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1.5 System Software

System Software

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

280 views71 pages

1.5 System Software

System Software

Uploaded by

Sooraj Rajmohan

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 71

AS LEVELS 9618

COMPUTER SCI ENCE

SYSTEM
Compiled: By Engr. Shahzadah Ashraf SOFTWARE
TOPIC 1.1
Notes + Topical Past
Papers + Marking Scheme

STUDENTS NAME:

SCHOOL NAME:
shahzadah.ashraf 03332076121
@gmail.com

DATE ISSUED: Follow On Facebook :

https://www.facebook.com/shahzad
ah.ashraf

For More Resources:

CONTACT NUMBER: https://sites.google.com/site/alevelco
mputers/home

A Levels With
Sir Bande'Shah

Page 1 of 70
Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2021, 2022 and 2023. Subject content

5 System Software

5.1 Operating System

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance
Explain why a computer system requires an Operating
System (OS)
Explain the key management tasks carried out by the Including memory management, file management,
Operating System security management, hardware management
(input / output / peripherals), process management
Show understanding of the need for typical utility Including disk formatter, virus checker,
software provided with an Operating System defragmentation software, disk contents analysis/disk
repair software, file compression, back-up software
Show understanding of program libraries Including:
• software under development is often constructed
using existing code from program libraries
• the benefits to the developer of software
constructed using library files, including Dynamic
Link Library (DLL) files

5.2 Language Translators

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance
Show understanding of the need for:
• assembler software for the translation of an
assembly language program
• a compiler for the translation of a high-level
language program
• an interpreter for translation and execution of a
high-level language program
Explain the benefits and drawbacks of using either a
compiler or interpreter and justify the use of each
Show awareness that high-level language programs
may be partially compiled and partially interpreted,
such as Java
Describe features found in a typical Integrated Including:
Development Environment (IDE)
• for coding, including context-sensitive prompts
• for initial error detection, including dynamic
syntax checks
• for presentation, including prettyprint, expand
and collapse code blocks
• for debugging, including single stepping,
breakpoints, i.e. variables, expressions, report
window

Page 2 of 70
Page 3 of 70
Chapter 5 Operating System
Features in Editors that Benefit Programming

Whatever language is used for writing source code and whatever compiler or interpreter is being used
there will be one or more IDEs available to assist the programmer. This section discusses the types of
feature that should be provided by an IDE.

Prettyprinting

Prettyprint refers to the presentation of the program code typed into an editor. For example, the
Python IDLE (see Figure 8.02) automatically colour-codes keywords, built-in function calls, comments,
strings and the identifier in a function header. In addition, indentation is automatic.

Prettyprint in the Python IDLE

Context-sensitive prompts

This feature displays hints (or a choice of keywords) and available identifiers that might be appropriate
at the current insertion point of the program code. Figure 8.03 shows an example of the Visual Studio
editor responding to text typed in by the programmer.

1 When you type ‘f’, a pop-

up list appears, displaying
all possible keywords and
identifiers starting with ‘F’

2 Choose the
required
keyword

3 An explanation of the
chosen construct appears.
Pressing the TAB key twice
will put the

Context-sensitive prompts in the Visual Studio editor

Page 4 of 70
Dynamic syntax checks

When a line has been typed, some editors perform syntax checks and alert the programmer to errors.

Expanding and collapsing code blocks

When working on program code consisting of many lines of code, it saves excessive scrolling if you can
collapse blocks of statements.

Debugging

An IDE often contains features to help with debugging.

If a Debugger feature has been switched on it is possible to select a breakpoint. When the program
starts running it will stop when it reaches the breakpoint. The program can then be stepped through,
one instruction at a time. Figure 8.05 shows the windows presented to the user in the Python IDLE
when this feature is being used.

Python program showing a breakpoint and the Debug Control window

Page 5 of 70
1.5.1 Operating System

Introduction

The operating system controls every task your computer carries out and
manages system resources.

Most people are familiar with the major operating systems on the
market. Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS have celebrity status.
The various flavors of the Linux operating system are less-well known,
but that doesn't stop Linux fans from passionately defending their
favorite distribution. Then there's the host of mobile operating systems
on the market including Apple's iOS, Microsoft's Windows Phone and
Google's Android operating system.

But once you get beyond specifics, all operating systems share many traits. They may execute functions in
a way that's particular to that OS, but in the end, each system has to be able to complete basic tasks. Most
of these tasks you won't even notice -- unless things go terribly wrong.

Hardware Management

Operating systems bridge the gap between software and

hardware.

One of the most important jobs an operating system must handle

is acting as a go-between for your computer's hardware and
software. If you were to crack open your computer, you'd find
various circuits, chips, wires and other components. This physical
layer of hardware is what does the actual work when you run a
program. But a program has to have some way to access these physical components to run.
The operating software acts like a platform for programs. An OS makes sure that the processes running on
a computer have access to the appropriate resources. The OS also allows hardware and software to
communicate to each other. This includes input/output (I/O) devices.

Page 6 of 70
Providing A Platform For Software/Apps

Operating systems let software run on a wide spectrum of machines.

Operating systems provide a foundation for programs so that they

can run on different types of hardware. This is important because
two computers running the same operating system may have
different components. This is true even for Apple computers,
which tend to be less modular than other personal computers. A
Macintosh from several years ago may have different processors
and other hardware than a new Mac, but both models might be
running the same operating system.

The operating system creates an abstract environment for programs. In a sense, the program tells the OS
what it needs in order to work properly. The operating system then can take care of the requirements by
allocating the physical resources available on the computer. It doesn't matter what type of hardware the
computer has -- the OS handles the details.

Without this feature, software engineers would have tough choices to make. They would have to write
programs for specific sets of components. If your computer's hardware didn't match that set selected by
the programmers, the program might not work at all on your machine. The operating system keeps things
running smoothly across multiple hardware configurations, freeing up software developers to concentrate
on making the best program they can write.

File Management

Computer file systems organize data so that the right information

can get to the processor at any given time.

Programs need more than physical resources to get the job done.
Computers rely upon collections of data called files. These files
must follow a specific set of rules so that the computer can make
use of them. These rules govern file naming and storage practices.
We call the overall set of rules a file management system or simply
a file manager.

Different operating systems have different approaches to file

management. You can also install additional file management software on most computers. But deep
down, the operating system has to keep track of where files are so that software will run on your
computer. That way, when a program asks for a file, the operating system knows exactly where to go to get
the information.

Without file management, the digital information inside your computer would be a useless jumble of data.
It's like piling everything you own into a single room -- you've got everything you need but there's no easy
way to lay your hands on any particular item at a given time. Because the operating system follows the
rules, we don't have to worry about manually allocating space on specific sections of memory for our files,
and we don't have to root around in a huge mess to find what we're looking for.

Page 7 of 70
Managing Memory
The operating system has to oversee memory usage to keep things
running smoothly.

How can you make your computer work faster? You might think
that a more powerful CPU will get the job done. But sometimes, all
you need is a little more memory to get things moving at a quicker
pace.
Memory is where your computer stores information that it will
need when the processor performs calculations. Think of it as a temporary storage facility. As you execute
programs, your computer's operating system allocates a certain amount of memory to each task. Data
stored in your computer's memory can transfer to and from the CPU quickly. If the CPU needs data that
isn't in your computer's memory, it has to look for the information in other places, such as a hard drive.
This takes longer than pulling data from memory and slows everything down.

The operating system manages memory allocation to minimize computer delays. There's only a finite
amount of memory available at any given time. Depending upon how many programs you're running
simultaneously, this can be a demanding and dynamic job. The operating system has to weigh each
process's requirements and make adjustments as they change. Ideally, it all goes so smoothly that
everything seems to run without a hitch.

CPU Management

The operating system works closely with a computer's CPU to process information.

A computer's central processing unit (CPU) is what gets things

done. At its most basic level, a computer program is a complex
series of math problems. The CPU is what performs the
calculations that solve these problems and gives you the results
you expect. Those results might be anything from making a video
game character jump over a flaming barrel to running a spell-
check algorithm in a word processor.
Every program you run requires some of the CPU's processing
power. Each additional program you run simultaneously means the CPU has to work closer to full capacity.

Operating systems coordinate with a CPU to make sure everything runs smoothly. The OS might switch the
CPU's focus from one program to another as you switch active sessions on your computer. The OS acts like
a resource manager and if it works well, you won't even notice that the CPU is switching between jobs at
an incredibly rapid pace.

Page 8 of 70
1.5.2 Utility Programs
Utility software is a type of system software which has a very specific task to perform related to the
working of the computer, for example antivirus software, disk defragment etc.

Utility software should not be confused with application software,

which allows users to do things like creating text documents, playing
games, listening to music or surfing the web. Rather than providing
these kinds of user-oriented or output-oriented functionality, utility
software usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure (including
the computer hardware, operating system, and application software
and data storage) operates. Due to this focus, utilities are often rather
technical and targeted at people with an advanced level of computer
knowledge.

KDE System Guard monitoring the CPU usage,

Processes and memory usage
Examples of utility software include:

Virus scanner - to protect your system from Trojans and viruses

Disk defragmenter - to speed up your hard disk
System monitor - to look at your current system resources
File managers - to add, delete, rename and move files and folders

Disk Formatter

The surface of a disk can store so much data that the computer cannot handle it all at once so it needs to
be split up so that data stored on it can be found again. When it is new a disk surface is blank so the
computer “draws lines” on the surface to split it into small areas. The process is called formatting and it is
carried out by a utility program called a disk formatter.

File Compressors

Some files are very large. In most files it is possible to find simple ways of reducing the size of the file while
keeping all its meaning. This can be very important when files are being sent from one computer to
another as the communication is speeded up. The programs that reduce the size of files are called file
compressors.

Virus checker

When files are being sent from one computer to another it is possible that they may contain a virus which
will infect the receiving computer. A virus checker (scanner, killer...) is a utility program which keeps a
constant check on files searching for viruses and deletes it if found.

Page 9 of 70
Disk Defragmenter Software

A disk defragmenter software is a utility that reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer’s hard
disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster. When an operating
system stores data on a disk, it places the data in the first available sector on the disk. It attempts to place
data in sectors that are contiguous (next to each other), but this is not always possible. When the contents
of a file are scattered across two or more noncontiguous sectors, the file is fragmented.

Fragmentation slows down disk access and thus the performance of the entire computer. Defragmenting
the disk, or reorganizing it so that the files are stored in contiguous sectors, solves this problem. Operating
systems usually include a disk defragmenter. Windows disk defragmenter is available in the System Tools
list.

Disk Check

A Disk Check is a free utility that can help you scan your disk drives for errors and fix them. It can also scan
entire disk for bad sectors and try to recover them.

Main Features:

 Scan and Fix multiple drives with one click.

 Schedule Disk Check on next boot if a drive cannot be locked.
 Boot Time Disk check can be performed on multiple drives in a click.
 Use of checkdisk makes it highly safe to use.

A Backup Software Utility

A backup software utility allows users to copy, or back up, selected files or an entire hard disk to another
storage medium such as an external hard disk, optical disc, USB flash drive, or tape.

During the backup process, the utility monitors progress and alerts you if it needs additional media, such as
another disc. Many backup programs compress, or shrink the size of, files during the backup process. By
compressing the files, the backup program requires less storage space for the backup files than for the
original files.

Because they are compressed, you usually cannot use backup files in their backed up form. In the event
you need to use a backup file, a restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their
original form. Backup utilities work with a restore utility.

Page 10 of 70
1.5.3 Library Programs

Library programs are collections of compiled routines which are shared by multiple programs, such as the
printing function.

Library programs contain code and data that provide services to other programs such as interface (look and
feel), printing, network code and even the graphic engines of computer games. If you have ever wondered
why all Microsoft Office programs have the same look and feel, that is because they are using the same
graphical user interface libraries.

For computer games a developer might not have the time and budget to write a new graphics engine so
they often buy graphical libraries to speed up development, this will allow them to quickly develop a good
looking game that runs on the desired hardware. For example Battlefield 3 and Need for Speed both use
the same Frostbite engine.

Most programming languages have a standard set of libraries that can be used, offering code to handle
input/output, graphics and specialist math functions. You can also create your own custom libraries and
when you start to write lots of programs with similar functionality you'll find them very useful.

What Is A DLL?

A DLL is a library that contains code and data that can be used by more than one program at the same
time. For example, in Windows operating systems, the Comdlg32 DLL performs common dialog box related
functions. Therefore, each program can use the functionality that is contained in this DLL to implement an
Open dialog box. This helps promote code reuse and efficient memory usage.

By using a DLL, a program can be modularized into separate components. For example, an accounting
program may be sold by module. Each module can be loaded into the main program at run time if that
module is installed. Because the modules are separate, the load time of the program is faster, and a
module is only loaded when that functionality is requested.

Additionally, updates are easier to apply to each module without affecting other parts of the program. For
example, you may have a payroll program, and the tax rates change each year. When these changes are
isolated to a DLL, you can apply an update without needing to build or install the whole program again.

Page 11 of 70
1.5.4 Language Translators

Software that allows new programs to be written and run on computers, by converting source code
(human readable) into machine code. There are three types that we'll cover in a lot more detail shortly:

Assembler - converts assembly code into machine code.

Interpreter - converts 3rd generation languages such as JavaScript into machine code one line at a Time.
Compiler - converts 3rd generation languages such as C++ into machine code all at once.

Assembler

An assembler translates assembly language into machine code. Assembly language consists of mnemonics
for machine opcodes so assemblers perform a 1:1 ratio translation from mnemonic to a direct instruction.
For example:

LDA #4 converts to 0001001000100100

Conversely, one instruction in a high level language will translate to one or more instructions at machine
level.

Advantages of using an Assembler

 Very fast in translating assembly language to machine code as 1 to 1 relationship

 Assembly code is often very efficient (and therefore fast) because it is a low level language
 Assembly code is fairly easy to understand due to the use of English-like mnemonics

Disadvantages of using Assembler

 Assembly language is written for a certain instruction set and/or processor

 Assembly tends to be optimized for the hardware it's designed for, meaning it is often
incompatible with different hardware
 Lots of assembly code is needed to do relatively simple tasks, and complex programs require lots
of programming time.

Page 12 of 70
Compiler

A Compiler is a computer program that translates code written in a high level language to a lower level
language, object/machine code. The most common reason for translating source code is to create an
executable program (converting from a high level language into machine language).

Advantages of using a compiler

 Source code is not included, therefore compiled code is more secure than interpreted code
 Tends to produce faster code than interpreting source code
 Produces an executable file, and therefore the program can be run without need of the source
code

Disadvantages of using a compiler

 Object code needs to be produced before a final executable file, this can be a slow process
 The source code must be 100% correct for the executable file to be produced

Interpreter

An interpreter program executes other programs directly, running through program code and executing it
line-by-line. As it analyses every line, an interpreter is slower than running compiled code but it can take
less time to interpret program code than to compile and then run it.
This is very useful when prototyping and testing code. Interpreters are written for multiple platforms, this
means code written once can be run immediately on different systems without having to recompile for
each. Examples of this include flash based web programs that will run on your PC, MAC, games console and
Mobile phone.

Advantages of using an Interpreter

 Easier to debug (check errors) than a compiler

 Easier to create multi-platform code, as each different platform would have an interpreter to run
the same code
 Useful for prototyping software and testing basic program logic

Disadvantages of using an Interpreter

 Source code is required for the program to be executed, and this source code can be read making
it insecure
 Interpreters are generally slower than compiled programs due to the per-line translation method.

Page 13 of 70
Partially Compiled And Partially Interpreted

Few of the high-level language programs may be partially compiled and partially interpreted, such as Java.
Typical Java environment consists of two programs:

Java Compiler And Java Virtual Machine.

Java compiler takes the source code written in Java programming language, together with precompiled
libraries, and compiles programs written in Java programming languages into class files containing Java
byte-code.

The Java Virtual Machine takes the byte code prepared by the Java compiler and executes it. The
byte-code itself is platform-independent; it is the responsibility of the Java Virtual Machine
implementation to execute the program in the byte-code form on the real computer.

So, the java code is partially compiled for optimization by the programmer. The user runs the code
on a Java virtual machine on their computers that interprets the java code for the users' computer
specific architecture.

Page 14 of 70
Page 15 of 70
1 Three examples of language translators and four definitions are shown below.

Draw lines to link each language translator to the correct one or more definitions.

Language translator Definition

The software reads the source code

and reports all errors. The software
produces an executable file.

Compiler

The software reads each statement

and checks it before running it. The
software halts when it encounters a
syntax error.

Assembler

The software translates a high-level

language program into machine code
for the processor to execute.

Interpreter

The software translates low-level

statements into machine code for the
processor to execute.

[3]

9608/12/M/J/16

1 Describe two differences between a compiler and interpreter.

1 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................[4]

9608/13/M/J/16

Page 16 of 70
4 (a) (i) Explain why a personal computer (PC) needs an operating system (OS).

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) One of the tasks carried out by the OS is the management of the use of the processor.

Name and describe two other management tasks that the OS performs.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) A user has the following issues with the use of their personal computer (PC).

For each case, state the utility software which should provide a solution.

(i) The user wants to send a large file as an attachment to an email. The user knows that
the recipient’s Internet Service Provider (ISP) has a limit of 2MB for file attachments.

Utility software solution: ................................................................................................[1]

(ii) The user is writing a book and is worried that the document files could get damaged or
deleted.

Utility software solution: ................................................................................................[1]

(iii) The computer has recently been slow to load large files. The user has deleted a large
number of small files to try to solve the problem. A friend has advised that there is a
procedure which should be regularly carried out to reorganise file storage on the hard
disk.

Utility software solution: ................................................................................................[1]

(iv) The user clicked on an attachment in an unsolicited email. Since then, the computer has
shown some unexplained behaviours.

Utility software solution: ................................................................................................[1]

9608/12/M/J/17 Page 17 of 70
6 (a) The operating system (OS) contains code for performing various management tasks.

The appropriate code is run when the user performs various actions.

Draw a line to link each OS management task to the appropriate user action.

OS management task Action

Main memory The user moves the mouse on

management the desktop

Input/Output The user closes the

management spreadsheet program

The user selects the Save

Secondary storage
command to save their
management
spreadsheet file

Human computer The user selects the Print

interface command to output their
management spreadsheet document
[3]

(b) A user has the following issues with the use of his PC.

State the utility software which should provide a solution.

(i) The hard disk stores a large number of video files. The computer frequently runs out of
storage space.

Utility software solution .................................................................................................[1]

(ii) The user is unable to find an important document. He thinks it was deleted in error some
weeks ago. This must not happen again.

Utility software solution .................................................................................................[1]

(iii) The operating system reports ‘Bad sector’ errors.

Utility software solution .................................................................................................[1]

(iv) There have been some unexplained images and advertisements appearing on the
screen. The user suspects it is malware.

Utility software solution .................................................................................................[1]

9608/13/M/J/17 Page 18 of 70
1 An operating system (OS) is usually pre-installed on a new computer.

(a) The OS performs a number of different tasks such as file management and peripheral
management.

(i) State three file management tasks the OS performs.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) State three printer management tasks the OS performs.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) Utility software is usually pre-installed on a new computer.

(i) The following table lists four programs. Put one tick (3) in each row to indicate whether
or not the program is utility software.

Program True False

Database

Virus checker

Web browser

Backup software
[4]

(ii) Name two other utility programs.

Program 1 .........................................................................................................................

Program 2 .........................................................................................................................
[2]
9608/12/M/J/18 Page 19 of 70
7

3 Kimmy has written a program in a high-level language.

(a) Kimmy has used library routines in the program.

(i) Describe two advantages of using library routines in the program.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) Describe what is meant by a Dynamic Link Library (DLL).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Three translators are compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.

(i) State one benefit of Kimmy using an interpreter during the development of the program.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State three benefits of Kimmy using a compiler when the program is complete.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2019 9608/11/M/J/19 Page 20 of 70

2 Biyu is writing a computer program in a high-level language.

(a) Biyu uses a language translator.

(i) State the purpose of a language translator.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Biyu uses an interpreter.

State two benefits of Biyu using an interpreter instead of a compiler while writing the
program.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Name a translator other than an interpreter and a compiler.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Biyu uses library files in the program.

Explain why software is often developed using library files.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2019 9608/12/M/J/19 Page 21 of 70

1 A computer has an operating system (OS) and utility software.

(a) The following table lists key management tasks performed by an operating system and
their descriptions.

Complete the table by writing the missing management task names and descriptions.

Management task Description

Memory management

Provides user accounts and passwords

Handles the signals sent when the attention of the processor is

required elsewhere

Provision of a software
platform

[4]

(b) A hard disk formatter and a hard disk defragmenter are two examples of utility software.

(i) Describe the actions performed by a hard disk formatter and a hard disk defragmenter.

Hard disk formatter ............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Hard disk defragmenter .....................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2019 9608/13/M/J/19 Page 22 of 70

(ii) Identify three other examples of utility software that can be installed on the computer.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2019 9608/13/M/J/19 Page 23 of 70

8 Bart plays computer games on his stand-alone games console.

The games console has an operating system.

(a) Describe the tasks performed by the operating system to manage the main memory in the
games console.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) The computer games are written in a high-level language. Bart does not need a compiler or
an interpreter to run the games he buys for his console.

Explain why the games run without the need for a compiler or an interpreter.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) When Bart is at work, he connects his work laptop to his employer’s Local Area Network
(LAN). The LAN has both a router and a gateway.

Give two similarities and one difference between a router and a gateway.

Similarity 1 ................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Similarity 2 ................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Difference .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2020 9608/11/M/J/20 Page 24 of 70

9 Utility programs are examples of system software.

(a) Complete the table by writing the name of the utility program for each description.

Description Utility program

Reorganises files on a disk to improve efficiency

Scans a hard disk to identify bad sectors

Prepares a hard disk for first use

[3]

(b) File compression is one example of a utility program.

Tick (✓) one box on each row to indicate whether the action is an example of lossy
compression or lossless compression.

Action Lossy Lossless

Reducing the resolution of an image
Using run-length encoding on a text file
Reducing the sampling rate of a sound file
[1]

© UCLES 2020 9608/11/M/J/20 Page 25 of 70

(i) Explain how the disk formatter, disk contents analysis and disk repair utilities work
together.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Amir’s computer has several peripheral devices connected to it.

State three peripheral management tasks performed by the operating system.

Task 1 ................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Task 2 ................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Task 3 ................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(iii) The peripheral devices are plugged into USB ports of the computer.

Describe two benefits of connecting the peripheral devices using a USB port.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2020 9608/12/M/J/20 Page 26 of 70

4 Annchi is writing a computer game with a group of friends.

(a) One of her friends has suggested using Dynamic Link Library (DLL) files to help them develop
the game.

(i) Give three reasons why Annchi and her friends should use DLL files when developing
the game.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Give two reasons why Annchi and her friends should not use DLL files when developing
the game.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Each member of the group is creating a different part of the game. Each person needs to test
their part of the game independently before they are combined.

Identify the most appropriate type of translator that should be used to test each part of the
game independently. Justify your choice.

Translator ..................................................................................................................................

Justification ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2020 9608/13/M/J/20 Page 27 of 70

10 (a) Explain the term computer virus.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A virus checker has been installed on a PC.

Give two examples of when a virus checker should perform a check.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

11 A game program is written which can be either interpreted or compiled. The table below shows five
statements about the use of interpreters and compilers.

Tick (✓) to show whether the statement refers to an interpreter or to a compiler.

Statement Interpreter Compiler

This translator creates an executable file
When this translator encounters a syntax error, game
execution halts
The translator analyses and checks each line just before
executing it
This translator will produce faster execution of the game
program
Use of this translator makes it more difficult for the user to
modify the code of the game
[5]

9608/13/O/N/15 Page 28 of 70
7 One management task carried out by an operating system is to provide a user interface.

Describe two more of these management tasks.

1 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................[4]

9608/12/O/N/16 Page 29 of 70
8 A programmer is writing a program that includes code from a program library.

(a) Describe two benefits to the programmer of using one or more library routines.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) The programmer decides to use a Dynamic Link Library (DLL) file.

(i) Describe two benefits of using DLL files.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(ii) State one drawback of using DLL files.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

9608/12/O/N/16 Page 30 of 70
2 (b) (i) Explain why a computer needs an operating system.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. .............

...........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. .........[2]

(ii) Give two key management tasks carried out by an operating system.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................
............

.............................................................................................................................. .........[2]

(c) New program code is to be written in a high-level language. The use of Dynamic Link Library
(DLL) files is considered in the design.
Describe what is meant by a DLL file.

...................................................................................................................................................

.................[2]
...................................................................................................................................................
7 A small company produces scientific magazines. The owner buys some new desktop computers.
The computers are used to store thousands of colour images (diagrams and photographs). All the
computers have Internet access.
(a) Name three utility programs the company would use on all their computers. Describe what
each program does.
1 ................................................................................................................................................

Description ................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

Description ................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

Description ................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. .................[6]
..............................................................................................................................

9608/13/O/N/16 Page 31 of 70
1 One of the tasks of the operating system (OS) is the management of the main memory of the
computer system.

State and describe three other operating system management tasks.

1 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

3 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[6]

9608/12/O/N/17 Page 32 of 70
2 (a) The diagram shows three items of software that translate program code.

Draw one line from each context to the correct item of translation software.

Context Item of translation software

The source code is written in a high-level

language. An executable file is produced.

Assembler

The source code uses instructions from

the processor’s instruction set.

Interpreter

The source code and translation

software must both be in main memory at
execution time.

Compiler

A web page contains some JavaScript

code.

[4]

(b) A programmer is developing software and has both a compiler and interpreter for the
high-level language used.

Describe two benefits of using each form of translation software.

(i) Benefits of a compiler

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Benefits of an interpreter

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

9608/12/O/N/17 Page 33 of 70
2 (a) The diagram shows three items of software that translate program code.

Draw one line from each context to the correct item of translation software.

Context Item of translation software

A web page contains a client-side script.

Assembler

Each instruction in the source code

consists of an op code and an operand.

Interpreter

The source code is required at run-time.

Compiler

When the source code is translated,

copies of the executable program can be
distributed without the need for the source
code.
[4]

(b) The Java programming language is said to be machine or platform independent.

(i) Describe what is meant by machine independent.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe how a Java source code program is translated.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

9608/13/O/N/17 Page 34 of 70
5

(b) Aaron’s computer has an operating system (OS). The OS manages the running processes
and provides a user interface.

Describe these OS management tasks.

Process management ...............................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Provision of a user interface .....................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[6]

(c) Aaron’s computer has a virus checker and backup software.

Describe these utility programs.

Virus checker ............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Backup software .......................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2019 9608/11/O/N/19 Page 35 of 70

1 (a) The diagram shows different types of software on the left, and descriptions on the right.

Draw a line from each type of software to its correct description.

Type of software Description

Provides a ready-built routine that can be

imported into a program

Operating system

Provides an interface between the user and

the hardware

Utility program

Converts source code into a low-level

language

Library program

Creates a new document for the user to edit

Compiler

An additional program that helps to maintain

or configure the system

[4]

(b) Describe the purpose of disk repair software.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2019 9608/12/O/N/19 Page 36 of 70

2 Leonardo’s mobile phone has an operating system (OS).

(a) Describe the following key management tasks that the mobile phone operating system carries
out.

Process management ...............................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Memory management ...............................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[6]

(b) Leonardo uses the mobile phone to record his voice.

(i) Describe how sound sampling is used by the mobile phone to encode the sound.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 9608/13/O/N/19 Page 37 of 70

1 Identify the most appropriate utility program to use for each of the following tasks.

Task Utility program

Rearrange the data on a disk so that files are

contiguous, and all free space is collected together

Prepare a disk for initial use

Reduce the size of a file

Examine a disk to find any bad sectors

[4]

© UCLES 2020 9608/13/O/N/20 Page 38 of 70

3 Hannah is writing a computer program using a high-level language. She uses both a compiler and
an interpreter.

(a) Describe the ways in which Hannah will use an interpreter while writing the program.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Explain the reasons why Hannah uses a compiler when she has finished writing the program.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

Give one benefit and one drawback of using a language that is partially compiled and partially
interpreted.

Benefit ......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Drawback ..................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2020 9608/13/O/N/20 Page 39 of 70

Page 40 of 70
Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9608 12

1 One mark for each box on the left. [3]

Term Definition

The software reads the source

code and reports all errors. The
software produces an executable
Compiler file.

The software reads each statement

and checks it before running it. The
Assembler
software halts when it encounters a
syntax error.

Interpreter The software translates a high level

language program into machine
code for the processor to execute

The software translates low-level

statements into machine code for
the processor to execute.

Marks allocated as follows:

Compiler – 1 mark for two correct connecting lines

Assembler – 1 mark for one correct connecting line
Interpreter – 1 mark for two correct connecting lines

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper

Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9608 13

1 Four from: [4]

• Compiler creates an executable//an interpreter does not create an executable.

• The compiled program can be independently distributed.
• Compiler reports all errors at the end of compilation//an interpreter stops when it reaches an
error.
• Interpreter executes each statement immediately after decoding/checking it//a compiler
checks the whole program for errors.
• The interpreter software/source code must be present in main memory every time the
program is executed//the compiled program does not require compiler/source code to be
present.
• Cross-compilation is possible/compile on one hardware platform to run on another.

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Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) Two from: 2

• The hardware is unusable without an OS // hides complexity of hardware
from user 1
• Acts as an interface/ controls communications between user and hardware /
hardware and software // or by example 1
• Provides software platform / environment on which other programs can be
run 1

4(a)(ii) One mark for the name and one mark for description. Max 4
Max two management tasks.

• Provides the Human Computer Interface (HCI) 1

Controls communications between user and hardware// or by example 1

• Main memory management 1

Memory protection to ensure that two programs do not try to use the same
space // Use of virtual memory // Location of processes within the memory // By
example 1

• File / Secondary storage management 1

Maintains directory structures // Provides file naming conventions // Controls
access 1

• Peripheral / hardware / device / Input-Output management 1

Installation of appropriate driver software // Controls access to data being sent
to/from hardware/peripherals // Controls access to hardware/peripherals //
manages communication between devices. 1

• Interrupt handling 1
Identifies priorities of interrupts // Saves data on power outage // Loads
appropriate Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) // By example 1

• Security management 1
Makes provision for recovery when data is lost // Provides usernames and
passwords // Prevents unauthorised access // Ensures privacy of data 1

4(b)(i) File compression software 1

4(b)(ii) Backup software 1

4(b)(iii) Disk defragmenting software 1

4(b)(iv) Anti-virus software 1

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Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
9608/13
PUBLISHED

Question Answer Marks

6(a) 3

The user closes the Spreadsheet

program

The user selects the Save

command to save their
spreadsheet file

The user selects the Print

command to output their
spreadsheet file

One mark for each correct line from each left hand box to max three marks.

6(b)(i) File compression software 1

6(b)(ii) Backup software 1

6(b)(iii) Disk repair software 1

6(b)(iv) Anti-virus software 1

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Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) 1 mark per bullet to max 3 3

• Storage space divided into file allocation units
• Space allocated to particular files
• Maintains/creates directory structures
• Specifies the logical method of file storage (e.g. FAT or NTFS)
• Provides file naming conventions
• Controls access // implements access rights // implements password
protection // Makes file sharing possible
• Specifies tasks that can be performed on a file (e.g. open, close,
delete, copy, create, move etc.)

1(a)(ii) 1 mark per bullet to max 3 3

• Installs printer driver
• Sends data to the printer / buffer to print // sends documents to the
print queue
• Sends commands to printer
• Receives and handles (error) messages/signals/interrupts from the
printer

1(b)(i) 1 mark for each correct box ticked. 4

Program True False

Database 9
Virus checker 9
Web browser 9
Backup software 9

1(b)(ii) 1 mark for each valid utility program to max 2 2

e.g.
• System clean up
• Automatic update
• Disk contents analysis / Disk checking / Disk repair
• File compression
• Disk formatter
• Firewall
• Disk Defragmenter

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Question Answer Marks

2(c)(iii) 1 mark per bullet point 5

• Select with correct 5 fields

• From LICENCE
• Where ExpiryDate <= '31/12/2019' (any appropriate date type)
• Group by CustomerID
• Order by Cost (with or without ASC, but not DESC)

SELECT CustomerID, SoftwareID, LicenceType,

Cost, ExpiryDate
FROM LICENCE
WHERE ExpiryDate <= '31/12/2019'
GROUP BY CustomerID ORDER BY Cost;

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) 1 mark for each advantage, 1 mark for a valid expansion to max 2 × 2 4

• Code is already tested

• «so it is more robust/likely to work

• Saves programming time

• «code does not have to be written/re-written from scratch

• The programmer can use e.g. mathematical functions

• «that s/he may not know how to code

• If there is an improvement in the library routine

• «the program updates automatically

3(a)(ii) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

• A collection of self-contained (shared library) programs

• «that are already compiled
• Linked to the main program during execution
• Library program code is separate from the .EXE file
• Library file only loaded into memory when required at run time
• A DLL file can be made available to several applications (at the same
time)
• If DLL routine is updated the program that uses it will run the update

3(b)(i) 1 mark per bullet point to max 1 1

• Errors can be corrected as they occur

• Can run a partially complete program when developing
• The effect of any change made to the code can be seen immediately

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Question Answer Marks

3(b)(ii) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 3

• Produces an executable file

• User does not have access to source code
• It will (probably) be faster to run the executable
• Code does not have to be compiled each time it is run
• Does not need the compiler to be present at run-time

Question Answer Marks

4(a) 1 mark for naming a principle, 1 mark for description to max 3 × 2 6

• Product
• Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related
modifications meet the highest professional standards possible.

• Judgement
• Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their
professional judgement.

• Management
• Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and
promote an ethical approach to the management of software
development and maintenance.

• Profession
• Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the
profession consistent with the public interest.

• Colleagues
• Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues.

• Self
• Software engineers shall participate in life-long learning regarding the
practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the
practice of the profession.

4(b) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 × 2 4

Data backup
• A copy of data will have been made and stored elsewhere.
• If the original is lost, the backup can be used to restore the data.

Disk-mirroring
• The data is stored on two disks simultaneously.
• If the first disk drive fails, the data is accessed from the second disk.

© UCLES 2019 Page 6 of 9 Page 46 of 70

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Question Answer Marks

1(c) 1 mark per bullet point to max 4, max 3 for router, max 3 for gateway 4
Only award the repeated bullet points (1 to 5 in each section) once

Router:
• Connects two (or more) networks
• Can connect a network to a WAN // acts as the single access point
for
• Receives packets and forwards towards the destination
• using the IP address of the destination
• Assigns private IP addresses
• Operates between similar networks // networks using the same protocol
• Can be used to segment a network

Gateway:
• Connect two (or more) networks
• Can connect a network to a WAN // acts as the single access point
for
• Receives packets and send packets towards the destination
• using the IP address of the destination
• Assigns private IP addresses
• Connects two dissimilar networks // networks that use different
protocols

1(d) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 for any valid answer 3

For example:
• File server
• Print server
• Proxy server
• Web server
• Application server

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) 1 mark for correct answer 1

• To convert a (higher level) programming language to a different form

2(a)(ii) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

• Easier de-bugging
• because errors can be corrected in real time
• The effect of any change made to the code can be seen immediately
• Parts of the program can be tested, without all the program code being
available

2(a)(iii) 1 mark for correct answer 1

Assembler

© UCLES 2019 Page 4 of 11 Page 47 of 70

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Question Answer Marks

2(b) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

• The code is already written so the programmer is not starting over again
which saves time
• The code will have been used by many people so it should be already
thoroughly tested and relatively error-free / won’t need re-testing
• The programmer can use e.g. mathematical / graphics functions etc.
that he may not know how to code
• Use of named library functions can simplify the program and make it
easier to read
• The library routine code should conform to industry standards and
therefore contribute towards a more robust program

Question Answer Marks

3(a) 1 mark for each error and correction 3

• Line 02 should be +1 not −1 // PC ← [PC] + 1

• Line 03 should be double brackets around MAR //
MDR ← [[MAR]]
• Line 04 should be MDR not MAR // CIR ← [MDR]

3(b) 1 mark for each group to max. 2 2

• Data movement
• Arithmetic operations
• (Unconditional and conditional) jump instructions
• Compare instructions
• Modes of addressing

3(c) 1 mark per bullet 8

• Storing 0 in 401 (line 51)

• Loading memory location 300, value 2 to ACC (line 52)
• Adding 64 to ACC to give 66 (line 55)
• Outputting B (line 56)
• Load 0 (line 57), increment ACC (line 58) and store 1 in 401 (line 59)
• Incrementing IX (line 60)
• Loading 5 (line 52), adding 64 (line 55), outputting E (line 56) loading 1
(line 57), incrementing ACC (line 58), storing 2 in 401 (line 59) and
incrementing IX (line 60)
• Load 0 (line 52) and end

© UCLES 2019 Page 5 of 11 Page 48 of 70

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) 1 mark for each correct entry 4

Management task Description

Memory management Handles the allocation of memory to

processes // Ensures two programs do
not attempt to use the same memory
locations // Keeps track of allocated and
free memory locations

Security management Provides user accounts and

passwords

Interrupt processing Handles the signals sent when the

attention of the processor is required
elsewhere

Provision of a Provides an environment within which

software platform programs can be run

1(b)(i) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 for formatter, max 2 for defragmenter 4

hard disk formatter

• Makes existing data inaccessible
• Partitions the disk into logical drives
• Sets up the (specified) file system
• Prepares the disk for initial use
• May check for errors on the disk

hard disk defragmenter

• Re-organises the disk contents
• Moves split files so they are contiguous
• Creates a larger area of (contiguous) free space

1(b)(ii) 1 mark per bullet point 3

For example:

• Backup software
• File compression
• Virus checker
• Disk contents analysis / repair

© UCLES 2019 Page 3 of 10 Page 49 of 70

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Question Answer Marks

7(c) 1 mark for each correctly completed statement 3

• CREATE (line 1)
• INTEGER (line 6)
• PRIMARY KEY (line 7)

CREATE TABLE INSTRUCTOR(

InstructorID VARCHAR(5),
FirstName VARCHAR(15),
LastName VARCHAR(15),
DateOfBirth DATE,
Level INTEGER,
PRIMARY KEY (InstructorID)
);

7(d) 1 mark per bullet point 2

• Alter table student

• Add an appropriate identifier with suitable data type

ALTER TABLE STUDENT

ADD TelNum VARCHAR;

7(e) 1 mark per bullet point 4

• Select lesson date and lesson time

• From table LESSON
• Where InstructorID = “Ins01”
• And lesson date is greater than today’s date

SELECT LessonDate, LessonTime

FROM LESSON
WHERE InstructorID = "Ins01"
AND LessonDate > #######;

Question Answer Marks

8(a) 1 mark per bullet point to max 4 4

• Reads/writes data to/from RAM

• … e.g. current data/instructions from a game so the CPU can access it

• Allocates virtual memory

• … when there is insufficient RAM to run a program/game

• Allocates RAM to optimise performance

• Paging
• Segmentation

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Question Answer Marks

8(b) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

• Software will have been built using a compiler // the software is pre-
compiled
• Software is an executable file // the game is already in machine code //
the game is already set-up to run on the console
• Source code is not provided so does not need compiling/interpreting

8(c) 1 mark for each similarity, max 2 3

• Both devices regulate network traffic between two networks // connect

two networks
• Both receive packets from a network and both forward packets onto a
network

1 mark for a difference

• A Router connects two networks using the same protocol, a Gateway can
connect two networks using different protocols

Question Answer Marks

9(a) 1 mark for each correctly identified utility program 3

Description Utility program

Reorganises files on a disk to improve

Defragmentation software
efficiency

Scans a hard disk to identify bad Disk contents analysis / repair

sectors software

Prepares a hard disk for first use Disk formatter

9(b) 1 mark for 3 correct answers 1

Action Lossy Lossless

Reducing the resolution of an image 

Using run-length encoding on a text file 

Reducing the sampling rate of a sound file 

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Question Answer Marks

8(b) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

8(c) 1 mark for each similarity, max 2 3

• Both devices regulate network traffic between two networks // connect

two networks
• Both receive packets from a network and both forward packets onto a
network

1 mark for a difference

• A Router connects two networks using the same protocol, a Gateway can
connect two networks using different protocols

Question Answer Marks

9(a) 1 mark for each correctly identified utility program 3

Description Utility program

Reorganises files on a disk to improve

Defragmentation software
efficiency

Scans a hard disk to identify bad Disk contents analysis / repair

sectors software

Prepares a hard disk for first use Disk formatter

9(b) 1 mark for 3 correct answers 1

Action Lossy Lossless

Reducing the resolution of an image 

Using run-length encoding on a text file 

Reducing the sampling rate of a sound file 

9608/12 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2020
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Question Answer Marks

2(c)(i) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 3

• Disk contents analysis checks for errors/problems with the disk

• Disk repair attempts to fix the errors
• The disk formatter prepares the disk for (initial) use (again).

2(c)(ii) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 3

• Installation of device driver software

• Managing interrupts / signals from the device
• Sending control signals to the device
• Control of buffers
• Management of queues

2(c)(iii) 1 mark for benefit, 1 mark for expansion for max 2 benefits 4

• Fast data transfer

• … useful when transferring large files such as video files

• Automatic connection / plug-and-play

• … so usually there is no need to install separate device drivers

• USB is a standard adopted by many manufacturers

• … meaning all new computers will be equipped with USB ports

• Devices may be powered or charged through USB

• … so external devices may be charged while working at the computer

Question Answer Marks

3 1 mark for each correct gate 4

X = NOT (A AND B) OR NOT (NOT B OR C)

4(a)(i) 1 mark only e.g. 1

• Read about the languages she will be using

• Visits the office prior to starting
• Speaks to her manager about concerns

9608/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2020
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Question Answer Marks

3(b) 1 mark for each correct pair of answers (4 shaded sections) 4

A B C Working Space X

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 0

3(c) 1 mark for name, 1 mark for symbol matching the name 2

NAND

NOR

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) 1 mark per reason to max 3 3

• DDL file is only loaded into memory when required

• ... so the executable file for the game is smaller
• Changes/improvements in the DLL file are independent of the main program
• ... the game program will not need to be recompiled
• ... the game program will get the benefit of the updates automatically
• The same DDL file can be used in several game programs (at the same time)

• (DLL) routines are pre-written saving the developers time

• (DLL) routines are pre-tested so should be reliable
• Developers can take advantage of other programmers’ expertise

4(a)(ii) 1 mark per reason to max 2 2

• Game will not work if DDL is corrupted

• An external change to the DDL could stop the game working or change the way
it works
• The DDL file must be present at run-time otherwise there is an error

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Question Answer Marks

4(b) 1 mark for interpreter 3

1 mark per bullet point for justification to max 2

• The interpreter translates and executes line by line

• The interpreter stops translation when an error is found
• …the error can be corrected, and the program continues running from where it
stopped
• There is no need for an executable file (at this stage)

4(c)(i) 1 mark per benefit to max 2 2

• She can charge a fee for the game

• She retains the copyright
• ... so, the game cannot be re-distributed by a third-party without her permission

4(c)(ii) 1 mark per benefit to max 1 1

• Potentially better support, as she is charging a fee

• Likely to have fewer bugs / less prone to malware than if distributed under other
licences e.g. open source
• Redress available if the game does not function correctly

4(c)(iii) 1 mark per bullet point 2

• They can check it works // check if it meets their requirements

• ... without having to paying a fee if it does not

Question Answer Marks

5(a) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 3

• Encryption scrambles the source code (so it is meaningless)

• … using an encryption key / algorithm
• If the file is accessed without authorisation it will be meaningless
• It requires a decryption key / algorithm to unscramble

5(b) 1 mark for a lossless technique 3

1 mark per bullet point for justification to max 2

• Lossless does not lose any data

• Any lost data will mean the program will not work

Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2015 9608 13

10 (a) any two from:

– malicious code / software / program

– that replicates / copies itself
– can cause loss of data / corruption of data on the computer
– can cause computer to “crash” / run slowly
– can fill up hard disk with data [2]

(b) any two from:

– checks for boot sector viruses when machine is first turned on

– when an external storage device is connected
– checks a file / web page when it is accessed / downloaded [2]

Statement Interpreter Compiler

This translator creates an executable file

When this translator encounters a syntax error, game

execution will halt

The translator analyses and checks each line just before

executing it

This translator will produce faster execution of the game

program

Use of this translator makes it more difficult for the user to

modify the code of the game supplied to the user

1 mark for each correct row [5]

Page 56 of 70
Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2016 9608 12

7 ONE mark per bullet point, MAX TWO marks per task.

• Process / resource management

• Scheduling of processes / multi-tasking / multi-programming etc.
• Resolution of conflicts when two or more processes require the same resource

• Main memory management

• Memory protection to ensure that two programs do not try to use the same space
• Use of virtual memory
• Deciding which processes need to be in main memory at any one time
• Location of processes within the memory
• By example, e.g. when process terminates, memory is made available

• Peripheral / hardware / device management

• Installation of appropriate driver software
• Controls access to data being sent to / from hardware / peripherals
• Controls access to hardware / peripherals
• Manages communication between devices / hardware and software

• File / secondary storage management

• Maintains directory structures
• Provides file naming conventions
• Controls access

• Security management
• Makes provision for recovery when data is lost
• Provides usernames and passwords / encryption / user accounts
• Prevents unauthorised access
• Ensures privacy of data

• Provision of a software platform / environment

• On which other programs can be run

• Interrupt handling
• Identifies priorities of interrupts
• Save current memory / process values / saves data on power outage
• Loads appropriate Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
• Any relevant example
[4]

Page 57 of 70
Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2016 9608 12

8 (a) ONE mark for each bullet point from MAX TWO groups.

• The code is already written

• (So the programmer is not starting over again) which saves time

• The code will have been used by many people

• So it should be already thoroughly tested // relatively error-free

• The programmer can use, e.g. mathematical / graphics functions, etc. (may not know
how to code)
• Can be sure that the function will perform as it should // simplifies the program.

• The code should conform to industry standards

• And therefore contribute towards a more robust program
[4]

(b) (i) ONE mark for each benefit, and ONE mark for a further expansion.

• The executable file is smaller / the executable does not contain all the library
routines …
• … DLL files are only loaded into memory when required.

• Changes / improvements / error correction to the DLL file code are done
independently of the main program...
• … So there is no need to recompile the main program
• … All programs using it will benefit

• A single DLL file can be made available to several application programs...

• … Saving space in memory / easing the pressure on memory
[4]

(ii) ONE mark for each bullet point from MAX ONE group.

• The executable code is not self-contained …

• … the DLL file(s) needed to be included at run time.

• Appropriate (linking) software must be available at run-time …

• … to link / include / import the DLL files.

• The DLL file must be present …

• … otherwise (unable to find X.dll) errors

• Unexpected changes to the DLL file / corrupted DLL file …

• … could mean the program stops working as expected

• Malicious changes to the DLL file …

• … could install a virus on the user’s computer / related files could be corrupted

[2]

Page 58 of 70
Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2016 9608 13

2 (b) (i) Any two from

• The hardware is unusable without an OS // hides complexity of hardware from user
• Acts as an interface / controls communications between user and hardware /
hardware and software
• Provides software platform / environment on which other programs can be run [2]

(ii) Any two from:

• Process / task / resource management

• Main memory management

• Peripheral / hardware / device management

• File / secondary storage management

• Security management

• Provision of a software platform / environment on which other programs can be run

– only if not given in part (b)(i)

• Interrupt handling

• Provision of a user interface run – only if not given in part (b)(i) [2]
(c) Any two from:
• A DLL file is a shared library file
• Code is saved separately from the main .EXE files
• Code is only loaded into main memory when required at run-time

• The DDL file can be made available to several applications (at the same time) [2]

7 (a) One mark for the name and one mark for the explanation for three utility programs

• Disk formatter
• Prepares a hard disk to allow data to be stored on it

• Virus checker
• Checks for viruses and then quarantines removes any virus found

• File compression
• Reduces file size by removing redundant details (lossy / lossless)

• Backup software
• Makes copy of files on another medium in case of corruption / loss of data

• Firewall
• Prevents unauthorised access to computer system from external sources [6]

Page 59 of 70
9608/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017

Question Answer Marks

1 1 Mark for stating the management task 6

1 Mark for a corresponding description
Maximum 2 marks for each task
Maximum 3 tasks

Process / Task Management

• Allocation of processor time
• Scheduling of processes or tasks / multi-tasking / multi-programming etc.
• By example – e.g. round-robin, shortest remaining time first etc.
• Resolution of conflict when two or more processes require the same resource

Secondary Storage management

• Storage space divided into file allocation units
• Space allocated to particular files
• OS maintains a file directory and FAT
• Provides file naming conventions
• Controls access.

Peripheral / Hardware / Device / Input/output Management

• Installation of appropriate driver software
• Controls access to data being sent to/from hardware/peripherals
• Controls access to hardware/peripherals
• Manages communication between devices / hardware and software

Provision of a User interface

• Allows user interaction with the computer system// Facilitates human computer
communication
• Hides the complexity of the hardware from the user
• Or by example – e.g. GUI, command line etc.

Interrupt Handling
• Halts the execution of the current process
• Stores the values of the current process on the stack
• Loads and executes the appropriate ISR code
• Use of priorities for handling simultaneous interrupts
• Saves data on power outage

Security Management
• Makes provision for recovery when data is lost
• Provides usernames and passwords / encryption / user accounts
• Prevents unauthorised access
• Ensures privacy of data

Provision of a software platform / environment

• On which other programs / applications can be run

Page 60 of 70
9608/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017

Question Answer Marks

2(a) 1 Mark for each correct connection 4

2(b)(i) 1 Mark per bullet, max 2 2

• Once translated the compiler software is not needed to run the program
• Compiled code should execute faster
• Compiler produces an executable file
• The executable file produced by a compiler can be distributed without users
having sight of the source code // source code is kept secure // users are unable
to make changes to the program
• Cross-compilation is possible

2(b)(ii) 1 Mark per bullet, max 2 2

• Easier de-bugging
• The interpreter stops when error encountered
• error can be corrected in real time
• The interpreter translates a statement then executes it immediately
• Parts of the program can be tested, without all the program code being available.

Page 61 of 70
9608/13 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017

Question Answer Marks

2(a) A web page contains a client-side 4

script

Each instrucon in the source code Assembler

consists of an op code and an
operand

Interpreter

The source code is required at run-

me
Compiler

When the source code is translated,

copies of the executable program can
be distributed without the need for
the source code

2(b)(i) One mark from: 1

• The program code can be translated to run on any processor / platform

• Source code is translated into machine independent intermediate code not
machine dependent code

2(b)(ii) Two marks from: Max 2

• Java uses a two-step translation process

• Java code is partially interpreted – partially compiled
• Code is translated first into intermediate code / "bytecode"
• using the Java compiler
• The bytecode is finally interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine

Page 62 of 70
9608/11 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2019

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) 1 mark per device to max 2 2

e.g.
• Trackpad/touchpad
• microphone
• touchscreen
• scanner

2(a)(ii) 1 mark per device to max 2 2

e.g.
• printer
• speakers
• touchscreen

2(a)(iii) Magnetic hard disk drive // solid state drive 1

2(a)(iv) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 3

• The ball touches horizontal and vertical rollers

• When the ball rotates / moves
• « one or both of the rollers rotate as well
• Each roller connects to a shaft which spins a disk with holes
• Infrared beams shine through the holes in the disks
• As the ball moves the roller the beam is broken by the space between
the holes
• ... creating pulses of light
• The distance and/or speed of the mouse is determined from the rate of
the pulses
• « by an on-board processor chip // by driver software in the computer

2(b) 1 mark per bullet point to max 4 for each management task, max 6 in total 6

Process management:
• Manages the scheduling of processes
• « allows multi-tasking / multi-processing
• « ensures fair access
• « handles priorities
• Manages the resources the processes need
• Enables processes to share information
• Prevents interference between processes// resolution of conflicts

Provision of a user interface:

• Allows a user to communicate with the hardware // vice-versa
• « by making navigation around the system easier
• Provides facility for user inputting data
• Provides facility for outputting to the user
• By example e.g. command line / GUI / menu-driven

9608/11 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2019

Question Answer Marks

2(c) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 for each utility program, max 4 in total 4

Virus checker:
• Scans files stored on a computer system for malicious code
• Scans files when they enter the system / memory stick inserted /
download etc.
• Sets up a schedule for virus-checking
• Isolates / quarantines / deletes viruses
• Regularly updates the virus definitions

Backup software:
• Creates a copy of the contents of a disk / partition. Can be set up to
automatically backup // schedules backups
• Allows the user to decide what is backed up, e.g. all data // all files that
have changed since the last backup
• Allows the user to set up an off-site backup
• May encrypt the backup files
• Restores the data if necessary

2(d) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

• The code is translated one line at a time

• ... and executed immediately
• The interpreter stops as soon as it finds an error

Question Answer Marks

3(a) 1 mark for each gate 5

• A AND C
• B AND C
• D OR E
• (B AND C) AND (D OR E)
• Final OR

9608/12 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2019

Question Answer Marks

1(a) 1 mark per correct line 4

Type of software Description

Provides a ready-built routine that

can be imported into a program
Operating
system

Provides an interface between

Utility the user and the hardware
program
Converts source code into a
low-level language
Library
program
Creates a new document for
the user to edit
Compiler

An additional program that helps

to maintain or configure the
system

1(b) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 3

Disk repair:
• Checks for any errors / inconsistencies / bad sectors on the disk
• Resolves any errors on the disk
• Retrieves files / data from a damaged disk // re-constructs directory //
recovers disc when data corrupt
• Marks bad sectors on the disk // marks bad sectors as unusable

9608/13 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2019

Question Answer Marks

1(c)(i) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 plus 1 mark for suitable example 4

• When a barcode on an item is scanned

• « the server performs any requested tasks // the server looks up the
details of the product
• The self-checkout machine is a client
• « that send requests to the server // the self-checkout machine asks
for, e.g. the price of the item
• The server returns the results of the request // the server returns e.g.
the item price
• Self-checkout machine displays e.g. price to the user

1(c)(ii) 1 mark for each security method to max 2, 1 mark for integrity 3

Security
• encryption
• access rights
• username and password // biometrics // user accounts
• backup // disk mirroring
• firewall
• Physical methods (e.g. CCTV, locked rooms etc.)

Integrity
• checksum
• parity
• validation on input

Question Answer Marks

2(a) 1 mark per bullet point to max 4 for each management task, max 6 in total 6

Process Management
• Manages the scheduling of processes
• « allows multi-tasking / multi-processing
• « ensures fair access
• « handles priorities
• Manages which resources the processes require
• Enables processes to share information
• Prevents interference between processes // resolution of conflicts

Memory Management
• Allocates memory to processes
• Ensures fair usage of memory
• Organises memory / by example
• Makes use of virtual memory
• Keep processes separate
• To release memory when a process stops

9608/13 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2019

Question Answer Marks

2(b)(i) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

• The amplitude of the wave is measured

• « at set, regular time intervals
• The value is stored as a binary number

2(b)(ii) 1 mark per bullet point 2

• Sampling resolution of 44100 Hz takes more samples per second, so

the file size will be larger // Sampling resolution of 21000 Hz takes fewer
samples per second, so the file size will be smaller

• At a resolution of 44100 Hz, the sound recording is a closer / more

accurate representation of Leonardo's voice // At a resolution of 21000
Hz, the sound recording is a less accurate representation of Leonardo's
voice

2(b)(iii) 1 mark for naming a feature, 1 mark for description, max 2 marks for each 4
feature

e.g.
• Amplify
• ... Increase the volume of a section of sound

• Change pitch
• ... Increase/decrease frequency of section(s)

• Change sampling resolution

• « to change the accuracy of the sound / file size

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) 1 mark per table 3

• CUSTOMER table has at least customer ID, customer name, address

and contact details
• ROOM has at least room number, room type,
• BOOKING has at least booking ID, room number, customer ID, start
date, number of nights

CUSTOMER (CustomerID, Name, Address, ContactDetails)

ROOM (RoomNumber, RoomType)

BOOKING (BookingID, RoomNumber, CustomerID, StartDate,

NumberNights)

9608/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020

Question Answer Marks

1 1 mark for each correct utility program 4

Task Utility program

Rearrange the data on a disk so that files are

contiguous, and all free space is collected Disk defragmenter
together

Prepare a disk for initial use Disk formatter

Reduce the size of a file File compression

Disk contents analysis

Examine the disk to find any bad sectors
/ repair

Question Answer Marks

2 1 mark for each correct line 4

The number of images that are

displayed per second

Progressive The number of pixels per unit of

encoding measurement e.g. per inch

Each frame is split into two fields,

Frame rate the first field contains only the odd
lines, the second field contains the
even lines

Interlaced Only the pixels that have changed

encoding are transmitted

Image The complete frame is reproduced

resolution in each scan of the image

The number of pixels in the image

Question Answer Marks

3(a) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

• To run / test the incomplete program

• To locate individual errors in the program because the interpreter stops
• … and allows the programmer to correct errors in real-time
• To change the program and see the effects of the changes in real-time

9608/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020

Question Answer Marks

3(b) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

• To run / test the program multiple times without re-compiling

• To produce an executable file
• … so that it can be distributed without the source code

3(c) 1 mark for a benefit, 1 mark for a drawback 2

Benefit:
• Programs may be interpreted on different platforms

Drawback:
• Intermediate code / program still needs to be interpreted on the user’s
computer, which may run slowly
• Extra CPU resources may be required

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) 1 mark per bullet point 2

• To identify the laptop on the home network

• To allow the router to send data to the laptop from the Internet / another
device on the home network

4(a)(ii) 1 mark per bullet point to max 2 2

• The router has the public IP address for the home network
• All data comes through the router
• The laptop is not accessible / visible to the outside world
• … to ensure security // to protect the laptop from external threats

4(a)(iii) 1 mark per bullet point to max 3 3

• IPv4 has 4 groups of digits, IPv6 has 8 groups of digits

• In IPv4 each group is from 0-255, in IPv6 each group is from 0-65535
• IPv4 uses a full-stop between each group, IPv6 uses a colon between
each group
• IPv4 is 32-bit, IPv6 is 128-bit // IPv4 uses 4 bytes, IPv6 uses 16 bytes

4(b) 1 mark for identification, 1 mark for further description 4

• Dedicated lines / leased line services

• Connection that is only used for that business/organisation // permanent
connection

• Cell phone network

• Send data to cell towers over mobile connection

• Satellite
• Send data to satellites in orbit

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