Physics Adv Plus

Dear student,
Thanks and congratulations for choosing Bakliwal Tutorials to be your trainer. Bakliwal
Tutorial's approach, culture, extremely competent and committed faculty team of IITians, well
designed seminars, concept of merit wise batches, JEE like tests with detailed analysis and
However, there is no substitute for all the hard work that you and you alone must put in. Being
over dependent on the institute will only dim your chances of making it to the best colleges.
Good students take responsibility of their lives and understand that institute can only act as a
guide and support.
Do not hesitate to study topics by yourselves, before they are even covered in the class. I
personally believe that learning a topic for the 1 st time directly from a teacher, who because of
pleasure and insight as one can get by reading and understanding at one's own pace. Now when
the topic is already studied, thought over and worked upon once, the lecture then results in doubt
When you read for your learning cum pleasure, you can use the following strategies, which shall
help you organize and remember the information.
Study in small blocks of time: During these blocks, close all channels of communication
and study as if you are writing a test.
Focus on main points: Put main ideas and concepts in your own words.
Make full use of your textbook: Don't be afraid to write in your books you have paid for
them! Write in the margins. Be brief, but clear.
First read, then underline and/or highlight: Readin
ideas and avoid underlining too much.
Review what you read: Immediately after you read it; within a few days; before the test,
don't forget to review. Also remember that reviewing is not just skimming through the
chapter, but recalling key ideas from memory. Read a heading, and then ask yourself what
subheadings and important concepts are contained within before looking them up.
Also understand that learning occurs through pictures and associations. For example, take a
minute to answer the following question: what were you wearing day before yesterday in the
evening?
First, you may have accessed a picture of yourself immediately and easily remembered what you
were wearing. Or you might have remembered where you were and that triggered your memory.
Perhaps you thought of what you were doing whether you had any special reason to wear a
certain kind of clothing. Maybe you remembered how you felt wearing the clothing. All of these
things are known as associations. One thing reminded you of another. They were paired up in
your brain with something else and voila
sociation, we can remember
huge chunks of information.
Finally, if you feel that all these are techniques, let me use a term coined by me, READ
EMPATHETICALLY. Many authors talk about listening empathetically, where you do not
follow any technique, but you genuinely listen to understand. Similarly, read empathetically,
with a sincere intent to understand what the author wants to say.
The book that you carry in your hand is JEE focused and assumes that you have some amount of
knowledge of the topic already. If you want to read topics from the scratch and detail, you may
use other books suggested by teachers at Bakliwal Tutorials.
I hope and wish that this book helps you in achieving your target of getting a seat in your dream
college.
Best Wishes,
Vaibhav Bakliwal
Welcome to the BT family!! Yes, BT is not just an institute, but a family, where all students and
teachers are always willing to help each other grow and enjoy. So as a new member to our family try
solving this simple but interesting question about BT and Btians.
1) Generally on what date is Round 1 of Whizz-kid (BT's Annual Puzzle Competition) held every year?
2) Can you suggest any 1 set of names of siblings, who studied in BT & cleared JEE Advanced?
3) What was VB sir's percentile in the Math section of CAT 2004?
4) How many times did BT secure Pune topper from 2010-2016 in JEE advanced?
5) BT completes how many years of service to students till March 2017?
6) VB sir in his early years (and theirs as well) of playing a particular game has defeated Abhijit Kunte,
Abhijit Gupta, Koneru Humpy. Which game are we referring to?
7) What maximum cash prize can be won by a BT student at the annual felicitation function?
8) As per student's testimonials, what are the popular full forms of BT?
9) Which BT student secured AIR-1 in NDA exam?
10) A student scored 193/200 in MT-CET 2016. He belonged to which center of BT?
11) Name a few BT students who have later studied at IIM Ahmedabad?
12) These lines have been taken from the testimonial of which student?
These 2 yrs in BT were, quite simply, AWESOME. I studied the hardest I had ever in my life, and I also
did the most to enjoy myself these two years. And if I could turn back time, I'd do it again, no doubt.
13) What has been the best AIR BT has produced in IIT-JEE/JEE Advanced so far and which student got it?
14) Which BT student won the President's Gold medal at IIT(B) by securing the highest grade point across
all departments, when she passed out?
15) Omkar Thakoor, Sahil Agarwal, Karthik Mahesh, T.Akshay did well in which Olympiad?
16) Tushar Baranwal, Kalpesh Krishna, Akshay Sehgal, Shibani Santurkar, Gauri Deshmukh, Akshay
Ramnath topped which same exam?
17) Who was the 1st ever student to take admission in BT? Did he clear JEE?
18) If VB=24, CM=16, then BT=? (Hint: What is digit sum for BT's IVR number?)
19) Which BT student created national record in one handed Rubix cube?
20) Match the following:
BT Students Company Name
a)Omkar Thakoor, Rohan Prinja1) Boston Consultancy Group b)R.Sundararajan,
Amey Gadae2) Google
c)Pranav Vaish3) Samsung Korea d)Akshay Sehgal, Bhavik R, Varun
Bhave4) Oracle US e)Anuj Gupta, Shishir Mathur5) Mckinsey f)Aniket
Damale6) Microsoft
Answer
1) On 14th October VB Sir's Birthday
2) Utsav-Utkarsh Bansal; Sahil-Sushant Agarwal; Sukanya-Ankit Patil; Waseem-Waqar
Yunis; Arnab-Arpan Paul; Amit-Sumit Yadav; Yash-Jay Wagh, Samarth-Sarthak Tripathi,
Srijan-Soumil Maulik etc.
3) 99.99
4) 6 times
5) 12 glorious years
6) Chess
7) Rs. 10,00,000 for AIR 1 in JEE Advanced
8) BT = Brilliant Teachers, BT = Blissful Times
9) Rahul Joshi
10) Solapur
11) Hemanshu Pandey, Sumit Kumar Yadav, Yugal Tiwari, Mahesh Sobale
12) Rohan Prinja
13) AIR 2 in JEE Advanced 2017 by Akshat Chugh
14) Sukanya Patil

nd
15) All of them cleared the 2 round of Physics Olympiad.
16) 12th CBSE Boards
17) Niranjan Parab, passed out from IIT(B). Currently in US, pursuing Phd.
18) 22
19) Pranav Manerikar
20) a-3, b-6, c-2, d-1, e-4, f-5

INDEX
PHYSICS
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 REVISION 1 to 29
2 Optics 30 to 66
3 Magnetism 67 to 91
4 EMI 92 to 104
5 Derivatives 105 to 114
6 Heat and Thermodynamics 115 to 130
CHEMISTRY
1 Chemical Bonding 132 to 169
2 Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds 170 to 187
3 Somerism 188 to 217
MATHEMATICS
1 Xth STD REVISION 246 to 262
2 Complex Numbers 263 to 273
3 Limits Of Functions 274 to 287
4 Derivatives Of Functions 288 to 297
5 Indefinite Integration 298 to 308
LOGIC
1 Graphs 309 to 315
2 Mathematical induction 316 to 324
3 Mental Ability 325 to 348
Foundation Advanced Plus Course Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
PHYSICS
REVISION (Lecture-I)
Q.1 speeds of two identical cars are u and 4u at a specific instant. They are uniformly retarded. What
is the ratio of the respective distances at which the two cars are stopped from that instant ?..
(a) 1:16 (b) 1:18 (c) 1:4 (d) 1:1
Sol : -A
For A, u1 = u, v=0, s=s1, a-ve
For
Using v2=u2 + 2as
For A 0 =u2 -2as1 = u2 -2as1
For B 0= 16 u2 2as2 = 16 u2 2as2
Q.2 A ball is dropped downwards . After 1 second another ball is dropped downwards from the same
point. What is the distance between them after 3 second ?.
(a) 25m (b) 20m (c) 50m (d) 9.8m
Sol : -A
After 3 second, the first ball will cover a distance , where
And the second ball will travel for t = 2 s,
Q.3 A bo rest position at P till it reaches a point Q. Now its

acceleration is suddenly reversed keeping the magnitude same. The body comes to rest at point R.
which of the following is true?..
(a) point R coincides with point P (b) the distance PQ =QR
(c) PQ>QR (d) PQ<QR
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Sol : - B
In the journey from P to Q, its velocity increases form 0 to v, and for the journey from Q to R its
velocity decreases from v to 0 as it is a retarded motion. But as the magnitude of acceleration and
retardation are the same, it will cover the same distance PQ = QR
Q.4 A man slides freely down a frictionless inclined plane while his bag falls down vertically from
the same height .the final speeds of the man and the bag should be such that
(a) VM< VB (b) VM = VB
(c) they depend on the masses (d) VM> VB
sol:- B
The velocity acquired by the man, when moving from B to A is calculated by using
where
And if the bag falls vertically from B to C, then the velocity
Thus,
Q.5 Two bodies A (of mass 1 kg ) and B (of mass 3 kg ) are dropped form heights of 16 m and 25 m
. respectively. What is the ratio of the times taken by them to reach the ground?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol :-D
For a freely falling body.
( t does not depend upon the mass.)
Q.6 A body at rest is falling freely under gravity. The distance travelled by the body in the first 3 s is
equal to the distance travelled by same body in the nth second. What is the value of n ?..
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
Sol : - C
The body starts from rest.
Distance travelled in the first 3 s
And the distance travelled by the body in the nth second,
Q.7 From the top of a building two balls A and B are thrown in such a way that A is thrown upwards
with a velocity u and B downwards with a velocity u (both vertically). If are the their
respective velocities on reaching the ground, then
(a) (b)
(C) their velocities depend upon their masses (d)
Sol :- D
The first ball A, thrown with a velocity u, reaches the maximum height, where its velocity = 0.
But during its downward journey, when it comes to the top of the building, it has the velocity u
and when it reaches the ground Similarly for the ball B, .
thus .
Q.8 A ball is allowed to fall freely from the top A, of a tower to the ground level C. B is the midpoint
of AC. and are the times taken by the ball to cover the distances AB and BC. What is the
value of ?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol : - B
For the distance AB,
And for the distance AC,
From (1) and (2) ,
Q.9 The water drops fall at regular intervals from a tap 5m above the ground. The third drop is
leaving the tap at an instant when the first drop touches the ground. How far above the ground is the
second drop at that instant?
(a) 5.00m (b) 1.25m (c) 3.75m (d) 2.50m

Sol:- C
Let t be the time interval between the fall of two drops. When the third drop leaves the tap, the
first drop travels a distance h=5 m in time t + t = 2t
For the first drop,
But u = 0, t= 2t and g=10
And in this time, the second drop will cover a distance,
The height of the second drop from the ground
Q.10 Large number of balls are thrown in air vertically upwards with the same velocity one after the
other, at an interval of 2 s. with what speed the balls should be thrown, so that more than two
balls are in the air at any instant ?
(a) 9.8 m/s (b) 19.6 m/s (c) less than 19.6 m/s (d) more than 19.6 m/s
Sol :- D
For a ball thrown vertically upwards, time of flight , where u is the velocity with which
the ball is projected upwards. Time interval between two balls since more than two balls
remain in air at any instant , the time of flight of the first ball must be more than

Q.11 A particle is dropped vertically from rest, from a certain height. The time taken by it to fall
through successive distances of 1m each will then be
(a) all equal , being equal to second
(b) in the ratio of the reciprocal of the square roots of integers, that is,
(c) in the ratio of the difference in the square roots of the intergers, that is ,
(d) in the ratio of the square roots of the integers 1
Sol : - C
The time taken by the particle to cover a distance h metre is given by
and the time taken by the particle to cover a distance of (h +1) metre is given by
For
For
For
Thus the times taken will be in the ratio of the difference in the square roots of the integers.
i.e.
Q.12 The ratios of the distances travelled by a freely falling body, starting from rest, in successive
intervals of time, are
(b) 1: 3 : 5 :
Sol : - B
For a freely falling body a= g and the distance travelled in the nth second is
For the first second,
For
For
Thus
= 
Q.13 A 120m long train is moving in a direction with a speed of 20 m/s. A 130 m long train B moving
with a speed of 30 m/s in the opposite direction crosses the train in a time of
(a) 5 s (b) 15 s (c) 20 s (d) 25 s
Sol :- A
Relative velocity of a B w.r.t. A
And the train has to travel a total distance of 120m +130m = 250m
Time taken by B to cross the train A is
Q.14 A river is flowing at the rate of 2km/h. A boatman who can row the boat at a speed of 4km/h in
still water, goes a distance of 2 km upstream and then comes back. What is the time taken by him
to complete his journey ?
(a) 90 minute (b)80 minute (c) 70 minute (d) 60 minute
Sol :- B
When he travels in the direction of the river flow, his relative speed is 6 km/hour and in the
opposite direction it is 2km/hour.
Q.15 A thief is driving a jeep which is moving on a straight road with a speed of 72km/hour. Find
speed of police van , 720m behind the jeep, so that it can overtake the jeep in one minute ? ..
(a) 24 m/s (b) 27 m/s (c) 32 m/s (d) 35 m/s
Sol :- C
Speed of jeep
Let be the velocity of police van. The relative velocity of the police van w.r.t. the jeep
= 
Distance between the two vehicles s = 720 m and t=60s
Q.16 Acceleration time graph of a body is shown .which one of the following graphs gives the
corresponding velocity time graph of the same body ?..
Sol :- 4
From the acceleration time graph we find that in the first part a = constant
constant or velocity increases continuously But when a=0,
V = constant The velocity time graph will be as follows:
This is shown in figure (4).
Q. 17 A block of mass 15 kg is held by a sting on a smooth inclined plane of inclination 600. What is
the tension T in the string? (g=10 m/s2 )
(a) 55 N (b) 60 N
(c) 75 N (d) 90 N
Sol :- C
The downward component along the incline mg of the weight
= Tension T in the string
Q.18 A 10 kg stone is suspended by rope of breaking strength 30 kg wt. what is the minimum time in
which the stone can be raised through a height 10 m, if the stone is at rest ? (g=10m/s2)
(a) 1.0 second (b) 2.0 second (c) (d) 0.5 second
Sol :- A
For min. time we require max acceleration
Q.19 A horizontal force acts on a block of mass m kept on a smooth inclined plane of inclination ,
as shown in the figure. What is the normal reaction N on the block?
(a) (b)
(c) (b)
Sol :- B
The weight mg is resolved into two components mg and mg as shown in the figure.
Similarly, the force F has components F along the plane and F perpendicular to the
plane. From the figure,
The normal reaction
Q. 20
mass s
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol :- A
Let F be the upthrust of air. When the balloon is descending, its equation of motion is given by
Let be the mass removed, so that the balloon starts moving upwards with an acceleration (a), then for
the upward motion,
Adding (1) and (2) , we get
Q.21 A simple pendulum is set oscillating in a trolley which is moving with an acceleration
on makes an angle
with the vertical equal to
(a) in the forward direction
(b) in the backward direction

(c) is the forward direction
(d) in backward direction
Sol :- B
This is a non inertial frame.

The trolley is moving towards right with an acceleration a. Hence a fo
pendulum in the backward direction (towards left). For the equilibrium of the bob,
Q.22 Two bodies A and B of masses 10kg and 15kg respectively kept on a smooth horizontal surface
are tied to the ends of a light string. If T represents the tension in the string when a horizontal
e tension in the string when it is
applied to B (Fig. 2), then which of the following is true?
Sol :-D
in both cases, F=500 N and Total mass 25kg
But in fig. (1)
In fig (2) . 
Q23. Two blocks and are hung vertically over a light frictionless pulley as
shown in the figure. What is the acceleration of the masses when left free?
(a) (b) (c) g (d)

(where g is acceleration due to gravity)
Sol : -A
For the system of the two masses, Hence moves downwards and moves upwards. Their
common acceleration is given by
Q.24 Two masses and are accelerated uniformly on a frictionless surface as shown in the figure.
The ratio of the tensions is
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Sol:- D
Let a be the common acceleration.
For the mass
For the mass
Q.25 The pulleys and string shown in the figure are smooth and of negligible mass. For the system to
remain in equilibrium, the angle should be
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Sol:- B
For the equilibrium of masses m and m, the tension
For the equilibrium of mass of
Q.26 Three blocks of masses m, 3m and 5m are connected by massless strings and pulled by a force F
on a frictionless surface as shown in the figure below. The tension in the first string is 16 N.
If the point of application of F is changed as given below
The value of and shall be

(A)16 N, 10 N (B) 10 N, 16 N (C) (D) 10 N, 6 N
Sol:-C
The common acceleration of the system is given by
and
16=8ma
from (1), F = 9ma =18 N
when the point of application of the force F is changed, a remains the same but and are different and
and
Q.27 A block A of mass 7 kg is placed on a frictionless table. A thread tied to it passes over a
frictionless pulley and carries a body B mass 3 kg at the other end. The acceleration of the system
is (Given:
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Sol:- B
Let T be the tension in the thread, passing over the frictionless pulley. Both masses move with the same
acceleration (a).
For the body B,
And for the body A, T =
Adding (1) and (2) , we get
Q.28 A shell of mass 4 kg initially at rest explodes into three fragments. Two of the fragments, each of
mass 1 kg are found to move with a speed of 2 m/s each in mutually perpendicular directions. What is the
total energy (in joule) released in the explosion?
(a)3 J (b) 4 J (c) 5 J (d)6 J
Sol:- D
Linear momentum p = mv and
For the two fragments,
But
We have to first find .

Since initially the shell was at rest, initial momentum = 0 and by the principle of conservation of
momentum
But
Total energy released
Q.29 If , and represent the work done in moving a particle from A to B along 3 different paths, 1,
2 and 3 (as shown in the figure) in the gravitational field of a point mass m. then
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Sol :-C
The gravitational force is a conservation force and in a conservative force field, the work is independent
of the path.
Q.30 A body of mass 10 kg is dropped to the ground from a height of 10 metre. The work done by the
gravitational force is
(a) -490 J (b) 980 J (C) +490 J (D) +980 J
Sol:- D
Work done by the gravitational force is given by
W = mgh = loss in P.E. =
Q.31 Two small particles of equal masses start moving in opposite directions from a point A in a
horizontal circular orbit. Their tangential velocities are v and 2v, respectively, as shown in the figure.
Between the collisions, the particles move with constant speeds. After making how many elastic
collisions, other than that at A, these two particles will again reach the point A?
(a)4 (b)3 (c)2 (d) 1
Sol:-B
In an elastic collision, when the colliding bodies have equal
masses ,then after the collision, they exchange their velocities.
In the case, the particle P has a velocity V it moves in the anticlockwise direction,
While the particle Q moves with the velocity 2v In the clockwise direction.
When they collide elastically at B,P cover a distance

Of and Q covers a distance of
( Total distance Circumference )
As P and Q have equal masses, they exchange their velocities after collision at B i.e. P will
Start moving with velocity in the clockwise direction and Q will move with a velocity
In the anticlockwise direction and suffer a second collision at C. At C, again their velocity are
Exchanged i.e. P moves with a velocity ( anticlockwise ) and Q moves with a velocity 2v
clockwiseAnd again they collide at A. Thus P and Q will again reach the point A, after two
collisions.
Q.32 Water is falling on the blades of a turbine at the rate of 100 kg/s from a reservoir at a height of
100 m. what is the power transferred the turbine by the striking water?
(a)100 W (B) 10 kW (c)100 kW (d) 20 kW
Sol:- C
Power
Q.33 A body is being raised to a height h from the surface of the earth. What is the sign of work done
by the
(i)applied force and (ii)the gravitational force?
(a)Positive, negative (b) Negative, Negative

(c)Positive, Positive (d) Negative, Positive
Sol:- A
Work done by a force .
(i) The body moves in the direction of the applied force.
The gravitational force acts downwards and the body
Is moving upwards.
and
is negative
Q.34 A light string passed over a frictionless pulley. To one of its ends a mass of 6 kg is attached and
to its other end a mass of 10 kg is attached as shown in the figure below. the tension in the thread
will be
(a) 24.5 N (b)2.45 N (c)79 N (d)73.5 N
Sol:- D
For block B

Q.35 Three blocks with masses m, 2m and 3m are connected by strings, as shown in the figure. After
an upward force F is applied on block m, the masses move upward at constant speed v. what is
the net force on the block of mass 2 m? (g is the acceleration due to gravity)
(a)Zero (b) 2 mg (c)3 mg (d) 6 mg
Sol:- A
Net force on block of 2m is zero because it is moving with constant velocity.
Q.36
(a)First law of motion (b) Second law of motion
(c)Third law of motion (d) All the three laws
Sol:- B
Q. 37 tension on in both strings if system is in equal
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol: (c )
Q. 38 A massive rope of mass 10 kg and length 2m suspended from a ceiling point A is 0.5 m above its
lower end . find tension in the rope at A.
(a) 100 N (b) 50 N
(c) 25 N (d) 75 N
Solution: [C]
Mass pen unit length = 5 kg/m
Mass of length 0.5 m = 2.5 kg
Tension at A = weight of 0.5 m rope 25 N
Q. 39 A car accelerates on a horizontal road due to the force exerted by
(a) The engine of the car (b) The driver of the car
(c) The earth (d) The road
Ans : (d) conceptual
Q.40 A body of weight w1 is suspended from the ceiling of a room through a chain of weight w2. The
ceiling pulls the chain by a force
(a) (b) (c) (d)
And: (c) conceptual.
REVISION
Lecture -2
Q.1 Arrange in order of power dissipated in the given circuits, if the same current is passing through
All circuits and each resistor is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Sol :-A
Calculate the effective resistance in each case and then calculate the power using the formula,
. As I is the same in all cases, . Case I: Case II :
Case III: Case IV :
Hence,
Calculate the effective resistance in each case and then calculate the power using the formula,
Q.2 One ampere is the amount of current that exists when___ flows by a certain point in a conductor
in___.
(a) One watt, one sec (b) One coulomb, one sec
(c) One coulomb, one hour (d) One volt, one sec
Sol:- B
An ampere is a unit of current. An electric current is defind as the rate at which a charge moves
past a point in a circuit, as measured in standard units of Coulombs of charge per second.
Q.3 Six equal resistance are connected between point P,Q and R as shown in figure. Hence, the
Net resistance will be maximum between:
(a) P and Q (b) Q and R (c) P and R (d) Any two points
Sol:-A
Find the effective resistance in each of a triangle using,
Proceed as in Question 1 by resolving the circuits and finding the net

resistance.
4. The resistance of a wire is 1 ohm. The wire is stretched to double its length. Now the resistance
of the wire is:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- B
Use the formula , when length is doubled, area becomes half and (as volume is constant)
thus, new resistance is,
5. A wire of resistance R is stretched till its half of the original value of radius. Then the resistance
Of the stretched wire is:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- D
Use the formula and take the area of wire as .
6. A conductor of resistance is bent in the form of a circle. What will be the resistance between
two points on any diameter of the circle?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- B
7. A wire of is bent to from equilateral triangle. Find the resistance across one of its sides.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- A
8. The current in the figure below is The value of ia:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Sol:- B
Thus
9. Two heating wires of equal length are first connected in series then is parallel. The ratio of heat
produced in two cases is Find the value of y.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
Sol:- C
In series, while in parallel Heat is,
Thus,
That is
10. A certain piece of copper is to be shaped into a wire of minimum resistance. Its length and
Diameter out of given options shall be
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- C
11. A technician has only two resistors. By using them singly, in series or in parallel, he is able to
obtain resistance of values 2,4,12 and .
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- B
In series, In parallel,
12. You are given equal resistor. How many different combinations of these three resistances
can be made?
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 6

Sol:- C
The 4 possible arrangements are
13. The ratio of the lengths, masses, densities and restivitiesof two wires are 1 : 2, 1 : 1, 1 : 2 and
4 : 1 respectively. The ratio of their resistance is:
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
Sol:- (d)
Use the formula
14. cell is connected to a resistance. How many electrons came out of the negative
terminal of all the cell in 2 minutes?
Sol:-B
15. Two small particles of carbon, each weighing 1 mg and carrying a charge of , are 1 cm
apart. Calculate the electrostatic force between them.
(a) 9 N (b) 900 N (c) 90 N (d) None of these
Solution: (C)
Electrostatic force
Where
16. Three equal charges, each having a magnitude of C, are placed at the three corners
of a right-angled triangle of sides 3,4, and 5 cm. Find the force on the charge at the right-angled corner.
(a) 22.5N (b) 40N (c) 45.9N (d) None of these
Solution:-(C)
The force on A due to B is
This force acts along BA. Similarly, the force on A due to C is in the direction
if CA.
Thus, the net electric force on A is.
17. When a plastic comb rubbed on hair is bought near bits of paper, it attracts them because
(A) The comb and the paper get similarly charged

(B) They get oppositely charged
(C) The paper bits are very highly changed.
(D) None of these
Sol:- B
18. Two uncharged bodies when rubbed against each other get charged. This is known as
(A) charging by conduction

(B) charging by friction
`(C) charging by induction
(D) none of these
Sol:- B
19. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, it is said to be positively charged. Which of the following
statement is true?
(A) Electrons move from silk to glass. (B) Electrons move from glass to silk
(C) Protons move from silk to glass. (D) Protons move from glass to silk
Sol:- B
20. Where do charges reside in the case of a charged conductor?
(A) inside the conductor

(B) On the outer surface of the conductor
(C) On the inner surface of the conductor
(D) Anywhere outside the conductor
Sol:- B
21. Two point charges q and 10 q repel each other with a force of
apart. Find the charges.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- (C)
22. calculate the force between two electrons that are 0.1 nm apart
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- (a)
23. Find the magnitude of force on a charge placed in an electric field of
(a) 1N (b) 10N (c) 100N (d) 1000N
Sol :- b
24. A positive point charge q of mass m is released from rest in a uniform electric field E directed
along the x-axis as in the figure.
25. what is the acceleration of the positive charge q ? Is it in uniform acceleration ?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- (d)
Since E is the electric field,q is the charge, and m is the mass,
26. what will be the final velocity of the charge after time t.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:- b
From equations of motion for a particle in uniform acceleration
27. what will be the kinetic energy of the change after it has moved a distance x ?.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sol:-c
According to the third equation of motion,
28. Two equal changes repel each other with a force of when they are 0.03 m apart in
air. Find the magnitude of the charges. What will be the force if the distance between them is
doubled?
(a) (b)
(c) (d) None of these
Sol:- (c)
29. Force between two charges is when separated by a certain distance. On increasing
the separation by 5 m, the force reduces to If one charge is ten times the other,
find the initial separation
(a) 5m (b) 25m (c) 205m (d) 50m

Sol :- (b)
30. Two point charges of 9 and are placed 0.7 m apart. Find the position of the null point
(A point where the net field is zero ) on the line joining the two charges.
(a) 0.3m from 9 charge (b) 0.3m from 16 charge

(c) 0.4m from 9 charge (d) mid-point of line joining two charges
Sol:-A
31. A charge is taken from a point A to a point B. The work done per unit charge in the process is
called
(a) the potential at A (b) the potential at B
(c ) the potential difference between B and A (d) the potential difference between A and B
Sol:- D
32. Joule / coulomb is the same as

(a) watt (b) volt (c) ampere (d) ohm
Sol:- B
33. In a metal
(a) all the electrons are free (b) all the electrons are bound to their parent atom
(c) there are no electrons (d) some electrons are free
Sol:- D
34. The free electrons of a metal are free to
(a) move on the surface only (b) are free to escape through surface
(c) are free to fall into the nuclei (d) are free to move anywhere in the volume of the metal
Sol:- D
35. The current in a wire depends
(a) only on the potential difference applied (b) only on the resistance of the wire
(c) none of them (d) on both of them
Sol:- D
36. Electric current flows
(a) from lower to higher potential (b) from higher potential to lower potential
(c) depends on the material (d) in all directions
Sol:- B
37. when a particle of charge is brought from infinity to a point P, 2.0 mJ of work is done by
the external forces. What is the potential at P?.
(a) 2 volts (b) 20 volts (c) 200 volts (d) 0.2 volts
Sol :- (c)
38. How much charge flow through a wire in 10 min if 2.5 A current flows through it ?.
(a) 15 C (b) 150 C (c) 15000 C (d) 1500 C
Sol:- (d)
39. What is the current passing through 6 resistor in the following circuits?.
(a) 1.2 A (b) 0.48 A (c) 0.6 A (d) 0.72 A
Sol:- (b)
and are connected in parallel. If is the current through and is the current through ,
then
Voltage across each resistor is same.
40. Find the potential drops across the two resistors shown in figure.
(a) 50 V across 300 , 50 V across 200 (b) 60 V across 300 , 40 V across 200
(c) 40 V across 300 , 60 V across 200 (d) None of these
Sol:- (b)
The current in the circuit is = 0.2 A
The potential drop across the 300 resistor is 300 .
Similarly, the drop across the 200 resistor is 40 V.
Lecture -3 Optics
Reflection through spherical mirror
A spherical mirror is a part cut out of a large hollow sphere. Usually

spherical mirrors are made with a circular boundary. Depending on
which surface is reflecting, spherical mirrors are of two types
Concave Mirror: It has a reflecting surface that bulges inward

(towards incident light).
Convex mirror: It has a reflecting surface that bulges outward

(away from the incident light).
Terminology:
Centre of Curvature (C): The centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part. Please note that the
centre of curvature is not a part of the mirror. It lies outside its
reflecting surface. The centre of curvature of a concave mirror lies in
front of it. However, it lies behind the mirror in case of a convex
mirror.
Radius of Curvature: The radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a
part.
Pole (P): Geometrical centre of the mirror surface.
Principal Axis: the line joining C and P. Remember that principal axis is normal to the mirror at its
pole.
Paraxial Rays: A ray close to the principal axis. They are incident at points close to the pole P of the
mirror and make small angles with the principal axis.
Focus (F): The point where a paraxial beam parallel to the principal
axis converges or appears to diverge from, after reflection. In the
case of concave mirror, the beam converges at the focus and for
convex mirror, they appear to diverge from the focus.
Although the focus is conceptually a point, practically it has a
spatial extent, called the blur circle.
Focal Length: distance of the focus from the pole.
Focal Plane: A plane through the focus and perpendicular to the principal axis.
Image Tracing
In principle, we can take any two rays emanating from a point on an object, trace their paths, find their
point of intersection and thus, obtain the image of the point due to reflection at a spherical mirror. In
practice, however, it is convenient to choose any two of the following rays for point objects placed on the
principal axis:
1. Draw one ray along the principal axis, incident on the mirror at the pole. This ray is incident normally
on the mirror and hence will be reflected along the principal axis. As the image is the intersection of
at least two reflected rays, it follows that the image must lie on the principal axis only.
2. Draw a second ray and reflect it in accordance to laws of reflection.
3. The intersection of the two reflected rays (actual or produced backwards) gives the image.
For extended objects placed with one end on the principal axis, the image of that end is formed on the
principal axis. To trace the image of the tip of the object, use any two of the following rays:
1. A ray parallel to principal axis passes (or appear to pass) through focus after reflection.
2. A ray passing through or directed towards focus after reflection from the spherical mirror becomes
parallel to the principal axis.
3. A ray passing through or directed towards the centre of curvature, after reflection from the spherical
mirror, retraces its path.
The stepwise construction of a ray diagram is illustrated below
Image positions for different Object positions
Concave mirror
Object Image Ray Diagram
At infinity At the focus F
Highly diminished, point-

sized
Real and inverted
Beyond C Between F and C
Diminished
Real and inverted
At C At C
Same size
Real and inverted
Between C and F Beyond C
Enlarged
Real and inverted
At F At infinity
Highly enlarged
Real and inverted
Between P and F Behind the mirror
Enlarged
Virtual and erect
It might be noted from the above descriptions that there is a relationship between the object
distance and object size and the image distance and image size.
Starting from a large value, as the object distance decreases (i.e., the object is moved closer to
the mirror), the image distance increases; meanwhile, the image height increases.
At the centre of curvature, the object distance equals the image distance and the object height
equals the image height.
As the object distance approaches one focal length, the image distance and image height
approaches infinity.
Finally, when the object distance is equal to exactly one focal length, there is no image.
Then altering the object distance to values less than one focal length produces images that are
upright, virtual and located on the opposite side of the mirror.
Finally, if the object distance approaches 0, the image distance approaches 0 and the image
height ultimately becomes equal to the object height.
These patterns are depicted in the diagram below. Nine different object locations are drawn and
labelled with a number; the corresponding image locations are labelled with the identical number.
Convex mirror
Object Image Ray Diagram
At infinity At F, behind the mirror
Highly diminished, point-

sized
Virtual and erect
Between infinity, Between P and F
and the pole of the Diminished

mirror
Virtual and erect
As the object distance is decreased, the image distance is decreased and the image size is increased.
So as an object approaches the mirror, its virtual image on the opposite side of the mirror
approaches the mirror as well; and at the same time, the image is becoming larger
Cartesian Sign Convention
All distances are measured from the pole of the mirror. The pole is taken as the origin.
The distances measured in the same direction as the incident light are taken as positive and those
measured in the direction opposite to the direction of incident light are taken as negative.
The heights measured upwards with respect to x-axis and normal to the principal axis (x-axis) of the
mirror lens are taken as positive. The heights measured downwards are taken as negative.
Focal length is +ve in case of convex mirror while it is -ve in case of concave mirror for the following
situation.
Mirror Formula
If u is the distance of object from pole of the mirror, v is the distance of image from pole of the mirror, R
is the radius of curvature of the mirror and f is the focal length of the mirror then -
This formula is known as mirror formula. While solving the problems in optics, we always substitute
values with their proper sign.
Relation between radius of curvature and focal length
curvature(R).
f = R/2
Lateral Magnification
The magnitude of lateral magnification gives the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the
object. Mathematically its defined by
:Y coordinate of the tip of the image.
: coordinate of the tip of the object.
mean the Y-coordinates.
In terms of object and image distance,
The sign of magnification reflects the nature of the image formed. A +ve magnification means an erect
image, whereas a ve magnification means an inverted image.
Power of a Mirror
The power of a mirror is defined as
Here f should be taken in meters with proper sign (-ve for concave and +ve for convex) to get the power
in diopters (D).The power of the mirror is dependent on the focal length, which in turn is governed by the
radius of curvature which is unique for a mirror once it is constructed. Hence power of a mirror is
independent of the medium in which it is placed.
As a plane mirror can be treated as a curved mirror of infinite radius of curvature, power of a plane mirror
is zero.
Exercise -
A. A concave mirror is used to form an image of the sun on a white screen. If the lower half on the
mirror were covered with an opaque card, the effect on the image on the screen would be-
(A) to make the image less bright than before
(B) to make the lower half of the image disappear
(C) to prevent image from being focused
(D) none of the above
[A]
B. Two concave mirror each of focal length f. A point source is placed at a point midway between
two mirror. The minimum value of d for which only one image of s is formed
(A) f (B) 2f (C) 3f (D) 4f
Ans: [B]
Sol.
It is only possible if object and image coincide.
1. The rear-view mirror of a car is-

(A) Plane (B) Convex (C) Concave (D) none of the above
[B]
Sol:- Theory based
2. The focal length of spherical mirror is-

(A) Maximum for red light (B) Maximum for blue light
(C) Maximum for white light (D) Same for all lights
[D]
Sol:- Focal length of spherical mirror does not depend upon wave length of light
3. In case of concave mirror, the minimum distance between a real object and its real image is -
(A) f (B) 2f (C) 4f (D) Zero

Ans: [D]
Sol :-
4. If a spherical mirror is immersed in a liquid, its focal length will -
(A) Increase (B) Decrease
(C) Remains unchanged (D) Depends on the nature of liquid
Ans: [C]
Sol:-focal length is not mediumdependent
5. The image formed by a concave mirror -
(A) is always real (B) is always virtual
(C) is certainly real if the object is virtual (D) is certainly virtual if the object is real
Ans: [C]
Sol : - Theory based
6. A real inverted and equal in size image is formed by -
(A) A concave mirror (B) A convex mirror
(C) Plane mirror (D) None of the above
Ans: [A]
Sol: - for concave mirror when object is pla size

7. A convex mirror is used to form an image of a real object. Then tick the wrong statement-
(A) the image lies between the pole and focus

(B) the image is diminished in size
(C) the image is erect
(D) the image is real
Ans:[D]
Sol :- convexmirror can form virtual image of real object only.
8. An inverted image of a real object can be seen in a convex mirror -
(A) Under no circumstances (B) When object is very far from the mirror
(C) When the object is at a distance equal to the radius of the mirror
(D) When the object is at a distance equal to the focal length of the mirror
Ans: [A]
Sol:- theory based
9. A concave mirror of focal length f forms an image of the same size as the object. The distance of
the object from the mirror is -
(A) f (B) f/2 (C) 2f (D) 4f
Ans:-[C]
Sol:- F
10. If an object is placed 10cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20cm, the image will be -
(A) Diminished, upright, virtual (B) Enlarged, upright, virtual
(C) Diminished, inverted, real (D) Enlarged, upright, real
Sol. [B]
Sol :- for concave mirror , when object is place between pole & Focus , a virtual, erect& enlarged v
image will be formed.
11. An object is placed at a distance of 40 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. The
image produced is :
(a) virtual and inverted
(b) real and erect
(c) real, inverted and diminished
(d) real, inverted and of same size as the object
[D]
Sol :-
12. The relation between magnification m, the object position u and focal length f of the mirror is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
[B]
Sol:- theory based .
13. The magnification m, the image position v and focal length f are related to one another by the relation
(a) (b) (c) (d)
[A]
Sol:- theory based.
14. The focal length of a concave mirror is f and the distance of the object from the focus is u (away from
the mirror). The magnification produced by the lens is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
[A]
Sol:-
15 The focal length of a concave mirror is 20cm. Determine where an object must be placed to form
an image magnified two times when the image is real
(a) 30 cm from the mirror (b) 10 cm from the mirror
(c) 20 cm from the mirror (d) 15 cm from the mirror
[A]
Sol :-
=>
2u= -60
u = -30 cm
16. Consider the following statements : If an object is placed between a concave mirror and its focal
point, then the image formed will be - (i) Real, (ii) magnified (iii) erect of these statements :
(a) i and ii are correct (b) i and iii are correct
(c) ii and iii are correct (d) i, ii and iii are correct
[C]
Sol:- Theory based.
17 In question, (15) if the magnified image is virtual, the distance of the object from the mirror must
be
(a) 30 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 15 cm
[B]
Sol: For virtual image
18. A linear object is plac

mirror then the length of image is -
(A) (B) f (C) (D) None of these
Ans: [B]
Sol:- for image of point A
For Image of point B
Length of image = =
19. A point object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm. The
image will form at
(A) infinity (B) pole (C) focus (D) 15cm behind the mirror.
Ans: [D]
Sol:-
20. What will be the height of the image when an object of 2 mm is placed at a distance 20 cm infront
of the axis of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 40 cm ?
(A) 20 mm (B) 10 mm (C) 6 mm (D) 1 mm

Ans: [D]
Sol. f = R/2
f = + 20 cm, u = 20 cm, h0 = 2 mm
m= = =
hi = 1 mm
21 An object 5cm tall is placed 1m from a concave spherical mirror which has a radius of curvature
of 20 cm. The size of the image is
(A) 0.11 cm (B) 0.50 cm (C) 0.55 cm (D) 0.60 cm
[C]
Sol.ho = 5 cm
f= = 10 cm
u= 1m= 100 cm
hi = ?
m= =
hi = ho = 5
= = cm = 0.55 cm
22. At what distance from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm must an object be placed in order
that an image double its size may be obtained -
(A) 5 cm only (B) 15 cm only (C) either 5 cm or 15 cm (D) at10cm
Ans: [C]
Sol:-for virtual image
For real image
23. A concave mirror gives an image three times as large as the object placed at a distance of 20 cm
from it. For the image to be real, the focal length should be -
(A) 10 cm (B) 15 cm (C) 20 cm (D) 30 cm
Ans: [B]
Sol. m= for real, 3 times magnified image,
m= 3
3=
3= or 3f 60 = f
4f = 60 or f= 15 cm
Lecture -4
Lens:
Refraction is the change in direction of light when it passes from one medium to another. The working of
a lens is based on the refraction of light when they pass through it. Lens is a transparent glass which is
bounded by two spherical surfaces. The light rays are refracted after passing through the lens. It is of two
types, convex lens and concave lens.
Convex lens: This lens bulges out at the centre and is thinner at the edges, i.e. the two sides.
Concave lens: This lens is thinner at the centre and thick at the two sides.
Terminology
Optical centre: The centre point of a lens is called optical centre. The ray of light passing through optical
centre goes straight and does not deviate.
Principal axis: A line passing straight through the optical centre in such a way that it is perpendicular to
its sides from the centre, it is called principal axis.
Principal focus of a convex lens: It is a point on the principal axis of the convex lens where all the light
rays parallel to the principal axis converge after passing through the lens.
If the light rays are coming from left hand side they will converge at right hand side of the lens and
vice versa. That is why, a lens has two foci. They are at equal distance from the optical centre.
Focal length of a convex lens: The distance between the optical centre and principal focus of a lens is
called focal length.
Focal length of a lens depends on the refractive index of the glass and its curvature. In case of higher
refractive index, focal length will be short. Similarly, if the curvature of the lens is more than also the
focal length will be short.
A convex lens is also called converging lens as the parallel beam of light rays passing through it
converges at a single point. This can also be shown through an experiment. Place a piece of paper on
the ground during sunshine. Now hold a convex lens at some distance above the paper in such a way
that a sharp image of sun is formed on the paper. This is the point where all the sunlight is
concentrated and the parallel light rays of the sun get converged. In a while you will notice that the
heat energy of the focussed sunlight has burned a hole in the paper where the image of sun was
formed.
Principal focus of concave lens:
All the light rays after passing through the concave lens diverge and when produced backwards appear to
meet at a point on the principal axis of the lens. This point is known as principal focus of a concave lens.
Thus refracted rays appear to diverge from the focus. Concave lens is opposite to convex lens. The
parallel beam of light rays is diverged after passing through it. Concave lens also has two foci. If the
parallel light rays fall from the left side than they appear to diverge from a point of the left side only and
if the light rays fall from the right hand side that they appear to diverge from a point on right hand side.
A concave lens is also known as diverging lens. The image formed by this lens is virtual.
Focal length of concave lens:
The distance between optical centre and principal focus is called focal length of a concave lens.
Rules for obtaining images formed by convex lens

In convex lens, the image is always formed at a point where at least two refracted light rays meet.
Rule 1: A ray of light which is originally parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus after
refraction through the lens.
Rule 2: A ray of light passing through the optical centre of the convex lens does not bent after refraction
but goes straight. Also, a ray of light going along the path of principal axis of a convex lens also goes
straight and does not deviate
Rule 3: When a ray of light passes through the focus of the convex lens then it becomes parallel to the
principal axis after refraction through the lens.
Types of images formed by a convex lens
The type of image formed by a convex lens depends on the position of the image.
Case 1: If the object is placed between optical centre and focus ( ) then the first ray of
light starting from the top of the object is parallel to the principal axis. Therefore, as per the rule, it passes
through another focus after refraction through the lens. Another ray of light from the object passes
through the optical centre of the lens and thus as per the rule goes straight after refraction through the
lens. Thus, both the light rays
diverge after refraction through the lens and does not meet. Therefore, both the refracted rays are
produced backwards so that they meet at a point to form an image.
The image formed will be: Behind the object, virtual and erect and larger than the object.
Case 2: When the object is placed at the focus of the convex lens ( ) then it means that the object
is placed at the distance equal to the focal length of the lens.
One ray of light becomes parallel to the principal axis of the lens and thus, passes through another
focus after refraction through the lens. Another ray of light passes through the optical centre of the
lens and goes straight.
Therefore, the image formed is: At infinity, Real and inverted, highly enlarged.
Case 3: When the image is placed between focus and distance less than twice the focal length (
) then a ray of light parallel to the principal axis of the lens passes through another focus (F) after
refraction through the lens. Another ray of light passes through optical centre of the lens and goes
straight.
Therefore, the image formed is: Real and inverted, Larger than object and beyond 2F.
Case 4: When the object is placed at the distance equal to twice the focal length ( ) of the
convex lens then one ray of light becomes parallel to the principal axis and passes through another
focus of the lens after refraction. Another ray of light passes through optical centre and goes straight
after refraction. Both the refracted light rays meet at 2F` on another side.
The image formed is: Real and inverted, same size as that of an object.
Case 5: When the object is placed at the distance greater than twice the focus ( ) one ray of
light becomes parallel to principal axis and passes through focus after refraction through the lens and
another light ray passes through optical centre and goes straight after refraction.
The image formed is: Between F and 2F, Real and inverted, Smaller than object.
Case 6: When the object is placed at infinity, the light rays become parallel after reaching the lens.
The image formed is: At the focus on another side, Real and inverted, highly diminished.
Object location Image location Image nature Image size

Infinity Real and Inverted Diminished
Beyond 2F Real and Inverted Diminished
Between 2F and F Real and Inverted Enlarged
At F At infinity Real and Inverted Enlarged
At 2 F Real and Inverted Same size
Between F and 0 On the same side as object Virtual and Erect Enlarged
Rules for obtaining images formed by concave lens

Rule 1: A ray of light parallel to the principal axis of the concave lens appears to be coming from
focus after refraction through the lens.
Rule 2: A ray of light passing through the optical centre of the concave lens goes straight after
refraction through the lens.
Rule 3: A ray of light going towards the focus on another side of the concave lens becomes parallel to
the principal axis after refraction through the lens.
Formation of images by concave lens

The image formed by concave lens is always: Virtual, Erect and Diminished.
Case 1: When an object is placed anywhere between optical centre and infinity, the image
formed is between optical centre and focus.
Case 2: When an object is placed at infinity, the image formed by concave lens will be at focus.
Object location Image location Image nature Image size

Infinity At F2 Virtual and Erect Highly Diminished
Beyond infinity and 0 Between F1 and Optical centre Virtual and Erect Diminished
Sign convention for spherical lenses

According to the New Cartesian Sign Convention:
i) Distance is measure from the optical centre of the lens.
ii) The distance measured in the direction same as that of the incident ray are taken as positive.
iii) The distance measured against the direction of incident ray is taken as negative.
iv) The distance measured upward and perpendicular to the principal axis is taken as positive.
v) The distance measured downward and perpendicular to the principal axis is taken as negative.
vi) The object is always placed on the left hand side of the lens.
vii) Focal length of convex lens is considered positive.
viii) Focal length of concave lens is considered negative.
Lens Formula
1/v 1/u = 1/f
Where v=image distance, u=object distance and f=focal length.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.25
A converging lens is used to read the small print. The lens is held 9.0 cm from the print and produces
a magnitification of +2.5. What is the focal length of the lens?
SOLUTION: The fine print serves as the object for the lens u = 9.0 cm. The image distance is then
The thin lens equation gives
ILLUSTRATION: 1.26
An object is placed at a distance of 1.50 m from a screen and a convex lens placed in between
produces an image magnified 4 times on the screen. What is the focal length and the position of the lens?
SOLUTION: Here, magnification
Let lens is placed at a distance x from the object. Then
Thus x = 0.3 metre
The lens is placed at a distance of 0.3 m from the object (or 1.20 m from the screes)
For focal length, we may use
Or
Thus
The focal length is 0.24 m (or 24 cm)
ILLUSTRATION : 1.27
A lens placed at a distance of 20 cm from an object produces a virtual image 2/3 the size of the object.
Find the position of the image, kind of lens and its focal length.
SOLUTION:
Virtual image means, I is positive and it is given that
Further because u = -20 cm (given), using
We get,
The f is negative, thus the lens is a concave lens. Again using
We get
The virtual image is on the same side of the object.
Magnification produced by the lens:

The size of the image relative to the object is given by the linear magnification. The ratio of the
height of the image to the height of the object is called linear magnification.
Magnification (m) = height of image (h2)/height of object (h1)

Another formula in terms of distance;
Magnification = image distance/object distance
Power of lens
A measure of the degree at which a lens can converge or diverge, light rays falling on it is called power of
lens.
Power of lens (P) = 1/ focal length of the lens (f, in meters)
A lens of short focal length has more power compared to a lens with long focal length. The SI unit of the
power of lens is dioptre(D).
Power of combination of lenses

The power of combination of lenses is equal to the algebraic sum of power of individual lenses.
The combination of lenses is used in cameras, microscopes, telescopes etc. Combination of lenses
increases the sharpness of the image which is free from many defects.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.29
A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in contact with concave lens of focal length 60 cm.
calculate : (a) power of each of the lens (b) power of combination (c) focal length of combination (d)
nature of combination
SOLUTION: As we know, power of alens
(a) Power of convex lens Power of concave lens
(b) Power of combination
(c) Focal length of combination

(d) As power of combination is positive, therefore, combination behaves like a convex
lens.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.30
A convex lens of focal length 10.0 cm is placed in contact with a convex lens of 15.0 cm
focal length. What is the focal length of the combination.
SOLUTION: For combination of lenses
Therefore, f = 6 cm
ILLUSTRATION: 1.31
Ten identical converging thin lenses, each of focal length 10 cm, are in contact. What is
the power of the combined lens.
SOLUTION: For thin lenses in contact
SINGLE OPTION CORRECT
1. Where an object should be placed in front of convex lens so that its real & inverted image
of same size is obtained?
(A) Between the lens and its focus (B) Between F and 2F
(C) At the focus (D) At 2F
2. Which lens is used as the Magnifying glass?
(A) Concave lens (B) Convex lens (C) Bifocal lens (D) All of these
3. Find the focal length of a lens power -2.0 D. What type of lens is this?
(A) -50 cm, concave (B) 50 cm, convex (C) -0.50cm, concave (D) 0.50cm, convex
Solution: (A)
4. Calculate the distance at which an object should be placed in front of a thin convex lens of focal
length 10 cm to obtain a virtual image of double its size.
(A) -5cm (B) 10 cm (C) 40cm (D) 12cm
Solution: (A)
5. A convex lens of focal length 40 cm is placed in contact with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm.
What is the power of the combination?
(A) -1.5 D (B) 10 D (C) +1.5 D (D) +2.0
Solution: (C)
6. Power of the lens is -40, its focal length is
(A) 4m (B) -40m (C) -0.025m (D) -25m
Solution: (C)
7. If the radius of curvature of a convex lens is 100cm, then the parallel beam of rays after passing
through it, converge at what distance from the optical centre?
(A) 50cm (B) 100cm (C) 75cm (D) 150cm
Solution: (A)
8. The focal length of a mirror for which object is placed at a distance 10cm is found to be 20cm. If the
object is moved towards the mirror by 5cm, the find the new focal length.
(A) 15cm (B) 20cm (C) 25cm (D) 10cm
Solution: (B)
9. A candle flame, 3 cm high is at 10 cm from a diverging lens of focal length 15 cm, the size of image
will be
(A) 1.8 cm (B) 2.4 cm (C) 3.2 cm (D) 3.8
10. Convex lens focus a real, point sized image at focus, the object is placed
(A) At focus (B) Between F and 2F (C) At infinity (D) At 2F
Solution: (C)
11. The unit of power of lens is

(A) Metre (B) Centimeter (C) Diopter (D) M-1
Solution: (C)
12. Light rays A and B fall on optical component X and come out as C and D
The optical component is a

(A) Concave lens (B) Convex lens (C) Convex mirror (D) Prism
Solution: (A)
13. An object is placed 10.0 cm from a diverging lens which forms an image 6.5 cm from the lens. What is
the focal length of the lens? Include the sign.
(A) + 3.9 cm (B) -16.5 cm (C) -21.2 cm (D) -18.6 cm
Solution: (D)
14. Under what conditions does a diverging lens form a virtual image of a real object
(A) Only if (B) Only if u < f.
(C) Only if u = f (D) A diverging lens always forms a virtual image of a real object
Solution: (D)
15. A lens produces a enlarged, virtual image. What kind of lens is it?
(A) Converging (B) Diverging
(C) It could be either diverging or converging (D) None
Solution: (A)
16. In an experiment to determine the focal length of a concave lens, a student obtained the image of a
distant window on the screen. To determine the focal length of the lens, she/he should measure the
distance between the
(A) Lens and the screen only
(B) Lens and the window only
(C) Screen and the window only
(D) Screen and the lens and also between the screen and the window
Solution: (A)
17. Which of the following statements is true?

(A) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(B) A convex lens has -4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(C) A concave lens has 4 dipotre power having a focal length 0.25 m
(D) A concave lens has -4 dioptre power having a focal length 0.25 m
Solution: (A)
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A real image, 4/5 size of the object is formed 18 cm from a lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens
Solution: (10)
Since the image is real and diminished, the lens must be convex and the object must be placed beyond
2F.
Given : v = +18 cm,
Now focal length is given by
2. A beam of light converges to a point P. A lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam 12 cm from
P. At what point does the beam converge if the lens is (a) a convex lens of focal length 20 cm, and (b) a
concave lens of focal length 16 cm?
Solution: ()
(a) 7.5 cm
(b) 48 cm
3. An object 50 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens. Its 20 cm tall image is formed on
the screen placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens.
Solution: ()
With sign convention,
4. An object 20 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens. Its 30 cm tall image is formed on
the screen placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens.
Solution: ()
Using
5. An object 30 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens. Its 10 cm tall inverted image is
formed on the screen placed at a distance of 15 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens.
Solution: ()
Using
6. A convex lens has focal length of 30 cm. Calculate at what distance should the object be placed from the
lens so that in forms an image at 60 cm on the other side of the lens.
Solution: ()
Given : For convex lens
From lens formula
So, the object should be placed at a distance of 60 cm to the left of the lens.
Magnification produced by lens,
Hence, real, inverted and same size image is obtained.
7. Where should an object be placed from a converging lens of focal length 20 cm, so as to obtain a real
image of magnification 2? Find the magnification produced by the lens in this case.
Solution: ()
, since image is real, m = -2
Using,
We get,
8. A 5 cm tall object is placed on the principal axis of diverging lens of focal length 15 cm and at a distance
of 10 cm from it. Find the nature, position and size of image.
Solution: ()
Let the scale be 5 cm = 1 cm
Size of the object = 5 cm = 1 cm
Distance of the object from the lens = 10 cm = 2 cm
Focal length of the lens = 15 cm = 3 cm

On constructing the ray diagram, it is found
Size of the image
Distance of the image from lens
Nature : Image is virtual, erect and diminished
9. An object 3.0 cm high is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal length 15.0
cm. The image is formed at a distance of 10.0 cm from the lens. Calculate
(i) distance at which the object is placed and
(ii) size and nature of the image formed.
Solution: ()
Here
(i) From lens formula
From (i) and (ii), it is clear that image is formed on the same side of object placed at a distance of 30 cm
and image is virtual, erect and of same size.
10. A convex lens has a focal length of 25 cm. Calculate the distance of the object from the lens if the image
is to be formed on the opposite side of the lens at a distance of 75 cm from the lens. What will be the
nature of the image?
Solution: ()
Focal length of convex lens, image distance

From lens formula
Negative sign shows that image is real
Refraction of Light through a Prism:

Prism is a transparent medium bounded by any number of surfaces in such a way that the surface on
which light is incident and the surface from which light emerges are plane and non-parallel. Consider a
triangular glass prism. It has two triangular bases and three rectangular lateral surfaces. These surfaces are
inclined to each other. The angle between its two lateral faces is called the angle of the prism A.
In figure 2.8(a) you can see the incident ray, the refracted ray inside the prism and the emergent ray. You
may note that a ray of light is entering from air to glass at the first surface. The light ray on refraction has
bent towards the normal. At the second surface, the light ray has entered from glass to air. Hence it has
bent away from the normal. The peculiar shape of the prism makes the emergent ray bend at an angle to
the dir
matters but importantly difference of refractive index of prism material from surrounding makes ray to
deviate, if glass prism is placed in a fluid with same refractive index as that of glass prism, ray will pass
without deviation. Fig 2.8 (b)
The angle between emergent ray and incident ray is called angle of deviation .
be
For minimum deviation, angle of refraction (r) = angle of triangular prism (A)
ILLUSTRATION : 2.3
A ray of light falls normally on a refracting face of a prism of the refractive index of its
material. Find the angle of prism, if the ray just fails to emerge from the prism.
SOLUTION:
The angle of incidence of the ray of light at the refracting face AB is which implies that
the angle of refraction at the face and the,
At the second refracting face AC, the ray just fails to emerge and therefore,
ILLUSTRATION: 2.4
An equilateral prism is having the refractive index of its material. Calculate the angle of
emergence of the ray of light for the maximum deviation .
SOLUTION:
For the maximum deviation of the light ray, we have
The, by the , we have
Dispersion of white Light by a Glass Prism:
The phenomenon of decomposition of the white light into seven component colours when passing
through a prism or through a transparent object delimited by non parallel surfaces is called
dispersion of light. A beam of light containing all the visible spectrum of the light is white,
because the sum of all the colors generates the white color. Normally the light we use is white.
light passes through a glass prism: the light is decomposed in all the component colours, Violet,
Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red, called as VIBGYOR. The band of the coloured
components of a light beam is called its spectrum. The phenomenon can be explained by thinking
that light of different colours (different wavelengths) has different velocities while travelling in a
medium: vm = f m. Hence, the change in velocity of light observed when the light passes from
the air to the glass, depends on the wavelength.
By passing the interface air-glass, lower is the wavelength lower becomes the velocity of the
light, so, for example, red light rays are faster than violet light rays.
This change in velocity coupled with the direction of the light beam to the air-glass interface
explains the decomposition of a white light ray in the component colours while it is passing
through a prism.
rainbows during storms: as a matter of fact, each raindrop can be regarded as a little prism; when
a light ray strikes a raindrop it is refracted and decomposed, spreading out all the visible colours
ranging from red to violet.
Colours in the increasing order with respect to wavelength are as follow: Violet (min.), Indigo,
Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, red (max.)
Recombination of Different colours of spectrum to give white light

Newton took two prisms P1 and P2 of the same material and having the same refracting angle. He
made white light pass through a slit and allowed it to fall on prism p1 (See Fig. 2.16). He
obtained a spectrum (VIBGYOR) on the white screen. He removed the white screen and placed
prism P2 in an inverted position as shown in Figure. It was observed that the light coming out of
the second prism P2 was almost white.
This experiment proved that the prism P1 dispersed the white light into its constituent colours.
Hence, this prism was called the dispersing prism. The second prism P2 recombined the seven
constituent colours to form white light. Hence, this prism was called the recombination prism.
This experiment thus proved that
1. the prism by itself produces no colours.
2. the recombination of the seven constituent colours forms white light.
Single Option Correct
1. In the glass prism

(A) Blue light is dispersed more than red light
(B) Red light is dispersed more than blue light
(C) Both red light and blue light are equally dispersed
(D) None of these
2. On entering a glass prism, sun rays are

(A) Deviated but not dispersed
(B) Deviated and disperse
(C) Dispersed but not deviated
(D) Neither deviated nor dispersed
3. At a particular minimum value of angle of deviation, the refracted ray becomes

(A) Parallel to the base of the prism
(B) Perpendicular to the base of the prism
(C) Inclined at w.r.t. base of the prism
(D) None of these
4. The splitting o white light into several colours on passing through a glass prism is due to
(A) Refraction (B) Reflection (C) Interference (D) Diffraction
5. A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue colours is incident on a right-angled prism as
shown. The refractive index of the material of the prism for the above red, green and blue
wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. The prism will
(A) Separate part of the red colour from the green and blue colours
(B) Separate part of the blue colour from the red and green colours.
(C) Separate all the three colours from one another
(D) Not separate even partially any colour from the other two colours.
6. Dispersion is the term used to describe
(A) The propagation of light in straight lines
(B) The splitting of a beam of light into component colours
(C) The bending of a beam of light when it strikes a mirror
(D) The change that takes place in white light after passage through red glass.
7. In the visible spectrum the colour having the shortest wavelength is

(A) Green (B) Red (C) Violet (D) Blue
8. White light is incident at an angle to the surface of a triangular piece of glass. Which color of
light deviates most from its original path after leaving the glass?
(A) Red(B) Orange (C) Green (D) Blue
9. A light ray is incident perpendicularly to one face of a prism and is totally internally
reflected at the glass-air interface. If the angle of reflection is , we conclude that the
refractive index
10. A given ray of light suffers minimum deviation in an equilateral prism P. Additional prisms Q
and R of identical shape and material are now added to P as shown in the figure. The ray will
suffer
(A) Greater deviation (B) Same deviation

(C) No deviation (D) Total internal reflection
Lecture -5 Magnetism
10.1 MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT :
Hans Oersted, in 1820, first discovered that when an electric current is passed through a conducting wire,
a magnetic field is produced around it. If a compass needle is kept in the vicinity of the current carrying
wire, the needle is found to deflect in a definite direction. If the direction of current in the wire is
reversed, Then the direction of deflection of the needle is reversed.
AB is a wire lying in the north-south direction and connected to a battery through a rheostat and a tapping
key. A compass needle is kept just below the wire. When the key is open i.e. no current is passed through
the wire, the needle shows no deflection and points in the N-S direction (i.e. remains parallel to the
wire)as shown in figure(a).
(a)
When the key is pressed and current passes in the wire in the direction A to B (i.e. from south to
north and the north pole (N) of the needle deflects towards the west as figure (b). Thus a current (or
moving charge) produces a magnetic field. When the direction of current in the wire is reversed by
reversing the terminals of the batter, the north pole of the needle deflects towards the east as figure(c).
NOTE : If the compass needle is kept just above the wire, the deflection will be as shown in
figure (d) and (e) for the direction of current from A to B and from B to A respectively.
10.1 (a) Magnetic Field due to a Straight Current Carrying Wire :
When a current is passed through a conducting wire, a magnetic field is produced around it. The
direction of magnetic field due to a straight current carrying wire can be mapped by means of a
small compass needle or by iron fillings.
Take a sheet of smooth cardboard with a hole at the centre. Place it horizontally and pass a wire
vertically through the hole, Sprinkle some iron fillings on the cardboard and pass an electric
current through the wire. Gently tap the cardboard. We find that the iron filling arrange
themselves in concentric circles around the wire as shown in figure.
If a small compass needle is kept anywhere on the board near the wire, the direction in which the
north pole of the needle points gives the direction of the magnetic the magnetic field (i.e.,
magnetic lines of force) at that point.
Card board
The magnetic lines of force form concentric circles near the wire, with their plane perpendicular
to the straight conductor and with their centers lying on its axis. if the direction of current in the wire is
reversed, the direction of lines of force is also reversed.
On increasing the strength of current in the wire, the lines of force becomes denser and iron
fillings are arranged in circles upto a larger distance from the wire, showing that the magnetic field
strength has increased.
(i) Magnitude of magnetic field produced by a straight current-carrying conductor :
The magnitude of magnetic field (or strength of magnetic field ) B produced by an infinitely long
conductor in vacuum at a distance r from it, it given by :-
B= B = Magnetic field strength = Permeability of vacuum (a constant)
I = Current (flowing in conductor) and
r = Distance from the conductor (where magnetic field is measured).
The unit of magnetic field B is tesla which is denoted by the symbol T (1 tesla is equal to 1
Newton per ampere per meter). Permeability of vacuum is .
(ii) Direction of magnetic field :

The direction of magnetic field (lines of force) produced due to flow of current can be known
by the following rules :
Imagine a right handed cork screw lying with its axis coincides with the current carrying
wire. It is now rotated such that it advances in the direction of the current, the direction in
which the screw rotates gives the direction for the magnetic lines of force.
Direction of current
Direction of
Magnetic field
lines
(B) Right hand thumb rule :
If we hold the current carrying conductor in the right hand such that the thumb points in the
direction of current, the fingers encircle the wire in the direction of magnetic lines of force.
Direction of magnetic
field lines
Imagine a man swimming along the wire in the direction of current (such that the current enters at
his feet and leaves him at his head) facing towards a magnetic needle kept underneath the wire,
then the magnetic field produced is such that the north pole of the needle will be deflected
towards his left
Left hand
10.1 (b) Magnetic Field due to Circular Coil Carrying Current:
A piece of wire bent in the form of a ring (or coil) is passed through a horizontal cardboard C at
two points P and Q at the opposite ends of a diameter of the ring and then some iron fillings are
scattered on the cardboard. The ends of the coil are connected to a battery through a rheostat and
a key.
When a strong electric current is passed through the coil by closing the key and the cardboard is
gently tapped we find that the iron filing arrange themselves in a definite pattern representing the
magnetic lines of force due to the current carrying coil.
Circular coil
Circular coil
currying
Magnetic
Line of
Direction of magnetic field is found by applying the right hand thumb rule to each section of the
coil and we find that the concentric lines of force pass through the coil in the same direction.
Furthermorethat :
(i) The magnetic lines of force are nearly circular near the wire.
(ii) Within the space enclosed by the wire, the lines of force are in the same direction.
(iii) Near the center of the coil, the lines of force are nearly parallel and the magnetic field may be
assumed
to be practically uniform for a small space around the centre.
(iv) At the centre, the lines of force are along its axis and at right angle to the plane of the coil.
(v) The magnetic field strength is increased if the number of turns in the coil is increased or the
strength of
current in the coil is increased.
Since the magnetic lines of force through the coil point in the same direction, hence one face of
the coil acts as a large area of north polarity because it is sending out magnetic lines of force and
the other face acts as a large area of south polarity as magnetic lines of force are entering it. thus,
the coil has a magnetic field similar to a magnetised iron disc of same radius as that of the coil.
The polarity of the faces of the coil depends on the direction of current and is determined by the
clock rule. Looking at the face of the coil, if the current around the face is in an anticlockwise
direction, the face has north polarity, while if the current at that face is in the clockwise direction,
the face has south polarity. This can be tested by using a compass needle.
Anticlockwise Current Clockwise Current
(a) (b)
The magnitude of magnetic field B produced by a current-carrying circular wire at its centreis :
(i) directly proportional to the current I passing through the circular wire and (ii) inversely
proportional to the radius r of the circular wire.
i.e. B and
Magnetic field, B =
Formula which we have given above is applicable when there is only one turn of a circular wire.
If we have circular coil having N turns of wire, then the magnetic field will become N times.
Thus, the magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of N turns having radius r and carrying
current I is given by
B=
Magnetic field produced by a circular coil carrying current is directly proportional to both,
number of turn (N) and current (I), but inversely proportional to its radius (r). Thus, the strength
of magnetic field produced by a current carrying circular coil can be increased by (i) increasing
the number of turns of wire in the coil, (ii) increasing the current following through the coil and
(iii) decreasing the radius of the coil.
10.1 (c) Magnetic Field due to a Solenoid Carrying Current :
If a conducting wire is wounded in the form of a cylindrical coil whose diameter is less in
comparison to the length, then this coil is called a solenoid (it looks like a helical spring).
The magnetic field lines in a solenoid, through which current is passed, are as shown in figure.
The magnetic field, thus produced, is very much similar to that of a bar magnet and one end of
the coil acts like a magnetic north pole while the other acts like a south pole.
The lines of force inside the solenoid are nearly straight and parallel to the axis of the solenoid.
A strong magnetic field can be obtained by increasing the current strength.
The magnetic field is increased if the number of turns in the solenoid of given length is
increased.
The magnetic field is also increased if soft iron core is kept along the axis of the solenoid.
Thus a current carrying solenoid behaves like a bar magnet with fixed polarities at its ends.
The strength of magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid depends upon :
(i) The number of turns in the solenoid: Larger the number of turns in the solenoid, greater will
be the
magnetic field produced.
(ii) The strength of current in the solenoid : Larger the current passed through solenoid,
stronger will be the magnetic field produced.
The use of soft iron rod as core

in a solenoid produced the strongest magnet.
Magnetic field inside the solenoid is :
B= [Here in is number of turns per unit length]
At the ends of the solenoid the magnetic field :
10.2 PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY MAGNETS :
The degree to which magnetism is retained by a given piece of iron depends entirely upon its
constitution. Steel retains the largest amount while soft iron retains the least. Therefore pieces of
steel are employed to prepare permanent magnets, whereas soft iron is used for preparing
temporary magnets, i.e., magnets that retain their magnetism only as long as the current flows in
the magnetising coil. They lose their magnetism as soon as the current is switched off. Such
magnets are known as electromagnets.
10.2 (a) Electromagnet :
An electric current can be used for making temporary magnets known as electromagnets. As
electromagnet works on the magnetic effect of current. When current is passed through a long
coil called solenoid, a magnetic field is produced. It has been found that if a soft iron rod called
core, is placed inside a solenoid then the strength of magnetic field becomes very large because
the iron core gets magnetised by induction. This combination of a solenoid and a soft iron core is
called an electromagnet.
Electromagnets can be made in different shapes and sizes depending on the purpose for which
they are to be used.
Factors affecting the strength of an electromagnet are :
(i) The number of turns in the coil : If we increase the number of turns in the coil, the
strength of electromagnet increases.
(ii) The current flowing in the coil : If the current in the coil is increased, the strength of
electromagnet increases.
(iii) The length of air between its poles : if we reduce the length of air gap between the
poles of an electromagnet, then its strength increases.
For example, the air gap between the poles of straight bar type electromagnet is quite large, so a
bar type electromagnet is not very strong. On the other hand the air gap between the poles of a U-
shaped electromagnet is small, so it is a very strong electromagnet.
Electromagnets are used in electric bells, telegraphs, telephones and several other instruments.
Since the magnetisation depends on the current flowing through the coil, it is possible to obtain
very powerful electromagnets by increasing the current.
Soft iron can be easily magnetisedby a weak magnetic field, whereas steel can be magnetised
only by strong magnetic field.
Less energy is required for magnetising soft iron. Soft iron loses its magnetism immediately,
whereas steel retains it magnetism.
10.2 (b) Difference between a Bar Magnet (or Permanent Magnet) and an Electromagnet :
S.No. Bar magnet (or permanent magnet) Electromagnet
(1) The bar magnet is a permanent magnet. An electromagnet is a temporary magnet. Its
magnetism is only for the duration for
which current passes through it, so the
magnetism of an electromagnet can be
switched on or switched off as desired.
(2) A permanent magnet produces a

An electromagnet can produce very strong
comparatively weak force of attraction.
magnetic force.
The strength of a permanent magnet

(3) The strength of an electromagnet can be
cannot be changed.
changed by changing the number of turns in
its coil or by changing the current passing
through it.
(4) The (north-south) polarity of permanent

of magnet is fixed and cannot be The polatiry of an electromagnet can be
changed. changed by changing the direction of
current in its coil.
Permanent magnets are usually made of alloys such as carbon-steel, chromium-steel, cobalt-steel,
tungsten-steel, nipermag and alonico. Nipermag is an alloy of iron, nickel, aluminum and
titanium whereas ALNICO is an alloy of aluminum, nickel and cobalt. Permanent magnets of
these alloys are much more stronger than those made of ordinary steel, such strong permanent
magnets are used in microphones, loudspeakers, electric clocks, ammeters, voltmeters,
speedometers and many other devices.
10.2 (c) Methods of Demagnetising a Permanent Magnet :
(i) Magnet can be demagnetisedby :
(A) Self - demagnetisation, if the magnet is stored without using magnetic keepers.
(B) Dropping it from a height or by rough handling.
(C) Heating or hammering the magnet.
(ii) Magnet can be demagnetised by placing it within a solenoid and passing high frequency AC
through it.
Permanent Magnet Solenoid

A.C. Source
10.3 USED OF MAGNETISM IN MEDICINE :
An electric current always produces a magnetic field. Even weak ion currents that travel along the
nerve cells in our body produce magnetic fields.
When we touch something, our nerves carry an electric impulse to the muscles we need to use.
The impulse produces a temporary magnetic field. These field are very weak and are one billionth
the magnetic field produced is significant. The magnetic field inside the body forms the base of
obtaining the images of different body parts. This is done by using a technique called Magnetic
Resonance Images (MRI). Analysis of these images helps in medical diagnosis. Magnetism has
thus, got important uses in medicine.
10.4 MAGINETIC FORCE:
10.4 (a) Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field :
forces on magnets, Ampere suggested that magnet must also exert equal and opposite force on a
current-carrying conductor. When a current carrying conductor is kept in a magnetic field (not
parallel to it), a force acts on it. This force is created due to the interaction of magnetic field of the
current in the conductor and the external magnetic field on the conductor. As a result of this
superposition, the resultant magnetic field on one side of conductor is weaker than on the other
side. hence the conductor experience a resultant force in one direction.
Take a small aluminum rod AB. Suspend it horizontally by means of two connecting wires from a
stand. Now, place a strong horseshoe magnet in such a way that the rod is between the two poles
with the field directed upwards. If a current is now passed in the road from B to A, we will
observe that the rod gets displaced. This displacement is caused by the force acting on the
current-carrying rod. The magnet exerts a force on the rod directed towards the right, with the
result the rod will get deflected to the right. If we reverse the current or interchange the poles of
the magnet, the deflection of the rod will reverse, indicating thereby that the direction of the force
acting on it gets reversed. This shows that there is a relationship among the directions of the
current, the field and the motion of the conductor.
10.4 (b) Direction of Force on Current Carrying Conductor:
Fleming left hand rule:
Stretch the forefinger, middle finger and the thumb of you left hand mutually perpendicular to
each other as shown in figure. It the forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field and
the middle finger indicates the direction of current, then the thumb will indicated the direction of
motion (i.e. force) on the conductor.
10.4 (c) Magnitude of Force :
Experimentally it is found that the magnitude of the force acting on a current carrying conductor
kept in a magnetic field in direction perpendicular to it, depends on the following factors :
(i) The force F is directly proportional to the current flowing in the conductor, i.e. F I.
(ii) The force F is directly proportional to the intensity of magnetic field, i.e. F B.
(iii) The force F is directly proportional to the length of the conductor (inside the magnetic
field), i.e. F
Combining these we get, Or F=KIB
Where K is constant whose value depends on the choice of units. In S.I. units K = 1 and the unit
of magnetic field is tesla (T). 1 tesla is equal to 1 Newton ampere-1 metre-1 or 1 Weber metre-2.
Force is directly proportional to sin where is the angle between current and the direction of
magnetic field. i.e. F sin
Combining all we have F = BI sin or
Special cases :
(i) When or
Force on a current - carrying conductor placed parallel or anti parallel to field is zero.
(ii) If , sin = 1, F = B is the maximum force. Force experienced by the

conductor is maximum when placed perpendicular to magnetic field.
(iii) if of B = 0, F = 0 i.e. the current carrying conductor placed in field fr

experience any force.
A moving charge in a magnetic field (direction of motion not parallel to the field direction)
experiences a force called Lorentz force. Since current is due to flow of charge, therefore a
conductor carrying current will experience a force.
The force acting on a current - carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is :
F=B
Q
Now, if a charge Q flows in time t then the current . So, writing t in place of I in the
above equation, we get :
Suppose the particle carrying the charge Q travels a length in time t. Then the velocity v of the
charged
particle will be equal to . Writing v in place of in the above equation, we get :

Force on moving charge, F = B × q × v
Where B = Magnitude of magnetic field, Q = Charge on the moving particle and v = Velocity of
the charged
particle (in metre per second). In vector notation
Level 1
1. When a bar magnet is broken into two pieces :
(A) we will have a single pole on each piece (B) each piece will have two unlike poles
(C) each piece will have two like poles (D) None of these
2. The magnetic field intensity produced due to a current carrying coil is maximum at:
(A) any point
(B) thecentre of the coil
(C) any point lying on the axis of the coil
(D) points lying between centre of the coil and its circumference
3. The direction of magnetic lines of field produced by passing a direct current in a conductor is :
(A) perpendicular to the conductor & coming outwards
(B) parallel to conductor
(C) surrounding the conductor and of circular nature
(D) perpendicular to the conductor & coming inwards
4. Which of the following statement is not correct about two parallel conductors carrying equal
currents in the same direction ?
(A) Each of the conductors will experience a force.
(B) The two conductors will repel each other.
(C) There are concentric lines of field around each conductor.
(D) Each of the conductors will move if not prevented from doing so.
5. Which of the following determine the direction of magnetic field due to a current carrying
conductor ?
induction. -hand rule.
6. In the figure QR is a vertical conductor and the current I flows from R to Q. P is a point on the
horizontal plane and is to the south of the wire. The direction of the magnetic field at P due to the
current will be towards :
(A) upward (B) north (C) east (D) west
7. A length of wire carries steady current. It is bent first to form a circular plane coil of one turn.
The same length is now bent to give a double loop of smaller radius. The magnetic field
produced at the centre by the same current will be :
(A) a quarter of its first value (B) a half of first value
(C) four times its first value (D) unaltered
8. A wire as shown in figure carries a current I ampere. The semicircle has a radius r. The magnetic
field at the centre C will be :
7
10
(A) zero (B) r Newton/ampere-metre
(C) Newton/ampere-metre (D) gauss
9. A bar magnet has been cut equally length wise and widthwise to give four equal pieces. The pole
strength of each piece as compared to the pole strength of original bar magnet is :
(A) Same (B) (C) (D)
10. The direction of magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet is :
(A) from south pole to north pole
(B) from north pole to south pole
(C) across the bar magnet
(D) from south pole to north pole inside the magnet and from north pole to south pole outside the
magnet.
11. The radius of a circular wire is 0.5m and the current is 10 amp. What is the magnitude of
magnetic field at the centre of the circular wire ?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12. A proton is moving with velocity 104 m/s parallel to the magnetic field of intensity 5 tesla. The
force on the proton is :
(A) (B) (C) (D) Zero
13. The pole faces of a permanent magnet as shown in the figure. A wire of length 4 cm, crying a
current of 10A is placed in the central region, where the magnetic field is 0.2 T. The magnitude of
the force on the wire is :
N
(A) 0.8 N (B) 0.08 N 10
4c
(C) 8 N (D) zero
S
14. Which of the following shows that the earth behaves as a magnet?
(A) repulsion between like poles.
(B) attraction between like poles.
(C) existence of null points in the magnetic field of a bar magnet.
(D) nonexistence of monopoles.
15. A coil is placed in a constant magnetic field. The plane of the coil is parallel to magnetic field as
shown in figure then the flux passing through coil will be : A-area
(A) BA (B) (C) zero (D) infinity
16. Permanent magnets are made up of :
(A) soft iron (B) aluminum (C) Alnico (D) copper
Level 2
1. Two parallel wire carrying current in opposite direction :
(A) attract each other (B) repel each other
(C) no force act between them (D) none of them
2. Force acting on a current carrying conductor placed perpendicular to the magnetic field is :
(A) maximum (B) zero (C) zero or maximum (D) none of these
3. A wire of length 1m through which a current of 0.2 A is flowing. It is placed in a magnetic field
of 0.4T. The maximum magnetic force on the wire is.
(A) 0.8 N (B) 0.08 N (C) 8 N (D) none of these
4. Force acting on a stationary charge Q in the magnetic field B is :
(A) BQV (B) BV/Q (C) Zero (D) BQ/V
5. If a magnet is cut in four equal parts then joined together with quick fix, the resulting bar magnet
will behave as :
(A) Four bar magnet (B) Four normal iron bars
(C) A normal bar magnet (D) A normal iron bar
6. A wire carrying a current of 5 A is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field of 2T. The force on
each centimeter of the wire is :
(A) 0.1 N (B) 10 N (C) 100 N (D) 1 N
7. In circular coil current is flowing in anticlockwise direction, then the direction of magnetic field
produced at the centre of coil, will be :
(A) in the plane of coil
(B) perpendicular to the plane of coil
(C) in the direction of current
(D) parallel to any diameter
8. A current passes through a coil in the anticlockwise direction. The magnetic field at a point on the
axis of the coil is :
(A) parallel to the plane of the coil
(B) perpendicular to the axis of the coil
(C) along the axis towards the centre of the coil
(D) along the axis away from the centre of the coil
Level 3
1. A positively charged particle projected towards east is deflected towards north by a magnetic
field. The field may be
(a) Towards west (b) towards south (c) upward (d) downward.
2. A charged particle is whirled in a horizontal circle on a frictionless table by attaching it to a string

fixed at one point. If a magnetic field is switched on in the vertical direction, the tension in the
string
(a) will increases (b) will decrease
(c) will remain the same (d) may increase or decrease.
3. Which of the following particle will experience maximum magnetic force (magnitude) when
projected with the same velocity perpendicular to a magnetic field?
(a) electron (b) proton (c) He+ (d) Li++
4. Which of the following particles will describe the smallest circle when projected with the same
velocity perpendicular to a magnetic field?
(a) electron (b) proton (c) He+ (d) Li+
5. A circular loop of area , carrying a current of 10 A, is placed in a magnetic field of 0.1 T

perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The torque on the loop due to the magnetic field is
(a) zero (b) 10 4 N-m (c) 10 2 N m (d) 1 N m
6. A beam consisting of protons and electrons moving at the same speed goes through a thin region
in which there is a magnetic field perpendicular to the beam. The protons and the electrons.
(a) will go undeviated (b) will be deviated by the same angle and will not separate
(c) will be deviated by different angles and hence separate
(d) will be deviated by the same angle but will separate.
7. A charged particle moves in a uniform magnetic field. The velocity of the particle at some instant
makes an acute angle with the magnetic field. The path of the particle will be
(a) a straight line (b) a circle
(c) a helix with uniform pitch (d) a helix with nonuniform pitch.
8. An electric current i enters and leaves a uniform circular wire of radius a through diametrically
opposite points. A charged particle q moving along the axis of the circular wire passes through its
centre at speed v. The magnetic force acting on the particle when it passes through the centre has
a magnitude
(a) (b) (c) (d) zero.
9 A vertical wire carries a current in upward direction. An electron beam sent horizontally towards
the wire will be deflected
(a) towards right (b) towards left (c) upwards (d) downwards.
10. A current-carrying, straight wire is kept along the axis of a circular loop carrying a current. The
straight wire
(a) will exert an inward force on the circular loop
(b) will exert an outward force on the circular loop
(c) will not exert any force on the circular loop
(d) will exert a force on the circular loop parallel to itself.
11. A proton beam is going from north to south and an electron beam is going form south to north.
he electron beam will be deflected
(a) towards the proton beam (b) away form the proton beam (c) upwards (d) downwards.
12. A circular loop is kept in that vertical plane which contains the north-south direction. It carries a
current that is towards north at the topmost point. Let A be a point on the axis of the circle to the
east of it and B a point on this axis to the west of it. The magnet field due to the loop.
(a) it towards east at A and towards west at B (b) is towards west at A and towards east at B
(c) is towards east at both A and B (d) is towards west at both A and B.
13. Consider the situation shown in figure. The straight wire is fixed but the loop can move under
magnetic force. The loop will
(a) remain stationary (b) move towards the wire
(c) move away form the wire (d) rotate about the wire.
14. A charged particle is moved along a magnetic field line. The magnetic force on the particle is
(a) along its velocity (b) opposite to its velocity (c) perpendicular to its velocity (d) zero.
15. A moving charge produces
(a) electric field only (b) magnetic field only (c) both of them (d) none of them.
16. A particle is projected in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. The area bounded by
the path described by the particle is proportional to
(a) the velocity (b) the momentum (c) the kinetic energy (d) none of these
Level-1
1. (B)
2. (B)
B will be maximum when r will be minimum i.e. at the center of coil.
3. (C) B will be surrounding the conductor and circular in nature
4. (B)
conductor using the magnetic field of another conductor.

The two conductors will attract each other.
5. (D)
Direction of magnetic field due to
cork screw rule.
6. (C)
Using right hand thumb rule
Direction of magnetic field at point P is towards east.
7 (C)
B due to one of 2 loop
Net magnetic field due to 2 loops
8 (B)
9. (A)
The pole strength of a bar magnet is independent of no. of piece it is divided into.
10. (D)
11. (A)
12. (D)
13. (B)
14. (C)
Earth behaves as a magnet because of existence of null points in magnetic field of a bar magnet
15. (C)
Flux passing through the coil is zero as no magnetic field line is
passing through the area of the coil.
16. (C)
Permanent magnet is made up of Alnico an alloy of Aluminium, Nickel and cobalt.
Level-2
1. (B)
Using fleming left hand rule
Force on second conductor due to magnetic field of first conductor
forces the second conductor away from first conductor.
2. (A)
3. (B)
4. (C)
Force acting on stationary charge
5. (C)
6. (A).
7. (B)
Magnetic field
is perpendicular
to plane of coil
8. (D)
Along the axis away from center of coil.
Level 3
1.(D)
Using fleming left hand rule, we can find the magnetic field
direction will be downward
2.(D)
B in vertically upward direction will increase the tension in string
B in vertically downward direction will decrease the tension in

string.
3. (D) will experience maximum magnetic force as charge is maximum.
4. (A) Magnetic force will be balanced by the centrifugal force
Frequency will be minimum for as ratio is minimum for
5. (A) Torque on the coil
6. (C)
Electron and proton will experience a different force because of different charge or them and
hence they will deviate by different angles and hence separate.
7. (C)
The perpendicular component of velocity will provide the
magnetic force on charged particle whereas the parallel
component will remain as it is and hence the path of particle
will be a helix with uniform pitch.
8. (D)
The magnetic field due to the upper half of the coil is nullified by
the magnetic field due to lower half of the coil and hence magnetic
force on the charged particle becomes zero.
9. (C)
10. (C)
11. (A)
will be deflected towards proton beam because of

magnetic attraction of towards proton beam.
12. (D)
13. (B)
The attractive magnetic force due to section of wire near the

magnetic field producing wire is more than the repulsive magnetic
force due to section of wire away from the magnetic field
producing wire.
14. (C)
Since velocity is along magnetic field. Therefore
15. (C)
A moving charge produces both magnetic field and electric field.
16. (C)
Therefore area bounded by particle is proportional to kinetic energy
Lecture -6 EMI
12.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:
When an electric current is passed through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced around the
conductor. Faraday thought that as a magnetic field is produced by electric current, it should be
possible to produce an electric current by the magnetic field. According to him, whenever there is
a change in the magnetic lines of force associated with a conductor, an electromotive force
(e.m.f.) is set up at the ends of the conductor which lasts as long as the change is taking place.
This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.
Wind an insulated copper wire on a wooden cylinder so as to form a solenoid coil. Connect the
two ends of the coil to the centre of galvanometer. A magnet is placed along the axis of the coil.
(i) When the magnet is stationary, there is no deflection in the galvanometer. The pointer
reads zero as shown in figure (A).
(ii) When the north pole of the magnet is brought near the coil, the current flows in the coil in
direction shown in the figure (B) and the galvanometer shows the deflection towards the
right.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
(E)
(iii) If we stop the motion of the magnet, the pointer of the galvanometer comes to the zero
position as shown in figure (C). Thus the current in the coil flows so long as the magnet
is moving. If the magnet is taken away from the coil, the current again flows in the coil
but in the direction opposite to that shown in figure (D) and therefore the pointer of the
galvanometer deflects towards the left side.
(iv) If south pole of the magnet is brought towards the coil, the current in the coil flow in the
direction opposite to that shown in figure (E) and so the pointer of the galvanometer
deflects towards the left.
(v) Similar deflection is observed in the galvanometer if the magnet is kept stationary and the
coil is moved.
(1) Motion of bar magnet towards a coil
When N-pole of a bar magnet moves towards the coil, the flux associated with loop increases and an
emf is induced in it. Since the circuit of loop is closed, induced current also flows in it.
Cause of this induced current, is approach of north pole and therefore to oppose the cause, i.e., to
repel the approaching north pole, the induced current in loop is in such a direction so that the front
face of loop behaves as north pole. Therefore induced current as seen by observer O is in
anticlockwise direction. (figure (i))
v v
S N N S N
Observer Observer Induced

(i) (ii) magnetic field
In other words when N-pole of bar magnet moves towards the coil, inward magnetic lines of force
(i.e. (×)) linked with coil (as viewed from left) increases. To oppose this change some dots ( ) must
be produced i.e. direction of induced current is anticlockwise. (figure (ii))
In this example, If the loop is free to move the cause of induced emf in the coil can also be termed
as relative motion. Therefore to oppose the cause, the relative motion between the approaching
magnet and the loop should be opposed. For this, the loop will itself start moving in the direction of
motion of the magnet.
Note : It is important to remember that whenever cause of induced emf is in relative motion, the
new motion is always in the direction of motion of the cause.
In the above discussion, if once the coil is of Cu and once of brass and magnet
approaches the coil with same velocity in both the case, then induced current in Cu will
be greater (because of lesser resistance) and more energy conversion takes place in case
of Cu coil.
(2) The various positions of relative motion between the magnet and the coil
Position of magnet Direction of induced Behaviour of Type of Magnetic field
current face of the magnetic linked with the
coil force
opposed progress as
viewed from left
When the north pole of Anticlockwise direction As a north Repulsive Cross (×),
magnet approaches the coil pole force Increases
S N G
Observer
When the north pole of Clockwise direction As a south Attractive Cross (×),
magnet recedes away from the pole force Decreases
coil
S N G
Observer
When the south pole of Clockwise direction As a south Repulsive Dot ( ) Increases
magnet approaches the coil pole force
N S G
Observer
When the south pole of Anticlockwise direction As a north Attractive Dot ( )

magnet recedes away from the pole force Decreases
coil
N S G
Observer
Some Standard Cases for Questions Based on Direction.

(1) Relative motion between co-axial circular coils
(i) When a current carrying coil moves towards/away from a stationary coil
A B A B
Anticlockwis Clockwise
Observer G Stationary coil

Observer Stationary
G
Induced current in coil B is
opposite to the main current in Induced current in coil B
is in the same direction
(ii) When two current carrying coils carries currents in the same direction and
Moves towards each other Moves away from each other
A
A B B
Observe
Observer Induced current in both the coils assist
the main current so current through
Induced current in both the coils opposite to that of
main current so current through each coil decreases
(iii) When two current carrying coils carries currents in the opposite direction and
Moves towards each other Moves away from each other
A B A B
Observer Observer
Induced current in coil A is clockwise and that in coil B is Induced current in coil A is anti-clockwise and that in coil
anti-clockwise i.e. in both the coils induced current flows B is clockwise i.e. in both the coils induced current flows
in the direction of main current. Hence current through in the direction opposite to main current. Hence current
both the coil increases through both the coil decreases
(2) When the inductive circuits are closed or opened

If two coils A and B (primary and secondary) are arranged as shown in the figure and if the primary
circuit is closed or opened then the direction of induced current in secondary will be as follows
(i) Current increases in coil A by pressing the key (ii) Current decreases in coil A by opening the
key
A B A B
Inverse induced Direct induced
Current Current
increasing decreasing
B B
Observer increased Observer decreased
K Flux K Flux
increased decreased
Direction of induced current in the secondary Direction of induced current in the secondary
coil is opposite to that in the primary coil coil is same as that in the primary coil
(3) Increasing and decreasing of current in current carrying coil
(i) When current increases by pressing the key
(ii) When current decreases by opening the key
Induced current Induced current
Main Main
B K B
+ + K
Direction of induced current in the coil will be in Direction of induced current in the coil will
a direction opposite to that of main current. be same as that of the main current
Concepts
To apply Lenz's law, you can remember RIN (when the loop lies on the plane of paper). In RIN,
Induced current
R stands for
right, I stands for increasing and N for north pole (anticlockwise). It i
means, if a loop is placed on the right side of a straight current carrying
conductor and the current i in the conductor is increasing, then induced
current in the loop is anticlockwise ( )
Horizontal (No current induces)
No flux cutting No EMI loop
i
Horizontal wire
field lines
From this experiment Faraday concluded that :
(i) The galvanometer shows a deflection (i.e. current flow in the coil) only when there is
relative motion between the coil and the magnet.
(ii) The direction of deflection is reversed if the direction of motion is reversed.
(iii) The value of the current in the coil (i.e. deflection of the pointer) is increased by :
(A) The rapid motion of the magnet or the coil.
(B) the use of a strong magnet.
(C) increasing the area and number of turns in the coil.
When the magnet and coil are relatively at rest, the total number of magnetic lines of force due to
the magnet passing through the coil (i.e. the magnetic flux linked with the coil) remains constant,
therefore no e.m.f. is induced in the coil and the galvanometer shows no deflection.
When there is relative motion between the coil and magnet, the magnetic flux linked with coil
changes. If the coil is moved towards the magnet, the magnetic flux through the coil increases as
shown in fig. Due to change in magnetic flux linked with the coil, an e.m.f. is induced in the coil.
This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the circuit of the coil is closed.
motion of coil
motion of coil
Faraday formulated the following two laws of electromagnetic induction :
(i) Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux linked with a conductor, an em.f. is induced.
The induced e.m.f. lasts so long as there is a change in magnetic flux cut by the
conductor.
(ii) The magnitude of the e.m.f. induced is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux cut by the conductor. If the rate of change of magnetic flux remains
uniform, a steady e.m.f. is induced. If the circuit of conductor is closed, a current flows in
the conductor due to the e.m.f. induced across its ends.
12.1 (c) Direction of Induced e.m.f. :
The direction of induced e.m.f. (and hence the direction of induced current) can be obtained by
any of the following rules :
(i) right hand rule
(i) Stretch the thumb, middle finger and the forefinger of your
right hand mutually perpendicular to each other as shown in figure. If the forefinger
indicated the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb indicated the direction of
motion of the conductor, the middle finger will indicate the direction of induced current.
(ii) This law gives us the direction of current induced in a circuit.
change (in magnetic flux) responsible for its production.
The law refers to induced currents, which means that it applies only to closed circuits. If the
circuit is open we would find the direction of induced e.m.f.
For example, in figure, when the magnet is moved towards the loop, a current is induced in the
loop.
The induced current produces its own magnetic field with magnetic dipole moment oriented so
as to oppose the motion of the magnet. Thus the induced current must be anticlockwise as shown
in figure below.
Level 1
1. The device which is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy is called :
(A) electric motor (B) dynamo (C) transformer (D) battery
2. consequence of the law of conservations of :
(A) energy (B) momentum (C) angular momentum (D) charge and
mass
3. The induced emf produced when a magnet is inserted into a coil does not depend upon :
(A) the number of turns in the coil (B) the resistance of the coil
(C) the magnetic moment of the magnet (D) the speed of approach of the magnet
4.
(A) is the same as the right palm rule
(B) determines the magnitude of an induced emf
(C) bears no relation to the law of conservation of energy
(D) is useful is deciding about the direction of an induced emf
5. When the current through a solenoid increases at a constant rate, the induced current :
(A) is a constant and in the direction of inducing current
(B) is a constant and is opposite to the direction of inducing current
(C) increases with time and is in the direction of inducing current
(D) increases with time and opposite to the direction of inducing current
6. The device which is used for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy is called :
(A) electric motor (B) dynamo (C) transformer (D)

battery
7. A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a circular coil. If the magnet is rotated about its
axis, then :
(A) a current will be induced in the coil (B) no current will be induced in the coil.
(C) onlyemf will be induced in the coil (D) am emf and current both will be induced in
the coil
8. A copper wire ring is suspended vertically, on bringing a bar magnet towards the ring, then ring
will :
ring
(A) move towards magnet (B) move away from magnet
(C) remains stationary (D) rotate with respect to suspensions fiber
9. The frequency of alternating current (A.C.) in India is :

(A) 50 Hz (B) 100 Hz (C) 220 Hz (D) 440 Hz
10. Current is induced in a coil by electromagnetic induction when :

(A) only the coil moves in a magnetic field.
(B) only the magnet moves towards the coil.
(C) coil and the magnet move with respect to each other.
(D) none of the above.
Level 2
1. Consider the situation shown in figure if the switch is closed and after some time it is opened
again. The closed loop will show
(a) an anticlockwise current pulse and then a clockwise current-pulse
(b) a clockwise current-pulse
(c) an anticlockwise current-pulse and then a clockwise current-pulse
(d) a clockwise current-pulse and then an anticlockwise current-pulse.
2. Solve the previous question if the closed loop is completely enclosed in the circuit containing the
switch.
(a) an anticlockwise current pulse and then a clockwise current-pulse
(b) a clockwise current-pulse
(c) an anticlockwise current-pulse and then a clockwise current-pulse
(d) a clockwise current-pulse and then an anticlockwise current-pulse
3. A bar magnet is released form rest along the axis of a very long, vertical copper tube. After some
time the magnet
(a) will stop in the tube (b) will move with almost content speed
(c) will move with an acceleration g (d) will oscillate.
4. Figure shows a horizontal solenoid connected to a battery and a switch. A copper ring is placed
on a frictionless track, the axis of the ring being along the axis of the solenoid. As the switch is
closed, the ring will
(a) remain stationary
(b) move towards the solenoid
(c) move away form the solenoid
(d) move towards the solenoid or away form if depending on which terminal (positive or
negative) of the battery is connected to the left end of the solenoid.
5. Consider the following statements:
(A) An emf can be induced by moving a conductor in a magnetic field.
(B) An emf can be induced by changing the magnetic field.
(a) Both A and B are true. (b) A is true but B is false.
(c) B is true but A is false. (d) Both A and B are false.
6. Two circular loops of equal radii are placed coaxially at a some separation. The first is cut and a
battery is inserted in between to drive a current in it. The current changes slightly because of the
variation in resistance with temperature. During this period, the two loops
(a) attract each other (b) repel each other (c) do not exert any force on each other
(d) attract or repel each other depending on the sense of the current.
LEVEL 3
1 The variation of induced emf (E) with time (t) in a coil if a short bar magnet is moved
along its axis with a constant velocity is best represented as
S N
E E E E
(a) (b) (c) (d)

t
t t
t
2 Consider a metal ring kept on a horizontal plane. A bar magnet is held above the ring
with its length along the central axis of the ring. If the magnet is now dropped freely, the
acceleration of the falling magnet is (g is acceleration due to gravity)
(a) More than g
S
(b) Equal to g a
(c) Less than g N
(d) Depends on mass of magnet
3 A current carrying solenoid is approaching a conducting loop as shown in the figure. The
direction of induced current as observed by an observer on the other side of the loop will be
(a) Anticlockwise (b) Clockwise (c) East (d)West
4 Two coils P and Q are lying a little distance apart coaxially. If an anticlockwise current i is
suddenly set up in the coil P then the direction of current induced in coil Q will be
(a) Clockwise
(b) Towards north i
(c) Towards south P Q
(d) Anticlockwise Observer
5 A rectangular loop is drawn from left to right across a uniform magnetic field perpendicular into
the plane of the loop
(a) The direction of current in position 1 is clockwise
(b) The direction of current in position 2 is clockwise 1 2 3 4
(c) The direction of current in position 3 is anticlockwise
(d) The direction of current in position 4 is clockwise
6 A small loop lies outside a circuit. The key of the circuit is closed and opened alternately. The
closed loop will show
(a) Clockwise pulse followed by another clockwise pulse
(b) Anticlockwise pulse followed by another anticlockwise pulse
(c) Anticlockwise pulse followed by a clockwise pulse S
+
(d) Clockwise pulse followed by an anticlockwise pulse
Level 1
1. (B) Dynamo is the device used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2. w induced current always tends to oppose the cause which produced it. In order
to do work against opposing force are have to put extra effort. This extra effort (work) leads to
periodic change in magnetic flux, hence more current is induced. This extra effort is just
transforms into electrical energy which is law of conservation of energy.
3. (B) Induced emf in a coil depends on the number of turns in coil, magnetic moment of magnet
and speed of approach of magnet.
4. urrent)
5. (B)
As the current through solenoid increases at constant rate the

magnetic field will change at constant rate in the coil and hence a
constant induced current will develop in coil such that it opposes
the increase in magnetic field.
6. (A) Electric motor is the device used for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.
7. (B) No current will be induced as there is no change of magnetic field through the circular coil.
8. when the bar magnet comes closer to coil the magnetic flux in the
coil increase thus to oppose the change the coil will tend to move away from the magnet.
9. (A) The frequency of alternating current (A.C.) in India is 50 Hz.
10. (C) when coil and magnet will move relative to each other then only there will be change in
magnetic flux and thus there will be induced current
LEVEL-2
1. (D)
The magnetic field will be increased in upward direction in the

loop. Since current will be induce in clockwise direction when the
switch is opened again the magnetic field will be decreasing in
upward direction in the loop. Since current will be induce in
anticlockwise direction.
When the switch is opened again the magnetic field will be

decreasing in upward direction in the loop. Since current will be
induce in anticlockwise direction.
2. (A)
The magnetic field will be increased in downward direction in the
loop. Hence, current will be induce in anticlockwise direction.
When the switch is opened again the magnetic field will be
decrease downward direction in loop. Hence, current will be
induce in clockwise direction.
3. (B)
Since tube is very long hence there is no change in
magnetic field in tube hence no induce current and the
force on magnetic will be zero and thus it will move
with constant velocity.
4. (C)
The magnetic field will increase in upward direction hence

the copper ring will move towards right in order to oppose
the increase in magnetic field.
5. (A)
The EMF can be induced both moving a conductor as well as by change in magnetic field as
there is charge in magnetic flux in both the cases.
6. (A)
The resistance increases with increase in temperature and thus
current decrease and thus the magnetic field in the other loop will
decrease, in order to resist this change the other loop will move
toward the first loop in order to maintain the magnetic field.
Level 3
1 (b) As the magnet moves towards the coil, the magnetic flux increases (nonlinearly). Also
there is a change in polarity of induced emf when the magnet passes on to the other side
of the coil.
2 (c) When the magnet is allowed to fall vertically along the axis of loop with its north pole
towards the ring. The upper face of the ring will become north pole in an attempt to
oppose the approaching north pole of the magnet. Therefore the acceleration in the
magnet is less than g.
Note : If the coil is broken at any point then induced emf will be generated in it but no
induced current will flow. In this condition the coil will not oppose the motion
of magnet and the magnet will fall freely with acceleration g. (i.e. a = g)
S
N a=g
3: (b) The direction of current in the solenoid is anti-clockwise as seen by observer. On

displacing it towards the loop a current in the loop will be induced in a direction so as to
oppose the approach of solenoid. Therefore the direction of induced current as observed
by the observer will be clockwise.
v
N N S
Observer
4: (a)
coil Q hence induced current in coil Q will be clockwise.
5 (d) No current is induced in position 1, anticlockwise current is induced in position 2 because
it is a case of increase of flux, no current in position 3 as there is no change of flux,
clockwise current is produced in position 4 because it is a case of decrease of flux.
6 (d) When key is closed dots are linked with closed loop (i.e. increases from zero to a certain
value) so induced current will be clockwise when key is opened dots linked with loop
decreases (from a certain value to zero) so induced current will be anticlockwise in
direction.
Lecture 7. Derivatives
Application of differential calculus
Calculus plays a very important role in understanding/solving many concepts/problems in physics. In this
chapter, we are not going to study mathematical part of differentiation but we are going to focus on the
application part of the differential calculus in physics
FUNCTION
1. FUNCTON
Function is a rule of relationship between two variables which are assumed to be dependent and
the other independent variables, for example:
e.g. The temperatures at which water boils depends on the elevation above sea level(the boiling
point drops as you ascend). Here elevation above sea level independent & temperature is the
dependent variable
e.g. The interest paid on a cash investment depends on the length of time the investment is held.
Here time is the independent and interest is the dependent variable.
In each of the above example, value of one variables quantity (dependent variable) which we
might call , depends on the value of another variable quantity (independent variable) which we
might call . Since the value of is completely determined by the value of , we say that y is a
function of andrepresent it mathematically as
Here f represents the function , is independent of variable &y is dependent variable.
All possible values of independent variable is called domain of function.

All possible values of dependent variable is called range of function.
Think of a function f as a kind of a machine that produce an output value in its range
whenever we feed it an input value from its domain figure
When we study circles,we usually call the area A and the radius R. Since area depends on the
radius, we said that A is the function of r, . The equation is a rule that tells
how to calculate a unique (single) output value of A for each possible input value of radius r.
. Describe.
If ; If ; If
The set of all possible input values for the radius is called domain of the function.
The set of all output values of the area is the range of the function.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
The differential coefficient or derivative of variable y with respect to variable x is defined as the
instantaneous rate of change of yw.r.t. x. It is denoted by Y y = f (x)
Geometrically the differential coefficient of with respect to

x at any point is equal to the slope of the tangent to the curve representing
at that point
X
i.e.
Note : Actually is a rate measurer.
If is positive, it means y is increasing with increasing of x and if is negative,
it means y is decreasing with increasing of x.
For small change we use
We will try to understand the meaning of by following two examples-
(i)Slope of secant and slope of tangent-
Let us assume that any function is plotted as shown in the above figure
We known that,
Slope of secant
Slope of secant
This implies is slope of line joining two points on a curve but if we keep on decreasing the interval
to a limit when tends to zero then this line will just curve at single
Point, known as tangent. is a differential element (infinitely small element) which is written as
(ii)Average speed and instantaneous speed-

When a car/auto travels from one place to another. It does not move with constant speedthroughout.
Sometimes it moves of at a very high speed and sometimes at low speed. If we have to calculate average
speed for the whole journey we simplify divided to the distance travelled with total time
taken.
Ave. Speed
We know that it is not the speed at which our car/auto was moving all the time. At different
Instants, instantaneous speeds were different.
Instantaneous speed defined as the speed at any particular instants or average speed for
This implies
Note; Speedometer of any vehicle always shows Instantaneous speed of that vehicle.
Example: (1) Instantaneous speed v =
(2) Instantaneous acceleration =
(3) Force
(4) Power
Fundamental formulae of differentiation:
Function Differentiation
If c is some constant
If where c is a constant dy d dx
(c x ) c c
dx dx dx
If where c is a constant and u is a function of x
If y = xn where n is a real number
If y = un where n is a real number and u is a function of x
If y = u + v where u and v are the functions of x
If y = f (u) and u = f (x)
If y = (ax + b)n
Example: 1 Differentiate the following w.r.t x

(i) (ii) (iii)
Solution: (i)
(ii)
(iii) =
Example: Differentiate the following w.r.t. t

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
=
(iv)
Second derivative
is the differentiation of . In simple words, if we differentiate by 2 times w.r.t. x, we get of .
E.g. point if
Then
And
Example: A metal ring is being heated so that at any instant of time t in second, its area is given by
m2 .What will be the rate of increase of area at
Solution: Rate of increase of area
Example: The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of Determine the rate of
increase in its volume when the radius is 1 cm.
Solution: Volume of the spherical bubble
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time
at , [Given ]
Example: Find the angle of tangent drawn to the curve at the point (1, 1)
with the x- axis.
Solution:
Slope of tangent
at (1, 1)
Questions for practice -

Q Differentiale following functions W.R.T
1.
Ans 1
here
(ii)
Ans
(iv)
Ans
(V)
Ans
(vi)
Ans
(vii)
Ans
Exercise -
1. A point moves in a straight line such that its distance from the start in time is equal to
(a) At what times was the point at its starting position?

(b) At what times is its velocity equal to zero?
2. A body of mass 3kg perform rectilinear motion according to formula
Where s is measured in centimeter & t in second. Determine the kinetic energy of the body
5 second after its start.
3. A body moves in a straight line according to the equation . Find is acceleration

when its velocity is zero.
4. The displacement x of a particle move is dimension, under the action of a constant force is related
to the time t by the equation , where x is meters & t is in second. Find the
displacements of the particle when its velocity is zero.
5. Given where , and g are constants. Find .
6. A motion of a particle in a straight line is defined by the relation where x is

in meters and t is in sec. Determine the position x, velocity v and acceleration a of particle at
.
7. A circular disc of radius 3 cm is being heated. Due to expansion, its radius increases at the rate of
0.05 cm/s. Find the rate of which its area is increasing when radius is 3.2cm.
8. An edge of a variable cube is increasing rate of 3cm/s. How fast is the volume of the cube
increasing when the edge is 10cm long?
9. A balloon which always remains spherical on inflated is being inflated by pumping 900 cubic
centimeters of gas per second. Find the rate at which radius of balloon increases when the radius
is 15cm.
10. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3 /s. The falling sand from a cone in a such a way
that the height of the cone is always one sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of
the sand cone increasing when the height is 4cm.
Q.1 A)
B
Q.2 J
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
Q.8
Q.9
Q.10
Sol: Q.1
A) =>
B)
Sol: Q.2
Velocity at t= 5 sec
Kinetic energy at t =5 sec
Sol: Q.3
Velocity will be zero when V=0,
is not possible
Sol: Q.4
Velocity is zero at t=3 sec
Sol: Q.5
Sol: Q.6
Sol: Q.7
Sol: Q.8
Sol: Q.9
Sol: Q.10
Given
Lecture -8 Heat and Thermodynamics

Temperature -
The quantity that tells us how hot or cold a body is with respect to some standards is called Temperature.
Points to remember
1. It is a scalar physical quantity with S.I. unit Kelvin denoted by K

2. The natural flow of heat is from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature.
3. Two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other, when no heat flows from one
body to the other i.e. when both the bodies are at the same temperature.
4. The temperature of a body can be raised without limit, but it cannot be lowered after a certain
point. Theoretically lowest limiting temperature is taken to be zero of the kelvin scale.
Relation between different scales of temperature
The centigrade (°C), Farenheite (°F), Kelvin (K), Reaumur(R), Rankine (Ra) are commonly used
temperature scales
C Temperature in Celsius scale K Temperaturein Kelvin scale
F Temperature in Fahrenheit scale R Temperature in Reaumur scale
Ra - Temperature in Rankine scale
Heat
If you touch a hot stove, energy enters your hand because the stove is warmer than your hand. When you
touch a piece of ice, on the other hand, energy passes out of your hand and into the colder ice. The
direction of energy transfer is always from a warmer body to a neighboring cooler body. The energy that
is transferred from one object to another because of a temperature difference between the objects is
called heat.
Points to remember
1. Heat is a form of energy. It is energy in transit whenever temperature differences exist. Once it is
transferred, it becomes the internal energy of the receiving body.
2. The word "heat" is meaningful only as long as the energy is being transferred. Thus, expressions
like "heat in a body" or "heat of a body" are meaningless.
3. S. I. unit of heat energy is joule (J)
4. Another common unit of heat energy is calorie (cal).
5. 1 calorie = 4.18 joules
(1 calorie - The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water from14.5 to 15.5 ºC
at one atmospheric pressure is 1 calorie.)
Specific heat capacity
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius is
known as its specific heat capacity. If Q amount of heat raises the temperature of m mass of a material
by, then its specific heat capacity is given as:
Q = heat gained or heat lost
m = mass of the material
s= specific heat capacity of the material
T = change in temperature
Heat capacity-the amount of heat supplied per unit increase in temperature for a body is known as its
heat capacity.
Note
Specific heat capacity of water-S = 4200 J/kgºC = 1000 cal/kgºC = 1 Kcal/kgºC = 1 cal/gmºC
Specific heat of steam = half of specific heat of water = specific heat of ice (for calculation
purposes)
Phase change-
Heat supplied/removed not always increase/decrease the temperature of the material, it can change the
phase of material as well.
Heat required to change the phase or state is given by
Q = mL
Where Q = heat supplied or heat extracted
m = mass of the material
L = latent heat
Latent heat (L):
The heat supplied to a substance which changes its state at constant temperature is called latent heat of the
body.
Latent heat of Fusion (Lf ):
The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from solid to liquid state at its melting point and 1 atm
pressure is called latent heat of fusion.
Or
The heat released by a substance while converting from liquid state to solid state at its melting point at 1
atm pressure is called latent heat of fusion
Latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg
Latent heat of vaporisation (Lv ):
The heat supplied to a substance which changes it from liquid to vapour state at its boiling point and 1
atm pressure is called latent heat of vaporization.
Or
The heat released by a substance while converting from vapour state to liquid state at its boiling point at 1
atm pressure is called latent heat of vaporization.
Latent heat of vaporization of water is 540 kcal/kg
Note- For a solid-liquid transition, the latent heat is known as the latent heat of fusion (Lf) and for the
liquid-gas transition, it is known as the latent heat of vaporization (Lv)
Example - A bullet of mass 5 gm is moving with speed 400 m/s strikes a target and loses its energy.
Then calculate rise of temperature of bullet. Assuming all the loss in kinetic energy is
converted into heat energy of bullet if its specific heat is 500 J/kg0C.
Solution: kinetic energy of bullet
Suppose temperature of bullet raised by amount, then
Example.Find amount of heat released if 1 kg steam at 150ºC is converted into -10ºC ice.
Solution:
Total
convert 100º C steam into 100ºC water + heat released to convert 100º water into 0ºC water + heat
released to convert 0 ºC water into -10ºC ice.
Q = m ssteam T + m Lv + m swater f + m sice
= 1 ×0.5×50 + 540 × 1 + 1 × 1 × 100 + 1 × 80 + 1×0.5×10
= 750 Kcal
Example.Find amount of heat required to convert 1 kg ice at -10ºC into 1 kg steam at 150ºC.
Solution :
Total -10ºC ice into 0 ºC water + heat required to convert 0ºC

water into 100ºC water + heat required to convert 100ºC water into 100ºC steam + heat required to
convert steam at 100ºC into 150ºC steam
Q = m sice f + m swater v+ m ssteam T

= 1×0.5×10 + 1 × 80 + 1 × 1 × 100 + 540 × 1 + 1 ×0.5×50
= 750 Kcal
Graphical representation
Principle of Calorimetry-
When two substances at different temperatures are mixed together, then exchange of heat take
place till temperature of both substance become equal. This temperature is called as final
temperature of the mixture or equilibrium temperature.
If no heat loss to surrounding then by conservation of energy, we can say that:
Heat given by one substance = Heat taken by another substance
Or
the heat lost by the hot object = the heat gained by the cold object
Example-
0
Consider a hot substance P of mass m1, specific heat capacity s1 1 C,mixed with a
0
cold substance Q of mass m2, specific heat capacity s 2 2 C, such that they attain
Heat lost by hot substance: ;
Heat gained by cold substance:
According to principle of Calorimetry:

Heat lost by hot substance = Heat gained by cold substance
Example- Temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B and C are 10 0C, 150C and 200C
respectively. The temperature when A and B are mixed is 130C and when B and C are
mixed, it is 160C. What will be the temperature when A and C are mixed?
Solution: when A and B are mixed
When B and C are mixed
Using above two equations we can say
When A and C are mixed
Solving above equations we get .
First law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy. It states that if a system absorbs
Heat Q and as a result the internal energy of the system changes by U and the system does a work
W, then -
which is the mathematical statement of first law of thermodynamics.

Useful sign convention in thermodynamics
Quantity Sign Condition

+ When heat is supplied to a system
Q
When heat is drawn from the system
+ When work done by the gas (expansion)
W
When work done on the gas (compression)
+ With temperature rise, internal energy increases
U
With temperature fall, internal energy decreases
Thermodynamic variables and equation of state:
A thermodynamic system can be described by specifying its pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T),
internal energy and the number of moles (n). These parameters are called thermodynamic variables.
The relation between the thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) of the system is called equation of state.
For n moles of an ideal gas, equation of state is-
PV = nRT
(This equation is known as ideal gas equation)
Thermodynamic process: The process of change of state of a system involves change of thermodynamic
variables such as pressure P, volume V and temperature T of the system. The process is known as
thermodynamic process. Some important processes are
(i) Isobaric process : Pressure remains constant
(ii) Isochoric process : Volume remains constant
(iii) Isothermal process : Temperature remain constant
(iv) Adiabatic process: No transfer of heat
(v) Cyclic and non-cyclic process: In cyclic process Initial and final states are same while in non-cyclic
process these states are different.
(vi) Reversible Process: A process which can be made to proceed in the reverse direction by variations in
its conditions so that all changes occurring in any part of the direct process are exactly reversed in the
corresponding part of the reverse process is called a reversible processes.
(vii) Irreversible Process: A process which can not be made to proceed in the reverse direction is called
an irreversible process.
Indicator diagram :Whenever the state of a gas (P, V, T) is changed, we say the gaseous system is
undergone a thermodynamic process. The graphical representation of the change in state of a gas by a
thermodynamic process is called indicator diagram.
Indicator diagrams for different processes (for ideal gas)
ISOBARIC PROCESS
P = constant
Indicator curve for isobaric process
ISOCHORIC PROCESS
V = constant
Indicator curve for isochoric process
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
T = constant
Indicator curve for isothermal process
PV curve for isothermal process is rectangular hyperbola
CYCLIC PROCESS
In a cyclic process initial and final states are same.
For cyclic processes, work done = area enclosed in P-V diagram.If the process on P-V curve is
clockwise, then the net work is (+ve) and if the process on P-V curve is anti-clockwise then the
net work done is (-ve).
Heat Engine:
It is a device which continuously converts heat energy into the mechanical energy in a cyclic process.
Efficiency of heat engine:
= =
Where Q1 is the heat supplied by the source and Q2 is the heat rejected to the sink.
Carnot Engine:
It is an ideal heat engine which is based on Carnot's reversible cycle. It works in four steps viz.
Isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic compression. The
efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by
=1 =1
Where T1 and T2 are the temperatures of source and sink respectively.
Heat transfer
Heat always tends to flow from warmer objects to cooler objects. If several objects near one another have
different temperatures, then those that are warm become cooler, and those that are cool become warmer,
until all have a common temperature. This equalization of temperatures is brought about in three ways: by
conduction, by convection, and by radiation.
CONDUCTION
(Transfer of energy due to vibration and collision of medium particles without dislocation from their
equilibrium position)
If you hold an iron rod with one end in a flame, before long the rod becomes too hot to hold. Heat travels
through the metal by a process called conduction.
Conduction of heat takes place within certain materials and from one of these materials to another when
they are in direct contact. Materials that are able to conduct heat are known as conductors of heat. Metals
are the best conductors. Poor conductors of heat are called insulators.
Conduction can be explained by the behavior of atoms within the material. In the iron rod example, the
flame causes the atoms at the heated end of the rod to vibrate more rapidly. These atoms vibrate against
neighboring atoms, which in turn do the same. More importantly, free electrons that can drift through the
metal are made to jostle and transfer energy by collisions with atoms and other free electrons within the
metal rod.
Heat is energy that is transferred and is a tangible thing. Cold is not; cold is simply the absence of heat.
Strictly speaking, there is no "cold" that passes through a conductor or an insulator. Only heat is
transferred. You don't insulate a home to keep the cold out; you insulate to keep the heat in. If the home
becomes colder, it is because heat flows out.
Convection -
(Mode of transfer of heat by means of migration of material particles of medium is called
convection).
Heat transfer by conduction involves the transfer of energy from atom to atom. Energy moves, but the
atoms stay put. Another means of heat transfer is by movement of the heated substance itself. Air in
contact with a hot stove ascends and warms the region above. Water heated in a boiler in the basement
rises to warm the radiators in the upper floors. This is convection, where heating occurs by currents in a
fluid.
Convection is of two types-
(1) Natural convection : This arise due to difference of densities at two places and is a consequence
of gravity because on account of gravity the hot light particles
rise up and cold heavy particles try setting down. It mostly Convection
current
occurs on heating a liquid/fluid.
(2) Forced convection : If a fluid is forced to move to take up
heat from a hot body then the convection process is called forced
convection. Fig. 15.16
Fig. 15.17
Radiation
(The process of the transfer of heat from one place to another place without heating the intervening
medium is called radiation)
Heat from the sun is able to pass through the atmosphere and warm the earth's surface. This heat does not
pass through the atmosphere by conduction, for air is one of the poorest conductors. Nor does it pass
through by convection, for convection begins only after the earth is warmed. We know also that neither
convection nor conduction is possible in the empty space between our atmosphere and the sun. Heat must
be transmitted by another process. This process is called radiation.
Any energy, including heat, that is transmitted by radiation is called radiant energy. Radiant energy is in
the form of electromagnetic waves. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared
radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X rays, and gamma rays.
All objects continually give off radiant energy in a mixture of wavelengths. Objects at low temperatures
emit long waves. Higher-temperature objects emit waves of shorter wavelengths. Objects of everyday
temperatures emit waves mostly in the long-wavelength end of the infrared region. It is waves in the
shorter-wavelength end of the infrared region that our skin experiences as heat. Thus, when we speak of
heat radiation, we are speaking of infrared radiation.
Note : Every object whose temperature is above zero Kelvin emits thermal radiation.
Colour of Heated Object

When a body is heated, all radiations having wavelengths from zero to infinity are emitted. Radiations of
longer wavelengths are predominant at lower temperature. The wavelength corresponding to maximum
emission of radiations shifts from longer wavelength to shorter wavelength as the temperature increases.
Due to this the colour of a body appears to be changing. A blue flame is at a higher temperature than a
yellow flame.
Level I
1. A centigrade and a Fahrenheit thermometer are dipped in water. The Fahrenheit thermometer
registers 140°F temperature. What is the temperature as registered by the Centigrade
thermometer
(A) 30° (B) 40° (C) 60° (D) 80°
Sol. (c)
2. A quantity of heat required to change the unit mass of a solid substance, from solid state to
liquid state, while the temperature remains constant, is known as
(A) Latent heat of vaporization (B) Sublimation
(C)Hoar frost (D) Latent heat of fusion
Sol. D Theoretical
3. How much heat energy is gained when 5 kg of water at 20°C is brought to its boiling point
(Specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ kg 1c 1)
(A) 1680 kJ (B)1700kJ (C) 1720 kJ (D)1740 kJ
Sol.(a)
4. Two liquids A and B are at 32°C and 24°C. When mixed in equal masses the temperature of the
mixture is found to be 28°C. Their specific heats are in the ratio of
(A) 3 : 2 (B)2 : 3 (C)1 : 1 (D) 4 : 3
Sol. (c) Temperature of mixture
5. Compared to a burn due to water at 100°C, a burn due to steam at 100°C is

(A) More dangerous (B) Less dangerous
(C)Equally dangerous (D) None of these
Sol. (a) Steam at 100°C contains extra 540 calorie/gm energy as compare to water at 100°C
more dangerous to burn with steam then water.
6. Which of the following parameters does not characterize the thermodynamic state of matter
(A) Volume (B)Temperature (C)Pressure (d) Work
Sol. D Theoretical
7. First law of thermodynamics is a special case of

(A)Newton's law (B) Law of conservation of energy
(C)Charle's law (D) Law of heat exchange
Sol. B Theoretical
8. In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one cycle is
(A) (B) P
7P1
(C) (D)
P1
V
V1 4V1
Sol. (d) Work done = Area under curve = 9 P1V1
9. Heat given to a system is 35 joules and work done by the system is 15 joules. The change in the
internal energy of the system will be
(A) 50 J (B) 20 J (C) 30 J (D)50J
Sol. (B)
10. A Carnot engine operates between and Efficiency of the engine will be (A)
2 3
(B) (C) (D)
5 4
Sol. (b)
11. A carnot engine has the same efficiency between 800K to 500 K and x K to 600 K. The value of x
is -
(A) 1000 K (B) 960 K (C) 846 K (D) 754 K
Sol. (b) In first case,
and in second case,
Since therefore
Or or
12) How many grams of a liquid of specific heat 0.2 at a temperature 40°C must be mixed with
100 gm of a liquid of specific heat of 0.5 at a temperature 20°C, so that the final temperature of the
mixture becomes 32°C
(A) 175 gm (B) 300 g (C)295gm (D)375 g
Sol. (d) Temperature of mixture
13) P T curve of a thermodynamic process is as shown
A B process is
(a) Isothermal process
(b) Isobaric process
(c) Isochoric process
(d)
Sol :- ( C)
14) The corresponding PV curve for the above process is
Sol: (C) V of m is constant and pressure is Increasing
15) A cyclic process ABC is shown in figure
(a) AB = isothermal processes

(b) BC = isochoric process
(c) CA = isochoric process
(d) None of the above
Sol 15. (d)
given. We cannot assume any BC process to be isothermal unless it is specified in the question that BC
curve is rectangular hyperbola.
Level II
1. A student takes 50gm wax (specific heat = 0.6 kcal/kg°C) and heats it till it boils. The
graphbetween temperature and time is as follows. Heat supplied to the wax per minute and
boiling point are respectively 250
Temperature (°C)
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (Minute)
(A) 500 cal,50°C (B)1000 cal, 100°C (C) 1500 cal, 200°C (D) 200°C
Sol. (C)Since specific heat = 0.6 kcal/gm °C = 0.6 cal/gm °C

From graph it is clear that in a minute, the temperature is raised from 0°C to 50°C.
Heat required for a minute = 50 0.6 50 = 1500 cal.
Also from graph, Boiling point of wax is 200°C.
2. Two substances A and B of equal mass m are heated at uniform rate of 6 cal s 1 under similar
conditions. A graph between temperature and time is shown in figure. Ratio of heat absorbed
by them for complete fusion is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
100
Temperature °C
Sol. (C) From given curve, A
80
Melting point for 60
40 B
and melting point for
20
Time taken by A for fusion minute
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time taken by B for fusion minute
Then .
3. Heat required to convert one gram of ice at 0°C into steam at 100°C is (given,Lsteam = 536 cal/gm)
(A) 100 calorie (B) 0.01 kilocalorie (C) 716 calorie (D)1 kilocalorie
Sol. (C) Conversion of ice (0°C) into steam (100°C) is as follows
ice
(Q1 = mLi)
Water at 0°C
(Q2 = mcW )
(Q3 = mLV)
Steam at 100°C Water at100°C
Heat required in the given process
4. The P-V diagram shows seven curved paths (connected by vertical paths) that can be followed by a gas.
Which two of them should be parts of a closed cycle if the net work done by the gas is to be at its
maximum value P a
b
(A) ac (B) cg d
c
(C) af (D) cd e
f
g
Sol. (C) Area enclosed between a andf is maximum.
V
So work done in closed cycles follows a and f is maximum
5. An ideal gas heat engine operates in a Carnot's cycle between and . It absorbs 6 ×
4
10 J at high temperature. The amount of heat converted into work is ....
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Sol. (d)
6. Suppose ideal gas equation follows VP3 = constant. Initial temperature and volume of the gas are
T and V respectively. If gas expand to 27V then its temperature will become -
(A) T (B) 9T (C)27 T (D) T/9
Sol.[B] VP3 = constant , P =
V = constant
7. Pressure versus temperature graphs of an ideal gas are as shown in figure. Choose the wrong statement -
(A) Density of gas is increasing in graph (i) (B)Density of gas is decreasing in graph (ii)
(C) Density of gas is constant in graph (iii) (D) None of these

Sol.[D]
Level II
8. In pressure-volume diagram given below, the isochoric, isothermal, and isobaric parts
respectively, are-
(BC and DA curves are rectangular hyperbolas)
(A)BA, ADDC (B) DC, CB, BA (C) AB, BC, CD (D)CD, DA, AB
Sol.[D] Process CD is isochoric as volume is constant, Process DA is isothermal as temperature

constant and process AB is isobaric as pressure is constant.
9) Pressure versus temperature graph of an ideal gas is as shown in figure. Density of the gas at
point A is . Density at B will be
3
(A) (B) 0
2
(C) (D)
Sol .[B]
Sol
We know that
From equation (1) & (2)
10. AB and CD are two isobaric processes which are carried at pressures respectively
(a) (b)
(c) (d) can not be comport
Sol. (b) AB and CD are isobaric processes

Or
= slope of line =
= slope of

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Dear student,

2) Utsav-Utkarsh Bansal; Sahil-Sushant Agarwal; Sukanya-Ankit Patil; Waseem-Waqar

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Srijan-Soumil Maulik etc.

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8) BT = Brilliant Teachers, BT = Blissful Times

12) Rohan Prinja

13) AIR 2 in JEE Advanced 2017 by Akshat Chugh

14) Sukanya Patil

16) 12th CBSE Boards

19) Pranav Manerikar

20) a-3, b-6, c-2, d-1, e-4, f-5

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.

(a) 1:16 (b) 1:18 (c) 1:4 (d) 1:1

For A, u1 = u, v=0, s=s1, a-ve

Using v2=u2 + 2as

For A 0 =u2 -2as1 = u2 -2as1

For B 0= 16 u2 2as2 = 16 u2 2as2

And the second ball will travel for t = 2 s,

Q.3 A bo rest position at P till it reaches a point Q. Now its

(a) point R coincides with point P (b) the distance PQ =QR

(c) PQ>QR (d) PQ<QR

(a) VM< VB (b) VM = VB

(c) they depend on the masses (d) VM> VB

And if the bag falls vertically from B to C, then the velocity

(a) (b) (c) (d)

For a freely falling body.

( t does not depend upon the mass.)

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

The body starts from rest.

Distance travelled in the first 3 s

And the distance travelled by the body in the nth second,

(C) their velocities depend upon their masses (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

For the distance AB,

And for the distance AC,

From (1) and (2) ,

(a) 5.00m (b) 1.25m (c) 3.75m (d) 2.50m

For the first drop,

But u = 0, t= 2t and g=10

And in this time, the second drop will cover a distance,

The height of the second drop from the ground

(a) all equal , being equal to second

(d) in the ratio of the square roots of the integers 1

The time taken by the particle to cover a distance h metre is given by

For the first second,

(a) 5 s (b) 15 s (c) 20 s (d) 25 s

Relative velocity of a B w.r.t. A

Time taken by B to cross the train A is

(a) 90 minute (b)80 minute (c) 70 minute (d) 60 minute

(a) 24 m/s (b) 27 m/s (c) 32 m/s (d) 35 m/s

Distance between the two vehicles s = 720 m and t=60s

constant or velocity increases continuously But when a=0,

V = constant The velocity time graph will be as follows:

This is shown in figure (4).

The downward component along the incline mg of the weight

= Tension T in the string

For min. time we require max acceleration

The normal reaction

(a) (b) (c) (d)