MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

1. A) Attempt any six: (6x2= 12 )

a) Differentiate between computer Network and human Network. 2M

Ans: Computer Network Human Network (Any two

points: 1
1.Computer network is a 1. Human Network is a network of human mark
interconnections of two or more beings.
each)
computers

2.It consist of computers & 2.It consist of individuals ,organizations,

connecting devices like as Hub or schools, hospitals, work places etc
printer etc

3.Example : Internet 3.Example: 1.Family network, Peer

Network, Restaurant Network, Contact
Network

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
b) State any two advantages of Bus topology. 2M

Ans: Advantages of bus topology: ( Any two

 It works well when you have a small network. advantag
 Easiest network topology for connecting computers or peripherals in a linear fashion. es: 1
 It is easy to set-up and extend bus network. mark
 Cable length required for this topology is the least compared to other networks. each)
 Bus topology costs very less.

c) Describe the types of hubs. 2M

Ans: Types of hubs: (Any two

1) Passive 2) Active 3) Intelligent types:1
Passive Hubs: A passive hubs simply combines the signals of a network segments. There is mark
no signal processing or regeneration. A passive hub reduces the cabling distance by half each)
because it does not boost the signals and in fact absorbs some of the signal. With the passive
hub each computer receives the signal sent from all the other computers connected to the
hub.
Active hubs: They are like passive hubs but have electronic components for regeneration
and amplification of signals. by using active hubs the distance between devices can be
increased. The main drawback of active hubs is that the amplify noise along with the signals.
They are also much expensive than passive hubs.
Intelligent hubs: in addition to signal regeneration, intelligent hubs perform some network
management and intelligent path selection. One advantage to this is that all transmission
media segment can be connected permanently because each segment will be used only when
a signal is sent to a device using that segment.

d) Define following terms: 2M

a) Static router
b) Dynamic router
Ans: Static Router: (
Static router is a device in which the system network administrator would manually Definition
configure network routers with all the information necessary for successful packet of Static
Router
forwarding.
and
Dynamic Router: dynamic
Dynamic router is a networking device which enables routers to select paths according to router : 1
real-time logical network layout changes. In dynamic routing, the routing protocol operating mark
on the router is responsible for the creation, maintenance and updating of the dynamic each)
routing table.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
e) State three advantages of optical fiber cable. 2M

Ans: Optical fibre advantages: ( Any

 Higher bandwidth : Fiber-optic cable can support dramatically higher bandwidths (and three
hence data rates) than either twisted-pair or coaxial cable advantag
 Less signal attenuation: Fiber-optic transmission distance is significantly greater than es: 2
that of other guided media. A signal can run for 50 km without requiring regeneration.
marks)
 Immunity to electromagnetic interference: Electromagnetic noise cannot affect fiber-
optic cables.
 Resistance to corrosive materials: Glass is more resistant to corrosive materials than
copper.
 Light weight: Fiber-optic cables are much lighter than copper cables.
 Greater immunity to tapping: Fiber-optic cables are more immune to tapping than
copper cables. Copper cables create antenna effects that can easily be tapped.
 Lesser number of repeaters
 Electrical isolation: - Optical fibres are fabricated from glass or plastic polymers which
are electrical insulators. Hence they do not exhibit earth loop.
 Signal security: - The light from Optical fibre does not radiate significantly & therefore
they provide a high degree of signal security.
f) State the need of computer network. 2M

Ans: Need for computer network: (Any two

• File/Folder Sharing need: 1
• Hardware Sharing (Resource sharing) mark
• Application sharing (Saving Cost) each)
• User Communication (Email, Remote Access)

g) Define the following term: Roaming. 2M

Ans: Roaming: It is the ability for a cellular customer to automatically make and receive voice (Correct
calls, send and receive data, or access other services, including home data services, when Definition
travelling outside the geographical coverage area of the home network, by means of using a :2
visited network. marks)

h) State the names of two sublayers of data link layer. 2M

Ans:  Logic Link Control Sublayer (1 mark

 Media Access Control Sublayer each for
two
correct
names)

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
B) Attempt any two: (2x4=8)

a) State whether bus is active or passive network. Justify. 4M

Ans: Bus is a passive network. (Passive

The bus topology is usually used when a network installation is small, simple or temporary. network:
In bus network, the cable is just one or more wires, with no active electronics to amplify the 1 mark,
Justificati
signal or pass it along from computer to computer. This makes the bus a passive network.
on:3
OR marks)
In the bus topology the major component is the backbone cable. The communication takes
place through it and this backbone does not do any amplification or correction of signals
passed through that’s why bus can be called as passive network

b) State and explain network features. 4M

Ans: Network features: (Enlisting

1. File Sharing of
2. Printer Sharing network
3. Application Services features:
4. E-mail Services 1 mark,
5. Remote access Explanati
6. Internet & Intranet on of any
three: 1
1) File sharing: File sharing is the primary feature of network. Due to use of networks, the mark
sharing of files becomes easier. File sharing requires a shared directory or disk drive to each)
which many users can access over the network. When many users are accessing the same file
on the network, more than one person can make changes to a file at the same time. They
might both making conflicting changes simultaneously.
2) Printer sharing: Printer sharing is beneficial to many users as they can share costly &
higher quality printers. Printer sharing can be done in several different ways on network. The
most common way is to use printer queues on server. The printer queue holds print job until
any currently running print jobs are finished & then automatically send the waiting jobs to
the printer i.e. printer connected to server. Another way to share printer on a network is that
each workstations accesses the printer directly.
3) Application services: You can also share application on a network. For example you can
have a shared copy of Microsoft office or some other application & keep it on the network
server. Another application services you can have on the network is shared installation i.e.
contents of CD-ROM copy to the server, then run the installation the installing application
mush faster & more convenient.
4) E- mail services: E-mail is extremely valuable & important feature for communication
within organization or outside the people in world. E-mail service can be used by user in two
different ways: 1. File based 2.Client File based e-mail system requires gateway server for

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
connecting or handling the e-mail interface between the two systems using gateway software
that is part of the file-based e-mail system. A client-server e-mail system is one where an e-
mail server containing the messages & handles all incoming & outgoing mail. It is more
secure & powerful than file based e-mail system.
5) Remote access: Using this feature user can access their file & e-mail, when they are
travelling or working on remote location. It enables users to access to centralized application,
stored private or shared files on LAN.
6) Internet & Intranet: Internet: It is public network. This consists of thousands of
individual networks & millions of computers located around the world. Internets have many
different types of services available such as e-mail, the web & Usenet newsgroups.
Intranet: It is private network or it is company’s own network. Company use this feature for
internal use. For example: company establish its own web server, for placing documents
such as employee handbooks, purchases form or other information that company publishes
for internal use. It also has internet services such as FTP servers or Usenet servers.
c) State the functions of: 4M
1) Hub
2) Repeater
3) Bridge
4) Router
Ans: 1)Hub: (Two
 Hub connects all nodes in star topology. Hub is broadcasting device. Functions
 It sends packets to all nodes in the network. of Each
compone
 It works at Physical Layer of OSI model.
nt - ½
2) Repeater: marks
 Repeaters are used to take the distorted, weak and corrupt input signal and regenerate this each)
signal at its output.
 It ensures that the signals are not distorted or weak before it reaches the destination.
 It increases the signal strength.
3)Bridge:
 A bridge device filters data traffic at a network boundary.
 Bridges reduces the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two segments.
 It inspects incoming traffic and decides whether to forward or discard it.
 It sends packets between two networks of same type.
4)Router:
 Router chooses the best path for packet forwarding.
 Router read complex network address in packet.
 It works at Network Layer of OSI model
 Efficiently direct packets from one network to another, reducing excessive traffic.
 Join neighbouring or distant network
 Connect dissimilar networks.
 Prevent network bottlenecks by isolating portions of a network.
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
2. Attempt any four of the following: (4x4=16)

a) Draw and explain the working of star topology. 4M

Ans: (Diagram
: 2 Mark,
Descripti
on: 2
marks)

Star Topology:
• In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller, usually called a hub.
• The devices are not directly linked to one another.
• A star topology does not allow direct traffic between devices.
• The controller acts as an exchange.
• If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data to the controller, which then
relays the data to the other connected device.
• A star topology is less expensive than a mesh topology.
• In a star, each device needs only one link and one I/O port to connect it to any number of
others. This factor also makes it easy to install and reconfigure.
 Far less cabling needs to be housed, and additions, moves, and deletions involve only
one connection: between that device and the hub.
• Other advantages include robustness. If one link fails, only that link is affected. All other
links remain active. This factor also lends itself to easy fault identification and fault isolation.
• As long as the hub is working, it can be used to monitor link problems and bypass defective
links.
• One big disadvantage of a star topology is the dependency of the whole topology on one
single point, the hub. If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead.
• Although a star requires far less cable than a mesh, each node must be linked to a central
hub.
• The star topology is used in local-area networks (LANs). High-speed LANs often use a star
topology with a central hub.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
b) Describe role of modem in Networking. 4M

Ans: (Diagram
: 1 mark,
Explanati
on: 3
marks)

ROLE OF MODEM: A modem, which stands for modulator-demodulator, is the device we

use to translate analog signals into digital signals for purposes of computer communications.
It serves as a bridge of sorts between the input and output of data. A modem is a device or
program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable
lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over
telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these
two forms. Fortunately, there is one standard interface for connecting external modems to
computers called RS-232. Consequently, any external modem can be attached to any
computer that has an RS-232 port which almost all personal computers have. There are also
modems that come as an expansion board that you can insert into a vacant expansion slot.
These are sometimes called onboard modems or internal modems.
Functions of modems:
1. Take the data from the RS-232 interface.
2. Convert the binary data into analog signal or data.
3. Perform the line control and signaling to the other end of phone line.
4. Send dialing signals.
c) Draw and explain twisted pair cable. 4M

Ans: (Diagram
 A twisted pair consists of two copper wires about 1 mm thick. : 2 marks,
 These two wires are individually contained in a plastic insulation and are twisted Explanati
together in a helical form. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, flour polymer resin and on: 2
Teflon(r) are some of the substances that are used for insulation purposes. marks)

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429

 Purpose of twisting the wire is to reduce the electrical interference from the similar
pairs in surroundings. The performance of the wire improves with the increase in the
number of twist per foot.
 If the two wires are parallel, then the electromagnetic interference from the devices
such as motor can create a noise or interferences.
 Inferences on the wire that is closer to the source of noise. These results in high
voltage level in one wire than the other This further leads to uneven load and
damaged signal and there will be difference at the receiver side.
 If two wires are twisted, then the cumulative effect of the interference on both the
wires is equal.
 In such a way, each wire is closer to the noise source for half of the time and farther
away for the other half i.e. in one twist one wire is closer to the noise source and the
other is farther; in next twist the reverse is true.
 In this way, there will be no difference at the receiver side as unwanted signals are
cancelled out.
 Twisted pair is distance limited. As distance between network element increases,
attenuation increases and quality decreases at a given frequency.
 Twisted pair is an insecure transmission medium. It is relatively simple to place
physical taps.
 Twisted pair cables are of two types namely, Shielded (STP) and Unshielded (UTP)
based on the shield provided to cover it.

Page 8 of 28
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
d) Describe any four situations in which server based networks are more superior to peer 4M
to peer network.

Ans: 1. Centralization: Servers help in administering the whole set-up. Access rights and (Any four
resource allocation is done by Servers. correct
2. Proper Management: All the files are stored at the same place. Also it becomes easier to situation:
find files.
1 mark
3. Back-up and Recovery possible: As all the data is stored on server it’s easy to make a
back-up of it. each)
4. Up-gradation and Scalability in Client-server set-up: Changes can be made easily by
just upgrading the server. Also new resources and systems can be added by making
necessary changes in server.
5. Accessibility: From various platforms in the network, server can be accessed remotely.
6. Security: Rules defining security and access rights can be defined at the time of set-up of
server.

e) Give the function of data link layer. 4M

Ans: Functions of data link layer are: ( Any

 Link establishment and termination: establishes and terminates the logical link between four
two nodes. correct
 Frame traffic control: tells the transmitting node to "back-off" when no frame buffers are functions:
available. 1 mark
 Frame sequencing: transmits/receives frames sequentially. each)
 Frame acknowledgment: provides/expects frame acknowledgments. Detects and recovers
from errors that occur in the physical layer by retransmitting non acknowledged frames
and handling duplicate frame receipt.
 Frame delimiting: creates and recognizes frame boundaries.
 Frame error checking: checks received frames for integrity.
 Media access management: determines when the node "has the right" to use the physical
medium.
f) State the limitation of IPV4. 4M

Ans:  Source and destination addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in length. (Any four
 Security is another aspect where IPv4 had a push back. With all devices not accessing the limitation
Internet, there needs to be some security mechanism to protect the data and perform : 1 mark
cryptography services etc. each)
 No identification of payload for QoS handling by routers is present within the IPv4
header.
 The routing tables will become large. A separate routing table entry is needed for each
network resulting in a large number of routing table entries.
 IPv4 addresses are either configured manually or automatically using the DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). These days as almost all devices are IP enabled,

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
we should have simpler means to configure rather have these devices configured
automatically without majorly relying on some administration.
3. Attempt any four: (4x4=16)

a) Compare TCP and UDP. 4M

Ans: TCP and UDP Comparison: (Any 4

comparis
Characteristics TCP UDP ons: each
1mark)
Complexity TCP is more complex UDP is less complex

Connection TCP is connection oriented UDP is connection less

protocol
protocol

Reliability It provides reliable delivery It provides unreliable delivery

of messages of messages

Function As a message makes its way By using this protocol one

across the internet from one program can send a load of
computer to another. This is packets to another and that
connection based. would be the end of the
relationship.

Flow controlling TCP has flow control UDP has no flow control

Overhead Overhead is low Overhead is very low

Which is powerful TCP is more powerful. UDP is less powerful

Speed Slower Faster

Data transmission TCP gives guarantee that the No guarantee of the data
order order of the data at the transmission order
receiving end is the same as
the sending end

Acknowledgment TCP acknowledges the data UDP has no acknowledgment

reception section

Application Used where reliability is Used where time sensitivity is

important more important.

Page 10 of 28
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
b) Explain the service provided by network layer of the OSI model. 4M

Ans: Services provided by Network layer of OSI model: (Any 4: 1

mark
 It is responsible for routing the packets with in the subnet i.e. from source to destination each)
 It ensures that packet is delivered from point of origin to destination error free.
 Defines the most optimum path the packet should take from the source to the destination
 Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified.
 Handles congestion in the network.
 Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous networks (Internetworking).
 The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into smaller packets to
accommodate different media.
 Also provides Accounting and billing.
 Address transformation is also done by the network layer.
c) Describe the Various IP address classes with suitable example. 4M

Ans: IP address classes with example (Class

A,B,C
Different IP address classes in IPv4:- Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E. each:
Class A : 1mark,
Class A IP address format is given below: D&E :
1mark)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte

0 Network ID Host ID Host ID Host ID

In this, the first bit is ‘0’. The next 7 bits are used indicate network id. Rest of the 3 bytes are
used to indicate host id. Thus the First Byte in Class A type of IP address will have a range
from 0 to 126.
Example : 10.1.2.1
In this, the first byte ‘10’ has first bit 0, and hence it belongs to class A IP address.

Class B :
Class B IP address format is given below:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte

1 0 Network ID Network ID Host ID Host ID

In this, the first two bits are ‘1 0’. The next 14 bits are used indicate network id. Rest of the 2
bytes are used to indicate host id. Thus, the first byte of class B type of IP address has a
range from 128 to 191.
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
Example : 187.4.5.1
In this address, the first byte ‘187’ has first two bits as 10.
Class C :
Class C IP address format is given below:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte

1 1 0 Network ID Network ID Network ID Host ID

In this, the first three bits are ‘1 1 0’. The next 21 bits are used indicate network id. Rest of
the One byte is used to indicate host id. Thus the first byte of the IP address in class C has
range from 192 to 223.
Example : 192.168.1.2
In this the first three bits are 110, which represents the Class C type IP address.
Class D:
Class D IP address format is given below:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte

1 1 1 0 Multicast Address

If first 4 bits are ‘1 1 1 0’ the IP address belongs to class D. The IPv4 networking standard
defines Class D addresses as reserved for multicast. Multicast is a mechanism for defining
groups of nodes and sending IP messages to that group rather than to every node on the LAN
(broadcast) or just one other node (unicast). Multicast is mainly used on research networks.
As with Class E, Class D addresses should not be used by ordinary nodes on the Internet.
The range for first byte of class D starts from 224 till 239.

Example: 225.25.2.1
Here, the first 4 bits are 1110.

Class E:
Class E IP address format is given below:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte

1 1 1 1 0 Reserved for future use

If first 5 bits are ‘1 1 1 1 0’ the IP address belongs to class E. For class E minimum value for
reserved address is 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. These are used for research work in IP
addresses.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
Example: 245.5.6.2
Here, the first 5 bits are 11110.

d) Classify networks on the basis of their geography and define. 4M

Ans: Classification of networks based on geography ( listing; 1

mark, for
 LAN - Local Area Network explanati
 MAN - Metropolitan Area Network on: 3
 WAN - Wide Area Network marks,
 CAN - Campus Area Network any 3
 PAN - Personal Area Network explanati
on)
PAN:
1. A PAN is personal area network is used for communication among computer devices
close to one’s person.
2. Wireless networking or Bluetooth technologies are the some examples of PAN. The
communication network established for the purpose of connecting computer devices of
personal use is known as the PAN.

CAN:
1. CAN is a Campus Area Network is used to connect buildings across campuses of colleges
or Universities.
2. A CAN is actually a type of LAN.
3. It is larger than a LAN but smaller than MAN.CAN is a network that connects two or
more LANs but that is limited to a specific and contiguous geographical area such as a
college campus, industrial complex or military base.

LAN:
1. LAN is local area network. LAN is privately-owned networks covering a small geographic
area(less than 1 km), like a home, office, building or group of buildings.
2. LAN transmits data with a speed of several megabits per second.

MAN:
1. A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network that spans a
metropolitan area or campus.
2. A MAN typically covers an area up to 10 kms (city). The best example of MAN is the
cable Television network, available in many cities.
3. For an organization, the common use of a MAN is to extend their LAN connectivity
between buildings/offices that are within the same city or urban area (hence the name
Metropolitan Area Network).
4. The organization can pass their Ethernet frames to the service provider MAN; the service
provider will carry their frames across the MAN; and then deliver the frames to the
destination site.
5. From the customer's point of view, the MAN looks like one big (long) Ethernet link

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
between their offices.
6. The different sites could belong to the same IP subnet, and from the customer's viewpoint,
no routing is required between their sites.

WAN:
1. WAN is wide area network.
2. WAN is a long-distance communication network that covers a wide geographic area, such
as state or country.
3. The most common example is internet.
4. A WAN provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image and video information
over larger geographical areas that may comprise a country or even whole world.

e) Describe any four physical characteristics of fiber optic cable.

Ans: Physical characteristics of Optical Cable: (Any 4

character
1. Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels. istics:
2. Cladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the 1mark
core. each)
3. Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture.
Hundreds or thousands of these optical fibers are arranged in bundles in optical cables. The
bundles are protected by the cable's outer covering, called a jacket.
4. Strengthening fibers: These components help protect the core against crushing forces and
exercise tension during installation.
5. Cable jacket: This is the outer layer of any cable. Most fiber optic cables have an orange
jacket, although some types can have black or yellow jackets
6. Single-mode fibers - Used to transmit one signal per fiber (used in telephones and cable
TV)
7. Multi-mode fibers - Used to transmit many signals per fiber (used in computer networks,
local
area networks)
8. Material used: Some optical fibers can be made from plastic. These fibers have a large
core (0.04 inches or 1 mm diameter) and transmit visible red light from LEDs.

f) Explain tree topology with neat diagram.

Ans: {{**Note: Any other diagram showing central hub and other connection may also be (Diagram
considered**}} :2 marks,
Explanati
Tree Topology: on: 2
A tree topology is variation of star. As in a star, nodes in a tree are linked to a central hub marks)
head end that controls the traffic to a network. However, not every computer plugs into the
central hub, majority of them are connected to a secondary hub which in turn is connected to
the central hub as shown in fig.

Page 14 of 28
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429

Figure: Tree Topology

The central hub contains a repeater, which looks at the incoming bits and 99regenerates them
afresh as full blown signals for 0 or 1 as per case. This allows the digital signals to traverse
over longer distances. Therefore, the central hub is also called active hub. The tree topology
also contains many secondary hubs, which may be active hubs or passive hubs
4. Attempt any four : (4x4=16)

a) State the reason of implementing network. 4M

Ans: Reason for implementing network: (Any 4

reasons:
1. File Sharing : Networking allows file sharing and remote file access. A person sitting at 1mark
one workstation which is connected to a network can easily see files present on another each)
workstation, provided he/she is authorized to do so.
2. Resource (Printer or modem) Sharing : Network provides a cheaper alternative by the
provision of resource sharing. All the computers can be interconnected using a network
and just one modem & printer can efficiently provide the services to all users.
3. Application Services: Networking allows sharing applications and managing them
through centralized management which provides easy and fast maintenance of software
installed in the systems.
4. E-mail Services : E-mail is extremely valuable & important feature for communication
within organization or outside the people in world. Networking allows file based or client
based systems for communication.
5. Centralized Management- Networking allows the management of various resources in
the organization, centrally through architectures such as client server architecture.
6. Backing up data : Creating backup files and restoring them becomes much easier by
implementing networks.
7. Internet and Intranet : Use of Intranet within the area as well as internet which is
global network helps in communication to the external networks.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
b) Compare star bus with star-ring topology. 4M

Ans: Any other comparison can also be considered. (Any 4

comparis
Comparison of Star bus with Star ring topology ons:
1mark
Characteristics Star Bus Topology Star Ring Topology
each)
Connection The hubs are connected in cascade The hubs are connected in
(bus topology) which in turn are cascade in ring topology which
connected to the computers in star in turn are connected to the
topology. computers in star topology.

Backbone Bus topology is the backbone. Ring topology is the backbone.

Diagram

Network If any one hub fails, the computers If any one hub fails, the whole
Failure connected to other hubs in networks network collapses.
still can communicate.

Ease of network Easy to add computers in star Easy to add computers in star
expansion topology and easy to add hubs in topology and difficult to add
bus topology. hubs in ring topology.

c) State name of protocol used at different layers of OSI model. 4M

Ans: Protocols at different layers of OSI model: (Two

Protocols
1. Physical Layer: Bluetooth, PON, OTN, DSL, IEEE.802.11, IEEE.802.3, L431 and TIA of Each
449. Layer - ½
2. Data Link Layer: ARP, CSLIP, HDLC, IEEE.802.3, PPP, X-25, SLIP, ATM, SDLS and marks
PLIP. each (Any
3. Network Layer: Internet Protocol (IPv4), Internet Protocol (IPv6), IPX, AppleTalk, Four
ICMP, IPSec and IGMP. Layer)
4. Transport Layer: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), UDP, SPX, DCCP and SCTP.
5. Session Layer: PPTP, SAP, L2TP and NetBIOS.

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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
6. Presentation Layer: XDR, TLS, SSL and MIME.
7. Application Layer: HTTP, SMTP, DHCP, FTP, Telnet, SNMP and SMPP.

d) Explain the factors to be considered while selecting a cable to establish a network. 4M

Ans: Factors to be considered while selecting a cable: (Any 4

factors : 1
1. Bandwidth: It refers to the data carrying capacity of a channel or medium. Higher mark
bandwidth communication channels support higher data rates. each)
2. Flexibility: In order to expand network, the need for extra equipment or devices.
3. Reliability: The consistency of transmission media (effect of weather conditions).
4. Radiation: It refers to the leakage of signal from the medium due to undesirable
electrical characteristics of the medium.
5. Noise Absorption: It refers to the susceptibility of the media to external electrical noise
that can cause distortion of data signal.
6. Attenuation: It refers to loss of energy as signal propagates outwards. The amount of
energy lost depends on frequency.
7. Number of receivers. The number of users to be connected.
8. Transmission Rate: This refers to the speed or data transmission rate.
9. Cost and Ease of Installation
10. Distance between each device
e) Compare IPV4 and IPV6. 4M

Ans: IPv4 IPv6 (Any four

comparis
on: 1
mark
Source and destination addresses are Source and destination addresses are 128 each)
32 bits (4 bytes) in length.
Bits (16 bytes) in length.

No. addresses are limited to number of Larger addressing area.

bits (32 bits)

Uses broadcast addresses to send There are no IPv6 broadcast addresses.

traffic to all nodes on a subnet. Instead, multicast scoped addresses are

used.

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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
Fragmentation is supported at Fragmentation is not supported at routers. It is
only supported at the originating host.
Originating hosts and intermediate

routers.

IP header includes a checksum. IP header does not include a checksum.

IP header includes options. All optional data is moved to IPv6

extension headers.

IPv4 has classfull addressing scheme, Classless addressing scheme.

includes classes like A,B,C,D and E.

Uses decimal dotted notation Uses hexadecimal notation

f) Describe the architecture of client-server network with its advantages and 4M

disadvantages.

Ans: Client server Architecture consists of Client computers or nodes, which are connected to (2
centralized server. The servers stores all the network's shared files and applications marks;
programs, such as word processor documents, compilers, database applications, Explanati
spreadsheets, and the network operating system. Client will send request to access on:
information from the server based on the request server will send the required information to 1mark;
the client. Advantag
es (Any
two) :
1mark;
Disadvant
ages (Any
two) :
1mark)

Figure: Client Server Architecture

Advantages of Client Server Network:

1. It has the centralized control. i.e. centralized user accounts, security, and access to
simplify network administration.
2. It does not slow down with heavy use.
3. The size of the network can be expanded to any size.
4. Proper Management in which all files are stored at the same place. In this way,

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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
management of files becomes easy. Also it becomes easier to find files.
5. As all the data is stored on server it’s easy to make a back-up of it.
6. Reduces Data duplication by storing data stored on the servers instead of each client, so it
reduces the amount of data duplication for the application.
Disadvantages of Client Server Network:
1. Server failure leads to whole network failure.
2. It is very expensive to install and manage as dedicated hardware (server) and special
software is required.
3. A Professional IT person is required to maintain the servers and other technical details of
network.
5. Attempt any four: (4x4=16)

a) Explain registered and unregistered IP address. 4M

Ans: Registered IP: (2 marks

1. A public address that is visible on the Internet. Contrast with an "unregistered IP" for each
address, which is private and not exposed to anyone outside of the company or home explanati
network. Except for very large companies, registered IPs are allocated to the Internet on)
service provider (ISP), which assigns them to its customers.

Unregistered IP:
1. An Internet Protocol (IP) address set aside for use within a LAN, intranet, or other
private network and not for use in a public network such as the Internet.
2. An IP address within three ranges of numbers that are set aside for the computers in
local networks. Typically assigned to the machines by a DHCP server, these private
addresses are not routed over the Internet. In order to gain access to the Internet, the
private addresses are converted to a public IP address that is exposed to the Internet
by a network address translation (NAT) service.
b) Describe carrier sense multiple access with collision detection. 4M

Ans: 1. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is the LAN access (4 marks:
method used in Ethernet. Relevant
2. When a device wants to gain access to the network, it checks to see if the network is free. explanati
3. If the network is not free, the device waits a random amount of time before retrying. on)
4. If the network is free and two devices access the line at exactly the same time, their
signals collide.
5. When the collision is detected, they both back off and wait a random amount of time
before retrying.
6. CSMA/CD is a type of contention protocol. Networks using the CSMA/CD procedure
are simple to implement but do not have deterministic transmission characteristics. The
CSMA/CD method is internationally standardized in IEEE 802.3 and ISO 8802.3.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
c) Explain horizontal and vertical communication. 4M

Ans: Horizontal communication (2

marks:
Horizont
al
Commun
ication; 2
marks:
Vertical
Commun
ication;
(1 mark
for each
diagram)
)

1) The horizontal communication is the logical connection between the layers, there is no
direct communication between them.

2) Information included in each protocol header by the transmitting system is a message that
will be carried to the same protocol in the destination system.

3) For two computers to communicate over a n/w, the protocol used at each layer of the OSI
model in the transmitting system must be duplicated at the receiving system.

4) The packet travels up through the protocol stack and each successive header is stripped of
by the appropriate protocol & processed.

5) When the packet arrived at its destination, the process by which the headers are applied at
the source is repeated in server.

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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429

Vertical communication:

1) In addition to communicating horizontally with the same protocol in the other system, the
header information also enables each layer to communicate with the layer above & below it.

2) Eg. The network layer will communicate with the data link layer & transport layer.

3) This interlayer communication is called communication vertical.

4) When a system receives a packet & passes it up through various layers the data link layer
protocol header includes a field which specifies the name of network layer protocol to be
used to process the packet.

5) The network layer protocol header will specify the name of transport layer protocol to be
used to process the packet.

d) Compare wire and wireless transmission. 4M

Ans: Wired Transmission Wireless Transmission (Any 4

points : 1
It is also called as guided or bounded It is also called as unguided or unbounded mark
media media. each)
Point to point connection i.e. signal Used for radio broadcasting in all
travelling is directed directions i.e. signal travelling is
undirected

Transport signal in electric current or Transport signal in the form of

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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429

light/ beam electromagnetic waves

Unidirectional, not broadcast Broadcast

Installation is costly and time consuming Installation needs less time and money

Wired media leads to discrete network Wireless media leads to continuous

topologies network topologies

Attenuation depends exponentially on the Attenuation is proportional to square of

distance the distance

Example: Twisted Pair cable, Coaxial Example: Radio, Infrared light,

cable, Fiber optic cable Microwave
e) What is NIC? State three functions of NIC. 4M

Ans: NIC (Network interface card / network adapter): It physically makes the connection, works (1 Mark:-
as interface between computer and network cable. What is
NIC; 3
Functions of NIC: marks:-
1. Establishes and manages the computer’s network connection. any 3
2. Translates digital computer data into signals (appropriate for the networking medium) relevant
for outgoing messages, and translates signals into digital computer data for incoming functions)
messages
3. Provide physical link or connectivity between computer and the network physical
medium.
4. Creates, sends, and receives frames – Frame: fundamental unit of data for network
transmission and reception.
5. Manages access to medium.
6. Control flow of data between computer and physical medium.
7. Acts as gatekeeper (permits inbound communications aimed only at its computer (or
broadcast) to pass through NIC and on to CPU)
– Each card has a unique MAC address in ROM
– Promiscuous mode disables gatekeeper functions

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
f) Compare peer to peer and client-server network. 4M

Ans: ( any 4
Peer to peer Network Client Server Network
point: 1
1. It is much like company uses 1. It is much like company uses mark
decentralized management centralized management. each)

2.In this each machine has same power 2. In this server has more power & client
has less power.

3. Uses less expensive computer 3. It is hardware intensive.

hardware.

4. Easy to setup & administrator. 4. Complex to setup & require

professional administrator.

5.Less secure 5.Very secure

6.Network O.S not required 6.Network O.S required

7.It support small Network 7.It support large Network

8.Might hurt user's performance 8.Better performance

6. Attempt any two: (8x2=16)

a) Explain protocol used in internet layer in TCP/IP. 8M

Ans: The Internet Layer Of TCP/IP Is Responsible For Addressing, Packaging, And Routing ( any 4
Functions. The Core Protocols Of The Internet Layer Are IP, ARP, ICMP, And IGMP. protocols
1) The Internet Protocol (IP) 2 marks
each)
a. It Is A Routable Protocol Responsible For IP Addressing, Routing, And The
Fragmentation And Reassembly Of Packets.
b. It Has The Task Of Delivering Packets From The Source Host To The Destination
Host Solely Based On The IP Address In The Packet Headers.
c. For This Purpose, IP Defines Packet Structures That Encapsulate The Data To Be
Delivered.
d. It Also Defines Addressing Methods That Are Used To Label The Datagram With
Source And Destination Information.

2) The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

a. It Is Responsible For The Resolution Of The Internet Layer Address To The Network
Interface Layer Address Such As A Hardware Address.
b. ARP Was Defined By RFC 826 In 1982.

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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
c. ARP Is Used For Mapping A Network Address (E.G. An Ipv4 Address) To A
Physical Address Like An Ethernet Address (Also Named A MAC Address).
d. ARP Has Been Implemented With Many Combinations Of Network And Data Link
Layer Technologies

3) The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

a. It Is Responsible For Providing Diagnostic Functions And Reporting Errors Due To
The Unsuccessful Delivery Of IP Packets.
b. It Is Used By Network Devices, Like Routers, To Send Error Messages Indicating,
For Example, That A Requested Service Is Not Available Or That A Host Or Router
Could Not Be Reached. ICMP Can Also Be Used To Relay Query Messages.

4) The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

a. It Is Responsible For The Management Of IP Multicast Groups.
b. It Is Used By Hosts And Adjacent Routers On Ipv4 Networks To Establish Multicast
Group Memberships.
c. IGMP Is An Integral Part Of IP Multicast.
d. IGMP Can Be Used For One-To-Many Networking Applications Such As Online
Streaming Video And Gaming, And Allows More Efficient Use Of Resources When
Supporting These Types Of Applications.
e. IGMP Is Used On Ipv4 Networks.

b) Explain OSI model with neat diagram. Which layer of OSI model packages raw data 8M
bit into data frames? Describe bit stuffing with one example.

Ans: OSI model (open system interconnection) model was developed by ISO (international (OSI
standard organization) diagram -
Function of OSI model 1mark;
1) It provides way to understand how internetwork operates. Explanati
2) It gives guideline for creating network standard. on-3
marks;
OSI model has 7 layers as shown in the figure. Identifica
tion of
correct
layer: 1
mark; Bit
stuffing
explanati
on-2
marks;
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
example-
1 mark)

1) Physical layer:
It co-ordinates the functions required to transmit bit stream over physical medium.
It deals with mechanical and electrical specifications of interface and transmission medium.
For transmission it defines procedures and functions that devices and transmission
medium has to perform.
a. Physical characteristics of interfaces and media.
b. Representation of bits:
c. Data rate(transmission rate).
d. Synchronization of bits.
e. Line configuration: Point to point or multipoint configuration should be used.
f.
2) Data link layer:
It is responsible for transmitting group of bits between the adjacent nodes. The group of bits
is called as frame. The network layer passes a data unit to the data link layer. Header
and trailer is added to the data unit by data link layer. This data unit is passed to the
physical layer.
Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one node to the next.

Functions of data link layer are:

a. Framing
b. Physical addressing
c. Flow control
d. Error control
e. Media access control
f. Node to node delivery

3) Network layer:
It is responsible for routing the packets within the subnet i.e. from source to destination. It is
responsible for source e to destination delivery of individual packets across multiple
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
networks. It ensures that packet is delivered from point of origin to destination.
Functions of network layer:
a. logical addressing
b. Routing.
c. Congestion control
d. Accounting and billing
e. Address transformation
f. Source host to destination host error free delivery of packet.

4) Transport layer:
Responsibility of process to process delivery of message Ensure that whole message arrives
in order.
a. Service point addressing
b. Segmentation and reassembly
c. Connection control
d. Flow control: Flow control is performed end to end
e. Error control

5) Session layer:
Establishes, maintains, synchronizes the interaction among communication systems It is
responsible for dialog control and synchronization
a. Dialog control
b. Synchronization, session and sub session
c. Session closure

6) Presentation layer:
It is concerned with syntax, semantics of information exchanged between the two systems.
Functions:
a. Translation,
b. encryption,
c. compression

7) Application layer:
It enables user to access the network. It provides user interfaces and support for services like
email, remote file access.
Functions:
a. network virtual terminal,
b. file transfer access and management,
c. mail services

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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429
d. directory services

Data link layer of OSI model packages raw data bit into data frames.

Bit stuffing:
Bit stuffing is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever five consecutive 1‟s in the data,
so that the receiver does not mistake the pattern 0111110 or a flag. At sender side the bit is
stuffed and at receiver side stuffed bit is removed. As shown in following

Example:

Sequence 011111111000 becomes 0111110111000.

This extra bit is inserted regardless of sixth bit 0 or 1.

c) How cross cable is created? Draw figure and explain. Give its use. 8M

How cross cable is created: (how

cross
cable is
1. A crossover cable is a type of cable installation that is used for the interconnection of
two similar devices. It is enabled by reversing the transmission and receiving pins at created:3
both ends, so that output from one computer becomes input to the other, and vice marks,
versa. diagram:
2. Here, One end of the cable is crimped in the same way as straight cable, on the other 3 marks,
end the following change has to be done, Use: 2
1-White and 3 Orange- white are to be connected 2 – Green and 6 - Orange are to be marks)
connected as shown in the fig below.

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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Computer Network Model Answer Subject Code:
17429

Uses:
a. While connecting one computer to another without going through router, switch or
hub, the crossover cables are used.
b. These are also used when connecting one computer to a device directly, without any
other connecting device.
c. Cross cable is used for connecting similar level (Homogenous) devices.
For example: two computers or connecting computer with hub since all are level 1
device.

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