Physics Gravitation Project

GRAVITATION
► Definition for Gravitation

► Acceleration Due to Gravity
► Variation Of ·G" With Respect to Height And Depth
► Escape Velocity
► Orbital Velocity
► Gravitational Potential
► Time period of a Satellite
► Height of Satellite
► Binding Energy
► Various Types of Satellite
► Kepler's Law of Planetary motion
GAAViliTAlilON
Gravitation is an Natural Phenomenon by physica
bodies attract each other.
Newton focused on his attention on the motion o

the n1oon about the earth.
He declared that the laws of nature that operating

between earth and the apple is same as the laws
operating between earth and moon.
He calculated the acceleration clue to gravitation

(on earth) to be 9.8m/s 2 .
• Also,
F
,'"'
• C( -
• By , The third law of motion, the force on a body

due to the earth must be equal to the force on the
earth due to the body. Therefore, this force should
also be proportional to the mass of the earth. Thus
the Force between the earth and a body 1s
Mm
• F C(
,-2
GM111
• F= ,.,
• G is called the universal constant of gravitation
its value is found to be 6.67x10-l 1 ~m2 / kg 2 •
Eviclence~i1ral 1Sui:2P.oritttot l!aw1iot Gravitation
► The rotation of the earth around the sun or that oft
11100n around ear-th is explained on the basis o f this I w
► The tide are formed in ocean due to the gravitational
force of attraction between earth and the moon.
► The value of g can be used to predict the orbits a nd tI
period of an satellite.
Attraction Force between two bodies
0
., ant f..eatures~1ofi llaw1iot Gr;av.itatLiion
lmP-oitt
► The Gravitation force between two masses is indepe
of the intervening medium.
► The mutual gravitational forces between t\vo bodies a
equal and opposite i.e. Gravitat ional Forces obey
Newton's third law of motion.
► The gravitational force is an conservative force.
► The law of gravitation holds only for point masses.
► The gravitational force between two point masses is a
central force. Its magnitude depends only on r and h s
no angular dependence .
► The Gravitational force between two bodies is
independent of the presence of other bodies
~cceleration aue to Gr.avit~ ot ttie earitti•
► Suppose a mass 'm' is situated outside the earth at
distance 'r' from it centre. The gravitational force on ti
mass 1s
► F= 1nv
,. 2
► F=mg.
GMm
► mg=--
,.2
GM
► g= - ,.2
► By the above equation we can say that Acceleration e

to gravity is independent of mass.
Waliiation in ~cceler;ation clue to Gr;av.itY.
at1on o g W1tli es oat u e
► Consider a Body placed at the point 'p'
above the earth surface at a distance of
'h'. The g ,,viii be .
► g= G~
I
at earth surface.... (i).
GM . ( "")
► gh = (r+lt)'at point m .... II .
► Dividing (ii) by (i). We get
► git= (r+II)
h GM
7
111' - ,., ("1 1"1")
► ,.- - (r+/1) 2 •••••
► 9h : r'
,, r'( I+ ;:)'
► 91,
,,
= ( 1 + ~)
r
-2
► git = 1 -211 (.)
... IV
g r
► Both the eq. (iii and 1v) show that the ·g· decreases a~t
height increases.
► Eq. i i1 must be used In the nu mencal when 'h · is
comparable to ·r·.
► Eq. iv must be used 1n the numerical when h<<r.
► Variation of g with respect to the •t-----',,........_::------

,
altitude.
•+---------------
,.._
I _____________
.•+---------------
+--.---,--.--.--..--.--.-.
• - - .. ·- ·- ... t,. -
..
•
Wara..·ation 1n ~ccel!eration clue to Gravi
res12ec
► Cons ider a Body placed at the point 'd'
below the earth surface at a distance of
'd'. The g will be .
CM
► g=-r
r
► fvl = Volurne x Density = 4rr1·3p.
•I l
G- rrr- p
► g= :ir
► g = C '.!. rrrp. At earth surface ...(i)
3
► gd= G: rr(r - d)p. At the point d ... (ii)

► Dividing (ii) by (i).
► gd/ g = G4/ 3mr-d)p / G4/ 3nrp
► gd/ g = g(l -d/ r).
► Clearly the ·g" increases with increase in depth.
The Variation or g with respect to Depth and Height
(graph).
The Variation of g with respect to height will never b
zero . It will increase after certain height.
The Variation or g with respect to depth will be zero
when the body is placed at the center of earth.
-
~aliiation in\J'.Acceleration clue to tlie slia~ ofi eal'itti
Earth is not perfectly sphere. It is

nattened at the poles and bulges
out at equator.
Gnt
g =-2
R
The radius at Equator is greater than the radius at pole

21 km.
Therefore Ge > Gp.
The variation of g between the poles and the ff~uj tg{,! ·

0 . • -
► Arnount or work done in bnnging a b,ody from infinity to the given point
the gravitational field of the other,
► Expression for Gravitational potential energy. I .
► F= GMm
• oA t,
x'
•I 0l ·1··W
' .
► Work down in bringing the body to point
B from Point A. B
► W = Fdx
►
w=G/.1111 d
- X
'·
x' '
►
f w= f" GMm
- dx
"' x'
► W = GMm J; x-2
► W = ·GMm J; x-1
► If we throw a ball into air , it rises to a certain height
falls back. If we t hrow it with a greater velocity , it wil
higher before fa lling down. If we throw with sufficient
velocity , it will never come back . i.e. It will escape fr
the gravitational pull of the earth.
► The minimum ve locity required to do so is called esc '
velocity.
► Consider the earth to be a sphere of mass M and radi •
with centre 0.
esc.tpe velodty: speed
very far lrom center .. needed to escape an
119,Ytmall Yesc obJut'sgravlUllonal pul.
lar1her from cenlar. \ ..._ speed grealer 111., vtse

smaler v0 $C
surface
lle,--;--speed smaler than v•c
large v11c
_.. ---...
+
► Using total energy concept we can derive the equation for escape
velocity.
► At any point the Total energy must be zero.
► We know that Kinetic energy = ½ rnvel
-GM,n
► Potential energy = R
► K.E+P.E=O
-GMm
► ½ ntve 2 . - - - ~o
R
R
► V = 2GM
• R
► Multiply and divide by R
► Ve= !2gR >
0 ~elocitY,
• Orbital velocity is the velocity required to put
the satellite into its orbit around earth
Or;oita locit
► Force of gravity on satellite
GMnl
► F= - - -2
( R +11)
► Centnpetal Force required by the sa1cU1te to keep rts orbit
2
ITI V
► F = _ __.,..._
( R+lt)2
► In equilibrium , the centripetal force
,s just provrded by the gravitat ional
pull of the earth.
2
1nv GM1n
► ' = - - -2
(R+ II ) ( R+h )
GM
► v i= - - -
0 ( R+h )
► v0 = ✓
~
(R+h) . 1·fi d
s1mp 11e eq 1s
. /GM
✓R
ffiime P.emoa ofi a satellite
• It is the time takes by a satellite to complete one
revolution around the earth. It is given by
• T = circumference of the orbit / orbital velocity
• T= 2n:( R+h)
J;m
• T=2rr ( R+h)'
Gm
• If the earth is a sphere the density = p then mass wou
be =volume "' density ='.! rrR:ip
3
(R+lt) 3 3rr( R+lt) 1

• T= 2rr
Gjnn' p GpR'
liieiglit ofi a satellite
• T=2rr (R+lt)' (Gm=gR2)

Gm
• T2=4rr2 (R+h )'

9R'
• (R+h)3 = T'R':q
47r"
'~
• R+h = ✓---;;;t"
'ffZ]Fg
• 1-1 = ✓7rrz -R

Physics Gravitation Project

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GRAVITATION

► Definition for Gravitation

Newton focused on his attention on the motion o

He declared that the laws of nature that operating

He calculated the acceleration clue to gravitation

• By , The third law of motion, the force on a body

Attraction Force between two bodies

► By the above equation we can say that Acceleration e

► Variation of g with respect to the •t-----',,........_::------

► gd= G: rr(r - d)p. At the point d ... (ii)

Earth is not perfectly sphere. It is

The radius at Equator is greater than the radius at pole

Therefore Ge > Gp.

The variation of g between the poles and the ff~uj tg{,! ·

lar1her from cenlar. \ ..._ speed grealer 111., vtse

(R+lt) 3 3rr( R+lt) 1

• T=2rr (R+lt)' (Gm=gR2)

• T2=4rr2 (R+h )'

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