension 34
Section 8. Connections
8.1 General recommendations 35
8.1.1 General 35
8.1.2 Intersections 35
8.1.3 Joints in simple construction 35
8.1.4 Joints in rigid constmction 35
8.1.5 Joints in semi-rigid construction 35
8.1.6 Strength of individual fasteners 35
8.1.7 Forces in individualfasteners 35
8.1.8 Joints subjectto vibration andor load reversal 35
8.1.9 Splices 35
8.2 Bolted connections 36
8.2.1 General 36
8.2.2 Bolt pitch and edge distances 36
8.2.3 Effective diameter and areas of bolts 36
8.2.4 Shear capacityof bolt 36
8.2.5 Bearing capacity 36
8.2.6 Tensile stress on net section 36
8.2.7 Bolts subjectto tension 37
8.2.8 Combined shear and tension 37
8.2.9 Moment capacityof bolt groups 37
8.3 fiction grip bolts 37
8.4 Weld detail and design 37
8.4.1 General 37
8.4.2 Details of fillet welds 37

O BSI 1998
...
lu
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 8.4.3 Design of fillet welds 37
8.4.4 Partial penetration butt welds 38
8.4.5 Design of butt welds 38
8.4.6 Single flare V welds 38
8.4.7 Arc spot welds 39
8.4.8 Elongated arc spot welds 40
8.5 Resistance spot welds 41
8.5.1 General 41
8.5.2 Details of resistance spot welds 41
8.5.3 Design of resistance spot welds 41
8.6 Maximm pitch for connections in sections 42
8.6.1 Maximum pitch compression members 42
8.6.2 Maximum pitch: connection oftwo channels to form m I-section 42
8.7 Screws, blind rivets and powderactuated fasteners 43
bolts 8.8 Holding-down 43
Section 9. Simplified rules forcommonly used members
9.1 General 44
9.2 z purlins with lips 44
9.2.1 General 44
9.2.2 Design rules 44
9.2.3 Wind uplift 44
9.3 Z sheeting rails with lips 45
9.3.1 General 45
9.3.2 Vertical supports 45
9.3.3 Design rules 45
9.4 Lattice joists 45
9.4.1 General 45
9.4.2 Design rules and limitations 47
Lateral 9.4.3
Section 10. Loading Tests
10.1 General
10.1.1 Purpose of testing 48
10.1.2 m e s of loading tests 48
Quality 10.1.3 48
Test 10.2 48
10.2.1 General 48
10.2.2 Measurements
10.2.3 Loading
Test 10.3 procedures 49
49 10.3.1 Preliminary loading
49 10.3.2 Load increments
Coupon 10.3.3 tests 49
Test 10.3.4 report 49

iv O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 10.4 Relative strength coefficient 49
10.4.1 Gf?IIeral 49
10.4.2 For predetermininga test load 50
10.4.3 For calibratingthe results of a failure test 50
10.5 Component tests 51
10.5.1 General 51
10.5.2 Full cross-section tensiontest 51
10.5.3 F'ull cross-section compressiontests 51
10.5.4 F'ull cross-section bending tests 51
10.5.5 Testing of connections with fasteners 52
10.6 Proof test 52
10.6.1 General 52
10.6.2 Proof test load 52
10.6.3 Proof test criteria 52
10.7 Strength test 52
10.7.1 General 52
10.7.2 Strength test load 52
10.7.3 Criteria 53
10.8 Failure test 53
10.8.1 General 53
10.8.2 Failure criteria 53
10.8.3 Èvaluation of test results 53
10.9 Load tables 54
10.9.1General 54
10.9.2 ?)ables based completely on testing 54
10.9.3 Tables based on combined testing andanalysis -54
Annex A (nonnative) Screws, blind rivetsand powder actuated fasteners 55
Annex B (informative) K factors for some bending and compression elements 56
Annex C (iormative) 01 factors for members in compression 59
Annex D (iormative) Warping constants for somecommon
sections 60
Bibliography Wide back cover
W l e 1- Limit states relevant to steel stxuctures 5
Table 2 - Load factors and combinations 7
Table 3 - Deflection limits 8
Table 4 - Yield, ultimate and design strengths 9
Table 5 - Effective widths for stiffened elements 13
Table 6 - Effective widths for unstiffened elements 15
?)able 7 - Shapes having single thickness webs 19
W l e 8 - I-beams and beams with restmint against web rotation 20
Table 9 - Effective lengths, LE for compression members 28
Table 10 - Compressive strength, P, (in N/mm2) 30
Table 11- Strength of bolts in clearance holes 36
Table 12 - Tensile properties of all-weld metal 38
Table 13- Design expressions for Z sheeting rails 46
W l e 14 - S W d factor k 53
W l e C.l- (Y factors for members in compression 59
W l e D.l- Location of shear centre and approrrimate values of warping
constant c, 60

O BSI 1998 V
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Figure 1 - Nomenclature for staggered holes with example 11
Figure 2 - Simple lip edgestiffener 14
Figure 3 - Single and doublecurvature bending 23
Figure 4 - Restraint condition,for lateral buckling 24
F'igure 5 - Compression of singly symmetrical section 28
Figure 6 - End connection 37
Figure 7 - Symmetrical fillet welds 38
Figure 8 - V weld 39
Figure 9 -Arc spot welds 40
Figure 10 - Elongated arc spot weld 41
Rgure 11 - Connection forcesin back-to-back members 43
Figure 12 - Z purlins and sheeting rails 44
Figure 13 - Supports for self weight of sheeting 46
Figure B . l - K factors for uniformly compressed members 57
Figure B.2 -K factors for stiffenedcompression elements of beams 58
Figure B.3 - K factors for unstiffenedelements of beams 58
-

vi O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Foreword

This new editionof thispart of BS 5950 has been prepared underthe direction of
Technical CommitteeW525, Building and Civil EngineeringStructures. Itreplaces
BS 5950 Part 51987 which is withdrawn. BS 5950 is a document combiningcodes of
practice to cover the design, construction and fire protection
of steel structures and
specificatons form&rials, workmanship and erection.
This part of BS 5950 gives recommendations for the design of cold formedsteel
sections in simple and continuous construction and its provisions to the majority
apply
of structures, although itis recognized that cases will arise whenother proven
methods of design may be moreappropM. It is intended to be compatible with
BS 5950-1 and BS 5950-6, and at the same timeto be as self contained as possible.
BS 5950 comprises thefollowing parts:
Part 1, Code of practice for design in simple and continuous cmtruction: hot rolled
sections.
Part 2, Spehfication for materials,fabrication and erection:hot roUed sections.
Part 3, Design in composite construction Section 3.1 Code of practice f o r design of
simpÏ2 and continuous composite beams.
Part 4, Code of practicefor design of composite slabs with pqfW steel sheeting.
Part 5,Code of practice for design of cold formed thin guuge sections.
Part 6,Code of pmcticefor design of light gaugeprofiled steel sheeting.
Part 7, S’mtion for materials and w0rlmansh.i.p:cold formed sections and sheetiw.
Part 8, Code of practice for fire protection of sh-utuml steelwork.
Part 9, Code of practicef o r stressed skin design.
This edition introduces technical changes butit does not reflecta fullreview or
revision of the standard
The changes include:
a realignment of this standard with BS 5950-1 and clarificationof the design
recommendations in section 2 for thestructural integrity of cold formedsteel
hing;
a revision to the recommendations in section 3 taking account of recently published
European Standards for basic steel products and publication of a corrected version
of Figure 1;
presentation of the modification factors for use with ’Pdbles 5 and 6 in a format
consistent with the other partsof BS 5950;
new non dimensional expressions for local bucklingstress, lateral buckling
resistance and critical bending momentin sections 4,6 and 6;
clarificaton of the recommenda$ions for limiting stress in elementsunder stress
gradient in section 6;
introduction of design recommendations for back-to-back channels forming
compound I sections in sections6,6 and 8;
the addition of didity limits to the recommendations in section 7 for determining
the tensile capacityof simple tension members;
modification of section 8 to clanfy certain general limiting parameters and taking
account of European Standards for weldingelectrodes;
replacement of the term “plug welds” by the term “arcspot welds” and redrafting of
the recommendations for their design using ultimate strength values rather than
yield strength values;
redrafting of section 10 to clarify the evaluation of test resule,
deletion of annex E and guidanceon standard deviationinserted into section 1 0
modification of annexes A to D clarifying use of symbols and clarification ofthe
method of calculating the factors k, (Y and C,

O BSI 1998 vii

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 ' S T D - B S I BS 5750-5-ENGL L778 Sll l b 2 4 b b 7 07YY278 O02 5
BS 5950-5:1998

This part of BS 5950 is primarily equation-orientated,so that the rules can be easily
programmed on desk-top computers which are now familiar in design offices.
However, to assist the designer obtain simple and rapid analyses, isitpossible to use
the various tables and graphs provided instead of calculation by means of the
equations in many circumstances.
This part of BS 5950 does not applyto other steel structures for which appropriate
British Standards exist.
It has been assumedin the draftingof this British Standardthat the execution ofits
provisions is entsusted toappropriatelyqualified and experienced people and that
construction and supervisionare carried out by capable and experienced
organizations.
A British Standard does notpurport to include all the necessary provisionsof a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations

Summary of pages
This document comprisesa front cover, an inside front cover, pagestoiviii,
pages 1 to 62, an inside backcover and a back cover.

viii O BSI 1998

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Section 1. General

1.1 Introduction Sections may be either openor closed and should be

made up of flat elements bounded either by free edges
1.1.1 Aims of economical structural design or by bends with included angles not exceeding1%'
The aim of structural design is to provide, with due and internalradii not exceeding5t where t is the
regard to economy, a structure capable of fulfilling its material thickness.
intended functionand sustaining the design loads for Closed sections may be made eithec
its intended life. The design should facilitate i) by joining togethertwo previously formed
fabrication, erectionand future maintenance. open sectionsby continuous welding;
The structure should behaveas a single ii) from a singleflat strip, by fonning the
three-dimensional entity. The layout ofits constituent corners tomake a box, and continuously
parts, such as foundations, steelwork,connections and welding the longitudinal joint.
other s t m c W components shouldconstitute a robust Welded cold formed hollowsections conforming to
and stable structure under normal loadingto ensure BS EN 10219 are not covered bythis part of BS 5950.
that in the eventof misuse or accident, damage will NOTE Cold formed products conforming to BS EN 10219 are the
not be disproportionateto the cause. 'Ib achieve this it subject of amendments to BS 5950-1 and -2 which are in
is necessary to define clearly the basicstructural preparation.
anatomy by which the loads are transmitted to the
foundations. Any features of the structure which have 1.3 Normative references
a critical influence on its overall stability can then be The following normative documents contain provisions
identified and taken account of in its design. which, through reference in this text, constitute
Each part of the structure should be sufficiently robust provisions of this part of this British Standard. For
and insensitiveto the effects of minor incidental loads dated references, subsequent amendments to, or
applied during serviceto ensure that the safety of revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.
other partsis not prejudiced (See 2.3.6) For undated references, thelatest edition of the
Whilst the ultimate strength recommendations within publication referredto applies.
this standard areto be regarded as limiting values, the BS 1140, Spedfication for resistance mot welding of
purpose in design should be to reach these limits in as uncoated and coated low carbon steel.
many parts of the structure as possible, to adopt a BS 1449-1-1,Steel plate, sheet and slri-p - Carbon and
layout suchthat maximum structural efficiencyis carbon-manganese plate sheetand strip.
attained and to rationalize the steel member sizes and BS 1449-1-1.5, Steel plate, sheet and strip -
details in order to obtain the optimum combination of Sp&fication for cold rokd wide material based on
m a t e d and fabrication. speczfied minimum strength.
1.1.2 Overall stability BS 1449-1-1.8, Steel plate, sheet and strip -
The designer responsible for the overall stability of the Spec&fication for hot mkd narrow strip based on
shvcture should be clearly identified.This designer
fomzability.
should ensure the compatibilityof the structural design BS 1449-1-1.11, Steel plate, sheet and strip -
and detailing between all those structural parts and Sp&fication for cold rolled narrow strip based on
components that are required for overallstability, even sp&fkd minimum strength.
if some or all of the structural design and detailing of BS 5135, Spedfimtion for arc welding of carbon and
those s t r u c m parts and components is carried out carbon manganese steeLs.
by another designer. BS 5493, Code of practicefor protective coatingof iron
and steel structures against corrosionl).
1.1.3 Accuracy of calculation BS 5502-22, Buildings and structures for
For the purposeof checking conformitywith the agriculture - Code of practice for design,
recommendations includedin this standard, the final construction and loading.
value, (whether observed or calculated), which BS 5950-1, Structural use of steelwork in building -
expresses the resultof a test or analysis should be Code of practice for design in simple and continuous
rounded off. The number of signifmnt placesretained construction: hot rolled sections.
in the rounded off value should bethe m e as the BS 5950-7, Structural use of steelwork in building -
value given in this standasd. Sp&fication for materials and wonk;manship: cold
f o m d sections and sheeting.
1.2 scope BS 6399-1, Loading for buildings - Code of practice
This part of BS 5950 gives recommendations for the for dead and imposed loads.
design of structural steelwork in buildings and allied BS 6399-2, Loading for buildings - Code of practice
structures using cold formed sections.It is primarily for wind loads.
intended for steelsections of thickness up to 8 mm. BS 6399-3, Loading for buildings - Code of practice
Requirements for materials and constructionare given for imposed roof loads.
in BS 5950-7. BS 8004, Code of pmctice for foundations.

Will be replaced by BS IS0 12944-1 to -8 and ES EN 14713 which are in preparation.

1
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 PD 6484, Ccwnmentary on cornosion at IYimetaUic NOTE m e s of elements are defined in 1.4.6 to 1.4.8.
cMltacts and its alleviation. 1.4.6
BS EN 876,Destructive tests on W& in metaUic stiffened element
materials. Longitudinal tensile test on weld metal in a flat element adequately supportedat both
f u s i o n welded joints. longitudinal edges
BS EN 10002-1, Mile testiw Of metaElic ~ ~ ~ t ~-4 a l s
Method of test at ambient temperature. 1.4.6
BS EN 10021, Geneml technical delivery requimnmts unstiffened element
f o r steel and iron products. a flat element adequatelysupported at only one
BS EN 10025, Hot roUed products of non-alloy longitudinal edge
structural steels. Technical d d i v q conditions. 1.4.7
BS EN 10111, Continuously hotrolled low carbon steel edge stiffened element
sheet and strìp for cold forming. lkchnkal delivery a flat element supportedat one longitudinal edgeby a
conditions. web and at the other longitudinal edgeby a lip or
BS EN 10147,Spec?&ation for continuouslg hohdip other edge stiffener
zinc coated structural steel sheet and strip - 1.4.8
lkchnkd de ive^ conditions.
multiple stiffened element
BS EN 10149-2, Specifkation forhot mUedjlat
p r o d ~ t made
s of high yield strength steels for cold an element adequately supportedat both longitudinal
f o m i n g -Deli- conditions for edges and having intermediatestiffeners
themornechanicauy rolled steels. 1.4.9
BS EN 10149-3, Specificationfor hot mUedjlat lateral buckling
products made of high yield scrength steels for cold buckling of a beam accompanied by a combination of
f o m i n g -Delivery conditionsfor mmzalized and lateral displacement and twisting
normalized roUed steels. NOTE This is also known as lateral-torsional buckling.
BS EN 10204, Metauic products - !&pes of inspection
documents. 1.4.10
BS EN 208981, Mechunical properties of fasteners - buckling resistance
Bolts, screws and studs. limit of force or moment that a member c m withstand
without buckling
CP3 Code of basic datu for UIÆ design of buildings:
Chapter V Part 2: Wind loads. 1.4.11
local buckling
1.4 Terms and definitions buckling of the elements of a section characterized by
For the purposes of this part of BS 5950 the following the formation of waves or ripples alongthe member
terms and definitions apply NOTE It is treated separately from overall buckling resistance
and modifies the capacity of cross-sections.
1.4.1 1.4.12
capacity flexural buckling
limit of force or moment that can be expectedto be buckling of a column due to flexure
carried at a cross-section without causing failuredue
to yielding, ruptureor local buckling 1.4.13
torsional buckling
1.42
buckling of a column by twisting
effective length
length between points of effective restsaint of a 1.4.14
member multiplied by a factor to take account of end torsional flexural buckling
conditions andloads buckling of a column by combined flexure and twisting
1.4.3 1.4.16
effective width limit state
flat width of an element that can be considered condition beyond whicha structure would cease to be
effectively to resist compression fit for its intended use
1.4.4 1.4.16
element strength
distinct portion of the cross-sectionof a member resistance to failure; specificallx limiting valuefor
stress

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Licensed by Information Handling Services
 1.5 Symbols e,
between
Distance theneutral
geometric axis
For the purposes ofthis part of BS 5950, the following and the effective neutral axis of a section
apply: symbols FC Applied axial load
compressive
Fs Shear force (bolts)
A Area Ft Applied
tensile
load
OT Gross area of a crosssection F, Shear
force
Effective net area of a section Fw Concentratedloadon a web
Effective area fa Average stress in a flange
Net area of a section fc Compressive stress onthe effective element
Area of an intermediate stiffener fw Appliedcompressive stress
Tensile stress area of a bolt G Shearmodulus of steel
Effective throat size of a fillet weld 9 Gauge,i.e.distance measured at right angles
Net sectional area of connected elements to the direction of stress in a member,
Gross sectionalarea of unconnected elements centre-to-centre of holes in consecutive lines
Overall width of an element h Vertical distance betweentworows of
Half the overall flange widthof an element connections in channel sections
Flat width of an element or As defined in annex B
Effective width of a compression element I Secondmoment of area of a cross-section
Reduced effective width ofa sub-element about its critical axis
Effective width of an unstiffened compression Z- Minimum required secondmoment of area of
element
a stiffener
Coefficient defining the variation of moments Is Secondmoment of area of a multiplestiffened
on a beam element
Constant depending onthe geometry of a
I,, Zy Second moment of area of a cross-section
T-section about the x and y axes respectively
J StVenanttorsion constant of a section
Warping constant of a section
K Buckling coefficient
of an element
Distance from the end of a beam to the load
or the reaction as shown in W l e s 7 and 8 L Lengthof a member betweensupport points
Overall web depth LE Effective length of a member
Depth of the compression zone in a web L, Length of a weld
Equivalent depth of an intermediately M Applied moment on a beam
stiffened web Mb Buckling resistance
moment
Equivalent depth of a stiffened web Mc Moment capacity of a cross-section (as
Distance between the centre line of an determined from 6.2.2)
intermediate web stiffener andthe M', Designmomentcapacityof a section utilizing
compression flange plastic bending capacity (see6.2.3)
Diameter of a bolt Mcr Criticalbendmgmomentcausinglocal
or Diameter of a spot weld buckling in a beam
or Flat width of an element as shown in M,, Moment capacity inbending about the x axis
W l e s C.1 and D. 1 in the absence of F, and My
or As otherwise defined in a clause M, Moment capacity inbending about they axis
Distance from the centre of a bolt to the end in the absence of F, and M,
of an element ME Elastic lateral buckling moment of a beam
Peripheral diameter of an arc spot weld or Mp Plasticmomentcapacityof a section
elongated arc spot weld M,, My Moment about x and y axes respectively
Recommended tip diameter of an electrode My Yieldmoment of a section
Interface diameter of an arc spot weld or N Number of 90" bends in a section
elongated arc spot weld or Length of bearing as shown in ables 7 and 8
Visible diameter of an arc spot weldor width OT Number of tests
of elongated plug weld pbs Bearingcapacityof a bolt
Modulus of elasticity of steel PC Buckling resistance under axial load
Distance between a load and a reaction as P,, Short strut capacity
shown in Mies 7 and 8 or the shearcentse
position as shown in Table D.l

O BSI 1998 3
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 PE Elastic f l e d buckling load
(Euler load) for sp Staggered pitch, i.e. the distance,measured
aparallel
column to the direction of stress in a member,
p E x , P EElastic
~ f l e d bucklingload(Euler load) for centre-to-centreofholesinconsecutivelines
a column about x and y axes respectively t material
Net thichess
Shear capacity ofa fastener or As otherwise defined in a clause
Tensile capacity ofa fastener ts Equivalent thickness of a flatelement to
Shear capacity ofa connection replace a multiple stiffened element for
"sional buckling load of a column calculation purposes
tl, tz Thicknessof thinner and thicker materials
"sional f l e d buckling load of a column
connected by spot welding or as defined in
'Ibnsile capacity of a member or connection annex B
Shear capacityor shear b u c k g resistance of U, Nominalultimate tensilestrength of the
a member electrode
Concentrated load resistance of a single web Uf Minimum tensile strength of fastener
Compressive strength u, N o w ultimatetensilestrength of steel
Local buckling stress of an element (See 3.3.2)
Limiting compressive stsess in a flat web U,, Nominal ultimatetensilestrengthof the steel
Shear strength ofa bolt in the supporting members
Shear yield strength U Deflectionof a flange towards the neutral axis
Design strength of steel due to t h g e curling
Design strength of weld W Total distributedloadon a purlin
Factor defining the effective cross-sectional Wd Weightof claddingactingon a sheeting rail
area of a section W, Windload actingon a sheeting rail
Shear buckling strength ofa web W Flat
widthof a sub-element
Resistance predicted by the design expression or Intensity of load on a beam
for the specific parameters W, Equivalentwidthof a flatelement to replace a
Upper yield strength of steel (asdefined by multiple stiffened element for calculation
BS EN 10002-1) purposes
Lower yield strength of steel (asdefined by X0 Distancefrom the shear centre tothe centroid
BS EN 10002-1) of a section measured alongthe x axis of
Tensile strength of steel (asdefined by Symmetsy
BS EN 10002-1) Yf Minimum yieldstrengthof a fastener
0.2 % proof stress (asdefined by Ys Nominalyield strength of steel(See 3.3.2)
BS EN 10002-1) Y,, Averageyield strength of a coldformed
Stress at 0.5 % total elongation (asdefined by section
BS EN 10002-1)
~.
~~
-, Ysac Modifiedaverageyieldstrength in the
Inside bend radius presence of local buckling
or Radius of gyration Y Distance of a flange from the neutral axis
rey Radius ofgyrationof a channelabout its ZC Compression modulus of a section in bending
centroidal a x i s . parallel to the web o! Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
r Radius ofgyrationof a compoundI-section
or Effective length multiplier for torsional
f l e d buckling
r0 Polar radius ofgyrationof a section about the
shear centre P Ratio of end momentsin a beam
r,, ry Radii of gyration of a section about the x or Constant defined in 6.3.2
and y axes respectively Overall load factor
I s Plastic
modulus of a section Variability of loading factor
so Original cross-sectionalarea of theparallel Material strength factor
length in a tensile test specimen Smctural performance factor
( asdefined in BS EN 10002-1) Beam deflection
S Distancebetween the centres of boltsnormal Beam deflection at moment Mc
to the line of applied force or, where there is Beam deflection at the point of local buckling
only a single lineof bolts, the width ofthe Perry coefficient
sheet Angle between the web of a beam and the
or Leg length of a fillet weld bearing surface
or Standard deviation v Poisson ratio

4 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I BS 5750-5-ENGL L998 R Lb2LtbbS 0744283 Lt7T m
BS 595M1998

Section 2. Limit state design

2.1 General principles and design 2.1.2.2 Simple &sign

methods The connections between membersare assumed not to
develop moments adversely a€fecting either the
2.1.1 General members or the structure as a whole. The distribution
stltnxctures should be designed following consideration of forces may be determined assuming that members
of the limit states at which the proposed design intersecting at a joint are pin-connected The necessary
becomes unfit for its intended use, by applying flexibility in connections may result in some
appropriate factors for the ultimate limit state and the non-elastic deformation of the materials, other than the
serviceability limit state. fasteners.
All relevant limit states should be considered, but Sway stability should be maintained in accordance
usually it is appropriate to design on the basis of with the recommendations given in2.3.2.3.
strength andstability at ultimate loading andthen to 2.1.2.3 Rigid design
check that the deflectionis not excessive under
serviceability loading. Examples of limit states relevant The connections areassumed to be capable of
to steel structures aregiven in W l e 1. developing the strength and/or stiffness required by an
analysis assuming full contjnuim. Such analysis may be
The o v e d factor in any design takes account of made wing either elastic orplastic meth&.
variability in the following
2.1.2.4 Semi-rigid design
- material strength: (Yd; Some degree of connection stiffness is assumed, but
- loading: (Yl); insufficient to develop full continuity as follows.
a) The moment and rotationcapacity of the joints
- structural performance: (Yp).
should be based on experimental evidence, which
may permit some limited plasticity providing the
In this part ofBS 5950 the material factor ym is ultimate tensile capacity of the fasteneris not the
incorporated in the recommended design strengths failure criterion. On this basis, the design should
(see 3.3.2). For stsuctural steelthe material factor is satisfy the strength,stabiity and Stiffness
taken as 1.0 applied to the yield strength Y, or 1.2 requirements of all parts of the structure when
applied to the tensile strengthU,. Different values are partial continuity at the joints is to be taken into
used for boltsand welds.
account in assessing momentsand forces in the
The values assignedfor 71 and yp depend on the type members.
of load and the load combination. Their product is the b) As an alternative, in simplebeam and column
factor yf by which the specified loads areto be structures an allowance may be made for the
multiplied in checking the strengthand stability of a inter-restraint of the connections between a beam
simcture, see W l e 2. and a column by an end restraint moment not
NOTE A detailed breakdown of y factors is given in BS 5950-1. exceeding 10 % of the free moment appliedto the
2.1.2 Methods of design beam, assuming this to be simply supported,
provided that the following apply
2.1.2.1 General 1) The beams and columnsare designed by the
The design of any structure or its parts may be carried general rules applicable to simple design.
out by one of the methods given in 2.1.2.2 to 2.1.2.7. 2) The frame is provided with lateral support or
In all cases, the detailsof members and connections braced against side-sway in both directions.
should be capable of realizing the assumptions madein 3) The beams are designed for the maxjrnum net
design without adversely affectingany other parts of moment which includes anallowance for the
the structure. restsaint moment at one or both ends.

Table 1 - Limit states relevant to steel structures

limit Ultimate state limit
Serviceability state
1 Strength(includinggeneralyielding,rupture, 6 Deflection
buckling and transformationinto a mechanism)
2 Stability against overturning and sway 7 Vibration(e.g.wind inducedoscillation)
3 Excessive local
deformation 8 Repairable m a g e due to fatigue
4 Fracturedue to fatigue 9 Durability
5 Brittle fracture

O BSI 1999 5
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 4) Each column is designed to resist the algebraic 2.2.2 Dead, imposed and wind loading
sum of the restraint momentsfrom the beams at Determination of dead, imposed andwind loads should
the same level on each side of the column, in be made in accordance with BS 6399-1, -2 or -3 as
addition to moments due to eccentricity of appropriate, and CR: Chapter V: Part 2.
connections.
Loads on agricultural buildings should be calculated in
5 ) The assumed end restm.int moment need not, accordance with BS 550222.
however, be taken as 10 % of the free moment for NOTE It is intended that BS 6399-2 should eventually replace
all beams, provided that the same restmint CF3 Chapter V: Part 2. This may require a change to the design
moment is used in the design of both the column rules for the applicationof wind loads to structures. For
and beam at each connection. structures designed in accordance with this edition of BS 5950-5,
wind loads may continue to be determined in accordance with
6) The beam-to-column connections are designed CF3 Chapter V: Part 2, until such time as it is withdrawn. In such
to transmit the appropriate restraint moment, in cases, for the design of purlinsand sheeting rails, local wind
addition to the end reactions assuming the beams pressure and suction need not be considered.
are simply supported. 2.2.3 Accidental loading
7) The welds andfasteners are designed for the Determination of accidental loading should be made in
actual moment capacity of the connection not the accordance with BS 6399-1 where appropriate.
assumed moment.
When considering the continued stabilityof a structure
2.1.2.6 Composite design after it has sustained accidental damage, the loads
Composite design takes into account the enhanced considered shouldbe those likely to occur before
load capacity and serviceabilitywhen steelwork is repairs can be completed.
suitably interconnectedto other materials, 2.2.4 Temperature effects
e.g. concrete, timber and building boards,in order to
ensure composite behaviour of the member or Where, in the design and erectionof a structure, it is
structure. necessary to take account of changes in temperature, it
may be assumed that in the UK the mean temperature
NOTE Recommendations for composite design utilizing steel and
concrete are given in BS 5950-3-3.1. of the intemal steelwork varies from -5 "C to +35 "C.
The actual range, however, depends on the location,
2.1.2.6 Stressed skin design type and purpose of the structure andspecial
The strengthening and stiffening effectof steel cladding consideration may be necessary for structures in
and decking may betaken into account in the special conditions, and in locationsabroad subject to
structural design. different temperature ranges.
NOTE Recommendations forstressed sldn design are given in
BS 6960-9.
2.3 Ultimate limit states
2.1.2.7 %sting
2.3.1 Limit states of strength
Where design of a stmcture or element by calculation
in accordance with any of the preceding methods is 2.3.1.1 General
not practicable, oris inappropriate, the strength, In checking the strength and stability of the structure
stability ands m e s s may be confirmed by loading the loads should be multiplied by the relevant yf
tests in accordance with section 10. factors given in Table 2. The factored loads should be
applied in the most unfavourable realistic combination
2.2 Loading for the component or stsuctwre under consideration.
The load capacity of each member and its connections,
2.2.1 General as determined by the relevant provisions of this part of
All relevant loads shouldbe considered separately and BS 5950, should be such that the factored loads would
in such realistic combinationsas to comprise the most not cause failure.
critical effects on the elements and the structure as a
whole. The magnitudeand frequency of fluctuating 2.3.1.2 Overhead cranes
loads should also be considered. In particular, the If overhead cranes are provided, detailed designs
frequency of vibration resulting from any fluctuating should be made in accordance with
BS 5950-1.
loads compared to the natural frequency of the 2.3.2 Stability limit state
structure should be checked. Consideration shouldalso
be given to connections to ensure that their 2.3.2.1 General
effectiveness is not reduced. In considering the overall stability of any structure or
Loading conditions during erection should receive part, the loads shouldbe increased by the relevant yf
particular attention. Settlement of supports may need factors given in Table2.
to betaken into account. The designer should consider overitu frame stability
which embraces stability against overturning and sway
stability.

6 O BSI 1999
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I BS 5751-5-ENGL L 7 7 8 M Lb24bb7 (374LI285 2 4 2 W
Section 2 BS 6950-5:1998

2.3.2.2 Stabilitg against overturning Sway stability maybe provided for example by braced
The factored loads should not cause the structure or frames, joint rigidity or by utibhg staircases, lift cores
any part of the structure (including the foundations) to and shear walls. Whatever systemis used, reversal of
overturn or lift off its seating. The combination of loading should be accommodated. The cladding, floors
wind, imposed and deadloads should be such as to and roof should have adequatestrength and be so
have the most severe effect on overall stability secured to the structural framework as to bansmit all
(see 2.2.1). horizontal forces to the points of sway resistance.
Where such sway stability is provided by construction
Account should be taken of probable variations in other than the steel framework, the steelwork designer
dead load during construction or other temporary should clearly state the need for such construction and
conditions.
the forces acting upon i t
Table 2 - Load factors and combinations 2.3.2.4 Foundation design
Loading Factor, Foundations should be designed in accordance with
Yf BS 8004 to accommodate all the forces and moments
Dead load 1.4 imposed on them. Attention should be given to the
method of connecting the steel superstructure to the
Dead load re&aining uplift or foundations and the anchorage of any holdingdown
overturning 1.0 bolts. Where it is necessary to quote the foundation
Dead load acting with wind and reactions it should be clearly stated whether the forces
imposed loads combined 1.2 and moments result fromfactored or unfactored loads.
Imposed load 1.6 Where they result from factored loads the relevant yf
factors for each load ineach combination should be
Imposed load acting with wind load 1.2 stated.
Wind load 1.4 2.3.3 Fatigue
Wind load acting with imposed load 1.2 Fatigue need notbe considered unless a structure or
Forces due to temperature effects 1.2 element is subject to numerous significant fluctuations
of load excluding those arising from wind. However,
2.3.2.3 Sway stability account should be taken of wind-induced oscillations
All structures, including portions between expansion where these occur. When designing for fatigue a yf
joints, should have adequatestrength against sway factor of 1.0 should be used.
'Ib ensure this, in addition to designing for applied 2.3.4 Brittle fracture
horizontal loads, a separate check should be carried At temperatures below - 15 "C consideration shouldbe
out for notional horizontalforces. given to the possibility of brittle fracture in welded
These notional forces mayarise from practical tension areas and in the vicinity of punched holes.
imperfections suchas lack of verticalityand should be 2.3.6 Structural integrity
taken as the greater of:
1% of factored deadload from that level, applied 2.3.6.1 Recommendations for all structures
horizontally; All structures should follow the principles given in 1.1
0.50% of factored load (dead plus vertical imposed) and 2.1. The additional recommendations given
from that level, applied horizontally in 2.3.6.2 and 2.3.6.3 apply to buildings.
These notional forcesshould be assumed to act in any 2.3.6.2 Recommendations for all buildings
one direction at a time and should beapplied at each Every building frame should be effectively tied
roof and floor level or thek equivalent. They should be together at each principal floorand roof level. All
taken as admg simultaneously with the factored columns should be anchored in two directions,
vertical loads taken as the s u m of approximately at right angles, at each principal floor or
1.4 X dead load; plus roof which theysupport. This anchorage may be
1.6 x vertical imposed load. provided by either beams or tie members.
The notional force should not: Members provided for other purposes may be utilized
as ties. When members are checked as ties, other
a) be applied when considering overturning loading may be ignored. Beams designed to carry the
b) be combined with the applied horizontal loads, floor or roof loading will generally be suitable provided
c) be combined with temperature effects; that their end connections are capable of resisting
d) be taken to contribute to net reactions on the tension.
foundations. Where a building is provided with expansion joints,
each section between expansion joints should be
treated as a separate building for the purpose of this
subclause.

O BSI 1999 7
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 /

2.3.5.3 Additional recommendations for certain When checking the deflections the most adverse
buildings realistic combination and arrangement of unfactored
When it is stipulated by appropriate regulations that loads should be assumed, and the structure may be
buildings should be designedto localize accidental assumed to be elastic.
damage, reference should bemade to BS 5950-1 for W l e 3 gives recommended deflectionlimits for certain
additional recommendations. structural members. Circumstances mayarise where
In constsuction where vertical loadsare resisted by an greater or lesser values would be more appropriate.
assembly of closely spaced elements (e.g. cold formed Other members mayalso require a deflection limit to
steel framing), thetying members should be distributed be established, e.g. sway bracing.
to ensure that the entire assembly is effectively tied. In The deflection of purlins and side rails should be
such cases the forces for anchoring the vertical limited to suit the characteristics of the particular
elements at the periphery should bebased on the cladding system.
spacing of the elements or taken as 1% of the factored
vertical loadin the elementwithout applying the
minimum value of 75 kN or 40 kN to the individual 2.5 Durability
elements, providedthat each tying member and its In order to ensure the durability of the structure under
connections are designedto resist the appropriate conditions relevant to both its intended use and
loading. intended life the following factors shouldbe
NOTE Further guidance on methods of reducing the sensitivity of considered at the design stage:
buildings to disproportionate collapse in the event of an accident a) the environment;
is given in Approved Document A to the Building Regulations[l].
b) the degree of exposure;
c) the shape of the members and the structural
2.4 Serviceability Limit states detailing;
2.4.1 Serviceability loads d) the protective measuresif anx
Generally, the serviceabilityloads should be takenas e) whether maintenanceis possible.
the unf-red imposed loads. When considering dead Reference should be made to BS 5493 when
load plus imposed load plus wind load, only80 % of determining suitable treatment.
the imposed load and wind load needbe considered.
Where different materials are connected together, such
2.4.2 Deflection as in composite construction,the effects on the
The deflection under serviceability loads ofa building durability of the materials shouldbe taken into
or its members shouldnot impair the strength or consideration. Reference should bemade to PD 6484
efficiency of the structure or its components or m e for guidanceon preventing corrosionof bimekdlic
damage to the finishings. contacts.

Table 3 - Deflection limits

I a) D e m t i m of beams due to unfatored imposed loads
Cantilevers LengWl80
Beams caszying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360
AU other beams Span/200
purlins and sheetingrails See 2.4.2
b) Dejlmtion of columns other than portal frames dueto unfactored imposed and wind loads
I 'bps of columns in singlestorey
buildings Height/300 I I
In eachstorey of a building with more than onestorey I
Height of storey underconsiderationB00 I
NOTE 1 On low-pitched and flat roofs the possibility of ponding needs consideration.
NOTE 2 The designer of a framed structure, e.g. portal or multi-storey, should ensure that the stability is not impaired by the
interaction between deflections and axiial loads.

8 O BSI 1999
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Section 3. Properties of materials and section properties

3.1 Range of thicknesses 33 Properties of materials

The provisions of this part of BS 5950 apply primarily 3.3.1 General
to steel sections witha thickness of not more This part of BS 5950 covers the design of structures
than 8- although the use Of thicker material is not made from the grades of steel conforming to BS 1449
precluded.
(See Note l),BS EN 10025,10111,
BS EN BS EN
10147
or BS EN 10149 that are listed in Table 4. Other steels
3.2 Design thickness may be used, subject to approval of the engineer,
provided due allowanceis made for d a t i o n in
Thedesignthicknessof the material should be taken propehes, including d u ~ w .
as the nominal basemetal thickness exclusive of NOTE 1 BS 14441:1983wasreissued as BS 1449-1-1.1to
coatings. BS 1449-1-1.151991. Each section of the standard is in the process
of harmonization, and will be issued as a new European Standard
as the work is completed.
NOTE 2 Requirements for materials are given in BS 5950-7.

Table 4 - Yield, ultimate and designstrengths

-
Type of steel British Standard Nominal yield
strengtha
Ys
N/mI-¡l2
Nominal
ultimate tensile
strengtha
us
N/llUn2
1
Design strength

N/nUll2

S 235 !35 360 235

lot rolled steel sheet BS EN 10025 S 275 !75 430 275
)f smctural quality S 355 355 510 355
S 220 G !20 300 220
Zontinuous hotdip S 250 G !50 330 250
!ic coated carbon BS EN 10147 S280G 180 360 280
;teel sheet of structural S 320 G MO 390 320
ruality S 350G 350 420 350
jot rolled steel sheet BS 1449-1-1.8 HS3 orHS4 :170)b (2S0)b 140
~asedon formabiitv "

jot rolled low carbon BS EN 10111 DD 11 or DD 12 :170)b - 140

steel sheet for cold
'Ormin%
"

Tot rolled high yield

strength steel forcold S 315 MC 315 390 315
'orming BS EN 10149-2 S 355 MC 355 130
1 355
hennomechanically
:oued steels S 420 MC 420 180
1 400 c
"

Hot rolled high yield

strength steel for cold S 260 NC 260 370 ~ 260
fonning BS EN 101493 S 315 NC 315 430 315
Normalized and
normalized rolled S 355 NC 355 470 355
Steels S 420 NC 420 530 420
"

Cold rolled steel sheet I W O 200 340 200

based on minimum BS 1449-1-1.5 37/23 230 370 230
strength (CR) 43/25 250 430 250
or 50135 350 500 350
40130 300 400 300
BS 1449-1-1.11 43/35 350 430 350
(CS) #F30 300 400 300
43F35 350 i
430 350
a Nominal yield and ultimat, tensile strengths are given for information or For details see the appropriate product standard.
Figures in brackets are given for guidance only.
c Design strength limited to 0.84Us
~

O BSI 1998 9
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 3.3.2 Strength of steel where
The design strength, py , should be taken as Y, but not
greater than 0.84U, where: N is the number of full90" bends in the section
with an internal radius < 5t (fractions of 90"
Y, is the nominalyield strength (i.e. the higher bends should be counted as fractions of N ) ;
yield strength, R a , or in the case of material t is the net thickness of the materialin
with no clearly definedyield, either the 0.2 % millimetres (mm);
proof stress, Rp 0.2, or thestress at 0.5 % total
elongation, K 0 . 5 , as specified in the relevant Us is the minimumultimate tensile strength in
material standard); newtons per square millimetre (Nlmm2);
A is the gross area of the cross-sectioninsquare
U, is the nominalultimate tensile strength (ie. the
minimum tensile strength, I&,, as specified in millimetres ( m 2 ) .
the relevant material standard); "he value of Ys, used in calculations should not
exceed 1.25 Y, or U,.
The full effect of cold working on the yield strength
may be used for calculating the tensile strength of
For steels conforming to the standardslisted in elements. For elements of flat width, b, and
M l e 4, the values of ReH , % 0.2, & 0.5 and R,,,should thickness, t, under compression the value of Ys, should
normally be taken as specified in the relevant product be modified as follows to provide the appropriate
standard for the steel sheet or strip and used for the compression yield strength, .Y,
formed sections. For information, the resulting values
of Y, and U, are also given in Table 4 together with For stiffened elements:
appropriate design strengthp y for the relevant grade.
NOTE Formability grades have no guaranteed minimum strength,
for blt I24 (x)
280 ln

but can be expected to achieve a nominal yield strength of at

least 140 N/mm2.
48 (x)
280
Alternativelly, for steels conformingto an appropriate for blt 2
British Standard and supplied withspecific inspection
and testing to BS EN 10021, the values of re^, R p 0 . 2 , Ysac = Ys
& 0.5 and R, may be based on the values declared in For unstiffened elements:
an inspection certificate in accordance with 280 1/2
BS EN 10204. for blt 5 8 (T)
Reference should be made to BS 5950-7 for
recommendations concerning the testing regime (ZT?07'"
required to deternine the characteristic properties of for blt 2 16 -
\IS)
any steel not certified as conforming to an appropriate
British Standard. Ysac = Ys
The design strength, py may be increased due to cold For intermediate values of blt the value of Ysac may be
forming as given in 3.4. obtained by h e a r interpolation.
The design stsength,py may be taken as Ys, or Ysac as
3.3.3 Other properties of steel appropriate.
The following values forthe elastic properties should The increase in yield strength due to cold working
be used. should not be utilized for members which undergo
Modulus of elasticity E = 205 lNm2 welding, annealing, galvanizingor any other heat
treatment after forming which mayproduce softening.
Shear modulus G = 79 kNlm2
Poisson ratio V = 0.30 3.5 Calculation of section properties
Coefficient of hear thermal (Y = 12 X 10-6 per "C 3.6.1 Method of calculation
expansion Section properties shouldbe calculated according to
normal good practice, taking due account of the
3.4 Effects of cold forming sensitivity of the properties of the overall cross-section
The increase in yield strength due to cold forming may to any approximations used andtheir influence on the
be taken into account throughoutthis part of BS 5950 predicted resistanceof the member. In the calculation
by replacing the material yield strength, Y,, by Ysa, the of section propertiesfor material up to3.2 mm
average yield strength of the cold formed section. Ys, thickness it should usually be sufficient to assume that
may be determined by tests in accordance with the material is concentrated at the mid-line of the
section 10, or calculated as follows: material thickness, andthe actual round corners are
replaced by intersections of the flat elements.
5Nt2
Y, = Ys +- (U. - Y,) NOTE Section properties for a range of generic profiles aregiven
A in BS 2994.

10 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 3.6.2 Cross-section properties 3.6.4.4 Non-staggered holes
When calculatjng crosssection properties, holes for The mea to be deducted fkom the gross sectional area
fasteners need not be deducted but allowance should should be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of
be made for large openingsor arrays of small holes. the holes in any cross-section at right angles to the
Material acting solely as battens or splices should not direction of stress in the member.
be included.
3.6.4.6 Staggered holes
3.6.3 Net section properties for members in When the holes are staggered, the areato be deducted
bending or compression should be the greater of
The net sectionproperties of members with regular or a) the deduction fornon-staggered holes;
irregular arrays of holes, other than holes required for
fastening and filled with bolts, maybe determined by b) the sum of the sectional areas of all holes in any
analytical methodsor by testing in accordance zigzag line extending progressively across the
with 10.3 and 10.4 for members in ben- or member or part of the member, lesss2tY4g for each
compression respectively gauge space in the chain of holes
where
3.6.4 Section properties for members in tension
3.6.4.1 Net area sp is the staggeredpitch,i.e. the distance,
measured parallel to the direction of stress in
The net area, A,, of a section shouldbe taken as its the member centre-to-centreof holes in
gross area less deductions forall holes and openings. consecutive lines (seeF'igure 1);
3.6.4.2 Hole diameter t is the thickness of the holed materid,
When deducting for holes for fasteners,the nominal g is the gauge, Le. the distancemeasured at right
hole diameter shouldbe used angles to the direction of & esin the member,
3.6.4.3 Countersunk holes centretacentre of holes in consecutive lines
For counkrsunk holes, the area to be deducted should (see F'igure 1).
be the gross cross-sectional area of the hole.

5 holes in line 'Ibtal of 9 holes and 8 gauge

spaces in &-zagline

Net area after deduction in 3.6.4.6a) = bt - M t Net area after deductionin 3.5.4.6b) = bt -

Figure 1- Nomenclature for staggered holes with example

O BSI 1998 11
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Section 4. Local buckling

4.1 General where

The effects of local bucklingshould be takeninto fc is the compressive stress on the effective
account in determinationof the design strength and element;
stiffness of cold formed members. This may be
accomplished using effective cross-sectional properties pcr is the local buckling Stress of the element
which are calculated on the basis of the widths of given by:
individual elements.
In the calculation of section properties the effective
pcr= 0.904EK (i7
positions of compression elements covered by this where
section shouldbe located as follows.
a) In the case of elements which are adequately K is the local bucklingcoefficientwhich
supported onboth longitudinal edges, i.e. stiffened depends on element type, section
elements, the effective width ofthe element should geometry and is detailed for various
be taken as composed of two equal portions, one cases in annex B
aajacent to each edge. t is the material thickness.
b) In the case of elements which have only one
adequately supported longitudinal edge.
i.e. unstiffened elements, the effective width should 4.4 Effective widths of plates with both
be taken as located d a c e n t to the supported edge. edges supported (stiffened elements)
4.4.1 Elements under uniform compression
4.2 Maximum width to thickness ratios
The effective width ofa stiffened element under
The maximum ratios of element flat width, b, to uniform compression should be determined in
thickness, t, which are covered by the design accordance with4.3 using the appropriate K factor.
procedures given in this part of BS 5950 are as follows,
for compression elements. K may be taken as 4 for any stiffened element.In
certain cases, detailedin annex B, higher d u e s of K
may be used.
a) Stiffened elements having one longitudinal
edge connected to a flange or web element, For elements madeof steel with a yield strength, Ys,
the other stiffenedby: of 280 N b 2 and havingK = 4, the effective widths
determined in accordance with4.3 with fc = 280 N/mm2
Figure
(seesimple
lip 2) 60 are listed in Table 5.
any other type of stiffener conforming For elements in whichthe compressive stsess,fc is
to 4.6 90 other than 280 N b 2 , or having K values other than4,
b) Stiffened elements with both longitudinal the ratio befflb may be obtained from Table 5 usinga
edgesconnected to other stiffened elements 500 modified width to thickness ratio, b/t. The values of the
Unstiffened
c) compression elements 60 modified blt may be found by multiplying the actual b/t
-4by where fc is the actual compressive
NOTE Unstiffened compression elements that have width to stress on the element, which maybe taken as py or, in
thickness ratios exceeding approximately30 and stiffened the case of compression flanges of beams, as PO,where
compression elementsthat have width to thickness ratios po is the limiting compressivestress determined in
exceeding approximately250 are likely to develop noticeable
deformations at the full working load, without affecting the ability accordance with 6.2.2.2 or 6.2.2.3.
of the member to carry this load. The effective width maybe obtained from the product
of the ratio be& given in 'pable 5 and the actual
4.3 Basic effective width element width.
The ratio of effective width, beff, to full flat width, b, of 4.4.2 Elements under stress gradient
an element under compression maybe determined The effective width of a compression elementin which
from the following: the stress varies linearly fromfc-, at one edge to fc2 at
i for fJpcr I0.123 the other edge withf,~ >fc2 O may be determined in
accordance with4.3 with fern substituted for fc, where
fcm is the mean value of the compressive stress onthe
effective element.
forfJpcr > 0.123 In the case of elements in which the stress varies íYom
~ 9 = [l + 14 {Cfc/pcr)ln
- 0.35}4]-0.2
compression to tension, the design procedure given in
section 6 should be used in obtaining element
properties.

12 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Section 4 BS 69M)5:1998

- -Table 6 - Effective widths for stiffened elements

b/t ber# b/t be& b/t befdb b/t
- " - r
be&
!O 1.000 60 3.673 100 3.405 i300 l.151
c
31 1.000 61 3.662 105 3.387 r305 I. 149
!2 3.652 110 3.370 '310 I. 147
L.OO0 62 t

<
!3 1.OOO 63 3.641 115 3.355 t315 l.145
!4 64 1.631 120 3.341 '
i320 1.143
3.999
25 3.999 65 3.621 125 3.328 L
325 3. 141
I
!6 3.998 66 3.612 130 0.316 330 l.139
27 3.997 67 3.603 135 0.305 '335 3.138
I
28 l0.996 68 3.594 140 0.295 340 3.136
39 l0.994 69 3.585 145 0.286 t 345 D. 134
30 I0.992 70 0.577 150 0.277 350 D. 133
<
31 l 0.989 71 0.569 155 0.269 355 D. 131
32 I0.985 72 0.561 160 0.262 360 O. 130
33 l0.981 73 0.553 165 0.254 365 O. 128
34 l0.976 74 0.545 170 0.248 370
t
0.127
35 I0.969 75 0.538 175 0.241 375 O. 125

36 0.962 76 0.531 180 0.235 380 O. 124

37 0.955 77 0.524 185 0.230 385 o. 122
38 0.946 78 0.517 190 0.224 390 0.121
39 0.936 79 0.511 195 0.219 395 o. 120
40 0.926 80 0.504 200 0.215 400 o.119
41 0.915 81 0.498 205 0.210 405 O. 117
42 0.903 82 0.492 210 0.206 410 O. 116
43 0.891 83 0.486 215 0.201 415 O. 115
44 0.878 84 0.480 220 0.197 420 O. 114
45 0.865 85 0.475 225 O. 194 425 O. 113

46 0.852 86 0.469 230 o. 190 430 o. 112

47 0.838 87 0.464 235 O. 186 435 0.111
4.8 0.824 88 0.459 240 o.183 440 o. 109
49 0.811 89 0.454 245 O. 180 445 O. 108
50 O. 797 90 0.449 250 O. 177 450 O. 107

51 0.784 91 0.444 255 0.174 455 O. 106

52 0.771 92 0.439 260 0.171 460 O. 106
53 0.757 93 0.435 265 O. 168 465 O. 105
54 O. 745 94 0.430 270 O. 165 470 o. 104
55 O. 732 95 0.426 275 O. 163 475 O. 103

56 O. 720 96 0.421 280 O. 160 480 o. 102

57 0.708 97 0.417 285 o.158 485 o.101
58 0.696 98 0.413 290 O. 156 490 o. 100
59 0.684 99 0.409 295 o. 153 495 0.099
60 -0.673 -100 0.405 300 O. 151 -500 0.098
NOTE These effective widths are based on thelimit state of strength for steel with Ys = 280 N/mm2 and having a buckling coefficient
K = 4. For steels with other values of Ys or sections having K # 4 see 4.4.1.

O BSI 1998 13
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 4.5 Effective widths of plates with one b) If the loading is such as to cause tension of the
edge supported (unstiffened elements) free edge the element should be treated as a
stiffened element,except that the limitations on
4.6.1 Elements under uniform compression maximum width to thickness ratios for unstiffened
The effective width, be,, of an unstiffened element elements given in 4.2 should be observed
under uniform compression may be obtained from the I

following: 1 B
be, = 0.89beff+ O.llb
where

beff is detennined in accordance with 4.3 (the

value of K may be taken as 0.425 for any
unstiffened element, but higher values may be
used for the cases given in annex B);
b isthefullflatwidth.

For elements of steel witha yield strength, Y,, "---II

of 280 Nhnm2 and having K = 0.425, the effective

widths determined in accordance with 4.3 and
modified in this way withf, = 280 Nhnm2 are listed in
Table 6. For elements of steel with Y, other
than 280 N h 2 or K values other than 0.425, the ratio Figure 2 - Simple lip edge stiffener
beuh may be obtained from Table6 using a modified
width to thickness ratio, b/t. The value of the modifled
blt may be found by multiplying the actual blt by
&&80)(0.425/K) wheref, is the actual compressive 4.6 Edge stiffeners
stress onthe element, which maybe taken as f i or, in In order that a flat compression element may be
the case of compression flanges of beamsas po, where considered a stiffened element it shouldbe supported
po is the limiting compressive stress determined in along one longitudinal edge by the web, and along the
accordance with 6.2.2.2 or 5.2.2.3. other by a web, lip or other edge stiffener which has
The effective widthmay be obtained fromthe product adequate bending rigidityto maintain stmighbess of
of the ratio beult,given in Table 6 and the actual this edge under load.
element width. Irrespective of its shape, the minimum dowable
second moment of area of an edge stiffener,Imin,
4.6.2 Elements under combined bending and about an axis through the middle surface of the
avid load element to be stiffened i s
The effective width of an unstiffened element tB3
subjected to combined bending and axial loadmay be . --
1mm - 375
obtained as follows.
where
a) If the loading is such as to cause compression of
the free edge the effective width maybe determined t is the material thickness;
in accordance with 4.6.1 withf, replaced by the
stress at the free edge, f & and the value of K taken B is the overall width of the element to be
as: stiffened.
K=- 1.7 Where the stiffener consists of a simple lip bent at
3+R right angles to the stiffened element an overall width
where of lip equal to one-fifth of the overall element width, B,
as indicated in Figure 2, may be taken as satisfyingthis
R is the ratio of the stress at the supported edge, condition.
f,,, to&, computed on the basis that the Where a beam compression element is stiffened by a
element is fully effective and with compressive simple lip, the lip should not be splayed by more
stresses being taken as positive. than 20" from the perpendicular.
Increased values of K for specific cases are given in
annex B.

14 Q BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Table 6 - Effective widths for unstiffened elements
-
b/t b/t b/t
bedb bet@ - beulb
1 1.000 21 0.668 41 0.400
2 1.000 22 0.643 42 0.394
3 1.000 23 0.619 4.3 0.388
4 1.000 24 0.598 44 0.382
5 1.000 25 0.578 45 0.376

6 LOO0 26 0.560 46 0.371

7 1.OO0 27 0.544 47 0.366
8 0.999 28 0.528 48 0.361
9 0.997 29 0.514 49 0.356
10 0.991 30 0.501 50 0.352

11 0.980 31 0.489 51 0.348

12 0.961 32 0.477 52 0.343
13 0.935 33 0.466 53 0.339
14 0.903 34 0.456 54 0.336
15 0.868 35 0.447 55 0.332

16 0.831 36 0.438 56 0.328

17 0.794 37 0.429 57 0.325
18 0.759 38 0.422 58 0.322
19 0.726 39 0.414 59 0.319
20 40 0.407 60 0.315
-0.696
NOTE These effective widths are based on the limit state of strength for steel with Ys = 280 N / m 2 and having a buckling coefficient
K = 0.425. For steels with other values of Ys or sections having K # 0.425 see 4.6.1.

4.7 Intermediate sWeners where

4.7.1 Minimum stiffener rigidity t is the material thichess;
In order that a flat compression element may be W is the flat width of the subelement between
considered a multiplestiffened element, it should be stiffeners (where sub-elementson either side
stiffened between webs, or between a web and a of an intermediate stiffener are unequal the
stiffened edge, by means of intermediate stiffeners larger value of W should be used);
parallel to the direction of stress, with these stiffeners
having a minimum second moment of area, Imin,about Ys is the minimumyield strength.
an axis through the middle surface of the stiffened
element given by:
I& = 0.2t4 (h)

15
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 4.7.2 Reduced sub-element properties The centroid of the stiffener should be considered to
Where the width to thickness ratio, wlt, of a flat be located at the centroid of the full area of the
sub-element of a multiple-stiffened compression Mener, and the second moment of area of the
element is less than 60, the effective width should be M e n e r about its own centroidal axis should be taken
determined in accordance with 4.3. Where wlt as that of the full section of the stiffener,
exceeds 60, the effective width of the sub-element 4.7.3 Limitations in the case of
should be reduced to ber in accordance with the multiple-intermediate stiffeners
following:
Where the spacing of intermediate stiffeners is such
that the width to thickness ratio, wlt, of the
sub-element is larger than 30, only two intermediate
where stiffeners (those nearest each web) should be
considered effective.
beff is the effective width of the sub-element Where the intermediate stiffeners are spaced so closely
determined in accordance with4.3. that the width to thicknessratio of the sub-element is
less than 30 then all stiffeners may be considered to be
For computing the effective propertiesof a member effective.
having compression sub-elementssubject to these For the purposes of calculating the effective width of
reductions in effective width, the area of stiffeners, Ast, the complete multiple-stiffened elementthis element
should be consideredto be reduced to an effective should be considered so replaced by an element
area, A e ~as
, follows. without intermediatestiffeners whose width, W,, is the
For wlt I60 whole width betweentwo webs and whose equivalent
Aeff = Ast thickness, ts, is determined as follows:
lu,
For 60 < wlt < 90 );;;(
=
where
I, is the second moment of area of the fidl area
For wlt 2 90 of the multiple stiffened element, includingthe
intermediate stiffeners.about its own neutral
axis.
Ast and Aeff refer to the areaof the stiffener alone,
exclusive of any portion of adjacent elements andW is
as defined in 4.7.1.

16 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 ' S T D - B S IB S . 5 9 5 0 - 5 - E N G L 1778 I
I l b 2 4 b b 7 0 7 4 4 2 9 5 L71 I
BS 5950&1998

Section 5. Design of members subject to bending

6.1 General where

This section is concerned with structural components D, is the section depth or twice the depth of the
which are subjected to loads acting normally to the compression zone,D,, whichever is the greater
longitudinal axis of the components. Primarilx these in millimetres (mm);
loads give rise to bending actions which result in
deformation in the line of the loading. However, it is D, is the depth of the compression zone of the
possible for secondary factors, such as instabiity and web, taken as the distance fromthe neutral
torsion, to occur which will cause other types of axis of the gross cross-section to the
deformation with rotation of the component compression element in millimetres (mm)
cross-section about its longitudinal axis. Y, is the materialyield strength in newtons per
square m e t r e ( ~ h n m 2 ) ;
5.2 Laterally stable beams t is the webthicknessinmillimetres (mm);
6.2.1 General py is the designstrength in newtons per square
m e t r e (~hnm2).
This clause is concerned with beams whichare
laterally stable, either because they are restrained by 6.2.2.3 Intermediatelu stwened elementunder
adequate bracingor because they satisfy the conditions stress gradient
of 6.6.
Where a web element has an intermediate stiffener
6.2.2 Determination of moment capacity which satisfies the conditionsof 4.7.1, then the limiting
6.2.2.1 General compressive stress, PO,may be taken as the lesser of
the following values:
In the case of sections which have stiffened webs or
bending elements, the moment capacity shouldbe 1.13 - 0.0019 - -
determined on the basisof a limiting compressive
stress in the webs, PO,determined in accordance or
De(
t 280T } P y
with 6.2.2.2 and 6.2.2.3. This stress is used in
evaluation of the effective widthsof compression Po = Py
elements, andhence the reduced section properties, where
and in the determination of the moment capacity, M,.
De is the equivalentdepthof the compression
In determination ofthe moment capacity, no allowance zone of the web, takenas the larger of the
should be made for redistribution of compressive values given by:
stresses, except for sections covered by 6.2.3.
In cases where tensile stresses reach the minimum De=Dw - D1
yield strength, Y,, before the compressive stresses or
reach PO,plastic redistributionof tensile stresses may
be taken into account in analysis. De= 0.750, + 0.2501
In the case of sections which have unstiffened websor where
bending elements, the same limiting stress approach
should be used if bending causesthe free edgesto be D1 is the distance between the centre line of the
subject to tension. If bending causes compressionof intermediate stiffener andthe compression
the free edges then the moment capacity shouldbe flange in millimetres (mm). (Where a web has
evaluated using the effective width of these elements a number of intermediate stiffeners,the value
as given in 6.2.2.6. of D1 should be assessed on the basis of the
stiffener nearest the compression flange, with
6.2.2.2 Limiting stress for stwened webs or all other stiffeners disregarded);
bending elements under stress gradient
Dm Y,, py and t are as defined in 6.2.2.2.
The compressive stress, PO,in a stiffened element
which results from bending inits plane, should not
exceed the lesser of the following values:

or
Po = Py

O BSI 1998 17
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I B S 5950-5-ENGL L998 M Lb2Ybb9 074427b O28 m
BS 5950-5:1998 Section 5

6.2.2.4 mective widthof elements under uniform where

compression
The effective widthsof elements under uniform Y, is the yieldstrength;
compression shouldbe determined in accordance with D is the overallweb depth,
section 4. Values of K for particular componentsare t is the compressionelementthickness;
given in annex B. S, is the original cross-sectional area of the
6.2.2.6 mective widthcf unstwened elements parallel length in a tensile test specimen(as
under stress gradient defined in BS EN 10002-1.)
The effective widthof an unstiffened element subject 6.2.3.2 Sections with stwened compression
to bending or combined bending and axial load should elements
be determined in accordance with 4.6.2. K factors for
plain c h e l section elements are given in annex B. Maximum moments are as follows:
6.2.2.6 Elements under u w o r m tension
a) for- (T)
b 5 25 280 @lastic cross-sections)
t
The effective asea should be taken as the whole area
of the element minus any allowance for holes.
M,'= MD
b) b 2 40 (T)
for
- 280
6.2.2.7 Lips t
In the calculation of the section modulus the area of ,M',= M,
all inward lips should be included, but outward lips
should be treated as follows:
a) where an outward lip adjoins a Compression
c ) for 25 (??TiI I40 280 lI2, M
(T) ,'may be
flange andhas a flat width not greater than obtained by linear interpolation betweena) and b),
10t(280/Y,)1/2its whole area should be included;
b) where an outward lip adjoins a compression
i.e. M',
=Mc +
40(280/Ys)1/2 - b/t
15(280/Y,)1/2 (lWp - Mc)
flange and has a flat width exceeding 10t(280/Ys)1/2 where
it should not be included;
c ) where an outward lip adjoins a tension flange it b is the flat width of the compressionelement;
should be included; t is the compressionelementthickness;
d) for a lip under uniform compression see 4.6.1.
Y, is the yieldstrength;
where M', is the maximum design moment capacity;
t is the compressionelement thicknm, Mp is the fully plastic moment for the full section
equal to Y$ where S is the plastic modulus of
Y, is the yield strength. the section;
6.2.3 Utilization of plastic bending capacity M, is the moment capacity of the section
determined in accordance with 6.2.2.
6.2.3.1 General
For plastic croosssections, classified in 6.2.3.2 6.2.3.3 Sections with unstwened compression
and 6.2.3.3, there is a degree of postcompressive yield elements
capacity whichmay be utilized in determining the Maximum moments are as follows:
moment capacity, providingthak
a) the member is not subject to eccentric loading
causing sigruficant W i g and is laterally stable;
b) the effects of cold forming are not included in M',= M,,,
determining thematerial yield stress;
c) the depth to thickness ratio of that portion of the
web subjectto compressive stresses is less than M', = M,
30 (280/Y,)1/2;
d) the maximum applied shear force is less
than 0.35DtYS;
e) the angle between any web and theplane of obtained by linear interpolation betweena) and b),
applied loading does not exceed.20"; 13(280/Ys)1" - b/t
f ) the ratio of ultimate strength to yield strength of i.e. M,'
= M, +
5(2S0/Y,)1/2 (Mp - Mc)
the material is not less than 1.08 and the t oa
elongation at failure in a tensile test is not less where the symbolsare as defined in 5.2.3.2.
than 12 % over an 80 mm gauge length,or 15 % over a
gauge length of 5.6-

18 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I BS 5750-5-ENGL 1978 m Lb2Llbb7 0 7 4 4 2 9 7 Tb4 U
Section 5 BS 5950-5:1998

6.2.3.4 Utilization of plastic design principles 6.3 Web crushing

"he use of plastic limit analysis,with redistribution of The resistance to local crushing of the webs of beams
moments followingthe attainment of full plastic
momentcapacity is permissible for plastic at support pointsorpointsofconcentratedload should
crosssections which can sustain the fully plastic be evaluated using theequationsgiveninTable 7 and
moment for the full section, M,. For other sections Table 8. For built-up I-bem, or similar sections, the
plastic redistribution of moments should not be used a c e between the connector and beam flange
in analysis but advantage may be taken of the should be kept as small as practicable.
increased moment c a p a c i t y
Table 7 - Shapes having single thickness webs ~~~~~~

b e and position of loadings Total web resistance, Pw

I Single load or reaction
- ~~ ~

I Stiffened
; flanges
Pw = t2kC3C4C12 (2 O60 - 3.8(0/t)} X (1 + O.Ol(N/t)}
Unstiffened flanged
PW= t2kC3C4c12 (1350 - 1.73(0/t)} X (1 + O.Ol(N/t)}

1 c < 1.50. Load or reactionnearor at free end I

Sigle load or reaction Stiffened and unstiffened flangesb
- C
- I N P P w = t2kC1C2C12 (3 350 - 4.6(0/t)} X (1 + O.O07(N/t)}

I
c > 1.50. Load or reaction far from free end
W o opposite loads or reactions e < 1.50

-4N"
I c 5 1.50. Loads or reactionsnear or at free end I ~ ~

%o opposite loads or reactions e < 1.50 Stiffened and unstjffened flanges

"i"m P w = t2kC1C2C12 (4 800 - 14(0/t)} X (1 + O.O013(N/t)}

II I i
I
I
D
I
tttt t
c > 1.50. Loads or reactions far from free end
a When N/t > 6 0 , the factor { 1 + O.Ol(N/t)J
may be increased to (O.:
When N/t > 60,the factor [ 1 + O.O07(N/t)]may be increased to {O
NOTE In this table P, represents the total load or readion for one solid web connecting top and bottom fimges. For beams with two or
more such axent webs P, should be determined for each individual web and the results added to obtain the total crushing load.

O BSI 1998 19
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D = B S I B S 5950-5-ENGL L998 IB L b 2 4 b b 7 07'4'4278 7TCl m
BS 595M1998 Section 5

Table 8 - I-beams and beams with restraint against web rotation

Type and position of loadings
jingle load or reaction
i Total web resistance, P,,,
Stiffened and unstiffened flanges
Pw = t2Cpy (8.8+ l.l(N/t)1/2}

l I
I I to 4
I

! 1.50. Load or reaction near or at free end

I I

;ingle load or reaction Stiffened and unstiffened flanges

c
N P-
=I pw = (13.2 + 2.87(~V/t)l/~}

I 1.50. Load or reaction far from free end

b o opposite loads or reactions e 1.50

"1"q Stiffened and unstiffened flanges

PW = t%ocnPy(8.8 + l.l(N/t)ln}

1 1 I

4 N L
7 5 1.50, Loads or reactions near or at free end
h o opposite loads or reactions e < 1.5D Stiffenedand unstiffened flanges
pw = t2c8c!@y (13.2 + 2.87(N/t)1/2}

I L
D
I
ttttt
I

" I N L
;> 1.5D. Loads or reactions far from free end I
iOTE In this table P,,, represents the total load or reaction for one solid web connectingtop and bottom flanges. For beams with two
)r more such d a c e n t webs P,,, should be determined for each individual web and the resultsadded to obtain the total crushing load.

20 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D * B S I BS 5950-5-ENGL 1998 88 L b 2 4 b b 7 0 7 4 4 2 9 9 837 m
Section 5 BS 5950-5:1998

The equaiions in Table 7 and W l e 8 apply to the m = ff1.9;

following. 8 is the angle in degrees between plane of web
and plane of bearing surface, where45" I6 I90".
Beams with Dlt I200
rlt 5 6
5.4 Shear in webs
In these relationships and the equations in W l e 7 and 6.4.1 General
Table 8: Separate calculations should bemade for maximum
and average shear stresses.
D is the overall web depth in millimetres (m);
t is the web thickness in millimetres (mm); 6.4.2 Maximum shear stress
T is the inside bend radius in millimetres (m); The maximum shear stress, calculated onthe basis of
N is the actual length of bearing in millimetres an accepted method of elastic analysis,should not be
(mm); for the case of two equal and opposite greater than 0 . 7 where
~ ~ p y is the design strength.
concentsated loads distributed overunequal 6.4.3 Average shear stress
bearing lengths, the smaller value of N should be
taken; The average shearstress should not exceed the lesser
of the shear yield strength, fi or the shear buckling
Pw is the concentratedload resistance of a single strength, qcr , obtained as follows:
web in newtons (N);
fi = O.%
c is the distance from the end of the beam to the
load or the reaction in millimetres (mm);
C is a constant with the following values:
c, = (1.22 - 0.22) where
c2 = (1.06 - 0.06rlt) I1.0
C3 = (1.33 - 0.33k) py is the designstrength in newtons per square
C4 = (1.15 - 0.15rlt) 5 1.0 but not less than 0.50
millimetre (N/mm2);
C5 = (1.49 - 0.5%) 2 0.6 t is the webthickness in millimetres (mm);
6 = (0.88
c 0.12"2)
i- D is thewebdepth in millimetres (mm);
C7 = 1 + Dlt I 750 when Dlt < 150; S,, is the original cross-sectional area of the
C7 = 1.20 when Dlt z 150 parallel length in a tensile test specimen (as
Cs = M, when Dlt c 66.5; defined in BS EN 10002-1.). In the case of
C8 = (1.10 - Dlt I 665w when Dlt > 66.5 intermediately stiffened webs, where the
Cg = (0.82 + 0.15m) stiffener rigidity conforms to 4.7.1, D may be
C10 = (0.98 - Dlt I 865)lk taken as the flat width of the largest
C11 = (0.64+ 0.31m) subelement.
c12= 0.7 + 0.3 (e/go)2
where
k = pYBZ8 where p y is the design strength in
newtons per square millimetre(N/mm2);

O BSI 1998 21
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
~~~
 ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~

STDOBSI B S 5750-5-ENGL 1798 R 1 b 2 4 b b 7 0744300 387 m

BS 5950-51998 Section 5

5.5 Combined effects 5.6 Lateral buckling

5.5.1 Combined bending and web crushing 5.6.1 General
Flat webs of sections subject to a combination of Lateral buclding, also known as lateral-torsional
bending and concentrated load or reaction should be buckling, will not occur if the b e m is adequately
designed to satisfy the following relationships at the restrained against lateral movement and twisting.
limit state: Restraints may be deemed to provide adequate
a) sections having single-thickness webs: strength if they are capable of resisting a lateral force
of 3 % of the maximum force in the compression flange
or chord, divided equdy between the points of
restraint, subject to a minimum force of 1% per
restraint.
Where several members share a common restraint the
M total force may be taken as the sum of the largest
E= three.
b) I-beams made from two channels connected A member composedof two sections in contact or
back-to-back, or similar sections which providea separated back-to-back by a distance not greaterthan
high degree of restraint against rotation of the web that required for an end gusset connection, may be
designed as a single integral member with an effective
slenderness as defined in 6.6.3, provided that the main
components are of a similar cross-section withtheir
corresponding rectangular axes aligned and provided
that they are interconnected with stsuctural fasteners
or by metal-arc welding. The spacingand strength of
fasteners should be as recommended in 8.6.2.
where 6.6.2 Buckling resistance moment
6.6.2.1 Determination of
Fw is the concentrated webload or reaction;
The buckling resistance moment, &, may be
Pw is the concentrated loadresistancedetermined calculated as follows:
in accordance with 5.3;
M is the applied bending moment at the pointof
application of F,;
M, is the momentcapacitydeterminedin where
accordance with 5.2.2.

5.6.2 Combined bending and shear

For beam webssubjected to both bending and shear M, is the moment capacity of the section
stresses the member should be designed to satisfy the determined in accordance with 6.2.2;
following relationship:
My is the yield moment of the section, that is, the
product of the design strength,p y and the
elastic modulus of the gross cross-section with
where respect to the compression flange, 2,;
ME is the elastic lateralbucklingresistance
FV is the shear force; moment determined in accordance
pv is the shear capacity or shear buckling with 5.6.2.2
resistance d e t e h e d in accordance with 5.4.3 is the Perry coefficient, suchthat:
i and is equal to fiDt or qcr Dt whichever is the
lesser, when Ldry 40Cb
M is the value of the bending moment acting at q=O
the same section as F,;
when Ldry > 40Cb
MC is the moment capacity determined in
accordance with 6.2.2.
e )
= 0.002 - - 40Cb

22 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 where
b) for Zsection b e m bent in the plane of the web
(ithis expression, for simpliciw, the term within the
LE is the effective length determined in braces. (1, may conservatively be taken as 1):
accordance with 6.6.3
Y
r is the radius of gyration of the section
about the y axiq
cb is a coefficient which may be c) for T-section beams bent in the plane of symmetry
conservatively assumedto be uni@, or such that the flanges are in compression:
can be calculated using
c b = 1.75 - 1.05ß + 0.3ß2 5 2.3
where
ß is the ratio of the smaller end moment d) for T-section beams bent in the plane of
to the larger end momentM in the symmetry such that the flanges are in tension:
unbraced length of a beam. ß is taken
as positive in the case of single
curvature bending and negative inthe
case of double curvature bendingas where
shown in Figure 3. When the bending
moment at any point w i t h the span A is the crosssectional area of the beam;
is greater than M, c b should be taken E is themodulusofelasticity;
as unity D is theoverall web depth
CT is a constantgiven by:
When this valueof exceeds Mc, the ultimate 1 + 1.5B/D - 0.25(B/D)3
moment should be takenas M,. CT =
1 + 2B/D
where
B is the total width of the flanges of a
T-section;
Single curvature bending,/?positive
t is the material thickness;
c,, LE and rg are as defined in 6.6.2.1.
If a negative value of CTis obtained the section may
be regarded as having adequate lateral restmint.
Doublecurvaturebending,negative 6.6.3 Effective lengths
Figure 3- Single and double curvature When considering lateral buckling the effective length,
bending LE, of a member should be taken as follows.
a) Where a beam is restrained at the ends only, the
6.6.2.2 Determination of ME effective length should be taken as follows (see
Figure 4):
The elastic lateral bucklingresistance moment, ME,for
sections loaded effectively though the shear centre 1) for beams not restrained against rotation in the
should be determined as follows: el, 02 or 6 directions, LE= l.*,
2) for beams restrained against torsional rotation
a) for equal flange I-sectionand symmetrical channel
section b e m bent in the plane of the web (in this el, O ~ LEX = 0.9~;

expression, for simpliciw,the term within the braces, 3) for beamsrestrained against torsional rotation
{}, may conservatively be taken as 1): 81, and rotation about the minor axis 02, LE = O.%,
4) for beams completely restrained against
rotation in any direction, LE = 0.7L;
NOTE If the channel section is torsionally restrained at the load
and support points,it may be considered to be loaded throughthe
shear centre for the purposesof this subclause.

O BSI 1998 23
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I B S 5950-5-ENGL L998 m L b 2 4 b b. 7 . 074q302 151 H
BS 6960-5:1998 Section 5

where L is the span between supports. where

b) Where a beam is restrained at intervals by
substantial connections to other steel members and LE is the effectivelengthof the compound
is part of a fully framed structure, LE should be member;
taken as 0.8 times the distance between restraints. ry is the radius of gyrationof the compound
Where the beam is restrained at intervals by less section about the axis parallel to the webs
substantial connections,LE should be taken allowing for thetwo elements acting as a
as 0.9 times thedistance between restraints. single integral member;
c) Where the length considered is the length q is the radius of gyrationof the compound
between a support and a restmint, the factor L d L section about the axis parallel to the webs,
should be taken as the mean of the values obtained based on normal geometric properties;
from a) and b).
S is the longitudinalspacingbetweenadjacent
d) In the case of compound sections composedof fasteners or welds connectingthe two sections
two channels back-to-back designed as a single togetheq
inkgml member and connected in accordance
with 8.6, the effective slendernessof the compound r,, is the minimum radius of gyration of one
beam (Ldry)should be calculated as follows: channel section.

Y
r
= {m but not lessthan 1.4s/rcy
The local slendernessof an individual channel,drCy
should not exceed 50. The strength and the
maximum spacing of interconnections should be as
recommended in 8.6.2.

e) For conditions not covered ina) to d), reference

should be made to BS 5950-1.

Figure 4 - Restraint condition,for lateral buckling

24 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 6.6.4 Destabilizing loads A, is the deflection of the beam corresponding
Destabilizing load conditionsexist when a load is to M,, calculated using the full
applied to a beam and boththe load and thebeam are crosssection.
free to deflect laterally (and possiblyrotationally also)
relative to the centroid of the b e m . In such cases, the
effective lengths given in6.6.3 should be increased 5.8 Flange curling
by 20 %L For flexural members with stiffened elementsas
flanges wherethe width to thickness ratio, Blt, is
greater than 250, substantial flange curling,or
5.7 Deflections movement of the flange towards the neutral axis, may
The recommended deflection limitations for beams are occur. Evaluation of the amount of curling may be
given in 2.4.2. carried out using the following:
The deflection, in the plane of loading, ofa laterally
stable beam or one whichis adequately restrained
agahst twisting, and whichdoes not utilize the plastic
capacity, may be calculated from a) orb), whichever is where
applicable:
u is thedeflection of the centre of the flange
a) for M or M, I M,, , the full cross-section should towards the neutral &,
be used in evaluating the second moment of area
and thedeflection calculated using simple beam fa is the average stress in the flange;
theory; Bf is half the overall flange width for a stiffened
b) forMc, < M 5 M,, either M or A is determined element;
from a specified value of the other quantity using the E is the modulusof elasticiu
equation: t is the flangethickness;
y is the distanceof the flangefrom the neutral
axis.
where
This equation applies to both compression and tension
M is the bendingmoment for a given loading flanges with or without stiffeners. If the stress in the
system; flange has been calculatedon the basis of m effective
A is the deflection for the givenloading system; width, bdf, then fa should be obtained by multiplying
the stress onthe effective width bythe ratio of the
M, is the momentcapacitydeterminedin effective flange area to the gross flange area
accordance with6.2.2
If the mount of curliig, u, is greater than 5 % of the
A , is the deflectioncorresponding to M, depth of the cross-section then steps should be taken
calculated using the reduced cross-section; either to reduce this to 5 % of the depth or to take the
Mcr is the critical bending moment given by: effects of the curling into account in evaluation of the
M,, = 0.59EK(L41)~2, load bearing capaciw.

where

K is thebuckling coefficient of the

compression flange; values of K for different
sections and conditions are given in
annex B;
t is thethickness of the compression flange;
2, is theelasticmodulusof the gross
cross-section with respect to the
compression flange;
b is the flat widthof the compression flange;

O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 BS 59506:1998 Section 5

5.9 Effects of torsion

6.9.1 General
Where possible for open sections, the effects of torsion
should be avoided either by the provision of restraints
designed to resist twisting or by ensuring that lateral
loads are applied through the shear centre.
6.9.2 Direct stresses due to combined bending
and torsion
For beams subjected to combined bending and torsion
the maximum stress due to both effects combined,
determined on the basis of the full unreduced
cross-section and the unfactored loads, should not
exceed the design strength,p y
6.9.3 Angle of twist
The angle of twist of a beam which is subject to
torsion should not be so great as to change
significantly the shape of the cross-section orits
capability to resist bending.

26 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Section 6. Members in compression

6.1 General 6.2.3 Ultimate loads

6.1.1 Introduction For sections symmekical aboutboth principal axes or
closed cross-sections which arenot subject to torsional
In the analysis of membem in compression, due flexural buckling, orare braced against twisting, the
account shouldbe taken of the effects of local buckling resistance underaxial load, PC,may be
buckling on the behaviour of such members.These obtained from the following:
effects may be taken into account by considering the
member to have an effectively reduced cross-sectional
area in resisting compression.
6.1.2 Effective cross-sectional area where
The effective cross-sectionalarea of a compression
member may be calculated bysumming the effective
areas of the individual elements obtained following
calculations made in accordance withsection 4. The P , is the short strut capacity and is equal to
relative cross-sectional area can be defined by a Aeffpy
factor Q, such that: where
Effective cross-sectional area - A,ff
- A,ff is the effective cross-sectional are&
= Grosscross-sectionalarea - A
In evaluating the effective cross-sectionalarea, the p y is thedesignstrength;
effective widths foreach element should be PE is the minimum elastic flexural buckling load
determined in accordance with 4.3, with fc replaced by and is equal to:
the design strength,p y The minimum values of the Z~EI
local buckling coefficient,K, to be used in
determination of the effective width of an element may LE2
be taken as: where
for a acned element, K=4; E is the modulusofelasticity;
foranunstiffenedelement, K = 0.425. I is the second moment of area of the
cross-section about the critical &,
6.1.3 Use of enhanced K values LE is the effective length ofthe member
Where it can be shown that higher K factors are about the critical axis;
applicable to individual elements of a section, such
higher factors may be used in the evaluation of the q is the Perry coefficient, such that:
effective width, be^, for these elements. for L&- 5 20, q = O
Enhanced valuesof K which may be used for some for Ldr > 20, q = O.O02(LE/r - 20)
sections are given in annexB. where
r is the radius of m o n of the gross
6.2 Flexural buckling cross-section corresponding to PE.
6.2.1 Effective lengths
The effective length of a member in compression Alternatively the vdue of PC may be obtained using the
should be established in accordancewith W l e 9 or on values in Bble 10 by multiplying the strength obtained
the basis of good engineering practice. in the table bythe full cross-sectional area of the
member.
6.2.2 Maximum slenderness
The slenderness ratio should be taken as the effective Resistance to torsional flexural buckling mayalso be
length, LE, divided by the radius of @on about the determined using these expressions modifiedin
relevant axis, r, except as given in 6.2.6 for accordance with 6.3.2.
back-to-back members. 6.2.4 Singly symmetrical sections
The maximum values of the slenderness ratio L&- For sections symmetrical abouta single axis and
should not exceed the following which are not subjectto torsional flexural buckling, or
which are braced against twisting, the effects of
for members resisting loads otherthan movement of the effective neutralaxis should be taken
ds: wind 180;
into account in evaluation of the maximum load.
for members resistingself weight and The movement of the effective neutral axis may be
loads wind only 250; calculated by determining the neutral axis position of
for any member acting normallyas a tie the gross cross-section and that of the effective
but subject to reversal of stress resulting cross-section. In evaluation of the neutral axis position
of
action
the
from wind 350. of the effective cross-section the effective portions

O BSI 1998 27
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I B S 5750-5-ENGL 2778 m Lb24bb3 0 7 4 4 3 0 b 8 T 7 S
BS 5950-5:1998 Section 6

Table 9 - Effective lengths, LE for compression members

Conditions of restraint at ends (inplane under consideration) Effective length
Effectively held in positionat both ends but not restrained in direction 1.0L
Effectively held in positionat both ends and restrained indirection at one end 0.85L
Effectively held in position and partially restrained indirection at both ends 0.85L
Effectively held in position andrestrained in direction at both ends o. 7L
Effectively held in position and restmined in direction at one end with theother end 1.Z
effectively restrained in direction but not held in position
~~ ~~~

Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end with theother end 1.5L
pastially restrained in direction butnot held in
Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end position but not held in 2.OL
position or restrained in direction at the other end

should be positioned as detailed in 4.1 and shown in 6.2.6 Compound sections composed of channels
Figure 5. back-to-back
The buckling resistance,P C , may then be evaluated A compound section composed of two sections in
from: contact orseparated back-to-back by a distance not
greater than that rt5quired for anend gusset
P' - MCPC connection, may be designed as a single integral
c - (M, + Pees)
member subject to thefollowing conditions:
where
a) The channels should be of a similar cross-section
Mc
is the moment capacity
determined
in with their
corresponding rectangular axes aligned.
accordance with 6.2.2, having due regard to b) The main components should be interconnected
the direction of moment application as with s t r u c m fasteners or welds in accordance
indicated in Figure 5; with 8.6.
PC is the bucklingresistance under axial load c ) The effective slenderness of the compound
determined in accordance with6.2.3 section (LElry),about the axis pasallel to the webs
es is the distancebetween the geometricneutral
axis of the gross cross-section and that of the
cross-section as indicated in
effective Figure 5.
LE
YY
= im
of the channels should be calculated as follows:

but not less than 1.4s/rcy

--.-I--- I

A N-?"-"-
1%lF I Tyr
'u- """"*
""""""""
"""_

li----- T
II
-4-T
II
I I I
beff2
2

Load applied at centroid of gross cross-section Load now offset from effective N A
a) Gross cross-section b) Effective cross-section
Figure 6 - Compression of singly symmetrical section

28 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 STDOBSI B S 575U-5-ENGL L998 W lb24bb7 0744307 733 E
Section 6 BS 6950-5:1998

where where
LE is the effective length of the compound member; E is the modulus of elasticity;
ry is the radius ofgyrationof the compound section I is the second momentof area about the
about the axis parallel to the webs allowing for Y9 -
the two elements actingas a single integral LE is the effective length corresponding to
member; the minimum radius of gyration;
q is the radius ofgyrationof the complete is the torsional flexural buckling loadof
compound section aboutthe axis parallel to the a column given by:
webs, based on n o d geometric properties;
S is thelongitudinalspacingbetween adjacent
fasteners or welds connecting the two sections
together, where
rcy is the minimum radius of gyration of one channel pEx is the elastic flexural buckling load for
section. a column about the x axis given by:
The local slendernessof an individual channel, s/rcy TC~EI~
should not exceed50. PEx = 7-
LE
d) The strength and themaximum spacing of PT is the torsional buckling load of a
interconnections should beas recommended column given by:
in 8.6.2.

6.3 'brsional flexural buckling /3 is a constantgivenby:

6.3.1 General
The design procedure given in 6.3.2 applies only to
struts which are braced in both the x and y directions In these equations:
at the ends of the strut or at points of support.
r, is the polar radius of gyrationaboutthe
6.3.2 Sections with at least one axis of
shear centse givenby
symmetry (x axis)
For members which haveat least one axis of
symmelq taken as the x axis, and which are subject r,, ry are the radii of gyration about the x
to torsional f l e d buckling, design according to 6.2, and y axes;
and the values givenin W l e 10 may be used provided G is the shear modulus;
that a factored slenderness ratio,d d r , is used in x, is the distance from the shear centre to
place of the actual slendernessratio. Values of 01 for a the centroidmeasured along the x axiq
number of cross-sectional shapes are given in annex C, J is theSt Venant torsion constant which
For other cross-sections values of(Y may be may be taken as the summation of b$/3
determined as follows: for all elements, where b is the element
flat width and t is the thickness;
forpEs& a=l Ix is the second moment of area about the
X&,
C, is the warping constant for the
cross-section.
where Approximate equationsfor C, and x, for
some commonly used sections are given in
pE is the elastic flexural buckling load for a annex D.
column given by
$EI 6.3.3 Non-symmetrical sections
LEZ For non-symmetrical cross-sections the maximum load
should be determined either by analysis or by testing
in accordance with section10.

o BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
29
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Table 10 - Compressive strength, P,
Compressive strength, p ,
N/mm2

0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.56 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.76
O 70.0 84.0 98.0 112.0 126.0 140.0 154.0 168.0 182.0 196.0 210.0
10 70.0 84.0 98.0 112.0 126.0 140.0 154.0 168.0 182.0 196.0 210.0
20 70.0 84.0 98.0 112.0 126.0 140.0 154.0 168.0 182.0 196.0 210.0
30 68.6 82.3 96.0 110.0 123.0 137.0 151.0 165.0 178.0 192.0 206.0
40 67.2 80.6 93.9 107.0 121.0 134.0 147.0 161.0 174.0 187.0 201.0
50 65.7 78.8 91.8 105.0 118.0 131.0 144.0 156.0 169.0 182.0 195.0
60 64.2 76.9 89.5 102.0 115.0 127.0 139.0 151.0 164.0 176.0 188.0
70 62.6 74.9 87.0 99.0 111.0 123.0 134.0 146.0 157.0 168.0 179.O
80 60.9 72.7 84.2 95.6 107.0 118.0 128.0 138.0 148.0 158.0 167.0
90 59.1 70.3 81.2 91.7 102.0 112.0 121.0 130.0 139.0 146.0 154.0
O0 57.2 67.7 77.8 87.4 96.5 105.0 113.0 120.0 127.0 133.0 139.0
10 55.2 64.9 74.1 82.6 90.5 97.7 104.0 110.0 115.0 120.0 124.0
20 53.0 61.9 70.1 77.5 84.1 90.0 95.1 99.6 104.0 107.0 110.0
30 50.7 58.7 65.8 72.1 77.6 82.2 86.2 89.6 92.5 95.0 97.1
40 48.3 55.4 61.5 66.7 71.1 74.8 77.9 80.5 82.6 84.5 86.0
50 45.8 52.0 57.2 61.5 65.0 67.9 70.3 72.3 73.9 75.3 76.5
60 43.3 48.6 53.0 56.5 59.3 61.6 63.5 65.1 66.3 67.4 68.4
70 40.7 45.4 49.0 51.9 54.2 56.0 57.5 58.7 59.7 60.6 61.3
80 38.3 42.2 45.3 47.6 49.5 51.0 52.2 53.2 54.0 54.7 55.3
90 35.9 39.3 41.8 43.8 45.3 46.6 47.5 48.3 49.0 49.6 50.1
O0 33.7 36.6 38.7 40.3 41.6 42.6 43.4 44.1 44.7 45.1 45.5
10 31.6 34.0 35.8 37.2 38.3 39.1 39.8 40.4 40.8 41.2 41.6
20 29.6 31.7 33.2 34.4 35.3 36.0 36.6 37.1 37.5 37.8 38.1
30 27.7 29.5 30.9 31.9 32.6 33.2 33.7 34.1 34.5 34.8 35.0
40 26.0 27.6 28.7 29.6 30.2 30.8 31.2 31.6 31.8 32.1 32.3
50 24.4 25.8 26.8 27.5 28.1 28.6 28.9 29.2 29.5 29.7 29.9

30 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I BS 5750-5-ENGL L998 Bo Lb24bL7 U74q307 506 .81
Won6 BS 595W1998

Table 10 - Compressive strength, p , (continued)

F
Ldr Compressive strength,p c
Nhnm2

0.80 0.86
7
0.90 0.95 1.00
- Q(&)
1.06 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.26 1.30
~~ - "

O ,24.0 138.0 C
LZ52.0 !%.O 180.0 2194.0 108.0 122.0 336.0 150.0 164.0
10 124.0 138.0 C
252.0
I( 266.0 !80.0 2194.0 108.0 122.0 336.0 150.0 164.0
c
20 :24.0 !%.O 1252.0 266.0 !€N.O 2194.0 108.0 122.0 336.0 )50.0 164.0
30 119.0 133.0 C
1 247.0 t60.0 !74.0 2187.0 101.0 115.0 328.0 M2.0 156.0
40 114.0 !27.0 '240.0
I 253.0 !67.0 2180.0 !93.0 106.0 319.0 532.0 M5.0
50 107.0 !20.0 '232.0
I 245.0 !57.0 2!70.0 !82.0 !%.O 306.0 $19.0 )31.0
60 .99.0 !11.0 ''223.0 234.0 t45.0 2!56.0 !67.0 !78. O 289.0 i99.0 509.0
70 89.0 199.0 '210.0 219.0 t29.0 2!38.0 !47.0 55.0 263.0 t71.0 279.0
ao .76.0 185.0 193.0 200.0 208.0 f!14.0 t21.0 t26.0 232.0 z37.0 z41.0
90 L61.0 167.0 173.0 179.0 183.0 1188.0 192.0 196.0 199.0 202.0 205.0
100 144.0 149.0 153.0 156.0 160.0 1162.0 165.0 167.0 169.0 171.0 173.0
110 128.0 131.0 133.0 136.0 138.0 1140.0 142.0 143.0 145.0 146.0 147.0
120 112.0 115.0 116.0 118.0 120.0 1121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0
130 98.9 101.0 102.0 103.0 104.0 1105.0 106.0 107.0 107.0 108.0 109.0
140 87.4 88.5 89.6 90.5 91.3 92.0 92.6 93.1 93.7 94.1 94.5
150 77.5 78.4 79.2 79.9 80.5 81.0 81.5 81.9 82.3 82.7 83.O
160 69.2 69.8 70.4 71.0 71.5 71.9 72.3 72.6 72.9 73.2 73.4
170 62.0 62.5 63.0 63.4 63.8 64.1 64.5 64.7 65.0 65.2 65.4
180 55.8 56.3 56.7 57.0 57.3 57.6 57.8 58.1 58.3 58.4 58.6
190 50.5 50.9 51.2 51.5 51.7 52. O 52.2 52.3 52.5 52.7 52.8
200 45.9 46.2 46.5 46.7 46.9 47.1 47.3 47.4 47.6 47.7 47.8
210 41.9 42.1 42.4 42.6 42.7 42.9 43.0 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5
220 38.3 38.6 38.8 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.8
230 35.2 35.4 35.6 35.8 35.9 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5
240 32.5 32.7 32.8 32.9 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6
250 30.1 30.2 - 30.3 30.4 30.5 - 30.6 30.7 30.8 30.9 30.9 31.0

O BSI 1998 31
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Table 10 - Compressive strength, p , (continued)

O
L&

F 1.36
378.0
1.40
392.0
1.46
406.0
1.60
420.0
Compressive strength, p ,

1.66
434.0
Nlmm2

1.60
448.0
1.66
462.0
1.70
476.0
1.76
490.0
1.80
504.0
1.86
518.0
10 378.0 392.0 406.0 420.0 434.0 448.0 462.0 476.0 490.0 504.0 518.0
20 378.0 392.0 406.0 420.0 434.0 448.0 462.0 476.0 490.0 504.0 518.0
30 369.0 383.0 396.0 410.0 424.0 437.0 451.0 464.0 478.0 491.0 505.0
40 358.0 371.0 384.0 397.0 410.0 423.0 435.0 448.0 461.0 474.0 486.0
50 342.0 354.0 366.0 378.0 389.0 400.0 412.0 423.0 434.0 445.0 456.0
60 319.0 329.0 338.0 347.0 356.0 365.0 373.0 381.0 389.0 396.0 404.0
70 286.0 392.0 298.0 304.0 310.0 315.0 320.0 325.0 329.0 333.0 336.0
80 246.0 250.0 253.0 257.0 260.0 263.0 265.0 268.0 270.0 272.0 274.0
90 207.0 210.0 212.0 2 14.
O 215.0 217.0 218.0 220.0 221.0 222.0 223.0
100 175.0 176.0 177.0 178.0 180.0 181.0 181.0 182.0 183.0 184.0 184.0
110 148.0 149.0 150.0 150.0 151.0 152.0 152.0 153.0 154.0 154.0 154.0
120 126.0 127.0 128.0 128.0 129.0 129.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 131.0 131.0
130 109.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 111.0 111.0 111.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0
140 94.9 95.3 95.6 95.9 96.2 96.4 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.5
150 83.3 83.6 83.8 84.1 84.3 84.5 84.7 84.9 85.0 85.2 85.3
160 73.7 73.9 74.1 74.3 74.5 74.6 74.8 74.9 75.O 75.2 75.3
170 65.6 65.8 65.9 66.1 66.2 66.4 66.5 66.6 66.7 66.8 66.9
180 58.8 58.9 59.0 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 59.6 59.7 59.8 59.8
190 52.9 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.5 53.6 53.7 53.8 53.8
200 47.9 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.6 48.7
210 43.6 43.7 43.8 43.8 43.9 44.0 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.2 44.3
220 39.8 39.9 40.0 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.2 40.3 40.3 40.3 40.4
230 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.7 36.8 36.8 36.9 36.9 36.9 37.0 37.0
240 33.6 33.7 33.7 33.8 33.8 33.9 33.9 33.9 34.0 34.0 34.0
250 31.0 31.1 31.1 31.2 31.2 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.4 31.4 31.4

32 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 6.4 Combined bending and compression 6.4.3 Overall buckling check
For beams not subject to lateral buckling, the
6.4.1 General following relationshipshould be satisfied:
Compression memben which are also subjected to
bendmg should be checked for local capacity at the
points of greatest bending momentand axial load
(usually at the ends). These members should also be
checked for ovedl buckling. For beams subject to lateral buckling the following
The checks detailed in 6.4.2 and 6.4.3 apply to relationship should be satisfied:
members which have at least one axis of symmetry %+M,+ My
and which are not subject to torsional or torsional PC Mb
/

flexural buckling.
6.4.2 Local capacity check where
The member shouldsatisfy the following relationshq~:
PC is the axial buckling resistance in the
absence of moments, see 6.2.3
PEx is the flexural buckling load in
compression for bending about the
X axiq
is the applied axial load,
&Y is the flexural buckling loadin
is the short stmt capacity defined in 6.23, compression for bending aboutthe
is the applied bending moment aboutthe Y*
X&,
cbx, c b y are factors as definedin 6.6.2.1 with
is the moment capacity in bendingabout the regard to moment variation aboutthe x
x axis in the absence of F, and M, see 6.2.2 and y axes respectively;
and 6.6 is the lateral buckling resistance moment
Mb
is the applied bending moment aboutthe about the x (major) axis as defined
Y* in 6.6.2;
is the moment capacity in bending about the F,, Mx, Mcx, My and Mcy axe as defined in 6.4.2.
y axis in the absence of F, and Mx,see 6.2.2
and 6.6. The magnitudes of moments Mxand M, should take
into account any moment induced by the change in
neutral axis position of the effective cross-section
caused by the axial load. In determination of cbx and
c b y the effects of change in the neutral axis position
on the moment variation maybe neglected.

O BSI 1998 33
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Section 7. Members in tension

7.1 General 7.2.3 Double angles, plain channels and

T-sections
A member may be considereda simple tension
member only if it is connected in such a way as to If the two components are parallel back-to-backand
eliminate any resulting moments due to connection a) in contact or separated by solid packing pieces by
eccentricity Where members are Connected a distance not exceeding the aggregate thickness of
eccentrically to the axis of the member it is essential the pasts;
that the resulting moment is taken into account in b) connected by boltsor welding such that the
accordance with 7.3 except for angles, channels and slenderness of the indhidual componentsdoes not
T-sections designedin accordance with 7.2 which may exceed 80;
be treated as simple tension members. then the effective area,A,, may be taken as:

7.2 lknsile capacity

7.2.1 General where
The tensile capacity, Pt,of a member should be
determined from: al is the net sectional area of the connected
P-;
Pt = AePy
where a2 is the gross sectional area of the unconnected
parts.
A, is the effective net area of the section
determined in accordance with 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 7.3 Combined bending and tension
where appropriate, otherwisetaken as equal to
the net area, A,, determined in accordance Members subject to both axial tension and bending
with 3.6.4 stresses shouldbe proportioned such that the
followjng relationships are satisfied at the ultimate
py is the design strength. limit state:
These rules may only be used whenthe width to
thickness ratios of the unconnected elements are less
than 20. and
For width to thickness ratios greater than 20, the MX
eccentricity of the force should be taken into account M,'1
and the member designedin accordance with 7.3. and
7.2.2 Single angles, plain channels and
T-sections %y -
For single angleties connected throughone leg odx where
single plain channel sections connected only through
the web and T-sections connectedonly through the Ft is the appliedtensileload
flange, the effective area,A,, should be taken as:
Pt is the tensilecapacitydetermined in
accordance with 7.2.1;
Mx, My Mc,and Mcy are as defmed in 6.4.2.
where
NOTE For small values of Ft an overall lateral buckling check
al is the net sectional area of the connected leg; should be carried out.
u2 is the gross sectional area of the unconnected
i
l leg or legs.
~ Fordoubleangle ties connected to one side of a gusset
or section, the angles may be designed individuallyin
this way

34 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Section 8. Connections

8.1 General recommendations 8.1.6 Strength of individual fasteners

8.1.1 General The strength of individual fasteners may be calculated
in accordance with8.1.7 or determined by testing in
Connections should be designed usinga realistic accordance with section10.
assumption of the dishibution of internal forces,taking
account of relative stiffnesses. This distribution should 8.1.7 Forces in individual fasteners
correspond with direct load pathsthrough the Except for welds,the shear forces on individual
elements of connections. It is essential that equilibrium fasteners ina connection may be assumed to be equal
with the external applied factoredloads is maintained. provided that the material is less than or equal to 4 mm
Ease of fabrication and erection should be considered thick. Otherwise the shear forces on individual
in the design of joints and splices. Attention should be fasteners should be calculated by elastic analysis.
paid to clearances necessary fortghtening of fasteners,
welding procedures, subsequent inspection, surface 8.1.8 Joints subject to vibration and/or load
trealment and maintenance. reversal
The ductility of steel assists the distribution of forces Where a connection is subject to impact or vibration,
generated w i t h a joint. Therefore residual stresses pretensioned frictiongrip fasteners, locking devices or
and stresses due to tightening of fasteners and normal welding should be used.
accuracy of fit-up need not usually be calculated. Where a connection is subject to reversal of stress
(unless due solelyto wind) or where for some special
8.1.2 Intersections
reason slippingof bolts is unacceptable, then
Usually, members meeting at a joint should be pretensioned friction gripfasteners, fitted bolts or
arranged with their centroidal axes meeting at a point. welding should be used.
Where there is eccentricity at intersections, the
members and connections shouldbe designed to 8.1.9 Splices
accommodate the resulting moments.In the case of 8.1.9.1 General
bolted framing of angles and tees the setting-out lines
of the bolts may be adopted instead of the centroidal Splices shouldbe designed to hold the connected
axis. members in place and wherever practicable the
members should be arrangedso that the centroidal
8.1.3 Joints in simple construction axis of the splice coincideswith the centroidal axis of
Joints between members in simple construction should the members joined.If eccentricity is present then the
be capable of transmitting the forces calculated in resulting forces should be catered for.
design and should be capable of accepting the
resulting rotation (see 2.1.2.2). They should not 8.1.9.2 Splices in compressionmembers
develop signiscant moments which adversely affect Where the members are not prepared for tight contact
members of the structure. in bearing, the splice should be designed to transmit all
the moments and forces to which the member at that
8.1.4 Joints in rigid construction point is subjected. Where the members are prepared
Joints between members in rigid construction should for full contact in bearingthe splice should provide
be capableof transmitting the forces and moments continuity of stiffnessabout both axes and resist any
calculated from the design method.For elastic design tension where bendingis present.
the rigidity of the joint should notbe less than that of
the members.For plastic design the moment capacity The splice should beas near as possible to the ends of
of a joint at a plastic hinge locationshould not be less the member or points of inflexion. Where this is not
than that of the member. In addition the joint should achieved account should be taken of the moment
possess sufficient plastic rotation capacity induced by strut action.
(see 2.1.2.3). 8.1.9.3 Splices in tension members
8.1.6 Joints in semi-rigid construction The splice covers shouldbe designed to transmit all
Joints between members in semi-rigid construction the moments and forces to which the member at that
should providea predictable degreeof interaction point is subjected.
between members, as described in 2.1.2.4. They should 8.1.9.4 Splices in beams
be capableof transmitting the restraht moments in
addition to the otherforces and momentsat the joints. Beam splices shouldbe designed to transmit all the
It is important that the connection is neither too rigid forces and momentsin the member at that point and
nor too flexible to fulfil accurately the assumptions have adequate stiffness.
made in design. If the design strength of the
connection is less than that of the connected members,
it shouldbe demonstrated that the deformation
capacity of the connectionis sufficient for fidl
redistribution of load up to the relevant limit state to
take place.

O BSI 1998 36
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 8.2 Bolted connections 8.2.6 Bearing capacity
8.2.1 General 8.2.5.1 General
The effective capacity of a bolt in bearing should be
'The recommendations givenin 8.2.2 to 8.2.9 are taken as the least bearing capacityof the connected
applicable to bolts in nominally 2 mm oversize material.
clearance holes.
8.2.6.2 Bearing capacitgof connected elements
8.2.2 Bolt pitch and edge distances The bearing capacity, &, for each bolt in the line of
8.2.2.1 Minimum pitch force, when washers are used under both thebolt head
For material less than or equal to 4 mm thick, the and the nut, should be taken as:
distance betweenthe centres of acQacent bolts in the for t I1 mm
,line of stress should not be less than3d, where d is the pbs = 2.1dtpy
diameter of the bolt. For material greater than 4 mm
thick, the minimum pitch should not be less than 2.5d. forlmm<tr3mm
8.2.2.2 Minimum edge and end distances de
a) for - 3,
d -
The distance betweenthe centre of a bolt and any
edge of the connected member should not be less
than 1.M.
Pbs = k.1+ (0.3 2 - 0.45) (t-l)}dtpy

8.2.3 Effective diameter and areas of bolts > 3, Pbs = (1.65 + 0.45t)dtpy
b) for
d
Since threads can occur in the shear plane, the tensile for3mm c t I 8 m m
& e sarea of the bolt, At, for resisting both shear and
tension should betaken as the tensile stress area as
specified in BS EN 20898-1. For bolts where the tensile
d
de
(
de S 3, Pbs = 1.2 + 0.6- t'py
a) for -
2)
stress area is not defined,At should be taken as the b) for - > 3, pb, = 3.0dtpy
area at the bottom of the threads. d
Where it can be shown that the threads do not occur where
in the shear plane, the shank area, A, may be used in t is the minimum thickness of the
the calculaton of shear capacity. connected materialin millimetres (mm);
In the calculation of thread length, allowance should
be made for tolerance and thread m off.
d is the nominal diameter in millimetres
(mm);
8.2.4 Shear capacity of bolt py is the design strength in newtons per
The shear capacity, P,,of a bolt should be taken as: square millimetre ( ~ / m m 2 ) ;
PS = Pd, de is the distance from the centre of a bolt
where to the end of the connected element in
the direction of the bolt force in
ps is the shear strength obtained &omTable 11; millimetres (mm).
An is At or A as appropriate as defined in 8.2.3. These values should be reduced by 25 % when only a
single washer or no washers are used.
Table 11 - Strength of bolts in clearance holes All of these values applyto plain or m e M c coated
Bolt property Other grades 01 steel. They do not necessarily apply to other coatings
class fasteners for which suitable values shouldbe determined by
4.6 8.8 testing.
Shear strength, 160 375 0.48Uf 8.2.6 Tensile stress on net section
PS " L 2 The tensile stress on the netarea of section in a bolted
but 5 0.69Yf connection shouldnot exceed either py or
(0.1 + 3d/s)py
Tensile strength, 195 450 0.5SUf where:
Pt N / m 2
but 5 0.83Yf py is the design strength in newtons per square
millimetre ( ~ / m m 2 ) ;
U,is the specified minimum yield strength of the fastener
U,is the specified minimum tensile strength of the fastener d is the diameter of the bolt in millimetres (mm);
S is thedistancebetween centres of bolts
normal to the line of force (see Figure 1) or,
where there is only a single line of bolts, the
width of sheet in millimetres (mm).

36 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 8.2.7 Bolts subject to tension 8.4.2.2 Lap joints
8.2.7.1 lknsion capacity In lap joints the minimum lap should not beless
"he tension capacity, Pt, of a bolt should be obtained than 4t where t is the thickness of the thinner part
from: joined. Single fillet welds should only be used where
the pasts are restrained to prevent opening of the joint.
Pt = PtAt
where 8.4.2.3 End connections
Where the end of an element is connected only by
pt is the tension strength obtained from W l e 11; longitudinal fillet welds the length, &,of each weld
At is the tensile stress area should be not less than the transverse spacing,T, (see
F'igure 6).
8.2.7.2 przling
8.4.2.4 Single fZllet welds
In connections subjectto tension prying action need
not be taken into account provided the stressesgiven A single fillet weld should not be subjectto a bending
in 'Pable 11 are used moment about the longitudinal axis of the weld.
8.2.8 Combined shear and tension 8.4.2.6 Intermittent fillet welds
When bolts are subject to both shear and tension the Intermittent fillet welds should not be used for
following relationshipshould be satisfied in addition to members subjectto fatigue or where capillary action
the recommendations in 8.2.3 to 8.2.7 could lead to the formation of rust pockets. The
longitudinal spacing along any oneedge of the element
between effective lengths of weld, as given in 8.4.3.2,
should not exceed 300 mm or 16t for compression
where elements or24t for tension elements, wheret is the
F, is the appliedshear; thickness of the thinner part joined
Ft is the applied tension; End runs of fillet welds should extend to the end of
the part connected.
P, is the shear capacity determined inaccordance I
with 8.2.4
Pt is the tensioncapacitydetermined in
accordance with8.2.7.1.
8.2.9 Moment capacity of bolt groups
The moment capacityof a group of bolts in shear,
where the thickness of the thinner material is less than
or equal to 4 mm, may be determined in accordance
with 8.1.7 by assuming that each bolt carries its
ultimate capacity where P is the lesser of P, and qOs
determined in accordance with8.2.4 and 8.2.6.
?L,
-
L
I
I
l
I
I
I

-
7

Figure 6 - End connection

8.3 F'riction grip bolts
High strength friction grip bolts conforming to
BS 4395-1 may be used for bolted connections, but any 8.4.3 Design of fillet welds
additional advantages over8.2 should be proved by 8.4.3.1 Design strength
testing in accordance with section 10. The design strength, pw of a fillet weld should be
taken as the lesser of:
8.4 Weld detail and design P, = 0.5ue
8.4.1 General pw = 0.5u,
The details of all welded connections should conform where
to BS 5135.
Ue is the nominal ultimate tensile strength of the
8.4.2 Details of fíllet welds electrode, i.e. the minimum tensile strength
8.4.2.1 End returns given by the product standard for the relevant
Fillet welds terminating at the endsor sides of parts electrode;
should be returned continuously around the corners U, is the nominal ultimate tensile strength of the
for a distance of not less than twice the leg length of steel (See3.3.2).
the weld unless access or the configuration renders
this impracticable. This detail is particularly important For information values of the tensile strength of
for fillet welds onthe tension side of parts carrying a electrodes for various welding processes are given in
bending load. Table 12.

O BSI 1998 37
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Table 12 - Tensile properties of all-weld metal
Electrode type and product standard Strength Minimum yield Minimum tensile 1
designation strength strength
symbol ve

I I I N/m2

Wire electrodes for gas shielded metal arc welding 35 380

@S EN MO),covered electrodesfor manual metal arc 38 355
welding (BS EN 499), wire electrodes for submerged 42 420
arc welding (SS EN 756), tubular electrodes 46 460
@S EN 758). 504
500
I 1
NOTE Foryieldstrengththelower yield (Redis used whenyielding occurs, otherwise the 0.2 % proof strength is used

Where the fillet welds are symmetrically disposedas Where the fusion faces form an angle of greater
shown in F'igure 7the strength ofthe weld may be than 120" or less than 30" the adequacy of the joint
taken as equal to the design strength of the parent should be demonstrated by test.
metal provided that: 8.4.3.6 Design rules f o r fillet welds
a) the weld is made with a suitable electrode (or The vector sum of the design stresses due to all forces
other welding consumable)which will produce and momentstransmitted by the weld should not
all-weld tensile specimens as specified in BS EN 876 exceed the design strength, pw The design stress in a
having both a minimum yield strength and a fillet weld should becalculated on a thickness equd to
minimum tensile strength notless than those the effective throat size, a.
specified for the parent metal, For a fillet weld with unequal size legs,a deep
b) the sum of the throat thicknesses is greater than penetration fillet weld or a partial penetration butt
or equal to the connected plate thickness; weld with a superimposedfillet weld, the shear and
tension stress on the fusion line should not
c) the weld is subject to direct compression or exceed 0.7 py and 1.0py respectively
tension.
8.4.4 Partial penetration butt welds
8.4.3.2 w e c t i v e length Partial penetration butt welds should not be used for
The effective lengthof a run of fîllet weld should be intermittent welds or for welds subject to fatigue.
taken as the overall length less one leg length, S, for 8.4.6 Design of butt welds
each end which does not continue round a corner. The design strength,py of a full penemon butt weld
The effective length should not be less than 4s. should be taken as equal to the yield strength, Us, of
the parent metal, providedthat theweld is made with
a suitable electrode (or otherwelding consumable)
which will provide all weld tensile specimensas
specified in BS EN 876 having both a minimum yield
strength and a minimum tensile strength not lessthan
those specified forthe parentmetal.
8.4.6 Single flare V welds
8.4.6.1 General
Single flare V welds, as shown in Figure8, should not
be designed to transmit any force other than shear.
8.4.6.2 Design
Figure 7 - Symmetrical fillet welds The shear capxi@,PS in newtons (N), may be taken as

8.4.3.3 Throat size

for &h < 25,
( kt)
PS = 0.6 1 - - Lw@

The effective throat size, a, of a fillet weld should be for &h h 25, P, = 0.45 Lwtpy
taken as the perpendicular distance from theroot of where
the weld to a straight line lymg within the weld
cross-sections and joining the outermost extxemities of L, is the length of the weld in millimetres (mm);
the fusion faces. It should not, however, be taken as t is the thickness of the thinner part joined in
greater than 0.7 times the effectiveleg lengths. milhetres (mm);
8.4.3.4 Angle of intersection of members py is the design strength of the steel innewtons
connected bu fillet welds per square mUnetre ( ~ / m m 2 ) .

38 O.BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Figure 8 - V weld

8.4.7 Arc spot welds where:

8.4.7.1 General
dp is the peripheral diameter of theweld;
Arc spot welds, as shown in Figure 9, should not be
designed to transmit any forces otherthan shear. d, is the interface diameter of theweld;
Arc spot welds should not be used where the thinnest pw is the design strength of the weld;
connected part is more than 4 mm thick or through Xt is the total thickness of connected mate*,
connected material havinga total thichess Zt of more U, is the nominal ultimate tensile strength of the
than4mm. connected material.
Weld washers as shown in Figure 9d) should be used
when the thickness of the connected material is less The peripheral diameter of W arc spot weld should
than 0.7 mm. Weld washers should havea thickness of be obtained as follows:
between 1.2 mm and 2.0 mm with a prepunched hole for a single connected sheet or part of thickness t:
of 10 mm diameter minimum.
dp=d,-t
Arc spot welds should have a minimum interface
diameter d, of 10 mm. for multiple connected sheets or partsof total
thickness Z:
8.4.7.2 Design clp = d,- 2%
The shear capacity P, should be takenas the smaller
of a) or b): The interface diameter d, of an arc spot weld, (see
a) for failure at the periphery Figure 9), should be obtained from:
$ 420 lI2 4 = 0.7& - 1.5% but d, I0.5&
'

for X t 5 18 (T) where:

P, = l.2f4?2tUS d, is the visible diameter of the arc spot weld,
(see Figure 9.)
for 18 (c)
420
3lI2
c < 31
420
(T) The design strength pw of the weld should be obtained
P, = 21.65 (-J-)
420 lI2
(%fus
from:
P, = 0.5Ue but pw 5 0.5Uss
where:

U, i s the nominal ultimate tensile strength of the

P, = 0.7f4?ZtUS electrodes (see W l e 12);
b) for failure at the interface: U,, is the nominal ultimate tensile strength of the
steel in the supporting member (see 3.3.2).

O ES1 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 BS 595061998 Section 8

e ,Weld washer

I .I

c) Single connected with weld

member
d) Arc spot weld with weld washer
Figure 9- Arc spot welds

8.4.7.3 End
edge
and distances where:
The minimm distance measured p d e l to the
direction of force transfer, from the centrehe of an t is the thickness of the thinnestconnected
arc spot weld to the nearest edge of an adjacent weld sheet.
or to the end of the connected part towards which the h addition, the m.ce from the centseline
1 force is directed, shouldnot be less than the value of of an arc spot weld to the end or edge of the
%n given by the following connected sheetshould not be less than 1.5 d,where
if U . Y s 2 1.15 d,is the visible diameterof the arc spotweld.
I W

8.4.8 Elongated arc spot welds

8.4.8.1 General
The general recommendationsfor elongated arc spot
welds, as shown in Figure 10, are as given in 8.4.7.1
for circular arc spot welds.

40
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
O BSI 1998
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 STDmBSI BS 5750-5-ENGL 3975 m 3b24bb9074433’7 L(55 M
Section 8 BS 595M1998

Connected \

Figure 10- Elongated arc spot weld

8.4.8.2 Design 8.5.2.3 Unconventìonaljoint details

The shear capacity PS should be takenas the smaller Where calculation is not practicable, a joint or other
of the following: detail should be designed on an experimental basis as
a) for failure at the periphery: given in section 10.
PS = (0.4& + 1.33 dp)ZtU, 8.6.2.4 Diameter
b) for failure at the interface: The diameter d of a resistance spot weld should
P - (“4 ds2 + dSLw)Pw
correspond as closely as practicable to the
recommended tip diameter of the electrode d,.in
where: millimetres (mm), given by:
4 = 5t112
is the length of the weld, see Figure 10;
where:
and c$, G,P, 2 t and U, are as defined in 8.4.7.2.
t is the thickness of thesheetin contact with
8.4.8.3 End and edge distances the electrode in millirnetres (m).
The minimum end andedge distances for elongated
arc spot welds should be as given in 8.4.7.3 for 8.6.3 Design of resistance spot welds
circular asc spot welds.
The shear capacity P, in newtons (N) of a resistance
In addition,the minimum clear distance between the spot weld of diameter, d, in millimetres (mm) in
weld and the end of the sheet and between the weld as-rolled and hot dip galvanized material should be
and the edgeof the sheet should not be less taken as follows:
than 1.0&
for tl 9 Q 5 2.5tl:
P, = 2.7tIDdpy
8.5 Resistance spot welds
where:
8.6.1 General
Resistance spot welds where the total thickness py is the design strengthof the thinner sheet
welded does not exceed 8 mm should conform to in newtons per square millimetse
BS 1140. Where the total thickness exceeds8 mm, the (N/IWG);
resistance spot welds should be made, inspected and t is as defined in 8.6.2.4.
tested to the satisfaction of the engineer.
8.6.2 Details of resistance spot welds for t2 2.5tl:
8.6.2.1 Minimum pitch PS = 2.7t1”d% but PSI0.691d2py and
The distance betweenthe centres of resistance spot PS 5 3.08tldpy
welds should be not less than M ,where d is the where:
diameter of the resistance spot weld
8.6.2.2 Edge distance tl is the thickness of the thinner sheet in
millimetres (mm);
The distance from the centre of any resistance spot
weld to the edge of a plate should not beless than t2 is the thickness of the thicker sheet in
l.!%,where d is the diameter of the resistance spot millimetres (mm).
weld.

41
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 BS 5950-5:1998 Section 8

8.6 Maximum pitch for connections in b) For a f l e d member designedin accordance

sections with 5.6.3d), at least two s t r u c m fasteners or
welds should be provided in line across the widthof
8.6.1 Maximum pitch: compression members all sections. The tendencyof the individual channels
The distance betweencentses, in the line of stre&, of to separate by twisting should be resisted by limiting
fasteners connectinga compression coverplate or the spacing of interconnections, S, such that:
sheet to a non-integral stiffener orother element i) the beam lengthis divided into at least three
should not exceed anyof the following:
pasts of approximately equal length;
a) the spacing requiredto trammit the shear
between the connected parts; ii) S 5 me,
b) 37t(280/Ys)1/2where t is the thickness of the where
cover plate or sheet in millimetres (mm), and Y, is S is the longitudinalspacing of
the yield strength of the cover plate or sheet in interconnections;
newtons per square millimetre(N/mm2); rcy is the minimum radius of gyration of
c) three times the flat width of the narrowest one channel;
unstiffened compression element inthat portion of
the cover plate orsheet which is adjacent to the ii)the tensile capaci&Pt of the individual
i
connection, or 30t (280/Y,)1'2 whichever is greater. interconnections is greater than the induced
NOTE The recommendations of b) do not apply to cover sheets transverse shear force, F,, (See Figure U),
which act only as sheathing material and are not considered as that is
1oad"yhg elements.
Pt 2 F,
8.6.2 Maximum pitch: connection of two where
channels to form an I-section
For compound sections composed of two channels Fe
F, =
back-to-back, interconnected by structural fasteners or
welds, either the individual members shouldbe and
designed betweenpoints of interconnection in e is the distance of the shear centre of the
accordance with section5 and section 6as channel from the mid-plane of the web;
appropriate, or the compound sectionmay be designed
as a single integralsection on the basis of an effective h is the verticaldistancebetween the two
slenderness as defined in 6.6.3 or 6.2.5 provided the rows of connections near orat the top
longitudinal spacing S of the interconnections does not and bottom flanges;
exceed the following values. F is the localconcentrated load or
a) For a compression member, designed in reaction betweenthe points of
accordance with6.2.6, at least two fasteners should interconnection under consideration;
be provided in lineacross the width of all members or, for distributed load
that are sufficiently wide to accommodate them. F = WS
Moreover, the spacing of interconnections, S, should
be such that and
i) the member is divided into at least three parts W is the load intensity on the beam acting on
of approximately equal length; a bearing lengthof s/2 each side ofthe
i)S 5 5orw
i interconnections under consideration.
where
The required maximum permissible spacingof
S is thelongitudinalspacing of connections depends uponthe intensity of the load
interconnections; directly at the connection. Therefore,if uniform
rw is the minimum radius of gyrationof spacing of connections is used over the whole length
one channel. of the beam, it should be determined at the pointof
The interconnecting stsuctural fasteners or welds maximum local load intensiw. If, however, this

i should be designed to transmit the longitudinal

shear, F,, between the channels induced by a
tmwerse shear, Q, at any point in the compound
section. The value of Q should be taken as not less
than 2.5 % of the design axial force in the compound
procedure would resultin uneconomically close
spacing, then eitherthe spacing may be variedalong
the beam accordingto the variation of the load
intensity, or reinforcing coverplates may be welded to
the flanges at the points where concentrated loads
plus any load dueto self weight or wind resistance. occw, the strengthin shear of the connections joining
The resulting longitudinal shearforce per such plates to the flanges should then be used for Pt,
interconnection,should be taken as: and h in the equation should be takenas the depth of
the beam.
F, = 0.25Q -
(3
where s/rcyis the local slenderness of an individual
channel as given in 5.6.3d) or 6.2.6.

42 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 FI2

Figure ll - Connection forces in

back-to-back members

8.7 Screws, blind rivets and powder

actuated fasteners
Recommendations for screws, blind rivets and powder
actuated fasteners are given in annex A.

8.8 Holding-downbolts
Holdingdown bolts should be designedto resist the
effect of factored loads determined in accordance
with 2.3.2.4. They should provide resistanceto tension
due touplift forces and bending moments where
appropriate. They should also provide resistance to
shear.
The tension capacity of the bolt should be calculated
in accordance with 8.2.7.

O BSI 1998 43
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Section 9. SimpMed rules for commonly used members

9.1 General h) The purlin cleats shouldprovide torsional

This section gives empirical rules for the design of restmint to the purlin not l e s effective than that
ce& commonly used members for whicha full normally given by angle cleats.
theoretical analysis may be impracticable or not 9.2.2 Design rules
justified The design rules given in this section may be The properties of a Z purlin should be as follows, (see
used as an altemative to the analytical methods given also Figure 12).
in sections 2 to 8 or the testing methods given in
section 10. Members designedby a proven method lOOt 2 overall depth 2 L/&
need not conformto the empirical rules. lbtal width over both flanges2 L/60
The design rules in this section apply to all steels with Overall width of compression flangdthickness
a yield strength, Y,, of not less than 250 N/mm2.

9.2 Z purlins with lips Width of lip 2 B/5

9.2.1 General For simply supported purlins section modulus
WL
Where Z purlins with lipsare designed in accordance 2 -cm3
with these simplifiedrules, the following 1 400
recommendations apply For continuous or semi-rigidly jointedpurlins:
a) When designing purlins, unfadored loads should WL
section modulus 2 -cm3
be considered 1 800
b) The imposedload should be determined in where
accordance with2.2.2 but should be taken as not
less than 0.60 kN/mz. For agricultural buildings, L is the span of the purlinin millimetres(mm)
imposed loads should be in accordance with the between the centres of supports,
recommendations in BS 5502-22. W is the normalcomponent of the unfactored
c) The cladding and fixings should be capable of distributed dead plusimposed load in
providing k r a l restraint to the purlin and of kilonewtons (W;
carrying the component of load in the plane of the B is the width of the compressionflange in
roof slope. millimetres (mm);
d) The purlin should be designed to carny the t is the thickness of thepurlin in millimetres
component of load normal to the roof slope. The (mm).
purlin may also be allowed to cany a nominal axial
load due to wind or restsaint forces, provided the
axial stress onthe full cross-section dueto these
causes doesnot exceed 6 N/mm2.
e) The design rules apply to purljns up to 8 m span
in roof slopes up to 22%". For spans upto 5 m,the
purlins may be nominally simply supported with a
two bolt connection, but for spans above 5 m the >L
purlins shouldbe continuous orprovided with 45
sleeves or splices with a moment capacity equal to
that of the member. In mulljspan conditions, the
design rules included in this section may be used
provided a x e n t spans do not differ by more
than 20 %.
0 Where a purlin span exceeds 4.6 m, anti-sag bars Figure 12 - Z purlins and
should be providedso that the laterally unsupported sheeting rails
length does not exceed 3.8 m. In pitched roof
buildings, the anti-sag bars should be tied across the
apex; in monopitch roofs, theanti-sag bars should be 9.2.3 Wind uplift
anchored to a rigid apex support or their forces
transferred diagonallyto the main frames. Erection The net allowable wind upliftacting in the direction
and wind uplift bracing should be employed normal to the roof when the purlins are restrained as
accordmg to normal good practice. given in 9.2.10, should be taken as 50 % of the
g) The purlin lips may be splayed outwardsat an
v
allowable load, under dead plus imposed load
conditions.
angle not exceeding 10". In the calculation of section
properties, the width of the lips should be takenas
one-fifthof the flange width.

44 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 9.3 Z sheeting rails with lips 9.3.3 Design rules
9.3.1 General 9.3.3.1 Dimensions
When Z sheeting rails are designed in accordance with The dimensionsof a Z sheeting rail should be as
these simplified rules, the following recommendations follows, with reference to F'igure 13.
WPb lOOt 2 overall depth 2 W45
a) When designing sheetingrails, unfactored loads lbtal width over both flanges B L/60
should be considered Overall widthof compression flangdthickness
b)Thedes~rulesapplytosheetingrailsupto8m B
- 5 35
span. For spans up to 6.5 m, the rails may be t
nominally supported with atwo bolt connection, but Width of lip 1 BI5
for spans above 6.5 m the rails should be continuous where
or provided with sleeves or splices with a moment
capacity equal to that of the member. In multi-span L is the span of the sheeting rail inmillimetres
conditions, the design rules includedin this section (m>;
may be used provided adjacentspans do not differ B is theflangewidthinmillimetres (mm);
by more than 20 %.
t is thethickness of thesheeting rail in
c) The self weight of the sheetingmay be carried in
one of the following ways: millimetres (mm).
1) by a dwarf wall or floor slab [see Figure B ) ] ; The lips may be splayed outwards at an angle not
2) by an eaves beam and vertical loading [see exceeding 10". In the calculationof section properties
Figure 13b)l; the width of the lips should betaken as Bß.
3) by diagonal bracing and vertical loading [see 9.3.3.2 Design expressions
Figure 13c)l; The design expressions are as given in Table 13, where:
4) by the sheeting actingas a diaphragm [see L is thespan of the sheeting rail between
Figure 13d)l; this method may only be used for centres of supports in millimetres (mm);
metal sheetingfixed with self tapping screws or
other direct fixings to the rails and with seams W, is the unfactored positive wind load on the
fastened at not more than 450 mm centres. rail in kilonewtons (W) (causing tension in
In cases 1) and 4) there is nominally no vertical the inside, i.e.the unrestrained flange);
bending on the rail; in cases 2) and 3) there is is the unfactored weightof cladding, etc.,
vertical bending between the points of support. acting on the rail in kilonewtons (W)
Nevertheless in all cases consideredin 9.3.3.2 the or 2 W, whichever is the greater (see Note);
design expressions include an element of vertical Z, Zy are the section moduli about x and y axes in
support. cubic centimetres (cm3).
In each case, vertical supports are required to
NOTE In the arrangements shown in Figure 13a) and d), the self
restrain the insideflange of the rail and prevent of the cladding is not carried by the rail, hence = 2 kN.
twistjng. The cladding and fixings should be capable weight
In the arrangements shown in Figure 13b) and c), the self weight
of providing lateral restraintto the outside flange. of the cladding is carriedby the rail, hence w d is this self weight
or 2 kN whichever is greater.
9.3.2 Vertical supports
9.3.3.3 Wind suction
9.3.2.1 Spacing and strength For a given section, the expressions given in Table 13
The verticalsupports detailed in 9.3.1~)should be define the unfactored positivewind load W, which
positioned at midspan for spans up to 4.6 m andat may be applied to the rail. For negative wind (causing
one-third spanpoints for greater spans. They shouldbe compression in the unrestrained flange) the maximum
designed to cany an axial tensile or compressive force, suction load should not exceed 0 .5W'
as appropriate, of 2 W, or the force due to the self
weight of the cladding,if applicable, whicheveris the
greater. In addition, they should provide adequate 9.4 Lattice joists
lateral and torsional restraintto the rail. 9.4.1 General
9.3.2.2 Cleats and details Lattice joists for use in roofs and floors should be
designed as normal simply supported trusses but
The rail cleats and other details shouldbe adequately should be subject to the rules and hitations given
strong and rigid to tsdnsfer the self weight of the in 9.4.2 and 9.4.3. The rules apply to lattice joists
cladding from the rail face to the main member. Even which are laterally supported in accordance with 9.4.3
if this self weight is supported elsewhere,the cleats and in which the upper and lowerchord members are
and other details should be designedfor a minimum substantially parallel. It is assumed that secondary
vertical force of 2 kN at the rail face. bending stresses are insigmficant.

O BSI 1998 45
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D = B S I B S 5950-5-ENGL 1998 II l b 2 4 b b 7 07Y4324 B 1 2 E0
BS 5950451998 Section 9

Table 13 - Design expressions for Z sheeting rails

End conditions of rail Vertical supports
One row at midspan for spans up ' h o rows at one-third span for
to 4.6 m spans 4.6 m to 8.0 m
Simply supported W&
-~WWL W& WWL
"

1 7502, 6 0002,
+
17502, + 16 8802,
Continuous or semi-rigidlyjointed "
WwL W& W& WWL
"

2 2502, 6 0002,
+
2 2502, + 16 8802,

/Eaves beam

. 4

a) Dwarf wall of floor slab and vertical supports b) Eaves Beam and vertical supports

S e a m s and seam fasteners

4,>:,;,;,;,;, d
c) Diagonal bracing and vertical supports d) Sheeting acting as a diaphragm
NOTE For sag rod positions refer to 9.3.2.1
Figure 13 - Supports for self weight of sheeting

46 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 9.4.2 Design rules and limitations 9.4.3 Lateral support
The design rules and limitations are as follows. The roof or floor deck, together withthe furings and
a) In designing lattice joists, factoredloads should any intermediate members, should becapable of
be considered. providing the lateral support necessaryto the lattice
joist in the completed structure.In the erection stage
b) For the purpose of calculating the forces in additional lateral bracesmay be n e c m .
members, the connections may be assumed to be
pinned. If, in the completed structure, the roof or floor deck
does notoffer lateral support to the compression
c) For the purpose of calculating the effective length flange of the lattice joist, then lateral
braces should be
of members, the fixity of the connections andthe provided as follows.
rigidity of a m e n t members maybe taken into
account. a) Each lateral brace should be capableof
resisting 2.5 % of the maximum force in the
d) Where the exact positionof a vertical point load compression chordof the lattice joist. Wheres e v e d
on the top or bottom chord is not known, the local lattice joists share a common bracing system, the
bending moment should be takenas W&/6 where L minimum total lateral forcemay be taken as the sum
is the distance between nodesand Wp is the of the lateral restraint forces required
for the three
factored pointload. Prior to cladding, a value of largest joists.
W, = 2.25 kN should be used in the design of the top
chord. b) All lateral braces should haveLlr c 250 where L
is the distance between connectionpoints and r is
e) The web members shouldbe designed from the least radius of m o n .
considerations of shear under the total applied load.
The minimum value of shear taken should be20 % of c) The spacing of the lateral braces alongthe
the end reaction,or 2.25 k N , whichever is greater. compression chordof the lattice truss should be
such that L/ryc 120 where L is the spacing and ry is
f ) Timber or other materials may be set in the top or the radius of gyration of the compression chord
bottom chords but should be neglectedin the design about its verticalaxis.
calculations.
g) If the following ratios of clear span to depth
(measured at midspan) are maintained, the
deflections of lattice joists neednot be calculated.

Roof joists: spaddepth 4 24

Floor joists: span I10 m, spaddepth 5 24
Floor joists: span > 10 m, spaddepth 5 20

These ratios may be exceeded provided the

deflection can be shown notto exceed the
appropriate limits given in 2.4.2.
h) For W c e joists used in roofs, upward camber
may be employed to offset the deflection dueto
dead load only, or to provide drainagefalls or
prevent ponding.

O BSI 1998 47
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 . .

Section 10. Loading tests

10.1 General 10.1.3 Quality control

10.1.1 Purpose of testing
If a structure orcomponent has been designed onthe
basis of strength or failure tests detailed in 10.7
'&sting is not required for structures andparts of or 10.8, quality control shouldbe carried out during
structures designed in accordance withsections 1 to 9 production in order to confirm consistency
of this part of BS 5950.
An appropriate number of samples (not less than two)
Experimental verification by loading tests as stipulated should be selectedat random from each production
in 2.1.2.7 may be undertakenin place of design by batch. These samples should be carefully examinedto
calculation, or to provide data needed for design by establish whether they are similar in all relevant
calculation if: respects to the prototype tested. Particular attention
a) the design or constructionis not entirely in should be given to the following:
accordance with sections1 to 9 of this part of - dimensions of components and connections;
Bs 5950;
- tolerances and workmanship;
b) the capacity of an existing structure or
component is in doubt; - quality of steel used (checked by reference to the
manufacture's mill inspection document).
c) appropriate analytical ordesign procedures are If, from this examination, itis not possible to
not availableto design the particularstructure or determine either the variations or the effect of
component by dculation alone, for example, to variations compared to the tested prototype,a proof
ensure that appropriate accountis taken of the test as detailed in 10.6 should be carried out. In this
effects of interaction with other components; test, the deflections should be measured at the same
d) the design load-canyhg capacity of a structural positions as in the hitid proof testing on the
assembly or component is to be established from a prototype. The maximum measured deflection should
knowledge of its performance as determined from not exceed 120 % of the deflection recorded duringthe
testing, for example: proof test on the prototype and the residual deflection
- if it is desired to take account of the actual should not be more than 105% of that recorded for the
properties of the cold formed member; prototype.
- if realistic data for design cannot otherwise be
obtained; 10.2 Test conditions
- if it is desired to produce resistancetables 10.2.1 General
based on tests, or on a combination of tests and
analysis; The tests should simulate the behaviourof the
structure orcomponent in service. Thetest rig should
e)if it is intended to construct a number of similar have sufficient strength and stiffness forthe expected
structures on the basisof a prototype. loads andshould provide sufficient clearance for the
lb qualify for acceptance on the basis of loadingtests, expected deflections. It should follow the movements
structures and components should be of robust and of the test specimen without interruption and should
practical construction andreasonably insensitive to not offermore restraintto defonnation of the test
incidental loads. specimen than would be available in service.
This section does not applyto the testing of scale Each test specimen should be similar in all respects to
models or of items subjectto fluctuaihg loads that the structure orcomponent that it represents.It should
could cause fatigue to become the design criterion. be íkee to deflect under load. Unintended eccentricities
10.1.2 Types of loading tests at points of load application or supports should be
The followingtypes of test may be carried out as avoided. Lateral and torsional restraints should
appropriate: represent the actual conditions expected in service and
should be applied with the same eccentricities as in
1) a component test to establish values of a service.
parameter for use in design, (see 10.6);
The loading devicesshould reproduce the magnitude
2). a proof test for confirming general structural and distribution of the loads and reactions, and
i behaviour, (see 10.6); simulate the way they are appliedin service, without
3) a strength test agajnst the required factored localizing the applied forces at the pointsof greatest
loads, (see 10.7); resistance. The supporting devices should reproduce
4) a failure test to determine theultimate capacity the support conditions to be used in service.
and mode of failure, (see 10.8). Due attention should be paid to the safety of the test
These test procedures are intended onlyfor steel ammgements, particularly in failure tests. Failure of a
structures within the scopeof this part of BS 5950. test specimen shouldnot lead to general instabilityof
NOTE Recommendations for the testing of other types of steel the test rig.
-4, -6or
strudures are given in BS 5950-1,33.1, , -9, as
appropriate.

48
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 10.2.2 Measurements 10.3.3 Coupon tests
Load and deflection measurements should be To validate comparisons between loadingtests carried
monitored as closely as practicable. out on Merent specimens orat different times, the
The deflections should be measuredat sufficient points properties of the steel used in the test specimens
where the movement is expected to be high to enable should be established by means of coupon tests.
the maximum deflections of the test specimen to be Generally the coupons shouldbe recovered from flat
determined. The anticipated magnitudesof the unyielded aseas of the testspecimens after the
deflections shouldbe estimated in advance, with completion of the load testing. Where appropriate, they
generous allowances for movement beyond the elastic may be cut fromthe same sections,sheet or strip as
range. the test specimens, providedthat adequate traceability
In some situations itmay be desirableto determine the exjsts to demonstrate that the couponstested relate to
magnitude of stresses in a specimen. This may be the specimens used in the loading tests.
demonstsated qualitatively by meansof brittle coatings The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the
or quantitatively by measurements of strain. Such steel should be determined by tende testing in
information should be treatedas supplementary to the accordance with BS EN 10002-1.
loaddeflection behaviour. The propertiesof the specimens used in a particular
10.2.3 Loading loading testmay be taken as the mean of a set of
coupon tests, one for each relevant component tested.
The rate of load application should be suchthat the Where the material properties are required in advance
behaviour can be considered to be quasi-static. of load testing, (aswhen determining the test load in a
The difference betweenthe self-weight of a test strength test,see 10.7.2), single coupon tests from
specimen and the actual dead load in service should be each different lot of material for the componentsof an
taken into account in calculating the test loads. individual test specimen may be used to obtain a
If a load combmation includes forceson more than weighted mean yield strength of the whole assembly
one line of action, each increment of the test loading NOTE For tests to determine the characteristic properties of
should be applied proportionatelyto each of these steel supplied without test certificatessee 3.3.2.
forces. 10.3.4 Test report
A test report includingthe following information
10.3 =st procedures should be prepared
10.3.1 Preliminary loading - details of the actual tests carried out;
prior to any test, preliminary loading (not exceeding - the actual dimensional measurementsof the test
the unfactored valuesof the relevant loads)may be specimen;
applied in order to bed down the test specimen onto - details of the loading method andtesting
the test rig, and then removed procedure;
10.3.2 Load increments - a diagram showing the positions of the loading
points and the measuring devices;
The test loading should be applied inat least five - all test results necessary for thetest evaluation;
regular increments and the loaddeformation behaviour
of the test specimen should be recorded. - a record of all other observations from the test;
The increments should be based on the expected - if possible, tested samples shouldbe retained. If
loaddeformation behaviour. Their number should be not possible photographsof the samplesafter testing
sufficientto give a full record of the behaviour of the should be kept.
test specimen.
Sufficient time should be allowed after each increment 10.4 Relative strength coefficient
for the test specimen to reach stationary equilibrium. 10.4.1 General
After each increment,the test specimen shouldbe l%st results should be appropriately adjusted to allow
carefully examined for signs of rupture, yielding or for variatons between the actual measured properties
local or overilu buckling. Unloadq should be of the test specimens and theirnominal d u e s .
completed in regular decrements with deflection The measured basic yield strengthof the specimen
readings taken at each stageand after unloading is should not deviate from the nominal yield strength, Ys,
complete. by more thank25 %. The measured material thickness
At each increment or decrementof the loading, the should not exceedthe nominal thickness by more
deflections orstrains should be measuredat one or than 12 %.
more principal locations onthe structure. Readingsof Adjustments shouldbe made in respect of the actual
deflections orstrains should not be taken until the measured properties foraJl tests, exceptwhere the
structure has completely stabilized after a load design eipression that uses the test results also uses
increment. the measured value of the properties as appropriate.
A running plot of the principal deflectionagainst The effect of variations of the geometry or material
loading should be maintained. When this indicates properties of the testspecimens, comparedto their
significant non-linearity the load increments should be nominal values, should be taken into account by
reduced. m e w of a relative strength coefficient.

O BSI 1998 49
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 10.4.2 Predetermining a test load Otherwise the relative strength coefficient R, should be
When the objective of the loading test is to achieve a determined according tothe observed failure mode, as
predetermined level of performance, as in a strength follows:
test to 10.7,the relative strength coefficient should be a) for a ductile &lding failure:
applied in determining thetest load, see 10.7.2.
The relativestrength coefficient shouldtake into R - mean yield strength
- nominal yield strength X %
account the actual cross-sectional dimensions of the in which the mean yield strength relatesto the
specimen and theactual yield strength of the steel in cross-section at which failure is observed;
the specimen, determined from coupontests,
see 10.3.3. b>for a sudden failure due to rupcUre in tension or
shear:
When a test is to be carried out onan assembly of
structural components, the relative strength coefficient R, = mean ultimate tensile strength
should be based on a weighted mean value ofthe nominal yield strength X%
actual yield strength of each component, in which the in which the mean ultimate tensile strength relates
weighting is applied to make appropriate allowance for to the cross-section at which failure is observed;
the influence of each part of the test specimen on the c) for a suddenfailure due to budding:
expected performance. Provided that the actual
cross-sectional dimensions of the components do not R, = 1.2 X mean yield strength
exceed their nominal dimensions, the relative strength nominalyieldstrength X%
coefficientR, may be obtained from: in which the mean yield strength relatesto the
Weighted mean yield strength cross-section at which failure is observed;
R, = Nominal yieldstrength d>for a ductile failure due to overd member
If the actual cross-sectional dimensions exceed the bUcMing:
nominal dimensions, the relative strength coefficientR, R, = buckling strength for mean yield strength
should be obtained by making appropriate aqjustments buckling strength for nominal yield strength X %
to the weighted mean yield strength, to allow for the in which the buckling strength relates to the relevant
influence of each cross-sectional dimension of the test slendernessL& and the mean yieldstrength relates
specimen on its expected performance. to the cross-section at which failure is observed, or
In the absence of other information,the relative alternatively R, is obtained as in a) if the relevant
importance of each component of an assembly to its slenderness is in doubt;
o v d performance may be based on appropriate e) for a ductile failure due to local buchMg of a m t
monitoring duringthe preliminary proof test stipulated element:
in 10.6.
Alternatively, if reliable infomationabout the expected R, =
actual yield strength x actual thickness
failure modeis available from othersimilar tests, the nominalyield strength nominal thickness x %J
relative strength coefficient R, may be determined as actual
yield strength actual thickness
but Rs 2
for a failure test, see 10.4.2. nominal yield strength

10.4.3 Calibrating the results of a failure test

When the objective of the loading test is to determine andRs 2 1
the ultimate failure loadof a component or assemblx where:
as in a failure test, (see 10.8), the relative strength actual value of section property
but$ 2 1
coefficient should be applied in determining the design 4=n o m value of section property
capacity from the test results, see 10.8.3.1. in which the section propertyis that relevant to
If realistic assessments of the capacity can be made resisting the observed failure mode, andthe values
using the provisions of sections 1 to 9, or by other relate to the crosssection at which failure is
proven methods of design by calculation that take observed.
account of all buckling effects, the relative strength
coefficientR, may be determined from:
capacity assessed using actual yield
strength and actual dimensions
R, = capacity assessed using nominal yield
strength and n o m dimensions

50 O ES1 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - E S 1 B S 5950-5-ENGL L998 IL b 2 4 h b 7 0 7 4 4 3 2 9 3 T 4 W
M o n 10 BS 5950&1998

10.5 Component tests 10.6.3.2 lksts on complete compression members

10.6.1 General A test on a complete compression membermay be
used to determine the member behaviour taking into
If component tests are carried out to determine the account the influenceof restraints afforded by other
value of a parameter to be used in design, sufficient components. Thetest Set-up should reflect the
tests shall be carried out to establish a characteristic in-service conditions as accurately as possible bearing
value. At least four specimens shouldbe tested from in mind the influence of:
each batch of material and the results adjusted using
the relative strength coefficient (see 10.4) and the a) restraints offered by baseplates and/or the
modification factor Ktgiven in 10.8.3.1. connections to other members;
b) the line of action of the loads,
10.6.2 Full cross-section tension test c) connection flexibiliw
The result of a full crosssection tension test may be
used to determine the average yieldstrength, Ysa,of 10.6.4 Full cross-section bending tests
the cross-section If advantage is to be taken of the 10.6.4.1 Pure bending tests on representative
enhanced yield stress, obtained from such tests, in lengths of member
assessing the design capacityof components or
strucmes produced from the Same material, the The results of a pure bending test on a representative
recommendations of 10.6.1 should be observed. length of a member may be used to give the base
moment of resistance of the member. If the results of
The specimen should havea length of at least five such tests are to be used in determining the design
times the widthof the widest plane element inthe bending capacity of a member, the recommendations
CFoss-Section. The load should be applied through end of 10.6.1 should be observed.
supports that ensure a uniform stress distribution
across the cross-section. The failure zoneshould occur The specimen should normally have a length at least
at adistance from the endsupports of not less than eight times the greatest cross-sectional dimension. The
the width of the widest plane elementin the compression flangeshould be supported at distances
cross-section. equal to or less than 20 times the least radius of
gyration of the section. Two point loads should be
10.6.3 Full cross-section compression tests applied to the specimenso that there is a length of
10.6.3.1 Stub column tests uniform bending at the centre of the specimen of at
least 0.2 times the span and no greater than 0.33 times
Stub column tests may be used to determine the short the span. The loadsshould be applied through the
strut capacity, Pes, (see 6.2.3) of a thin gauge cross- shear centreof the section or the section shouldbe
section, talang account of the enhanced yieldstress torsionally restmined at the load and support points. At
due to cold fonning andthe effects of local buckling. If the points of load application,local buckling of the
the results of such tests are to beused in assessingthe specimen may be restrained as necessary to ensure
design capacityof components or structuresproduced that failure occurswithin the central portion of the
from the Same material, the recommendations spm Deflections should be measured at the ends of
of 10.6.1 should be observed. the member, at the load positions and at midspan.
It is essential that the resultsof this test are not used
to circumvent the recommendationsof 6.2.3.
10.6.4.2Internal support test
An internal support test may be used to determine the
The specimen should havea length of at least three moment rotation relationshipof a continuous or
times the widest plane element. In the case of a jointed member. The test span and loading
crosssection with edge or intermediate stiffeners the
arrangement should reflectthe conditions in service,
length of specimen should benot less than the
taking account
expected buckling lengthof the stiffeners. If the length the support and of the ratio of moment to shear force at
of the specimenis greater than 20 times the least allowing for any redistribution of
moment. The test should be continued into the
radius of gyration, intermediate supports should be
provided at a spacing not exceeding 20 times the least post-yield phase until the deflection has reacheda
radius of gyration.
value six times the maximum elastic displacement, or
until the applied load has reduced to between 10 %
The ends of the specimen should be flat and and 15 % of its peak value.The post yield rotation for a
perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. range of applied test loads may be determined from a
The loading should be applied throughsmall spherical consideration of the load deflection plotand a mean
bearings to the longitudid axis of the specimen value of the moment-rotation characteristic determined
located at the centroid of the c a l c m effective for use in design by analysis. A characteMc value of
cross-section. Alternativelly, if it is required only to the rotaiional stiffness maybe taken as the mean of at
determine the enhanced yieldstress due to cold least two tests, providedthat each result adjusted as
.is

forming, the loading may be applied through p d e l appropriate usingthe relative strength coefficient
platens and end rotation restraints may be used. (see 10.4) and is within *lo % of the mean value.

O ES1 1998 51
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I BS 5950-5-ENGL 1998 LbZllbbS 0 7 4 l l 3 3 0 OLb I
I
BS 59505:1998 Section 10

10.6.4.3 Bending tests on complete members 10.6.2 Proof test load

A bending test on a complete member maybe used to The test load for a proof test should be taken as equal
determine the influence of lateral restraint fromother to the sum of:
components or materials on the member under a) 1.0 X (actual dead load present during the test);
consideration. Appropriatetests may be carried out b) one of the followingas appropriate:
and their results used in design provided that the test 1) 1.25 X (imposed load) plus 1.15 X (remainder
set up accurately reflectsthe in-service conditions with of dead load);
particular regard to: 2) 1.15 X (remainder of dead load) plus 1.2 X
a) supports, bearing in mind their influence in (wind load);
restraining warping and torsion; 3) 1.2 X (wind uplift) minus 1.0 X (remainder of
b) loading conditions; dead load);
c) connections. 4) 1.15 X (remainder of dead load) plus 1.0 X
(imposed load and wind load).
10.6.6 Testing of connections with fasteners
10.6.3 Proof test criteria
%stson connections with fasteners may be carried out The structure or component should demonstrate
to determine theirtensile, compressive or bending
substantially linear behaviour under the proof test load.
strength and the corresponding values of slip or On removal of the test load the residual deflection
rotation. should not exceed20 % of the maximum deflection
NOTE Formal procedures for many practical cases are given in recorded duringthis test. If these criteria are not
ECCS Publications No. 21: European recommendationsfor steel
construction: .% design and testing of connections in steel satisfied the proof test may be repeatedonce only
sheeting and sections.[2] and ECCS Publication No. 4 2 European Under this repeat application of the proof test loading
recommendations for steel constructh: mechanical fasteners f o r the stsucture should demonstrate substantiallylinear
use in steel sheeting and sections 131 behaviour and the residual deflection should not
These tests should reflect the in-service conditions as exceed 10 % of the maximum recorded duringthis
accurately as possible and the results may be used in repeat test.
the analysis of the structure or asembly
10.7 Strength test
10.6 Proof test 10.7.1 General
10.6.1 General A strength testmay be used to confirm the calculated
loadcarrying capacity of a stsuctural assemblyor
A proof test may be used as a nondestructive test to component. Before a strength testis carried out, the
confirm the general structural behaviour of a structure, test specimen shouldfi& pass the prooftest detailed
structural assembly or component. Any irregularities in 10.6.
occurring during thetest should be closely scrutinized If a number of similar itemsare to be constructed
and thereasons fortheir occurrence recorded. using a common design, and one or moreprototypes
It should be recognized that the loading applied ina satisfy all the criteria of this strength test, the others
proof test may cause permanent localdistortions. Such may be accepted without load testing providedthat
effects do not necessarily indicate structuralfailure, quality control (see 10.2.3) confirms that they are
but therelevance of their occurrence to the continued similar in all relevant respects to the prototypes.
use of the components concerned shouldbe decided On the attainment of the strength test load, it should
before testing. be maintained at a near constant value to allow repeat
During a proof test,the loads should be applied in a measurements for detecting possible creep. The loads
number of regular increments at regular time intends and deflections should be measuredat regular
and theprincipal deflections should be measuredat checking intervals of at least 5 min. The loading should
each stage. If the deflections show significant be adjusted to remain constant until there is no
non-linearity, the load increments shouldbe reduced significant increase in deflection duringat least three
Unloading should be completed in regular decrements, checking intervals subsequent to the attainmentof the
with deflection readingstaken at each stage. strength test load.
On the attainment of the proof test load, it should be 10.7.2 Strength test load
maintained at a near constant value to allow repeat The test load for a sh-ength test should be based on
measurements for deteclmg possible creep. The loads the factored load for design by calculationobtained
and deflections should be measured at regular from section2 using the appropriate yf factors for the
checking intervals of at least 5 min. The loading should relevant combination of dead, imposed and wind loads.
be adjusted to remain constant mtil there is no The total test load (including the self-weight of the test
sigruficant increase in deflection during at least three specimen) should be determined using:
checking intervals subsequentto the attainment of the (Strength test load) = R, X (factored load)
proof test load. in whichR, is the relative strength coefficient
determined in accordance with10.4.

52 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 10.7.3 Criteria 10.8.3 Evaluation of test results
On removal of the strength test load the residual 10.8.3.1 Determination of design capmitu
deflection should not exceed80 % of the maximum
deflection recorded during this test. The design capacity foran item similar to that tested
Under the strengthtest load none of the following
events should occur in any part of the test specimen:
may be determined from:
design capacity = Kt X
p
a
n tir result)
1
- collapse or fracture;
in which R, is the relative stsength coefficient
- a crack beginning to spread in a vital part of the determined in accordance with10.4, and the mean test
specimen; result is based on a minimum of four tests.
- the displacement becominggrossly excessive. If the resulting design capacity falls below the mean
result obtajned h-om the strength test, the latter should
10.8 Failure test be taken.
10.8.1 General For fouror more related tests Kt should be determined
from:
A failure test may be used to determine the real mode
of failure and the ultimate load CaSFying capacity of a
structural assembly or component.Because it is only [
Kt = 1.1 x 1 -
(mean
k X S
]
test result)
; but not greater
from a testto failure that this information can be than 1.0
obtained, when a specimen for astrength test is not in which S is the standard deviation of the test results,
required for use in service, it may be advantageous to obtained from:
obtain this additional information after completing the
strength test.
Even if detennining the ultimate load-carrying capacity
is the prime objective, it is still desirable to carry out a
proof test followed by a stsength test before where:
proceeding to determine the failure load. In such cases,
an estimate should be made of the anticipated design k is a statistical factor obtained from W l e 14
capacity as a basis forthe proof test load. It may then for the appropriate number of tests;
be desirable to aajust #is estimated value on the basis
of the stsength test. n is the number of tests,
During a test to failure, the loading should first be vi is the result of test i.
applied in increments upto the strength test load.
Subsequent load increments shouldthen bebased on Table 14 - Statistical factor, k
an examination of a plot of the principal deflections.
10.8.2 Failure criteria
The ultimate loadanying capacity should be taken as 1 Value of k I 2.6312.331 2.181 2.0011.9211.7611.731 1.641
the value of the test load beyond which the component
or assembly is unable to sustain any further increase in 10.8.3.2 Design capacitiesfor families of tests
load. At this load gross, permanent distortion is likely A series of tests carried out on a number of otherwise
to have occurred In some cases excessive defonnation similar components orstructural assemblies, in which
may define the ultimate capaciw. one or more parameteris k e d , may be treatedas a
Failure of a test specimen shouldbe considered to single family of tests, provided that they all have the
have occurred in any of the following events: same failure mode. Theparameters that are varied may
include cross-sectional dimensions,spans, thickness
- collapse or fracture; and material strengths.
- a crack beginningto spread in a vital part of the The design capacitiesof the members of a family may
specimen; be determined onthe basis of a suitable design
- the displacement becoming grossly excessive. expression that relates the test resultsto all the
The test result should be takenas the maximum value relevant parameters. This design expression may either
of the loading appliedto the test specimen either be based on the appropriate equations of structural
coincident with failureor immediately prior to failure, mechanics, or determined on an empirical basis.
as appropriate. The design expression shouldbe modified to predict
the mean measured resistanceas accurately as
practicable, by austing the coefficients to optimize
the correlation.

53
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 In order to calculate the standard deviation, S , each In preparing load tables, account shouldbe taken of
test result shouldfirst be normalized by dividing it by the possibility that relevant serviceability limitstate
the corresponding value predicted bythe design criteria, rather than ultimate limit state design
expression. If the design expression has been modified resistance, might govern the load-canying capacity.
as specified above,the mean d u e of the normalized Load tables should always clearlystate whether they
results will be uniq. The number of tests, n, should be are for factored or unfactored load capacities.
taken as equal to the total number of tests in the In unfactored load tables, wherethe combination of
f w .
loads is not specified, the tabulated values should be
For a family of at least four tests, the design capacity based on the most conservative combination of
should be determined using: factored loads.
design CapXi@ = l.md,i (1 - k x S ) but 5 &,i
10.9.2 Tables based completely on testing
where:
If the load tables are based completely on test results,
Rd,i is fie resistance predicted by the design
suffícient tests should be carried out to determine the
characteristic design capacityof the component or
expression forthe specific paxameters;
system wing the statistical factorsgiven in Table 14.
k is a statistical factorobtainedfrom Table 14 The tests should cover the whole range of geometries
for the appropriate number of tests; and loading conditions to be published in the load
s is the standarddeviation of the normalized test tables in such a way that no extrapolation from the
results, obtainedfrom: test results is contained in the published data The
tests should confirm that, when subjected to the stated
service loads,the components do not exhibit
significant localor permanent distortions. The formsof
loading and support used in the tests should conform
S = n-1 to those stated in the load tables.
in which, 10.9.3 Tables based on combined testing and
analysis
n is the numberof tests; As an alternative to 10.9.2, load tables may be based
- on a rational analysis assisted by testing. The
vi is the normalized result of test i = 3; mathematical model of the resistance should take
Rd,;
account of all failure modes that are possible within
the range of the load tables. This mathematical model
10.9 Load tables should be validated by testing.
10.9.1 General The validation of the mathematical model may be
Load tables for components and systems maybe based carried out by means of full scale tests on a completely
representative portion of the structure, comprising the
either completely on the results of tests in accordance .structural components and connections,together with
with 10.8 or on a combination of testing and rational the associated materials and methodsof fixing which
analysis. will be used in service.
Such tablesmay be usedto represent the performance
Alternatively the mathematical model maybe validated
of a member or assembly when its behaviour is by canying out separate tests on all members,
influenced by interaction with cladding and other
structural components, provided the member or
connections and other slxuctural components to
determine theirstrength and stiffness, and the
assembly formspart of a specific structuralsystem in rotational restraintgiven to the members by cladding.
which the effect of those factors has been evaluated
The results derived should be adjustedto account for
If the performance of a system relies on the stabilizing
i specimen variability using the relativestrength
effect of associated materials, such as sheeting on roof coefficient given in 10.4. The d u s t e d results may then
purlin s y s t e m s , load tables based on testing
should
clearly state the necessary conditions ofvalidity in be used in a rational analysis of the component or
terms of the associated materials andthe methods of system to produce load tables. The analysisused
should take into account all failure possibilities. If this
fixing them.
is in doubt further tests in accordance with 10.8
Exh-apolation should generallybe avoided. However should be carried out to check the validity of the
limited extrapolation may be used wherethis can be
justified onthe basis of a specific and appropriate
analysis of test results, provided that it can be
demonstsated that this extrapolation does not lead to
conditions in which a different failure mode is likely

54 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Annex A (normative) A.1.6 Calculation of tensile capacitg
Screws, blind rivets and powder actuated Blind rivets should not normally be used to carry
sigruficant tensile forces.
fasteners For screws which carry significant tensile loads, the
A.l Connections with screws and blind rivets head of the screw, or washer if present, should have a
A.l.l General diameter, d,, of at least 8 mm and should have
This clause applies to self-tapping screws, including adequate rigidity
Wead-fonning, thread-cutting or selfdrilling screws, The tensile capaciw, Pt, at a screwed connection may
with3.0mm Id I 8.00mm and to blind rivets be taken as the smallest of a), b) or c).
with 2.5 mm I d I 7.5 mm where d is the diameter of a) Pulling of the connected material over the screw
the screw or rivet. head or washer: For connected material of thickness,
If members of different thickness are connected, the t3 less than 2.00 mm; and for head or washer size,4,
head of the screw or the preformed headof the rivet less than 25 mm:
should be in contact with the thinner member. Pt = l.l&d&
The diameter of the predrilled holes should be strictJy For otherconfigurations the tensile capacity should
in accordance with the manufaclmer’s requirements. be determined by testing.
In load-canying connections, at least two fasteners b) Pull out fmm the base matmial. For base
should be used. material thichess, t4, greater than 0.9 mm:
k1.2 Minimum pitch Pt = 0.65t4dpy
The distance between centresof fasteners should be c) Tensilefailure of th.e s m itsew The tensile
not less than 3d. capaciw, Pft of the screw itself can only be
A.1.3 Minimum edge and end distances determined by testing and should normally be
The distance from the centreof a fastener to the edge guaranteed by the manufacturer. Pft should be
of any part should be not less than M.If the greater than 1.25Pt.
connection is subjected to force in one direction only A.2 Powder actuated fasteners
which is such as to cause shear of the fastener, the A.2.1 e n e r a l
minimum edge distance may be reduced to 1.5d
or 10 mm whichever is the smaller, in a direction This clause applies to fasteners with
n o d to theforce. 3.5 mm 5 d 5 4.5 mm where d is the diameter of the
fastener.
A.1.4 Calculation of shear capacitg in tilting and
bearing Limitations specified by themanufacturer regardingthe
thickness and yield stress of the material to be joined
The shear capaciw, P,, of a screw or rivet in tilting and should be observed. The thickness of the base material
bearing may be taken as: into which the fastener is fixed should not be less
t4 = 1.0,
a) for - k 6 m m .
t3 A.2.2 Minimum pitch
the smaller of P, = 3.2 (t33d)”2py The distance between centres of fasteners should be
and P, = 2.1t3dpy not less than 4.5d.
t4 S 2.5 P, = 2.1t3py A.2.3 Minimum edge and end distances
b) for -
t3 The distance from the centreof a fastener to the edge
c) for 1.0 c t& c 2.5 P, may be determined by of any partshould not be less than 4.W.
linear interpolation A.2.4 Calculation of shear capacitg
between a) and b) The shear capacity, P,, of a powder actuated fastener
where with respect to tearing of the fastened material may be
is the thickness of the member in contact taken as:
with the screw head or the preformed rivet P, = 3.2tdpy
head; where
t4 is the thicknessof the memberremotefrom t is the thickness of the member in contact
the screw head or the preformed rivet head; with the fastener head;
d is the diameter of the fastener; d is the diameter of the fastener;
& is the designstrength of the member py is the design strength of the fastened
material. material.
The shear capaciw, Pf,, of the fastener itself should be The shear capacity, Pf,,of the fastener itself should be
determined by testing and should normallybe determined by testing and should normally be
guaranteed by the manufacturer. Pfs should be greater guaranteed by the manufacturer. Pf,,should be greater
than 1.25Ps than 1.25P,.

O BSI 1998 55
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 S T D - B S I B S 5750-5-ENGL L798 m L b 2 4 b b 7 07LILI334 7 b l II
BS 5950-5:1998 Annex A

A.2.6 Calculation of tensile capacitg Annex B (informative)

Powder actuated fasteners shouldnot be used to carry K factors for some bending and
significant tensile forces unless theyaxe used with a
suitable washerof minimum diameter 8 mm and of compression elements
adequate rigidity; Values for buckling coefficientsfor elementsof some
"he tensile capacity, Pt, of a fastener maybe taken as common stsuctural members are plotted in Figures B.l
the smaller of a) orb). to B.3 and approximate equations are included to aid
calculation. The K factors given refer to the element of
a) Pulling of the connected material over the w a s h width bl in all cases and are thustermed K I .Where l i 1
Pt should be determined in accordance with A.1.6a).
is less than4 in the case of a stiffened element
b) PUU outfimn the base m W . Pt should be and 0.425 in the case of an unstiffened element, the
determined by test. value 4 or 0.425 may be used.
In the case of uniformly compressed members the
corresponding li factor for elements ofwidth b2, which
is thus temed K2, may be obtained as follows:

where
h = b2/bl

bl, b2 are the mid-line dimensions of the

respective elements assuming rounded
corners are replaced with the intersections
of the flat elementsas in 3.5.1.
tl, .$ are the thicknessesof element widths 61
and b2 respectively

Nomally tl and t2 are equal, but there are cases where

the element has double thickness, e.g. element 61 in
case 3 of F'igure B.1 where tl = 2t2.
Where K2 is less than 4 or 0.425 as the case may be
then the values4 or 0.425 may be used
In the case of beams the l i 1 factor refers to the
element of width h, which is taken as the compression
element except in the case of curve 2 in RgureB.3, in
which cases thel i 1 factor refersto the tip stsess of the
unstiffened bending element.
NOTE The curves and formulae given in Figures B. 1, B.2 and B.3
apply only to sections having essentially similar geometries to
those indicated in the figures, and only within the range of the
geometries shown. Moreover, the edgestiffeners in lipped
channels should conform to 4.6, so that the adjacent flat
compression element may be consideredas stiffened. The useof
the curves and formulae outsidethis range may lead to erroneous
estimates of the K factors.

O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 ~~

S T D - B S I BS 5950-5-ENGL L778 .&I l b 2 4 b b 7 0744335 b T B W

Annex B BS 5950-5:1998

O
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.o

Curve 1Lipped channel KI = 7 - -- 1.43h3

0.15 + h
2h
Curve 2 Box with equal thickness sides KI = 7 - - l.2h3
0.11 + h
~

Curve 3 Box with unequal thickness sidesKl = 7 - 5.4h + 50h(h - 0.55)(h - 0.75)(h - 1)
Curve 4 Plain channel Kl +

B where ß = (1 + 15h3)"
= P + 4*8h
Curve 5 I-section made from two plain channels fixed back-bback
K1=-+- h, where ß = (1 + 90h4)u2
+

P P
Figure B . l - K factors for uniformly compressed members.

O BSI 1998 57
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 2.00.4 0.8
1.6 1.2 2.4

h = -b2
4
1%
Curve 1 Element connection to webs on both edges Kl = 7 -A - 0.091h3
0.15 + h
14h
Curve 2 Element connected to web on one edge and lip on other edge Kl = 5.4 - L- O.O2h3
0.6 + h
Figure B.2 - K factors for stiffened compression elements of beams

1.5

Kl
1.o

O. 5

O 1 2 5 6 7

3.4
Curve 1 Channel flanges as bending elements Kl =
@+Ai)
o.8h - 0.0025h2
W e 2 Unstiffened elementKI = 1.28 - -
2+h
Figure B.3 - K factors for unstiffened elements of beams

58 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Annex C (Mormative)
a factors for members in compression
Values of the a factor for members in compression and restmined as in 6.3.1 are given in W l e C.l For defmition
of symbols see 6.3.2.

Table C.l- 01 factors for members in com1Dression

Section
i 6

F
hC I- t
~"

1.60 I 1.151 1.11I 1.061 1.02 1.00 --

1.26 I 1.33 I 1.27 I 1 2 f l 1.14 1.081 I
.O0
L! .-
1.31 1.23 I 1..o9 1.04
1.56 1.45 ..30
- 1.24 -
1.62 1.51 ..41 i . 3 4 1.28 ..u
- --
1.00 ---
1.10 1.06 1.02
-- 1.00 - - -
1.26 I 1.39 I 1.35 I 1.30 1.24 1.18 - 1.08
1.13 - ..o0
- 1.04 - -
1.00 I 1.65 I 1.58 I 1.51 1.43 1.36 1.30 1.24 l.19 ..
- 15 1.
-02
1.57 1.49 1.42
--- 1.36 1.31 ..27 1.14
1.39 1.34
1.45 1.50 1.30 i.27 1. 15

1 1.01 1.00 -
1.76 I 1.23 I 1.20 I 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00

1.33
1.74 1.60 L-
-

1.60 I 1.40 I 1.35 I 1.28 1.22 1.15 1.08 -1.03

1.19 L. 12
1.27 1.36
- 1.25
1.43 1.55 -
.49 1.40
1.48 1.40
1.59 1.73
1.00
-
1.06
-
1.18
1.33
-
1.33
1.01
L.-
1.28
tr
13 ..O9 I 1.05 I 1.02 I 1.00 -
- 1.24 1.201.181.15
1.28 1.24 1.20 1.18
1.15
1.14
1.14

dnL -
0.76 I 1.80 I 1.34 I 1.17 1.10 1.06
1.14
--- -

1.22
1.10
-
-- -
- 1.03
1.05 --
1.08
1.03 1.02
1.02
-
1.06 -
1.01
1.05
1.01
1.01
1.04 1.03
1.44 1.30 1.22 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.08 1.07
1.03
1.02
1.06
1.05
-
1.01
-
1.02
-
1.04
0.00
- 1.07 1.00 -
0.20 1.20 1.04 1.00

-
a = l por all values

O BSI 1998 59
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Annex D (informative)
Warping constants for some common sections
4proxim- values for the location of the shear centre and valueof the warping constant, C,, are given in
W l e D.l for some common sections.Mid-line dimensions of the elements should be used in the expressions
assuming that the radiused corners arereplaced by the projected intersections of the flat elements as given
in 3.6.1.

Table D.l- Location of shear centre and approximate! values of warping constant C,
Section Shear centre position Warping constant, C,
Coincides with centroid

Xn = b13d2t
d2 (b13 - bz3) + db1b2(bl2 - bz2)

(b13 + bz3) (bl + b2 + 2d)

e = - 3b2
6b + d b3d2t
”

l2
1 i]
+

1+6-
b

fi
6
( 4 b +~ 3~d 2 b ~- 6 d b +~ bd2)
~ - Ix$

( 4 b +~ 3~d 2 b ~- 6 d b +~ bd2)
~ - Zx$
6

60 O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 Table D . l - Location of shear centre and approximate values of warping constant C, (continued)
WarDing constant, C,

??E
181x
(4b + 3d)

"leb-
'T Coincides with centroid

O BSI 1998 61
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
~~~
 Bibliography

BS 2994, Spebfkation forcold rolled steel s e c m .

BS 5950-1:19!30, Structuml uses of steelworlc in building - Code of practice for design in simple and
continuous construction.
BS 5950-2, Structural useof steelworlc in building - Specifcation formateriaEs, fabrication and erection:
hot-rolled sections.
BS 59503-3.1, Structuml use of steelworlc in building - Code of practice for design of simple and continuous
composite beams.
BS 59504, Structural useof steelwork in building - Code of practice for design of composite slabs with m f a d
steel sheeting.
BS 5950-6, Structural useof steelwork in building - Code of practice for design of light gauge lrrofiled steel
sheeting.
BS 5950-9, Structuml use of steelworlc in building - Code of practice for stressed skin design.
BS EN 440,Welding consumbles. Wire electrodes and depositsfor gas shielded metal arc welding of mn d o y
and fine grain steels. Class@cation.
BS EN 499, Welding c o m m b l e s . Covered electrodesfor Ute manual metal arc welding of non &y atndfine
grain steeds. classification.
BS EN 756, Welding consu&les. wire electrodes and wire-flux combinations for submerged arc welding of
non aUoy and fine grain steels. Clas.$fication.
BS EN 758, Welding consu&les. Wndur cored electrodes for metal arc welding with and without a gas shield
of non-alloy and fine grain steels. CZass@Tcation.
BS EN 10219-1~1997,Cold formed welded structural h0Uow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels -
Technicd delivery requirements.
BS EN 10219-21997, Cold formed welded structural h0U.o~sections of non-alloy and f i n e grain steels -
í"ames, d i m i o n s and section pmperties.

Other publications
[l]GREAT BRlT'T
. he Building Regulations 1991: Approved Document k The Stationery Office.
(21 EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK, BRUSSELS.(ECCS) publication No. 21
(1983): European recommendations for steel construction: the design andtesting of connections in steel sheeting
and sections.1)
[3] EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK, BRUSSELS.(ECCS) Publication No. 42
(1983): European recommendations for steel construction: mechanical fasteners for usein steel sheeting and
sections.1)

Available from Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park,Ascot, Berkshire SL6 7QN. Tel 01344 623345.

O BSI 1998
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 ~~

STD.BS1 BS 5950-5-ENGL L998 I

I l b 2 g b b 9 0744343 9 T l lls
BS 5950-5~1998

BSI - British Standards Institution

BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It
presents the UK view on standards in Europe andat the international level.It is
incorporated by Royal Charter.
Revisions
Bri!jsh Stan&& are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards
should makesure that they possess the latest amendments or editions.
It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our productsand services.We
would be grateful if anyone findingan inaccuracy or ambiguity while usingthis
British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible,
the identity of whichcan be found onthe inside front cover. Tel:O181 996 9000.
Fax: O181 996 7400.
BSI offersmembers an individud updating service calledPLUS which ensures that
subscribers automatically receive
the latest editions of standards.
Buying standards
Orders forall BSI, international and foreign standards publications shouldbe
addressed to Customer Services. Tel 0181 996 7000.Fax: 0181 996 7001.
h response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI
implementation of those that have been publishedas British Standards,unless
otherwise requested.
Information on standards
BSI provides a wide rangeof information ond o n a l , European and international
standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Vaxious
BSI electronic informationservices are also available which give detailson all its
products and services. Contact the Information Centre.Tel O181 996 7111.
Fax O181 996 7048.
Subscribing members of BSIare kept up to date with standards developments and
receive substantial discountson the purchase priceof standards.For details of
these andother benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel:O181 996 7002.
Fax O181 996 7001.
Copyright
Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, inthe UK, of
the publications ofthe international standardization bodies. Except as permitted
under the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988no extract may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval systemor transmitted in any form or byany means - electronic,
photocopying, recordingor otherwise - without prior written permission from BSI.
This does not preclude the free use, in the c o m e of implementing the standard, of
necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations.If these
details are to beused for any other purpose than implementation thenthe prior
written permission of BSI mustbe obtained
If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments aorlicensing
agreement. Detailsand advice can be obtained from the Copyright Manager.
Tel: O181 996 7070.

i
BSI
389 ChiswickHigh Road
London
W4 4AL

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Licensed by Information Handling Services