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Designation: D 635 – 98

Standard Test Method for

Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of
Plastics in a Horizontal Position1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 635; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope * 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers a small-scale 2.1 ASTM Standards:
laboratory screening procedure for comparing the relative D 648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics
linear rate of burning or extent and time of burning, or both, of Under Flexural Load2
plastics in the form of bars, molded or cut from sheets, plates, D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2
or panels, and tested in the horizontal position. D 3801 Test Method for Measuring the Comparative Burn-
NOTE 1—This test method, Clause 8 of IEC Draft 695-11-10 and
ing Characteristics of Solid Plastics in a Vertical Position3
Method A of ISO 1210-1992 are technically equivalent. D 5025 Specification for a Laboratory Burner Used for
NOTE 2—For additional information on materials which do not burn to Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic Materials4
the first reference mark by this test, see Test Method D 3801. D 5207 Practice for Calibration of 20 and 125-mm Test
1.2 This test method was developed for polymeric materials Flames for Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic Materi-
used for parts in devices and appliances. The results are als4
intended to serve as a preliminary indication of their accept- E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards5
ability with respect to flammability for a particular application. E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
The final acceptance of the material is dependent upon its use Determine the Precision of a Test Method6
in complete equipment that conforms with the standard appli- 2.2 IEC Standards:
cable to such equipment. IEC 695-11-10 Determination of the Burning Behavior of
1.3 The classification system described in the appendix is Horizontal and Vertical Specimens in Contact with a 50 W
intended for quality assurance and the preselection of compo- Nominal Ignition Source7
nent materials for products. 2.3 ISO Standards:
1.4 The test method is not intended to cover plastics when ISO 1210-1992 Plastics—Determination of the Burning
used as materials for building construction or furnishing. Behavior of Horizontal and Vertical Specimens in Contact
1.5 This test method should be used to measure and describe with a Small-Flame Ignition Source7
the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and 3. Terminology
flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be
used to describe or appraise the fire hazard for fire risk of 3.1 Definitions:
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 3.1.1 Definitions used in this test method are in accordance
However, results of this test method may be used as elements of with Terminology D 883, unless otherwise specified. For terms
a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors relating to fire, the definitions used in this test method are in
that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a accordance with Terminology E 176.
particular end use. 4. Summary of Test Method
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 A bar specimen of the material to be tested is supported
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
horizontally at one end. The free end is exposed to a specified
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
gas flame for 30 s. Time and extent of burning are measured
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
hazards statements, see 9.2.1. 2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
1 5
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
6
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
7
(Section D20.30.03). Publications of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and
Current edition approved July 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Originally International Organization for Standardization (ISO) are available from American
published as D 635 – 41. Last previous edition D 635 – 97. National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
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D 635
and reported if the specimen does not burn 100 mm. An volume of at least 0.5 m3. An enclosed laboratory hood with a
average burning rate is reported for a material if it burns to the heat-resistant glass window for observing the test and an
100 mm mark from the ignited end. exhaust fan for removing the products of combustion after the
tests is recommended. The atmosphere in and around the test
5. Significance and Use chamber shall be maintained between 15 to 35°C and 45 to
5.1 Tests made on a material under conditions herein 75 % relative humidity.
prescribed are of value in comparing the rate of burning or NOTE 3—The amount of oxygen available to support combustion is
extent and time of burning characteristics, or both, of different naturally important for the conduct of these fire-test-response tests. For
materials, in controlling manufacturing processes, or as a tests conducted by this test method when burning times are protracted,
measure of deterioration or change in these burning character- chamber sizes less than 1 m3 may not provide accurate results.
istics prior to or during use. Correlation with flammability NOTE 4—Some laboratory hoods have induced drafts even with the
under actual use conditions is not implied. exhaust fan off. A positive-closing damper is recommended.
5.2 The rate of burning and other burning phenomena will NOTE 5—A mirror in the chamber, to provide a rear view of the
be affected by such factors as density, pigments, any anisotropy specimen, has been found useful in some enclosures.
of the material and the thickness of the specimen. Test data 6.2 Test Fixture, A laboratory ring stand or test fixture
shall be compared only for specimens of similar thickness, equipped with a means of holding a 125 mm2 wire gauze
whether comparisons are being made with the same or different horizontal and a small clamp permitting the specimen to be
materials. The rate of burning and other burning phenomena held with its longitudinal axis horizontal and its transverse axis
will vary with thickness. inclined at 45 6 2° angle as illustrated in Fig. 1.
5.3 It is feasible that sheet materials that have been stretched
NOTE 6—A pan of water may be placed on the floor of the hood in
during processing will relax during burning and give erratic
position to catch any burning particles that may drop during the test.
results unless they are first heated above their deflection
temperature, in accordance with Test Method D 648, for a time 6.3 Laboratory Burner, constructed in accordance with
sufficient to permit complete relaxation. Specification D 5025.
5.4 Burning tests require that certain variables be arbitrarily 6.4 Gas Supply, a supply of technical-grade methane gas
fixed, for example, specimen size, energy source and applica- with suitable regulator and meter for uniform gas flow. Natural
tion time, and end points. Materials will be found that are gas mixtures having an energy density of approximately 37
unusually sensitive to one or more of the conditions chosen for MJ/m3 have been found to provide similar results. However,
this method leading to highly variable results. Additional technical-grade methane gas shall be used as the referee in
burning characterization by other methods is highly desirable cases of dispute.
in such cases (see Note 2). 6.5 Wire Gauze, 20-mesh (approximately 20 openings per
5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to specific 25 mm), made with 0.43 6 0.03 mm diameter iron wire cut to
laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are approximately 125 mm2, to sustain burning or glowing par-
substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it will not ticles falling from the specimens.
always be possible by or from this test to predict changes in the 6.6 Timing Device, accurate to 0.5 s.
fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the re- 6.7 Scale, graduated in millimeters.
sults are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions de- 6.8 Micrometer, accurate to 0.05 mm.
scribed in this procedure. 6.9 Conditioning Room or Chamber, capable of being
maintained at 23 6 2°C and 50 6 5 % relative humidity.
6. Apparatus 6.10 Flexible Specimen Support Fixture, used to facilitate
6.1 Test Chamber, enclosed laboratory hood, or chamber the testing of specimens that sag and touch the wire gauze. (See
free of induced or forced draft during test, having an inside 9.4 and Fig. 2.)

FIG. 1 Test Fixture

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D 635

FIG. 2 Flexible Specimen Support Fixture

7. Test Specimens tal and its transverse axis inclined at 45 6 2° as illustrated in

7.1 All test specimens shall be cut from a representative Fig. 1. Clamp the wire gauze horizontally beneath the speci-
sample of the material (sheet or end products), or shall be cast men, with a distance of 10 6 1 mm between the lowest edge of
or injection-, compression-, transfer- or pultrusion-molded to the specimen and the wire gauze, and with the free end of the
the necessary form. After any cutting operation, care shall be specimen even with the edge of the gauze. Any material
taken to remove all dust and any particles from the surface; cut remaining on the wire gauze from the previous test must be
edges shall be fine sanded to have a smooth finish. Unless burned off or a new section of wire gauze used for each test.
otherwise agreed, fabrication of test specimens shall be in 9.4 If the specimen sags at its free end during the initial set
accordance with the specifications of the material being tested. up and is not able to maintain the distance of 10 6 1 mm as
7.2 Specimens shall be 125 6 5 mm long by 13.0 6 0.5 mm specified in 9.2, the flexible specimen support fixture illustrated
wide, and provided in the minimum thickness and in the 3.0 in Fig. 2 shall be used. Position the support fixture under the
(−0.0 +0.2) mm thickness. The 3.0 mm thick specimens are not specimen with the small extending portion of the support
necessary if the minimum thickness is greater than 3.0 mm, or fixture at least 20 mm from the free end of the specimen.
the maximum thickness is less than 3.0 mm. The maximum Provide enough clearance at the clamped end of the specimen
thickness shall not exceed 13 mm. The maximum width shall so that the support fixture can be moved freely sidewards. As
not exceed 13.5 mm. The edges shall be smooth, and the radius the flame front progresses along the specimen, withdraw the
on the corners shall not exceed 1.3 mm. support fixture at the same approximate rate, preventing the
flame front from contacting the flexible specimen support
8. Conditioning fixture, so that there is no effect on the test flame or on the
8.1 Condition ten bar specimens for each material and burning of the specimen.
thickness to be tested in accordance with Test Method D 618 at 9.5 With the central axis of the burner tuber in the vertical
23 6 2°C and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for a minimum of 48 position, place the burner remote from the specimen, ignite,
h. Once removed from the conditioning atmosphere test the and adjust it to produce a blue flame 20 mm high. Adjust the
specimens within 1 h. gas supply and the air ports of the burner until a 20-mm
8.2 Conduct testing in a laboratory atmosphere of 15 to yellow-tipped blue flame is produced, and then increase the air
35°C and 45 to 75 % relative humidity. supply until the yellow tip just disappears. Measure the height
of the flame. If the flame height is not 20 6 2 mm, adjust the
9. Procedure burner gas supply to give the proper flame height. Once the
9.1 Prepare at least ten bar specimens. After measuring and flame has been properly set to a height of 20 6 2 mm wait for
recording the specimen thickness, mark each specimen with at least 5 min to allow the burner conditions to reach
two lines perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bar, equilibrium.
25 6 1 and 100 6 1 mm from the end that is to be ignited. NOTE 8—See Practice D 5207 for recommended back pressure and flow
9.2 Conduct the burning test in a chamber, enclosure, or rate for the gas supply and calibration procedure for the 20 mm flame.
laboratory hood free of induced or forced draft. 9.6 Place the burner so that the test flame impinges on the
NOTE 7—Warning: Products of combustion may be toxic. An enclosed free end of the test specimen to a depth of approximately 6 mm
laboratory hood and an exhaust fan for removing the products of starting the timing device simultaneously. The central axis of
combustion after the tests are recommended. The exhaust fan is turned off the burner tube is to be in the same vertical plane as the
during the test and turned on immediately following the test in order to longitudinal bottom edge of the specimen and inclined toward
remove products of combustion. the end of the specimen at an angle of approximately 45 6 2
9.3 Clamp the specimen at the end farthest from the 25 mm degrees to the horizontal. See Fig. 1. Apply the flame for
reference mark, in a support with its longitudinal axis horizon- 30 6 1 s without changing its position. If the test specimen

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D 635
shrinks from the applied flame without ignition, the material is material in accordance with the appendix.
not suitable for evaluation by these test methods. Excessive
distortion of the specimen during the test will invalidate the 11. Report
results. Withdraw the test flame sufficiently from the specimen 11.1 Include the following in the complete report:
(see Note 9) so that there is no effect on the specimen after 11.1.1 Material Identification—Include generic description,
30 6 1 s or as soon as the flame front of the specimen reaches manufacturer, commercial designation, lot number, and color.
the 25 mm mark (if less than 30 s). Restart the timing device
11.1.2 The thickness, as measured with a micrometer to the
when the flame front reaches the 25 mm reference mark.
nearest 0.1 mm, of the test specimen.
NOTE 9—Withdrawing the burner a distance of 150 mm from the 11.1.3 The nominal apparent density (rigid cellular materi-
specimen has been found satisfactory. als only).
9.7 If the specimen continues to burn, with a flame or 11.1.4 The direction of any anisotropy relative to the test
glowing combustion (visible glow without flame), after re- specimen dimensions.
moval of the test flame, record the elapsed time (t), in seconds, 11.1.5 Conditioning treatment.
for the flame front to travel from the 25 mm reference mark to 11.1.6 Any prior treatment before testing, other than cutting,
the 100 mm reference mark and record the burned length (L), trimming and conditioning.
as 75 mm. If the flame front passes the 25 mm reference mark 11.1.7 Whether or not the specimen continued to burn (with
but does not reach the 100 mm reference mark, record the or without visible flame) after application of test flame.
elapsed time (t), in seconds, and the burned length (L), in 11.1.8 Whether or not the flame front reached the 25 and
millimeters between the 25 mm reference mark and where the 100 mm reference marks.
flame front stopped.
11.1.9 For specimens with which the flame front does not
9.8 Repeat the test procedure (9.1-9.7) until three specimens
reach or pass the 25 mm reference mark, a statement that
have burned to or beyond the 100 mm reference mark, or ten
indicates the flame front did not reach or pass the 25 mm
specimens have been tested.
reference mark. Do not report an elapsed time (t) and burned
NOTE 10—For classification purposes, if only one specimen does not length (L).
comply with the criteria, test an additional set of specimens. See X1.3. 11.1.10 For specimens with which the flame front passed
10. Calculation the 25 mm reference mark but did not reach the 100 mm
reference mark, the elapsed time (t) and burned length (L).
10.1 Calculate the linear burning rate (V), in millimeters per 11.1.11 If a specimen does not burn to the 100 mm mark
minute, for each specimen where the flame front reaches the because of dripping, flowing, or falling burning particles, the
100 mm reference mark using the equation: report must so indicate.
V560L/t 11.1.12 If a specimen is reignited by burning material on the
where: gauze, the report must so state.
L = the burned length, in millimetres, as defined in 9.7; and 11.1.13 For specimens with which the flame front reached
t = the time, in seconds, as defined in 9.7. the 100 mm reference mark, the average linear burning rate,
(V).
NOTE 11—If the flame front reached the 100-mm reference mark,
L = 75.
11.1.14 Whether the flexible specimen support fixture was
NOTE 12—The SI units of the linear burning rate is metre per second. used.
In practice, the unit millimeter per minute is used. 11.1.15 The caveat contained in 1.5 herein shall be incor-
NOTE 13—It is acceptable to report the results in cm/min by using the porated in its entirety in the test report issued.
method prescribed in 10.1 and then dividing the obtained rate by ten. 11.1.16 Optional—Flame classification as determined from
10.2 Calculate the average linear burning rate or classify the the appendix.

TABLE 1 Average Linear Burning Rate for Specimens Tested Without Flexible Specimen Support Fixture
Rate of Linear Burning, mm/min
Material Nominal Specimen
Average SrA SRB rC RD
Thickness, mm
Polyethylene (PE) 3.0 15.2 0.7 1.3 1.9 3.7
ABS 3.2 27.9 2.1 4.1 5.7 11.5
Acrylic 3.0 29.7 1.7 2.2 4.9 6.1
A
Sr is the within-laboratory standard deviation for the indicated material. It is obtained by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results from all
of the participating laboratories:

Sr = [[(s1)2 + (s2)2 . . . + (sn)2]/n]1/2

B
SR is the between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as stated deviation:

SR = [Sr2 + SL2]1/2
where: SL = the standard deviation of laboratory means.
C
r is the within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 Sr.
D
R is the between-laboratories critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 SR.

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D 635
TABLE 2 Average Linear Burning Rate for Specimens Tested With Flexible Specimen Support Fixture
Rate of Linear Burning, mm/min
Material
Nominal Specimen Thickness, mm Average SrA SRB rC RD
E E
Polyurethane (PUR) 1.3 41.6 1.0 2.9
Polyurethane (PUR) 0.8 60.9 10.9 14.4 30.6 40.4
Polyurethane (PUR) 0.4 82.3 10.6 26.6 29.8 74.4
E E
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 0.1 192.0 32.2 123.7
A
Sr = within-laboratory standard deviation for the indicated material. It is obtained by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results from all of the
participating laboratories, as follows:

Sr = [[(s1)2 + (s2)2 . . . +(sn)2]/n]1/2

B
SR = between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as stated deviation, as follows:

SR = [Sr2 + SL2]1/2
where SL = the standard deviation of laboratory means.
C
r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 Sr.
D
R = between-laboratories critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 SR.
E
The number of laboratories in the interlaboratory study reporting a linear burning rate was too small to establish a between-laboratory standard deviation.

12. Precision and Bias NOTE 14—Caution: The explanations of “r” and “R” given in 12.4-
12.4.3 are only intended to present a meaningful way of considering the
12.1 Table 1 is based on a round robin completed in 19878
approximate precision of this test method. The data in Tables 1 and 2 shall
in accordance with Practice E 691, involving three self- not be rigorously applied to acceptance or rejection of material, as these
supporting materials tested by eleven laboratories. Each labo- data apply only to the materials tested in the round robin and are unlikely
ratory conditioned, at 23°C and 50 % relative humidity, the to be rigorously representative of other lots, formulations, conditions,
specimens that it tested. Each laboratory conducted the tests in materials or laboratories. Users of this test method shall apply the
a laboratory hood with the hood exhaust essentially turned off. principles outlined in Practice E 691 to generate data specific to their
All three materials were classified by the test as possessing an materials and laboratory (or between specific laboratories). The principles
average burning rate. Each test result consisted of an average of 12.4-12.4.3 would then be valid for such data.
linear burning rate determined from three specimens. Each 12.4 Concept of “r” and “R”—If Sr and SR have been
laboratory obtained three test results for each material. calculated from a large enough body of data, and for test results
12.2 Table 2 is based on a round robin completed in 19869 that were averages from testing three specimens for each test
in accordance with Practice 691, involving four materials that result, then:
required use of the flexible specimen support fixture and tested 12.4.1 Repeatability, r—Two test results obtained within
by six different laboratories. For each material, all samples one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by
were provided by one source. The individual specimens were
more than the “r” value for the material. “r” is the interval
cut and distributed by one laboratory. Each laboratory condi-
representing the critical difference between two test results for
tioned, at 23°C and 50 % relative humidity, the specimens that
the same material, obtained by the same operator using the
it tested. Each test result consisted of an average linear burning
same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.
rate determined from three specimens. Each laboratory ob-
tained two average linear burning rates from a total six 12.4.2 Reproducibility, R—Two test results obtained from
individual specimen test results for each material. different laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they
12.3 This test method does not contain a numerical preci- differ by more than the “R” value for the material. “R” is the
sion and bias statement for the time of burning and extent of interval representing the critical difference between two test
burning for specimens where the flame front passes the 25-mm results for the same material, obtained by different operators
reference mark, but does not reach the 100-mm reference mark, using different equipment in different laboratories.
and therefore shall not be used as a referee test method for 12.4.3 Judgments in accordance with 12.4.1 and 12.4.2 have
these two characteristics in case of dispute. Due to the rarity of an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being correct.
materials which consistently produce this result, a numerical 12.5 Bias—There are no recognized standards on which to
precision and bias statement for this type of test result is not base an estimate of bias for this test method.
being actively pursued at this time.
13. Keywords
8
Supporting data for Table 1 are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request 13.1 burning characteristics; combustion; extent of burning;
RR: D-20-1149.
9
Supporting data for Table 2 are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request flammability; HB; horizontal burning rate; plastics; rate of
RR: D-20-1146. burning; small-scale burning test burning; time of burning

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D 635
APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING THE RELATIVE LINEAR RATE OF BURNING AND/OR EXTENT
AND TIME OF BURNING OF PLASTICS

X1.1 General X1.2.2 The flame front does not pass the 25 mm reference
X1.1.1 This appendix covers a classification system that mark, or
shall be used to characterize the burning behavior of plastic X1.2.3 The flame front passes the 25 mm reference mark
materials, supported in a horizontal position, in response to a but does not reach the 100 mm reference mark, or
small-flame ignition source. The use of a category designation X1.2.4 The flame front reaches the 100 mm reference mark
code is optional and is determined by examining the test results and the linear burning rate does not exceed 40 mm/min for
of materials tested by this method. Each category code repre- specimens having a thickness between 3 and 13 mm or 75
sents a preferred range of performance levels that simplifies mm/min for specimens having a thickness less than 3 mm.
description in material designations or specifications and may X1.3 If only one specimen from the first set of specimens
assist certification bodies to determine compliance with appli- does not comply with the criteria indicated, another set of
cable requirements. specimens is to be tested. All specimens from this second set
X1.2 Category Designation—The behavior of specimens shall comply with the criteria indicated in order for the
shall be classified HB (HB = horizontal burning) if, material, of that thickness, to be classified as HB.
X1.2.1 There is no visible signs of combustion after the X1.4 Recording the category designation in the test report
ignition source is removed, or is optional.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D-20 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue that may
impact the use of this test method.

D 635 – 97: (6) Calculations were updated.

(1) Revisions were made to clarify the Scope. (7) Precision and Bias information was clarified.
(2) An IEC/ISO equivalency statement was added. (8) The appendix was added.
(3) Handling of specimens that are flexible was incorporated. D 635 – 98:
(4) Permissive language was removed. (1) Revised 12.3 concerning precision and bias for specimens
(5) Specifications D 5207 for test-flame calibration was added. that do not burn to the 100-mm reference mark.

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