Holt Language Handbook Answer Key

HOLT McDOUGAL LITERATURE
Language Handbook
Answer Key
GRADE 8
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Table of Contents
Language Handbook 1: The Parts of Speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Language Handbook 2: Agreement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Language Handbook 3: Using Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Language Handbook 4: Using Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Language Handbook 5: Using Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Language Handbook 6: Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Language Handbook 7: Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Language Handbook 8: Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Language Handbook 9: Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Language Handbook 10: Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Language Handbook 11: Writing Effective Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Language Handbook 12: Capital Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Language Handbook 13: Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Language Handbook 16: Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Language Handbook 17: Glossary of Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Language
Handbook 1 The Parts of Speech
Worksheet 1 21. himself 24. it
22. they 25. himself
Identifying Nouns 23. his
Exercise A
1. people; hours; sleep Worksheet 3
2. Edison
3. man; schedule; life
Identifying Adjectives
4. night; living Exercise A (If you classify possessive
5. day pronouns as adjectives, then answers that are
6. notebooks; notes; books; experiments underscored may be considered correct.)
7. hours; sleep 1. young; whimsical
8. powers; concentration 2. his; humorous; many; foreign; unknown; his;
9. project; days; rest native
10. definition; genius; inspiration; perspiration 3. his; first; popular; successful
4. His; quaint; rural; delightful
Exercise B 5. Most
1. Chinua Achebe; writer; Nigeria 6. These; supernatural
2. Nobel Peace Prize; Mother Teresa; year 7. many; pleasant
3. Tuesday; Margaret; job; Japan 8. Moorish
4. team; (gold) medal; hockey; Olympics 9. this; comfortable
5. girl; student; Colombia 10. long; literary
6. baseball; Ellen; mitt; shoes
7. earrings; Debbie; birthday Exercise B (The first item in a pair is the
8. Armand; chef; brother-in-law adjective. The second is the word modified. If you
9. Four; groups; Nigeria; Ibo; Hausa; Fulani;Yoruba classify possessive pronouns as adjectives, then
10. family; Empire State Building; New York City answers that are underscored may be considered
correct.)
Worksheet 2 1. unique—form; Japanese—poetry
2. short—poem; strong—emotion; vivid—image;
Identifying and Using Pronouns few—words
Exercise A 3. English—translations; several—poems;
Japanese—poems; our—teacher; our—poet;
1. My; her; which; she; herself
favorite—poet; brief—report
2. this
4. Our—reports; accurate—reports; two—hours
3. Which; itself; one
5. great—place
4. that; everyone
6. eager—I; my—subject; famous—poet
5. Who; it; her
7. his—poetry; wonderful—poetry
8. excellent—tips; which—books; poetry—books
Exercise B (Pronouns may vary.)
9. My—teacher; her—poet; favorite—poet;
1. Some 11. no one Japanese—poet
2. it 12. his 10. My—friend; best—friend; these—poets
3. who 13. Some
4. his 14. them
5. He 15. his
6. he 16. What
7. his 17. They
8. He 18. he or she
9. his 19. They
10. They 20. us
Answer Key 1
Language
Worksheet 4 7. first—produced
8. then—entered
Identifying and Using Action and 9. commonly—wrote
Helping Verbs 10. still—use
Exercise A
1. arrives 6. did block Exercise B (Answers will vary.)
2. played 7. will defend 1. to what extent—really—had wanted
3. towers 8. has scored 2. when—soon—built
4. ran 9. practice 3. how—carefully—painted
5. dodged 10. have suggested 4. to what extent—partially—based
5. when—Never—had heard
Exercise B (Verbs will vary.) 6. when—Finally—arrived
1. celebrated 6. like 7. how—quickly—arranged
2. lasts 7. asked 8. how—well—went
3. left 8. may apply 9. how—loudly—applauded
4. should reach 9. will finish 10. when—soon—would create
5. enveloped 10. will use
Worksheet 7
Worksheet 5 Identifying Prepositions and
Identifying Linking and Prepositional Phrases
Helping Verbs Exercise A
Exercise A 1. of fire
1. is 6. is considered 2. by lightning
2. has become 7. is 3. from this fire; in a shelter
3. are 8. became 4. within a cave
4. has been 9. was 5. beside the coals
5. remains 10. Is, is 6. by these coals
7. of the fire
Exercise B 8. in the shelter
1. is 6. will appear 9. near the fire
2. is; is 7. smells; is 10. during the Stone Age
3. will look 8. is
4. becomes 9. should be; can be Exercise B (The first item is the preposition.
5. are made 10. has become The second is the object of the preposition.)
1. under—rule; for—years
Worksheet 6 2. as—lawyer
3. through—means; for—independence
Identifying and Using Adverbs 4. Because of—beliefs; with—nonviolence
Exercise A (The first item in a pair is 5. with—it
the adverb. The second is the word or words 6. of—nonviolence; for—truth
modified.) 7. According to—Gandhi; of—strong
1. seldom—varies 8. on—basis; of—people
2. never—freezes 9. of—disappointments; of—life; between—
3. unusually—large Hindus, Muslims; of—country
4. very—clear 10. from—Great Britain
5. sometimes—rises
6. Yesterday—read
2 Language Handbook Answer Key

Language
Worksheet 8 Exercise C (Answers in parentheses are
considered optional.)
Identifying Conjunctions and 1. early; readily; supernatural
Interjections; Determining Parts 2. long; predatory
of Speech 3. female; many; frothy
Exercise A 4. This; eventually; (egg); tightly; woody
1. Whew; and 6. Hey, for 5. tall; very; common; (egg)
2. but 7. not only, but also 6. baby; soon; small; rapidly; out
3. Neither, nor; and 8. yet 7. newborn; often; immediately
4. Both, and 9. but 8. adult; fierce
5. or 10. Gosh, and 9. several; European; many; North American
10. These; Chinese; largest
Exercise B
1. ADV 6. N Exercise D
2. INT 7. PREP 1. to the library; about horses
3. ADJ 8. CONJ 2. by Toni Morrison; about the legacy; of slavery
4. N 9. ADJ 3. across the country
5. V 10. PRON 4. Along the way; of Herbert Hoover; in West
Branch, Iowa
Worksheet 9 5. beneath the sink; behind the cleanser
6. According to the newspaper; beside the river
Test 7. Because of the heavy rains and flooding;
Exercise A through the city
1. mantis; is; insect; habits 8. in front of the house
2. creature; lives; parts; world 9. near the garden
3. species; can be found; United States 10. for his excellent films; among them
4. mantis; is; friend; farmer
5. victims; include; grasshoppers; caterpillars Exercise E
6. wait; prey; mantis; rests; legs 1. Gosh; and
7. legs; captures; insects 2. either, or
8. mantis; does injure; plants 3. Well; and; yet
9. praying mantis; is used; greenhouses; control 4. but
10. praying mantis; may grow; inches; length 5. Oops; neither, nor; but
Exercise B Exercise F
1. These; our 1. PREP 6. PREP
2. I; my; us; that; you 2. N 7. N
3. She; her; who 3. V 8. CONJ
4. Your; most; himself; he; it 4. PRON 9. ADV
5. any; you; who 5. ADJ 10. INT
6. His; he; many
7. himself; whose; he
8. we; we; it; anyone; who
9. It; that; some; us
10. some; her; my; herself; it
Answer Key 3
Language
Handbook 2 Agreement
Worksheet 1 8. uncle—comes
9. grandparents—were
Using Singular and Plural Forms 10. Morning glories—close
Exercise A
1. P 14. P Worksheet 3
2. P 15. P
3. S 16. P
Using Subjects and Verbs with
4. S 17. S
Prepositional Phrases
5. P 18. S Exercise A
6. S 19. S 1. descriptions (in the poem) (about Paul Revere)
7. S 20. S make
8. P 21. P 2. lines (in the poem) are
9. P 22. S 3. tramp (of feet) is
10. P 23. P 4. hoofbeats (of Paul Revere’s horse) shatter
11. P 24. P 5. scenes (on each village street) live
12. S 25. P 6. poems (by Longfellow) have
13. P 7. One (of my favorite poems) is
8. antics (of the old man) make
Exercise B 9. Some (of the father’s answers) (to his son) are
1. bottles 6. I 10. reason (for doing headstands) tickles
2. sheep 7. noise
3. goats 8. adenoids Exercise B
4. apple 9. galaxy 1. is 6. describe
5. teams 10. mountain lions 2. puts 7. takes
3. moves 8. is
Worksheet 2 4. was 9. completes
5. was 10. seems
Making Subjects and Verbs Agree
Exercise A Worksheet 4
1. sisters—enjoy
2. friends—have
Ensuring Agreement with
3. members—are
Indefinite Pronouns
4. You—turn Exercise A
5. mail carrier—delivers 1. needs 6. has
6. breeze—seems 2. likes 7. turn © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
7. people—do 3. prefer 8. becomes

8. robin—eats 4. cost 9. has
9. We—were 5. want 10. were
10. They—call
Exercise B (The first item in a pair is
Exercise B correct. The second is incorrect.)
1. work—consists 1. have—has 6. fear—fears
2. it—doesn’t 2. are—is 7. C
3. No one—wants 3. knows—know 8. Do—Does
4. tomatoes—have 4. are—is 9. fill—fills
5. garden—doesn’t 5. wants—want 10. have—has
6. you—weren’t
7. newspapers—don’t

Language
Worksheet 5 Worksheet 7
Ensuring Agreement with Subjects Ensuring Agreement in Questions
Joined by And, Or, or Nor and in Sentences That Begin with
Exercise A There and Here
1. La Tonya, Maria—play Exercise
2. Plot, character—are 1. twirlers—come
3. Mosses, lichens—grow 2. students—are
4. president, owner—is 3. members—Do
5. Apples, oranges, bananas—make 4. Miss Bannerman—does
6. Country and western—has 5. references—are
7. Little Women, Little Men—were 6. Ms. Chang—Does
8. Macaroni and cheese—is 7. ice-skating—is
9. Macaroni, cheese—are 8. varieties—are
10. pork—was 9. Amy—Has
10. receiver—was
Exercise B 11. everyone—Does
1. Li, Pang—reads 12. list—is
2. members, chairperson—was 13. mistakes—are
3. jewelry, baskets—are 14. truck—is
4. Jupiter, Zeus—Is 15. Drama Club—Isn’t
5. teacher, students—read 16. Stephen—is
6. Tina, Fernando—likes 17. family—is
7. Channel 7, Channel 18—shows 18. Emily Jones—Does
8. Ms. Galinsky, Mr. Deneuve—has 19. potholes—are
9. Easter Island,Aleutian Islands—are 20. names—Have
10. skiing, skiing—appeals 21. attendance—Doesn’t
22. Andres—Hasn’t
Worksheet 6 23. one—is
Ensuring Agreement with Collective 24. boys—Were
25. several—are
Nouns and with Don’t and Doesn’t
Exercise A Worksheet 8
1. is 6. cheers
Ensuring Agreement with Singular
2. is 7. has
3. are 8. check Words That Have Plural Forms
4. have 9. are Exercise
5. talks 10. is 1. comes
2. is
Exercise B 3. is
1. doesn’t 6. doesn’t 4. describes
2. don’t 7. Doesn’t 5. meets
3. Doesn’t 8. don’t 6. is
4. doesn’t 9. don’t 7. is
5. don’t 10. doesn’t 8. causes
9. is
10. is
11. is
Answer Key 5
Language
12. feels Worksheet 10
13. is
14. is
Avoiding Problems in Agreement of
15. helps Pronoun and Antecedent
16. offers Exercise
17. is 1. All—their
18. equals 2. Andrea, Estrella—her
19. includes 3. Most—their
20. is 4. Everybody—his or her
21. seems 5. Anyone—his or her
22. is 6. Several—their
23. contains 7. Nobody—his or her
24. was 8. Each—her
25. makes 9. Someone—his
10. Everyone—his or her
Worksheet 9 11. Most—their
Ensuring Agreement Between 12. few—their
13. somebody—his or her
Pronoun and Antecedent 14. either—him
Exercise 15. Many—their
1. Dawna—she 16. any—their
2. Ramone, Ignacio—their 17. No one—his or her
3. dog—his or its 18. anybody—his or her
4. Edgar Allan Poe—his 19. Some—their
5. Everyone—his or her 20. None—its
6. book—its 21. Both—their
7. Irwin Shapiro—him 22. Most—its
8. dad—he 23. One—her
9. Many—they 24. None—their
10. No one—his or her 25. Neither—its
11. You—your
12. Paula—her Worksheet 11
13. Janet—she
14. Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve—her
Ensuring Pronoun-Antecedent
15. Any—your Agreement with And, Or, and Nor © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
16. I—my Exercise A

17. rabbit—its 1. his 11. its
18. hikers—their 2. their 12. they
19. writer—her 3. their 13. its
20. Each—his 4. her 14. he
21. Shel Silverstein—his 5. their 15. they
22. Several—their 6. her 16. his
23. Each—his or her 7. their 17. their
24. ostrich—its 8. his 18. his
25. dogs, cat—their 9. their 19. they
10. her 20. she

Language
Exercise B (Revisions may vary.) Worksheet 13
1. Either Jennifer will be bringing her catcher’s
mitt to the softball game, or Walter will be
Test
bringing his. Exercise A
2. Either Joseph will surprise us with his special 1. S 6. S
recipe at the dinner party, or the Wongs will 2. P 7. S
surprise us with theirs.
3. P 8. P
3. Both Christopher and Louise failed to submit
4. S 9. P
their stories to the student newspaper.
5. P 10. S
4. I suppose that both Clancy and the Donovans
will be unwilling to give us their accounts of
what happened. Exercise B
1. There are 11. don’t
Worksheet 12 2. is 12. Do
3. doesn’t 13. sell
Avoiding Problems in Agreement of 4. are 14. boards
Pronoun and Antecedent 5. was 15. retrieve
Exercise 6. was 16. were
1. swarm—its 7. seems 17. is
2. (two) miles—it 8. hope 18. come
3. committee—its 9. has 19. weren’t
4. news—it 10. don’t 20. aren’t
5. group—their
6. family—its Exercise C (The first item in a set is the
7. Congress—their correct verb. The second item is the subject. The
8. flock—its third item is the incorrect verb.)
9. (two) quarts—its 1. were—effects—was
10. Idylls of the King—its 2. were—swimmers—was
11. herd—their 3. are—recipes—is
12. jury—its 4. C—beauty
13. (sixty-three) cents—it 5. has—Each—have
14. assembly—their 6. C—Towns, seaports
15. Physics—it 7. was—tale—were
16. (ten) pounds—it 8. C—One
17. civics—it 9. C—explorations, adventures
18. public—their 10. is—Trade—are

19. committee—its
20. Measles—it Exercise D
21. team—its 1. None—have
22. orchestra—their 2. Lions Club—meets
23. staff—their 3. Lola, Sam—plan
24. (ten) miles—it 4. (Twenty) pounds—is
25. class—its 5. Mathematics—is
6. writer, director—was
7. Most—was
8. (Two-and-a-half) months—is
9. “Points of View”—is
10. news—is
Answer Key 7
Language
Exercise E Exercise F
1. has 1. LaTonya, Darlene—her
2. live 2. band, choir—they
3. have 3. some—their
4. are 4. (ten) dollars—it
5. is 5. team—its
6. reads 6. animal—its
7. Do 7. economics—it
8. take 8. All—their
9. is 9. Everyone—his or her
10. come 10. “Peter and the Wolf”—it

Language
Handbook 3 Using Verbs
Identifying Past, Present, and More Practice with Irregular Verbs
Future Tenses Exercise A
Exercise A 1. taken 14. ran
1. believe; (have) believed 2. made 15. swam
2. shouted; (have) shouted 3. shot 16. brought
3. asking; (have) asked 4. found 17. chosen
4. liked; (have) liked 5. begun 18. drank
5. climb; climbing 6. held 19. known
6. work; worked 7. spoken 20. threw
7. smile; smiled 8. written 21. frozen
8. following; (have) followed 9. thrown 22. swum
9. support; supporting 10. knew 23. broken
10. complete; completed 11. taught 24. thought
12. driven 25. began
Exercise B 13. flown
1. sponsoring 6. changed
2. listened 7. closed Exercise B
3. switched 8. gaining 1. done 6. done
4. removed 9. purchasing 2. have come 7. came
5. switching 10. achieved 3. seen 8. saw
4. went 9. gone
Worksheet 2 5. come 10. come
Using Irregular Verbs Exercise C

Exercise 1. brought 6. run
1. did 14. kept 2. C 7. driven
2. put 15. ate 3. drank 8. ridden
3. gone 16. found 4. swum 9. knew
4. took 17. drank 5. ridden 10. C
5. begun 18. spread
6. saw 19. knew Worksheet 4
7. read 20. burst
Identifying and Using Verb Tenses
8. lent 21. sent

9. made 22. rang Exercise A
10. come 23. drove 1. past 6. past
11. hurt 24. become 2. future perfect 7. present
12. broken 25. shook 3. present perfect 8. present perfect
13. taught 4. future 9. future perfect
5. past perfect 10. past perfect
Answer Key 9
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Language
Exercise B on the Ferris wheel. [7] It was fun to see all the
1. The band plays the same songs at every game. lights when we were stopped at the top of the
wheel. [8] After that, we went on a couple of wild
2. We had seen several whales as we cruised rides that were scary but fun. [9] All that excitement
beyond the waters of the bay. made us thirsty, so we found a refreshment stand
3. Andrea demonstrated the proper way to fold and ordered two lemonades. [10] Before we knew
the flag. it, it was ten o’clock and time to meet Jeff’s parents.
4. The butterflies will have migrated to Mexico by
the end of fall. Exercise B (Here is the paragraph in
5. Mr. Sharp has shown us how to block a scene present tense.)
in theater class today.
6. The rancher will explain to us the difference [1] Eleanor Roosevelt’s parents die when
between an emu and an ostrich. she is nine, so she is raised by her grandmother
7. Ahmed has taken his brother home by now. and sent to school in England. [2] There, she is
8. Many divers knew about Jacob’s Well for years. influenced by headmistress Marie Souvestre, who
9. We will have begun our tour of British works for social causes. [3] As a young adult, Eleanor
Columbia after visiting Seattle. participates in social work before she marries
10. The students had handed in their homework. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. [4] After her husband
enters politics, she works for the American Red
Cross during World War I and later becomes more
Worksheet 5 involved in politics herself. [5] In the early 1930s,
Using Consistent Verb Tense Mrs. Roosevelt becomes a leading activist for
women’s rights. [6] When her husband is elected
President of the United States, Mrs. Roosevelt helps
Exercise A (Here is the paragraph in other women get appointed to government
present tense.) positions. [7] She travels around the country, visits
coal mines and slums, and speaks out for the poor.
[1] By the time Saturday comes, I am ready [8] After her husband’s death, Mrs. Roosevelt is
to go. [2] Jeff’s parents drive us there, and we park appointed by President Truman to be a delegate
as close to the front entrance as we can. [3] After to the United Nations, where she supports the
making arrangements to meet them in two hours at UN’s Declaration of Human Rights. [9] This service
the bumper cars, we walk down the midway. [4] in the UN is probably her greatest achievement.
There are all kinds of rides, and we decide which [10] Eleanor Roosevelt devotes herself to the causes
ones we want to try. [5] We find a ticket booth, and of humanity and is loved by many.
we each buy twelve tickets. [6] For the first ride, we
take it easy and just go on the Ferris wheel. [7] It’s (Here is the paragraph in past tense.)
fun to see all the lights when we are stopped at the
top of the wheel. [8] After that, we go on a couple [1] Eleanor Roosevelt’s parents died when
of wild rides that are scary but fun. [9] All that she was nine, so she was raised by her grandmother
excitement makes us thirsty, so we find a © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
and sent to school in England. [2] There, she was
refreshment stand and order two lemonades. influenced by headmistress Marie Souvestre, who
[10] Before we know it, it is ten o’clock and time worked for social causes. [3] As a young adult,
to meet Jeff’s parents. Eleanor participated in social work before she
married Franklin Delano Roosevelt. [4] After her
(Here is the paragraph in past tense.) husband entered politics, she worked for the
American Red Cross during World War I and later
[1] By the time Saturday came, I was ready became more involved in politics herself. [5] In
to go. [2] Jeff’s parents drove us there, and we the early 1930s, Mrs. Roosevelt became a leading
parked as close to the front entrance as we could. activist for women’s rights. [6] When her husband
[3] After making arrangements to meet them in two was elected President of the United States, Mrs.
hours at the bumper cars, we walked down the Roosevelt helped other women get appointed to
midway. [4] There were all kinds of rides, and we government positions. [7] She traveled around the
decided which ones we wanted to try. [5] We found country, visited coal mines and slums, and spoke
a ticket booth, and we each bought twelve tickets. out for the poor. [8] After her husband’s death, Mrs.
[6] For the first ride, we took it easy and just went Roosevelt was appointed by President Truman to be

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Language
a delegate to the United Nations, where she Exercise B
supported the UN’s Declaration of Human Rights. 1. sit 6. sits
[9] This service in the UN was probably her greatest
achievement. [10] Eleanor Roosevelt devoted herself 2. set 7. setting
to the causes of humanity and was loved by many. 3. sit 8. sitting
4. setting 9. Set
Worksheet 6 5. sets 10. sits
Identifying and Using Active and Worksheet 8

Passive Voice
Using Lie and Lay
Exercise A
1. AV 6. PV Exercise A
2. PV 7. PV 1. lying 6. lain
3. PV 8. AV 2. lay 7. laying
4. AV 9. AV 3. lay 8. laid
5. PV 10. PV 4. lay 9. laid
5. lying 10. lie
Exercise B (Word order in revisions may
vary slightly.) Exercise B
1. A lasagna dinner was cooked for the family last 1. lying 6. lain
night by Dad. 2. lie 7. laid
2. Several members of our foreign cultures club 3. lay 8. lay
attended the folk-dancing class. 4. lay 9. lie
3. Some friends were invited by Sarah to go to the 5. laid 10. lay
movies with her on Saturday.
4. Many people see famous works of art in the Worksheet 9
Louvre Museum in Paris.
5. A professional tree trimmer pruned our pecan Using Rise and Raise
tree. Exercise A
6. A slide show and lecture on native plants of the 1. rose 6. rose
Southwest was given by Glen. 2. raise 7. rise
7. The students read Lincoln’s Gettysburg 3. rose 8. raise
Address.
4. raise 9. rises
8. I was invited by the Hardens to their annual
Labor Day picnic. 5. raised 10. raise
9. Dr. Lambert gave our dog his rabies
vaccination. Exercise B
10. A technician fixed our computer. 1. rising 6. raised (or raises)
2. rose 7. rose (or rises)
Worksheet 7 3. raising 8. raised
4. raise 9. rose
Using Sit and Set 5. risen 10. rises
Exercise A
1. sitting 6. sat
2. set 7. sitting
3. sitting 8. set
4. sat 9. sit
5. set 10. set
Answer Key 11
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Language
Worksheet 10 (Here is the paragraph in past tense.)
Test [1] “Casey at the Bat,” composed by Ernest

Exercise A Lawrence Thayer in 1888, became the most famous
baseball poem ever written. [2] The poem was
1. returned 6. worked recited around the country, and audiences loved it.
2. shouting 7. completing [3] However, Thayer considered the poem badly
3. use 8. smiled written and for years did not admit he was the
4. wipe 9. asked author. [4] Many people tried to take credit for the
5. like 10. supporting poem, and several baseball players said the poem
was about them. [5] When the author was finally
identified, he refused to take money for the poem’s
Exercise B many reprintings.
1. saw 6. Did
2. chosen 7. made Exercise E
3. led 8. eaten 1. AV
4. spread 9. begun 2. PV
5. got 10. brought 3. PV
4. AV
Exercise C 5. PV
1. had broken
2. has sung Exercise F
3. will have finished 1. laid 6. lying
4. has worked 2. raise 7. set
5. empties; feeds 3. sits 8. laid
6. will design; will market 4. lying 9. lies
7. passed 5. rose 10. risen
8. went
9. has played
10. flew
Exercise D (Here is the paragraph in

present tense.)
[1] “Casey at the Bat,” composed by

Ernest Lawrence Thayer in 1888, becomes the most
famous baseball poem ever written. [2] The poem is © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
recited around the country, and audiences love it.
[3] However, Thayer considers the poem badly
written and for years does not admit he is the
author. [4] Many people try to take credit for the
poem, and several baseball players say the poem is
about them. [5] When the author is finally identified,
he refuses to take money for the poem’s many
reprintings.

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 13
Language
Handbook 4 Using Pronouns
Identifying and Using Pronouns in Using Pronouns as Direct Objects
the Nominative Case Exercise
Exercise 1. me 14. her
1. She 14. they 2. them 15. her
2. We 15. we 3. them 16. us
3. It 16. They 4. us 17. him
4. they 17. she 5. him 18. her; me
5. We 18. it 6. her 19. them; me
6. He 19. they 7. him 20. her
7. they 20. He 8. him; her 21. me
8. They 21. they 9. me 22. us
9. she 22. she 10. her 23. me
10. They 23. they 11. him 24. them
11. she 24. he 12. us 25. us
12. he 25. you 13. them; me
13. They
Worksheet 4
Worksheet 2 Using Pronouns in the
Identifying and Using Pronouns as Objective Case
Predicate Nominatives Exercise
Exercise A 1. us 14. them
1. she 6. she 2. them 15. me
2. they 7. I 3. them 16. me
3. he 8. he; we 4. us 17. her
4. they 9. he 5. him or her 18. her
5. she 10. we 6. us 19. them
7. us 20. me
Exercise B (The first item in a pair is 8. us 21. them
correct. The second is incorrect.) 9. him or her 22. us
1. C 6. he—him 10. us 23. her
2. she—her 7. C 11. them 24. us
3. we—us 8. we—us 12. them 25. me

4. C 9. he—him 13. us
5. I—me 10. I—me
Answer Key 13
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Language
Worksheet 5 Exercise B
1. whom 6. me
Using Pronouns as Objects of 2. who 7. whom
Prepositions 3. we 8. I
Exercise 4. themselves 9. who
1. me 14. me 5. we 10. themselves
2. her 15. her
3. her 16. him; me Worksheet 8
4. me 17. him
5. him 18. her; him
Test
6. them 19. them Exercise A
7. us 20. us 1. who 6. who
8. him; her 21. him 2. he 7. they
9. them; me 22. us 3. she 8. she
10. him 23. her 4. me 9. me
11. me 24. him 5. We 10. yourself
12. him 25. her
13. us Exercise B
1. OP 6. SUBJ
Worksheet 6 2. PRED NOM 7. SUBJ
3. SUBJ 8. OP
Using Who and Whom and 4. DO 9. SUBJ
Reflexive Pronouns 5. SUBJ 10. DO
Exercise A
1. whom 6. whom Exercise C
2. Whom 7. who 1. I 6. her
3. who 8. who 2. me 7. us
4. whom 9. Who 3. he 8. her
5. who 10. who 4. her 9. we
5. them 10. they
Exercise B
1. themselves 6. I Exercise D (The first item in a pair is
2. myself 7. myself correct. The second is incorrect.)
3. I 8. yourselves 1. me—I
4. himself 9. me 2. We—Us
5. themselves 10. himself 3. C
4. me—I
Worksheet 7 5. him—he
More Practice with Pronouns Exercise E
Exercise A 1. themselves 6. yourself
1. us 6. us 2. himself 7. whom
2. We 7. We 3. We 8. me
3. us 8. us 4. Who 9. her
4. us 9. us 5. us 10. who
5. us 10. We

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Language
Exercise F (The first item in a pair is
correct. The second is incorrect.)
1. me—I
2. C
3. him—he
4. C
5. them—they
6. us—we
7. him—he
8. me—I
9. C
10. C
Answer Key 15
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Language
Handbook 5 Using Modifiers
Worksheet 1 7. any other writer—any writer
8. anything else—anything
Identifying and Using Modifiers in 9. any other character—any character
Regular and Irregular Comparisons 10. any other writer—any writer
Exercise A
1. farther 6. best Exercise B (The first item in a pair is
2. more intriguing 7. harder correct. The second is incorrect.)
3. most distant 8. most respected 1. can be no or can’t be any—can’t be no
4. closer 9. better 2. more ready or readier—more readier
5. stranger 10. most 3. won’t ever guess or will never guess—won’t
never guess
Exercise B 4. can hardly wait or can’t wait—can’t hardly wait
1. superlative 6. superlative 5. odder—more odder
2. comparative 7. superlative 6. couldn’t find . . . anywhere or could find . . .
nowhere—couldn’t find . . . nowhere
3. positive 8. comparative
7. quieter or more quiet—more quieter
4. comparative 9. positive
8. could scarcely or couldn’t—couldn’t scarcely
5. comparative 10. superlative
9. the funniest or most funny—the most funniest
10. Nobody had ever—Nobody had never
Worksheet 2
Using Modifiers Correctly Worksheet 4
Exercise A Correcting Misplaced Modifiers
1. worst 6. less
Exercise (Revisions may vary slightly.)
2. better 7. most important
1. Hoping for a chance to play for the all-stars, he
3. most famous 8. heaviest
would pitch his final ballgame tonight.
4. more 9. worse
2. That morning he had promised himself he
5. more curious 10. better would not be nervous at the game.
3. Donnie’s sandwich that he had made the night
Exercise B before tasted good.
1. largest 6. most gigantic 4. Trying not to think about the game, he looked
2. deeper 7. most interesting up at the birds in the tree.
3. stronger 8. good 5. He noticed a male cardinal looking back at him.
4. newer 9. better 6. The brilliant red bird on the limb seemed to tilt
5. more snugly 10. highest his head toward Donnie.
7. Leaning against the trunk, Donnie looked for a © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Worksheet 3 nest.
8. Finding no signs of other birds, he was puzzled
Using Other and Else; Avoiding by the presence of the cardinal.
Double Comparisons and Double 9. Then, from the corner of his eye, he could see
Negatives the bird’s beak open.
10. C
Exercise A (The first item in a pair is 11. C
standard. The second is nonstandard.) 12. As they approached, they asked him if he was
1. any other story—any story going to pitch a no-hitter.
2. anyone else in the studio—anyone in the studio 13. Finishing his sandwich, he joked that he was
3. any other kind—any kind going to walk all the batters.
4. anyone else—anyone 14. Without mentioning the bird, Donnie suggested
5. any other time—any time they head for the cafeteria.
6. anyone else—anyone

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Language
Handbook 5 Using Modifiers
15. Even through his afternoon classes, however, 18. Because I am interested in humorous writers,
the bird in the tree came to mind. their biographies fascinate me.
16. That night, growing less worried about the 19. If you want to find a collection of his work, the
outcome of the game, Donnie dressed in the library is a good place to start.
locker room among his teammates. 20. After you check the table of contents, several
17. C titles may look familiar.
18. C
19. There was no way of predicting how a final Worksheet 6
decision on the all-stars would turn out.
20. Still, Donnie, wearing a bright red cap, felt lucky
Test
walking out on the field. Exercise A
1. most familiar 6. anyone else
Worksheet 5 2. any other 7. will never
Correcting Dangling and Misplaced 3. more secure 8. less dense
4. can hardly 9. any
Modifiers 5. longest 10. better
Exercise (Revisions will vary.)
1. Wanting to get rich quickly, some men thought Exercise B
of a plan to kidnap a boy. 1. Balancing on the high dive
2. Kicking and fighting, the boy caused nothing 2. Without blaming anyone
but trouble.
3. C
3. Whining hungrily, the child was quickly served
4. after next semester
dinner.
5. with red hair
4. Having finally dozed off, one kidnapper was
awakened at daybreak by screams. 6. as he daydreamed
5. Terrified and humiliated, the other man had 7. on both sides of the state line
been surprised by the boy’s attack. 8. C
6. Fearing the parents wouldn’t pay, the 9. C
kidnappers began to see their plan as less wise. 10. Looking up
7. Who wouldn’t want a vacation from the boy
who pestered and threatened everyone? Exercise C
8. Going on his way to collect the ransom, the 1. higher
kidnapper isn’t sure what he will find. 2. most stupendous
9. You expect O. Henry’s story, using exaggeration 3. best
and irony, to get funnier.
4. any other
10. Not wanting to spoil the surprise, I will keep
5. bluer
the conclusion secret.

11. If you are familiar with O. Henry, you expect an 6. could hardly
ending with a twist. 7. any other
12. Because O. Henry uses irony to create humor, 8. more beautiful
his stories are filled with contrast. 9. ever
13. Filled with colorful characters, O. Henry’s 10. anyone else
stories describe his and others’ experiences.
14. When he describes victims of fate, his Exercise D
characters have tragic and lonely lives. 1. I 6. I
15. The underworld life was a source of material 2. I 7. C
for the many stories he wrote in prison.
3. I 8. I
16. In spite of a short and tragic life, O. Henry
4. I 9. C
wrote stories that were often humorous.
5. C 10. C
17. You may appreciate O. Henry’s style, which is
marked by a little sadness mixed with humor.
Answer Key 17
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Language
Handbook 6 Phrases
Worksheet 1 4. On a clear night I like to look up and see the
stars above me.
Identifying Prepositional Phrases 5. Each of you will get your chance.
Exercise A
1. PHR 6. PHR Worksheet 3
2. PHR 7. PHR Identifying and Using Adverb
3. NP 8. NP
4. PHR 9. PHR
Phrases
5. NP 10. PHR Exercise A (The first item in a pair is the
adverb phrase. The second is the word or words
Exercise B modified.)
1. about the Columbia River 1. on the first Monday in September—is celebrated
2. in the Canadian Rocky Mountains 2. NONE
3. of this mighty river 3. in the United States—initiated
4. at The Dalles 4. In 1882—held; in New York City—held
5. near the Columbia River 5. on the first Monday in September—held
6. During the Ice Age 6. in other states—campaigned
7. of the Columbia 7. During the next few years—was passed; in four
8. through the Grand Coulee region states—was passed
9. to the Grand Coulee Dam 8. In 1894—declared
10. in Washington 9. with parades and speeches by labor leaders and
political figures—is celebrated
Worksheet 2
Exercise B (Sentences will vary.)
Identifying and Using Adjective 1. I spent the whole weekend without leaving
Phrases home.
2. They waited in the emergency room for more
Exercise A (The first item in a pair is the than two hours.
adjective phrase. The second is the word modified.) 3. According to the teacher the test results will be
1. from the Dominican Republic—singer here on Monday.
2. NONE 4. The parade should start around ten o’clock.
3. of two popular Caribbean styles, salsa and 5. My great-great-grandfather came to the United
merengue—blend States from England during the last century.
4. about social issues in the Dominican Republic
and Latin America—lyrics; in the Dominican Worksheet 4
Republic and Latin America—issues © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
5. of other Caribbean and African styles of Identifying Present and Past
music—roots; of music—styles Participles and Participial Phrases
6. in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican
Republic—neighborhood; of the Dominican Exercise A (The first item in a pair is the
Republic—capital present participle or participial phrase. The second
7. in Boston, Massachusetts—college is the word or words modified.)
8. of his albums—One 1. growing—popularity
2. Peacefully floating on the lake—Rob, Lucio
Exercise B (Sentences will vary.) 3. NONE
1. My sister gave her new scarf to someone in her 4. braying—donkey
class. 5. eagerly expecting a letter from his best
2. He is an author with a distinctive style. friend—Ahmed
3. The map under the chair is the one we need. 6. NONE
7. Wanting to commemorate the primates at the
Philadelphia Zoo—artist

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 19
Language
Handbook 6 Phrases
8. changing—colors chorus
9. NONE 9. the performing of special songs
10. Studying French literature—sister 10. group singing; clearing thick brush for rice
fields
Exercise B (The first item in a pair is the
past participle or participial phrase. The second is
Exercise B
the word or words modified.)
1. NONE
1. Born in New Orleans in 1961—Wynton Marsalis
2. DO—low chanting
2. Soundly defeated—soldiers
3. PN—repairing the wicker on chairs.
3. NONE
4. S—Living in San Diego
4. wounded—pride
5. OP—studying for four hours
5. unanswered—letter
6. broken and forgotten—tractor
Worksheet 6
7. located in Southeast Asia—Myanmar
8. NONE Identifying and Using Infinitives and
9. written in German—contract Infinitive Phrases
10. Now also cultivated in the United States—fruit Exercise A
11. encouraged by the audience’s applause—Heidi 1. to complete for tomorrow
12. Ashamed of his rudeness to his mother’s 2. to listen to Tonya reading poetry
visitor—Rudy
3. to play with his grandson all day.
13. completely exhausted by his twelve-hour day in
the field—farmer 4. To get to the theater on time
14. surprised—burglar 5. NONE
15. NONE
16. frustrated—two-year-old Exercise B
17. sidelined by a torn ligament—player 1. N—to compete in sled dog racing
18. Elected by a large margin—politician 2. N—to win the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race four
times
19. NONE
3. ADV—to become involved in sled dog racing,
20. Overwhelmed by a crush of hungry diners— or mushing
owner
4. ADV—to train a dog team
21. enraged—steer
5. N—To race in the Iditarod
22. Accompanied by John on drums, Luther on
bass, and Travis on guitar—Kenny 6. N—to lead a sled dog team to the summit of
Mount McKinley for the first time
23. struck by lightning—transformer
7. ADV—to accomplish that dream
24. lined—face
8. N—to withdraw her team from the Iditarod
25. pierced—lantern because of a moose attack

9. ADJ—to win the race
Worksheet 5 10. N—To win the famous race even once
Identifying and Using Gerunds and
Gerund Phrases Worksheet 7
Exercise A Identifying and Using Appositives
1. NONE and Appositive Phrases
2. Listening to this amazing recording Exercise A
3. doing a little research at the library 1. a machine tool used for cutting metal or wood
4. NONE 2. the language of the Incas
5. celebrating community and personal events 3. George Gershwin; Porgy and Bess
6. Singing 4. a scientist and science fiction writer
7. making music 5. NONE
8. adding a voice or a clap pattern to a song’s
Answer Key 19
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Language
Handbook 6 Phrases
Exercise B (The first item in a pair is the 9. fire—burning in the large fireplace
appositive or appositive phrase. The second is the 10. hurricane—fed by cool wind currents and
word or words the appositive or appositive phrase warm sea water
explains or identifies.)
1. HDTV—High-definition television Exercise C
2. the Roman philosopher and statesman—Seneca 1. S—Piloting twin-rotor helicopters
3. A four-time recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for 2. DO—watching travel videos
poetry—Robert Frost 3. OP—winning civil rights for African Americans
4. both Romance languages—French, Spanish 4. DO—your windsurfing
5. Sandra’s favorite painter—Caravaggio 5. S—The senator’s thinking on the issues
6. corn and potatoes—crops 6. PN—constructing Stonehenge
7. Osaka, Kyoto, and Nagasaki—cities 7. PN—ice-skating
8. Robert’s cousin—Lucy Telotte 8. DO—keeping pigeons
9. the domestic dog—Canis familiaris 9. S—the rumbling of the railroad car
10. Ingrid—friend 10. S—Revealing the ending of the book
Worksheet 8 Exercise D
1. N—to be there early
Test 2. ADV—to have rescued the cat from the
Exercise A (The first item in a pair is the burning house
prepositional phrase. The second is the word or 3. ADV—To fill the swimming pool
words modified.) 4. N—to boil the water before putting in the
1. of rain—droplets; outside the house—were pasta
falling 5. N—To sing the role of Mimi in La Bohème at
2. from the locker room—came; to their bus— the Metropolitan Opera
went 6. ADJ—to decorate the gym for the dance
3. around the lake—road; after the heavy rains— 7. N—to ride his bicycle to the farmer’s market
was flooded 8. ADJ—to write their advertisements for them
4. about a boy and his dog—tells 9. ADV—to hear the result of the composer’s
5. of the dog—name; in the novel—dog revisions to the concerto
6. of rice—bag; in the cupboard—Did find; in the 10. ADV—to score a touchdown
pantry—Did find
7. from the car—bring; on the kitchen table—set Exercise E (The first item in a pair is the
8. Over the trees—saw word or words identified or explained by the
9. by the author Langston Hughes—anything appositive or appositive phrase. The second item is © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
10. up the hill—neighbors; of ours—friends the appositive or appositive phrase.)
1. dog—a Labrador retriever
Exercise B (The first item in a pair is the 2. B-52—a jet bomber
word or words modified. The second is the 3. book—Moby-Dick
participle or participial phrase.) 4. cat—Thomasina
1. collar—newly purchased 5. Colossus of Rhodes—one of the Seven Wonders
2. face—smiling of the Ancient World
3. technicians—Trained 6. grandfather—a Lakota medicine man
4. cat—stalking the bird in the back yard 7. Galileo Galilei—the Italian astronomer
5. features—most recommended 8. brother—Mike
6. Moira—Going through her backpack 9. Seder—a feast to celebrate the flight of the
7. sister—wearing a wool cap Jews from slavery in Egypt
8. statues—strikingly carved 10. Toni Morrison—a Nobel Prize–winning author

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Language
Handbook 7 Clauses
1. We read The Autobiography of Miss Jane
Identifying Independent and Pittman, which is about an African American
Subordinate Clauses woman reflecting on her life.
Exercise A 2. Ronald has a new car that has air conditioning.
1. IND—Today . . . birthday. 3. Mrs. Olson, who owns a grocery store on Park
Street, contributed some canned food for our
2. SUB
food drive.
3. IND—On . . . Limber Lost.
4. Here is an Ernesto Galarza story that I found in
4. IND—He . . . Montana. a book in my grandparents’ attic.
5. SUB 5. Yolanda, whose voice is lovely, is the star of our
6. IND—Reluctantly . . . back. musical.
7. SUB
8. SUB Exercise C
9. IND—We . . . canoe. 1. who (or that) 6. that (or which)
10. SUB 2. that (or which) 7. who (or that)
3. whom 8. whom
Exercise B 4. whose 9. which (or that)
1. After the rain stopped; that she thought were 5. who (or that) 10. which (or that)
very dirty
2. where a dirty car was parked out front Worksheet 3
3. Because she is a good salesperson; whom she
approached Identifying and Using Adverb
4. as she washed their station wagon Clauses
5. that she washed and waxed Exercise A
6. NONE 1. because they can practice it year-round
7. that she earned; which distributes funds to 2. before they go to school
flood victims
3. so that she can be the best in that event
8. That her money is going toward a good cause
4. since it develops his shoulder and arm muscles
5. whenever they are held in the area
Worksheet 2
6. If they practice
Identifying and Using Adjective 7. as they practice
Clauses 8. after each meet is over
9. Although swimming is usually an individual
Exercise A (The first item in a pair is the
sport
adjective clause. The second is the word modified.)

10. As soon as Maria’s younger sister is old enough
1. which includes thirty-one paintings—series to compete
2. who underwent incredible struggles—persons
3. that may have been overlooked—scenes Exercise B (Order of clauses will vary.)
4. which include bold images and vivid colors— 1. Because Mother’s birthday is tomorrow, Luis is
techniques going to prepare a special dinner.
5. who was a former slave—Tubman 2. Amy prepared the salad while we stripped the
6. which show both slavery and freedom—scenes husks off the corn.
7. that reflect slavery—images 3. I can’t go to the game since I must finish my
8. whose paintings were probably influenced by science notebook.
others’ descriptions—Lawrence 4. After my pen ran out of ink, I finished my
9. that advertises a reward for Tubman’s capture— outline in pencil.
caption 5. Although I knew I was going to do well, I
10. which brought an end to slavery—Civil War worried about the history test.
Answer Key 21
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Language
Handbook 7 Clauses
6. When we were hunting for project material, we Worksheet 5
found three articles on the Battle of Wounded
Knee. Test
7. Although Jill was the smallest girl on her team, Exercise A
she was the best player.
1. SUB 6. IND
8. Since Brian has overslept, he will be late for
2. IND 7. SUB
school.
3. SUB 8. SUB
9. We gave up our picnic plans because the rain
was beginning to fall. 4. IND 9. IND
10. After Mom and Dad had left for the political 5. SUB 10. SUB
caucus, Lisa and I began our homework.
Exercise B
Worksheet 4 1. which is a popular Basque handball game
2. who also wrote detective stories
Identifying Noun Clauses 3. that I want
Exercise A 4. that we are playing in the Thanksgiving
1. what we would like to do as a community program
volunteer project 5. whose photographs are on display
2. whoever does it 6. that Yo-Yo Ma has played since the age of four
3. That we give help to more than one person 7. whom many remember as the author of
4. what really needs to be done Frankenstein
5. what Lacreesha had suggested 8. that are often used in electronic components
9. who headed for California during the gold rush
Exercise B 10. which was in an accident
1. S—Whoever knows me
2. OP—whatever game is on TV at the moment Exercise C
3. PN—what fascinates me the most 1. Because she works long hours at her new
4. NONE office
5. S—That Olajuwon was voted NBA Defensive 2. since he comes home first
Player of the Year in 1994 3. Although he had cooked at cookouts and on
6. OP—what he does best: blocking shots, Sunday mornings
rebounding, and scoring 4. because he is willing to experiment
7. DO—that Olajuwon wrote an autobiography, 5. because he finds them tasty
Living the Dream: My Life and Basketball 6. when he was a foreign correspondent in
8. IO—whoever watched him on the court Thailand
9. S—That Abdul-Jabbar led the Los Angeles Lakers 7. If Mother, Father, and I all pitch in and clean up © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
to five NBA championships after dinner
10. PN—that he changed his name from Lew 8. since Mother started her job
Alcindor in 1971 9. after we have cleaned up from dinner
10. so that we can take a trip to South America this
summer

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Language
Handbook 8 Sentences
Worksheet 1 4. F—Many of the new settlers did not want to
, w
live side by side with the Cherokee. W hom
Identifying Sentences and Sentence they considered a conquered nation.
Fragments 5. F—In 1802, the federal government, promising
Exercise
t
land in the Great Plains, agreed.T o move the
Cherokee from Georgia.
1. F 6. F—The Cherokee tried to obtain justice.A nda
2. S—Kevin has several rods and reels. brought suit against Georgia in a case called
3. S—The bluefish start running in the late Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831.
summer. 7. S
4. F 8. F—It seemed like a victory, but President
5. S—They require big hooks and a strong fishing t
Andrew Jackson refused.T o intervene when
rod. Georgia denied the Cherokee their rights.
6. F 9. F—The Cherokee were forced to leave their
7. S—They breed in freshwater rivers. i
ancestral home. I n favor of lands promised
8. F them in the Great Plains.
9. F 10. S
10. S—Don’t party boats take many people to the
fishing grounds? Worksheet 3
11. S—Flounder can be found in coves. Identifying the Complete Subject
12. S—Pull your hook up a couple of inches from and the Complete Predicate
the bottom.
13. F Exercise
14. S—Are all fish good to eat? 1. Maritza’s favorite things to draw are imaginary
15. S—Menhaden are caught for fertilizer. creatures.
16. F 2. She and her friends spend hours inventing
beasts.
17. F
3. Then they vote for the most imaginative
18. S—Sandworms make very good bait.
creature among the group.
19. S—A funny-looking fish is the sea robin.
4. Can you guess Maritza’s favorite fabulous
20. S—It swells up to twice its size when caught. creature?
21. S—Is it designed to frighten its enemies? 5. It is the legendary monster called the griffin.
22. F 6. The griffin is a combination of species.
23. S—One time Kevin caught an eel. 7. Having the head, beak, and wings of an eagle
24. F and the body and legs of a lion, the griffin
25. F represents strength and vigilance.
8. The griffin originated in the Middle East.

Worksheet 2 9. Pictures of it were found in the artwork of the
ancient Babylonians and Assyrians.
Correcting Sentence Fragments 10. The ancient Romans also created images of the
Exercise (If students have not yet studied griffin.
comma usage, do not grade for comma 11. The griffin also appeared in medieval books.
placement.) 12. During the Middle Ages, griffins sometimes
1. F—The Cherokee constructed their towns in served as gargoyles in Gothic architecture.
s
fortified places in the mountains. S o that they 13. Maritza’s best friend, Susannah, prefers to draw
could live in peace, isolated from aggressive dragons.
neighbors. 14. The dragon symbolizes destruction, death, and
2. F—When the settlers moved into their lands. , evil in some belief systems.
t
T he Cherokee tried to adapt to the new 15. Included in this group are the Mesopotamian,
culture. Hebrew, and Christian belief systems.
3. F—Under the leadership of Chief Sequoyah, 16. In the English epic Beowulf, the old hero slays
,
they drew up a constitution for their nation. a dragon but loses his own life.
f
F ollowing the example of the settlers.
Answer Key 23
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17. Doesn’t the legend of Saint George, the patron 5. Everyone—has signed
saint of England, describe his killing a dragon 6. We—do copy
and rescuing a princess? 7. You—do forget
18. However, in some mythologies the dragon has 8. you—Have read
beneficial powers.
9. One—should help
19. According to the ancient Greeks and Romans,
10. dance—will be held
dragons could understand and reveal to
humans the secrets of the earth.
20. Among the Celts, the dragon symbolized Worksheet 5
supreme political authority. Identifying and Using Compound
21. Later, the legendary creature appeared on the
battle flags of English kings.
Subjects and Compound Verbs
22. In Chinese mythology the dragon is a symbol of Exercise A
good fortune. 1. Pandora—received, was
23. Parades in China on New Year’s Day often 2. She—had been warned, opened
feature a group of people wearing a long 3. Despair, Disease—flew, frightened
dragon costume.
4. Plague, Sorrow—followed
24. This mock dragon is said to prevent misfortune
in the new year. 5. Hope—remained, gave
6. Io—suffered, was given
25. In Chinese farming communities, some people
credit dragons with controlling the rainfall and 7. Zeus—loved, caused
affecting the harvest. 8. She—was turned, was pursued
9. Peace, rest—came
Worksheet 4 10. she—was turned, had
Identifying the Simple Subject and Exercise B (Answers will vary.)
the Simple Predicate 1. Marian, I
Exercise A 2. lifted, tied
1. We | were eager to see the land so beautifully 3. Rashad, Harry
described by Pablo Neruda. 4. listened, sent
2. Our reservations on the flight | were quickly 5. Knitting, crocheting
confirmed at the desk. 6. FDR, JFK
3. The flight attendant | welcomed all the 7. go, play
passengers aboard the plane.
8. Melvin, Greg
4. The engines | roared to life a few minutes later.
9. been played, heard
5. All the people on board | had by then fastened
10. The Diary of a Young Girl, Woodsong
their seat belts. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
6. The takeoff | was for me the most exciting part
of the flight. Worksheet 6
7. Captain Garcia | introduced herself over the Test
intercom.
8. She | told us the altitude and speed of the Exercise A
airplane. 1. S—The summit of Mount Everest in the
9. A dinner | was served on plastic trays. Himalayas is the highest point on earth.
10. Our flight to Chile | took ten hours. 2. F
3. S—Tenzing devoted his life to his dream of
reaching the top of the great mountain.
Exercise B
4. F
1. Harriet Tubman—risked
5. S—Did Tenzing and Edmund P. Hillary make up
2. people—marched one of the climbing teams?
3. fox—streaked 6. F
4. lion—looks 7. F

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8. F 5. They were attracted by the jobs in the new
9. S—Because his people have no written shipyards and refineries in eastern Texas.
language,Tenzing could not write his own 6. The Cajuns remaining in Louisiana found their
story. French language and culture under attack by
10. S—James Ullman talked with Tenzing and the state government.
wrote Tiger of the Snows for him. 7. Until the 1960s, all public school classes in
Louisiana had to be taught only in English.
Exercise B (If students have not yet studied 8. In the late 1960s, young Cajun college students
comma usage, do not grade for comma protested the suppression of their culture.
placement.) 9. Finally, the Louisiana state legislature
established the Council for the Development of
French in Louisiana to help revive the Cajun
Today, there are still only thirteen stripes in culture.
the American flag, but there might have been fifty.
10. Today Cajun music and foods are popular in
i
I f Congress had not changed its mind. On January 1,
many parts of the United States.
1776, General Washington flew the first flag of the
, t
United States. T he Grand Union flag. It had the
f
flag of Great Britain in its corner and a stripe. F or Exercise E
each of the original thirteen colonies. In 1777, 1. farmers—are worrying
b
Congress changed the flag. B y adding a blue field 2. rain—has fallen
with thirteen stars.As new states entered the
3. crops—Are wilting
, s
Union. S tars and stripes were added until, in
4. cracks—have formed
1818, Congress restored the original thirteen stripes.
5. sun—creeps
Exercise C 6. Clouds—have gathered
1. Cesar Chavez | organized Californian farm 7. They—turn
workers in the 1960s. 8. farmers—are preparing
2. One of his achievements | was a boycott of 9. area—must rely
California grapes. 10. All—are hoping
3. My friend Sharon | wants to be a
meteorologist. Exercise F
4. We | must soon consider the problem of global 1. Ezra Pound, Maya Angelou—are
warming seriously. 2. committee—researched, wrote
5. Our high school courses | will affect our future 3. Melissa, Beto—Does have
jobs.
4. You—understand
6. Some of my friends | will take vocational
courses. 5. One—seems
7. Other boys and girls | will prepare for college. 6. 1920s, 1960s—were
8. I | have not decided yet. 7. Rigoberta Menchú Tum—received, returned

9. One of my cousins | has just started graduate 8. you—would have chosen
school. 9. frogs—are
10. He | is studying the founding of the La Raza 10. musical—is based
Unida Party in 1970.
Exercise D
1. The first Cajuns moved to Louisiana from
Canada.
2. Today, the Cajun community in southwestern
Louisiana includes descendants of those
immigrants.
3. In the late 1800s, many Cajun landowners were
forced to sell their property.
4. Many Cajuns left Louisiana during the early part
of the twentieth century.
Answer Key 25
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Handbook 9 Complements
Worksheet 1 Exercise B (The first item is the verb; the
second is the direct object.)
Identifying Subjects, Verbs, and 1. settled—NONE
Complements 2. formed—league
Exercise (The first item is the subject, the 3. were—NONE
second is the verb, and the third is the 4. helped—NONE
complement.) 5. created—some
1. John Glenn—has been—test pilot, astronaut, 6. honored—Hiawatha
senator 7. used—name
2. He—has excelled 8. joined—league
3. he—attended—Muskingum College 9. was—NONE
4. He—received—bachelor’s degree 10. have—poems
5. Glenn—joined—Marine Corps
6. he—flew—missions Worksheet 3
7. He—piloted—fighters
8. Glenn—served
Identifying Direct Objects and
9. he—set—record Indirect Objects
10. He—piloted—fighter Exercise
11. National Aeronautics and Space 1. video
Administration—selected—Glenn, pilots 2. granddaughter, stories
12. Glenn, astronauts—trained 3. NONE
13. NASA—gave—Glenn, opportunity 4. you, newspaper
14. he—made—orbits 5. NONE
15. capsule—was called—Friendship 7 6. us, card
16. capsule—reached—altitude 7. award
17. Glenn—entered—politics 8. NONE
18. He—was elected 9. Lawanda, Johnny, bread
19. Glenn—was—senator 10. friend, CD
20. NASA—selected—Glenn 11. cousin, note, photographs
12. songs
Worksheet 2 13. NONE
Identifying Direct Objects 14. Venus
15. star
Exercise A
16. NONE
1. teachings © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
17. it, value
2. squirrel
18. NONE
3. juice
19. china
4. piece
20. Rachel, ball
5. dinner
21. me, baseball, bat, collection
6. car
22. Booker Prize
7. mitt
23. coffee table
8. Aunt Edith
24. Jacob, me, advice
9. system
25. expectations
10. CDs

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Handbook 9 Complements
1. The Red Badge of Courage
Identifying Linking Verbs, Predicate 2. teacher, note
Nominatives, and Predicate 3. NONE
Adjectives 4. you, bagel
Exercise A 5. children, swing set
1. NONE 6. NONE
2. PN—teacher 7. Jerome, Sandy
3. NONE 8. me, sandwich, glass
4. PN—source 9. books
5. NONE 10. Roberto,Tony, loan, advice
6. PA—together
7. PN—reporter Exercise C
8. PA—beautiful 1. PA
9. PA—strange 2. DO
10. NONE 3. PA
4. PN
Exercise B 5. IO
1. PA—is—active
2. PN—is—one Exercise D
3. PN—became—lawyer 1. PA—anxious
4. PA—seem—tame 2. PN—body
5. PA—tastes—best 3. DO—area
6. PA—looks—calm 4. DO—bread
7. PN—will be—member 5. PA—famous
8. PA—must remain—calm 6. PN—source
9. PA—felt—hungry 7. PA—tricky
10. PN—is—A Tale of Two Cities 8. NONE
9. DO—salad
Worksheet 5 10. IO—girl; DO—prescription
Test
Exercise A (The first item is the subject; the
second item is the verb; the third is the
complement(s).)
1. sister—is—player
2. I—gave—her; mitt
3. She—was—happy
4. clerk—gave—Anna, Edwin; directions
5. running—improves—endurance, concentration
6. Stephanie—showed—us; picture
7. slope—looks—difficult
8. Professor Achebe—brought—class; souvenirs
9. The Return of the King—is—book
10. Tolkien—invented—languages
Answer Key 27
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Handbook 10 Kinds of Sentences
Worksheet 1 10. The two groups formed the People’s Party,
whose members were known as Populists.
Identifying Simple and Compound 11. Populists wanted the national government to
Sentences issue more paper money, which might raise
farm prices.
Exercise A 12. The Populists wanted to form a national system
1. S that was similar to the local co-ops.
2. C—. . . groups, and . . . 13. Populists also wanted a national income tax so
3. C—. . . before, but . . . that taxes could be collected more fairly.
4. S 14. So that working people could have more
5. S leisure time, the Populists wanted an eight-hour
6. S workday.
7. S 15. Populists pushed for the direct popular
8. S election of U.S. senators.
9. C—. . . Blanding, or . . . 16. In 1892, the Populists had some success in the
first national election in which they took part.
10. C
17. The Populists were strongest in 1896, when
William Jennings Bryan won the party’s
Exercise B (Conjunctions may vary presidential nomination.
slightly.) 18. Even though Bryan was a Democrat, he
1. . . . long, yet . . . sympathized with the Populist cause.
2. . . . later, for . . . 19. When the Populists endorsed Bryan, they gave
3. . . . instruments, but . . . up their independent identity.
4. . . . hurry, or . . . 20. The brief Populist movement strongly
5. . . . roller coaster, so . . . influenced U.S. history, because almost all of its
principles were later made into law.
Worksheet 2
Worksheet 3
Identifying Independent and Identifying Independent and
Subordinate Clauses Subordinate Clauses
Exercise
1. The Populist movement was an American
Exercise
movement that developed in the late 1800s. 1. I could not remember where I put the serving
dish, so I went back to the kitchen to get
2. It began during the depression of the 1870s,
another one.
when farmers were losing money.
2. Portraits of many family ancestors hung in the
3. The farmers organized cooperative groups,
corridor that ran the length of the house, yet © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
which were called Farmers’Alliances.
they were not clearly visible because not
4. Members of these alliances hoped that farmers’ enough light came through the window.
expenses could be reduced by selling supplies
3. Two hours was a long time to wait, but Rennie
at lower prices.
willingly sat in the musty parlor while
5. The alliances also built warehouses so that Samantha finished packing.
farmers could store their crops until prices
4. On our vacation, we went to the Bay of Fundy,
were better.
which separates the Canadian provinces of
6. Some alliances in the South included African New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and we
American farmers. witnessed one of the highest tides in the
7. Even though African Americans were not world.
allowed to vote, the alliances included them. 5. In Greek mythology, the Hydra was a nine-
8. By 1891, the movement was so strong that it headed monster that lived in a marsh; when
became a national political party. one of the heads was severed, two grew in its
9. The alliances joined forces with an organization place.
that was called the Knights of Labor.

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6. Natalie wanted to have an autographed copy of 8. The optician put drops in Rob’s eyes, and when
Amy Tan’s new book, so she purchased a copy his pupils were dilated, she continued the
and took it to the table in the bookstore where exam.
the author was sitting during a book-signing 9. You can wash the car and the sport utility
event. vehicle now, but I would be happier if you
7. Gabriela did not fully agree with the speaker, would clean your room first.
nor did she feel that he had focused enough on 10. Once Leah decided to run in the Over Hill and
his topic. Dale Marathon, she began running six miles
8. When a television program is shot inside a each weekday after school and band practice,
studio, several cameras are often used; three or and on weekends she averaged ten miles a day.
four cameras are focused on the same action at
once, and the director chooses the best angle. Worksheet 5
9. Chen wanted to take the Introduction to
Computers course that was being taught on Classifying Sentences by Structure
Monday and Wednesday mornings by Ms. and by Purpose
Martelli, but his busy schedule prevented him
from enrolling. Exercise A
10. My family went to Costa Rica last summer, and 1. S 6. CX
my mother discovered that over a thousand 2. CD-CX 7. CX
species of orchids grow there. 3. S 8. CD
4. CX 9. S
Worksheet 4 5. CD 10. CX
Identifying Independent and
Subordinate Clauses Exercise B
1. ?
INT . . .
Exercise 2. .
IMP . . .
1. The student who scores highest on the exam 3. DEC . . ..
will go to the finals, and the student with the
second-highest score will receive special
4. DEC . . ..
recognition at the annual awards banquet on 5. DEC . . ..
May 25. 6. DEC . . ..
2. Don’t believe everything that you read, for facts 7. ?
INT . . .
can be given a spin that makes them less reliable. 8. DEC . . ..
3. Yo-Yo Ma is an American cellist who is 9. !
EXC . . .
internationally known, and he has won ten 10. DEC . . ..
Grammy Awards and several other awards for
his recorded performances of both classical and
11. ?
INT . . .
popular music. 12. DEC . . ..
4. Before pottery was developed, food was eaten 13. DEC . . ..

raw or roasted, but with pottery, people could 14. ?
INT . . .
cook in other ways. 15. .
IMP . . .
5. Maribel explained that she had failed to take 16. DEC . . ..
Tina’s advice, for she had thought she knew 17. ?
INT . . .
better than Tina. 18. DEC . . ..
6. When my brother Tranh leaves for college at 19. DEC . . ..
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
Cambridge, I will move into his old bedroom,
20. ?
INT . . .
and I plan to paint it a more exciting color. 21. !
EXC . . .
7. The South African runner Zola Budd attracted 22. DEC . . ..
attention when she ran barefoot in 23. . !
IMP . . . (or )
competitions, yet running in her bare feet 24. .
IMP . . .
aggravated the injuries that she had already 25. . !
DEC . . . (or EXC . . . )
sustained.
Answer Key 29
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Worksheet 6 Exercise D (Sentences will vary.)
1. Ronnie told me a story about his family that is
Test hard to believe.
Exercise A 2. The books are on the top shelf of the bookcase
1. CD-CX 6. CD-CX that is in the hallway.
2. CD-CX 7. CX 3. Rosetta will not go near the water, but she
3. S 8. S loves snow skiing.
4. CD-CX 9. CD 4. Unless the train arrives on time, there is no
hurry to get to the station.
5. CD 10. CX
5. Even though the dog is three months old, we
have not started training her to walk on a leash,
Exercise B and I don’t know when we’ll get around to it.
1. ?
INT . . . 6. Since Evan’s grandfather had planted it, we
2. DEC . . .. thought the tree was very special, and we all
3. .
IMP . . . gathered in front of it for a picture.
4. ?
INT . . . 7. The Morrisons traveled throughout Central
5. DEC . . .. America, and they had some interesting
adventures.
6. !
EXC . . .
8. The song reminded Mary of something in her
7. DEC . . .. past, and she felt like a little girl again.
8. DEC . . .. 9. Please hurry with the photos so that Charlene
9. ?
INT . . . can finish the project.
10. ! .
EXC . . . (or DEC . . . ) 10. The moccasins were in an old chest, and we
found them when we cleaned out the attic.
Exercise C
1. CX—IND 6. CD—IND
2. CD—IND 7. CX—IND
3. CX—SUB 8. CX—SUB
4. CD-CX—SUB 9. CX—IND
5. CX—IND 10. CX—SUB

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Handbook 11 Writing Effective Sentences
Worksheet 1 weeks of winter, .W atch for yourself and see! The
behavior of insects, on the other hand, is still a good
Correcting Run-on Sentences indicator of temperature because insects are cold-
Exercise blooded. Grasshoppers cannot fly when the
1. The St. Lawrence Seaway opened the Great temperature drops below 55 degrees Fahrenheit f .I
you hear a cricket chirping, count the number of
Lakes to large ocean vessels.A cruise up the
.T
chirps in fourteen seconds and add forty, hen you
seaway makes a pleasant vacation.
will have the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
2. Travelers may also take boat trips from Seattle
.T
to Victoria, British Columbia, hen they can
Today, weather forecasting is more accurate,
go on to Vancouver from Victoria.
3. C
if less picturesque, than it was in the old days, .
H owever, the forecasters are not always right,
4. Fine bone china cups and saucers are available . perhaps because there are so many factors to
C ollecting these is a hobby for many people. consider.
5. C
6. A trip through the Canadian Rockies is Exercise B (Revisions may vary.)
memorable .M any of the rugged mountains 1. He invited me to visit him .W e went many
are covered with snow all summer. places around Miami.
7. C 2. We could go to the animal park , or we could
8. The Calgary Stampede is a popular attraction . go to the aquarium , but we did not have
It features bareback riding and other events. time to go to both.
9. The Canadian side of Niagara Falls is beautiful. 3. We went to the animal park , and I saw a
Y ou can go right up to the Horseshoe Falls. Komodo dragon.
10. A trip to Ottawa, Ontario, should include a visit 4. .T
We also saw tree kangaroos hey are very
to the stately buildings of Canada’s Parliament. cute.
T hey are built in the Gothic style. 5. C
Worksheet 2
6. The animals are not in cages , but they
cannot get out.
Correcting and Revising Run-on 7. The elephants live in big areas , and they are
able to live normal lives.
Sentences 8. Different exhibits deal with the continents of
Exercise A
.T
Asia,Africa, and Europe he Asian exhibit
includes rare white Bengal tigers.
9. The African plains exhibit has giraffes, zebras,
Today, when modern meteorologists and ostriches living together as they do in the
forecast the weather, they can count on the help of wild.A gorilla family also lives among them.
an impressive battery of scientific devices.Weather
satellites, for example, relay photographs of cloud
10. The animal park is the best one I ever visited .
.T
formations from all over the world hese pictures
I hope to go back again soon.
show where storms are beginning over oceans and
.T
deserts he paths of typhoons and hurricanes are Worksheet 3
tracked in the same way.Weather information from Combining Choppy Sentences by
.T
all sources is fed into powerful computers, hus
Inserting Words
the weather can be evaluated with amazing speed.
Exercise (Revisions of sentence 5 may vary.)
Our ancestors had no complicated weather 1. The Himalayas are the tallest mountains in Asia.
.T
instruments hey had to rely on their eyes and
2. You can see a beautiful view of Mount Everest
ears and a few old proverbs and maxims.Their
from Darjeeling.
methods were hardly scientific,.H owever, some
3. Tea bushes grow on the steep, fertile slopes of
were founded on fact.Today, for example, no one
still believes the old superstition about the the hills near Darjeeling.
groundhog, but we celebrate Groundhog Day just 4. The Sherpas are Tibetan people who live in
the same. If the groundhog sees its shadow on the northeast Nepal.
second day of February, there will be six more
Answer Key 31
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5. Sherpa guide Tenzing Norgay was one of the 4. Riding to the rescue, Nora is sometimes a
first mountain climbers to reach the top of company’s last hope to save their computer
Mount Everest. files.
6. The greatest danger in mountain climbing 5. Regarded as one of the best by other members
comes from the high altitude and the bitter of her profession, last year she won an award
cold. from a national association of computer
7. The bright sun reflecting on the white snow consultants.
can cause temporary blindness.
8. The thin air at that high altitude makes Worksheet 5
expensive oxygen masks necessary.
9. The penetrating cold can cause severe frostbite
Combining Choppy Sentences by
on exposed fingers and toes. Using And, But, or Or
10. Climbers need light, durable boots and Exercise A (Revisions may vary slightly.)
nutritious food for reaching high altitudes. 1. They will hike in Rocky Mountain National Park
and pitch their tents in Hidden Valley.
Worksheet 4 2. Last year Marcy walked up Trail Ridge to the
Combining Choppy Sentences by alpine meadows and went fishing in the Fall
River.
Inserting Phrases 3. Naomi and Marcy are interested in watching for
Exercise A (Word order may vary in bighorn sheep.
sentence 9.) 4. Sheep usually graze on the high slopes or
1. Alexander the Great’s father was the king of wander down near Sheep Lake.
Macedonia. 5. Marcy and Naomi have plenty of equipment for
2. When Alexander was young, he saw some wild camping.
horses in the marketplace. 6. The pair will eat freeze-dried food or enjoy fish
3. One horse with a deep black coat threw caught in the brooks and lakes.
anyone who dared to ride it. 7. Marcy or Naomi may clean the fish and cook
4. Alexander’s father, Philip, wanted to destroy the them.
black horse with the mean temper. 8. Naomi’s father will drive out for the weekend
5. Alexander noticed the shadow in front of the and take them hiking above the timberline.
horse. 9. Camping and hiking are among the girls’
6. The horse’s shadow moved on the ground as favorite pastimes.
the horse jumped. 10. Both Marcy and Naomi are looking forward to
7. Alexander recognized the horse’s fear of its the trip and are excited about camping in the
own shadow. mountains.
8. He grabbed the reins on the horse and turned
the animal around. Exercise B (Choice of conjunctions may © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
9. In this direction the horse no longer saw its vary.)
frightening shadow on the ground. 1. Benjamin Franklin was an apprentice printer
10. The story about Alexander the Great taming the for his brother James, but he did not like
black horse is an example of his intelligence working for him.
and compassion. 2. Franklin read many books after work, and in his
writing he tried to copy the authors’ styles.
Exercise B (Revisions may vary.) 3. Franklin and his brother printed the
1. Employed by a large consulting firm, Nora is newspaper, and Franklin also had to sell the
one of the firm’s most successful consultants. paper on the street.
2. Carrying a mobile phone with her, she is able 4. U
to answer her clients’ questions at all times. 5. Franklin could stay in Boston to work for his
3. Known nationwide for her skill in solving brother, or he could run away to seek his
computer problems, she is often the first fortune.
person requested by a company in need. 6. He first went to New York City, but there was
no work for printers in that city.

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7. He took a ferry to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, 6. Wherever there are hungry bears and
and a storm drove the ferry onto the rocks. unguarded campsites, there is trouble.
8. U 7. Although the choice of merchandise is limited,
9. Franklin finally started his own print shop, and we will do all our shopping in this store.
it became successful very quickly. 8. Unless he or she begins training very early, an
10. Benjamin Franklin started Poor Richard’s athlete has no chance to enter the Olympics.
Almanac, and this publication made him 9. While the batter took some practice swings, the
famous. pitcher threw warm-up tosses.
10. Marsha had already received her prize in the
Worksheet 6 mail before Phil collected all thirty-three box
tops.
Combining Choppy Sentences by
Using Subordinate Clauses Worksheet 7
Exercise A (Revisions may vary slightly.) Revising Stringy and Wordy
1. A newer park, which is four times the size of
Yellowstone National Park, is called Gates of
Sentences
the Arctic National Park. Exercise A (Revisions will vary.)
2. Many national parks are crowded with visitors, 1. Tanmoor is an interesting character in a story
who may threaten the natural environment. Jessica wrote. He is from a small town in
3. One national park in Hawaii contains active Argentina, but he wants to go to a big city.
volcanoes that sometimes spew fire and lava. 2. The story about Tanmoor has an exciting
4. Forest rangers, whom most people never see, beginning. It opens with his father working on
work deep within the national forest. a ranch.
5. At Mesa Verde National Park you can climb 3. Some rustlers come to the ranch, and a group
down into kivas that were built by ancient cliff of bankers arrives. Some angry neighbors visit,
dwellers. and tension mounts.
6. My aunt Laura’s job, which is filled with danger, 4. Tanmoor’s father is a vaquero, a cowboy.
is guiding rafts down the Colorado River. Vaqueros have a lot of responsibility.
7. In Virginia there is a national monument to 5. Tanmoor’s father, named Carlos but nicknamed
Booker T.Washington, who made many Coco, is trusted by the ranch owners.
contributions to education. 6. Tanmoor helps his father and enjoys the work,
8. Dinosaur National Monument, which interests but he wants to own his own business in the
me the most of all monuments, is in Colorado. city.
9. Terry, who loves to camp by the sea, will enjoy 7. A smart boy, he likes to figure out people, so he
Acadia National Park. watches their expressions and movements.
10. Rangers who live in tall watchtowers scan the 8. Tanmoor identifies the rustlers and tricks the
horizon for forest fires. bankers.Then he calms the neighbors, restoring
peace to the ranch.

Exercise B (Order of clauses will vary.) 9. Jessica modeled the character Tanmoor after
her brother,Tom Andrew Moore.
1. Many people want to be ballet dancers because
ballet dancing seems to be a glamorous 10. Tom Moore reads a lot about South America
profession. and can tell you all about its major cities.
2. The United States Constitution will last another
two hundred years if we maintain our love for Exercise B (Revisions will vary.)
freedom. 1. I usually order a large salad when we eat out.
3. When we were seven or eight years old, we sat 2. After the game ended, my voice was hoarse
through movie matinees every Saturday. from yelling.
4. Since she won the election last year, Melinda is 3. With a quick movement of her fingers, Nana
not eligible to run again. turned the hot tortillas.
5. Preston wants to exercise every day so that he 4. Mariah knows all of the state capitals.
can stay fit. 5. We passed the pavilion as a woman yelled
loudly.
Answer Key 33
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Language
6. Have you memorized the “I Have a Dream” Emily Dickinson, who lived during the
speech by Martin Luther King, Jr.? nineteenth century, has become an interesting
7. Much to the astonishment of everyone there, subject for biographers. She wrote a great deal of
the window did not break. poetry, chiefly for herself but sometimes for a few
8. The scientist closely examined the insect. friends. She wrote many of her beautiful poems on
scraps of paper that she hid in a drawer. For a short
9. Before the class resumes, we can go over our while, she studied at Mount Holyoke Female
homework. Seminary in Massachusetts, and then she became a
10. The thunder was alarmingly loud. recluse. She seldom left her house and always wore
white dresses. No one knows exactly why.
Worksheet 8
Test Exercise C (Revisions will vary.)
1. The puppy ran into the street while it was
Exercise A (Revisions will vary.) raining.The car skidded, but it missed the
1. Believers in the movement are frozen upon puppy.
death, and their bodies are kept in special 2. Although the assignment was long and I was
temperature-controlled units. tired, it was so easy that I finished before
2. Scientists may eventually find cures for all supper.
terminal diseases. Patients in cryonic 3. The movie started on time, but we were late
suspension will then be brought back to life. and missed the first ten minutes. I was upset.
3. Science fiction writers often include suspended 4. I am allowed to miss school tomorrow for Rosh
animation in their stories and films.They use it Hashana, which is the Jewish New Year.
to explain how astronauts could make journeys 5. Oxford shoes are popular now. My brother has
lasting hundreds of years. a black pair that I like.
4. In the movie Planet of the Apes, astronauts put
themselves into suspended animation for a long
Exercise D (Revisions will vary.)
space voyage, and when they wake up, they
find themselves on a planet inhabited by 1. I proudly accepted the award.
intelligent apes. 2. After the dance we went for a walk along the
5. Several sequels to this movie have been beach.
produced. One sequel features the apes 3. You will always be welcome in my home.
releasing an alien virus. 4. Make sure you sharpen all your pencils before
you take the test.
Exercise B (Revisions will vary.) 5. The mamba is a tree snake that comes from
Africa.
Hurricanes are powerful tropical storms
that form over warm ocean water near the equator.
In a second, a hurricane can produce as much
energy as several thousand atomic bombs, spread © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
over an area of several hundred miles.Winds in a

hurricane blow more than 75 miles per hour and
sometimes reach 120 miles per hour. Hurricanes
move over land, causing great devastation with their
winds. Now meteorologists track hurricanes
accurately and predict their paths so that people
can be evacuated before a hurricane arrives.

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Language
Handbook 12 Capital Letters
Using Capital Letters Correctly Capitalizing Proper Nouns
Exercise A Exercise A
1. Did Ms. Lamas say,“Fill the piñatas for Cinco E
1. Although she now lives in the ast, she liked
de Mayo”? C
living in alifornia best.
2. My sister is so dramatic; every morning she C
2. Her family lived in hicago, ew ork, t.N Y S
G O
says,“ reetings, dawn of a new day!” L S F
ouis, and an rancisco.
3. Joyce Kilmer wrote a poem that begins,“I think U
3. The nderwoods have tried to learn about
I
that shall never see / A poem lovely as a tree.” each area where they have lived.
4. T he results of the spelling bee prove that can I 4. C
think under pressure. 5. Now they live in a suburb north of oston B
5. The minister ended her prayer by saying,“ ear H W
called ayland and swim in ake L
O
us, Lord, today and always.” C ochichuate.
6. The most recent story we read for class was U
6. When the nderwoods lived in an S
“The Treasure of Lemon Brown” by alter W F rancisco, their house was only a block from
D ean Myers. S F B
an rancisco ay.
7. After reading the story, we discussed Lemon G G B
7. Betty loved to cross the olden ate ridge
E
Brown’s statement,“ very man got a treasure.” C S
and ride the cable cars on alifornia treet.
8. I
Should Jamie and go to the library now or later? A
8. Her sister, licia, attended classes at the
9. O S
ur town’s sister city is aumur, rance.F U C B
niversity of alifornia at erkeley.
10. The voice over the loudspeaker said,“ lash F 9. There she studied world religions like
S
floods are expected. chool will be dismissed B uddhism and slam. I
at noon.” I
10. Followers of slam are called M
uslims.
S L
11. When the family moved to t. ouis, they had
Exercise B trouble finding a home near the water.
M
12. The R
ississippi iver is too muddy to swim
Last summer my family and went toI in, and its current is very swift.
N D
Mandan, orth akota, to see the dedication of a C W
13. In hicago, the family lived in ilmette at 187
monument to American Indian cultures.We attended T A
enth venue.
a nighttime ceremony, where a speaker began by C
14. They often saw the hicago ubs play at C
W
saying,“ e are one with you and each other, O W F
rigley ield.
Great Spirit.”As we sat on the ground under the W A
15. The baseball field is at 1060 est ddison
O
constellation rion and thousands of other stars, I B oulevard.
felt a strong connection with the universe.The next
16. After she graduates from high school, Betty
day we visited Fort Abraham Lincoln State ark P U
would like to attend the niversity of
R
where the Heart iver and the M
issouri iver R C H P
hicago, which is in yde ark.

meet.
17. She wants to study the art of ancient reece. G
Worksheet 2 18. C
P
19. She wants to live in aris and study at the
Capitalizing Proper Nouns U P
niversity of aris.
Exercise L
20. Betty would visit the ouvre and study the
1. B 10. A 18. A
paintings ofM onet and assatt.C
2. A 11. B 19. A
3. B 12. A 20. B
Exercise B
4. B 13. B 21. B C
1. Have you ever been to southern alifornia?
5. A 14. B 22. A G I
2. Isn’t ary, ndiana, near hicago? C
6. A 15. A 23. B P
3. Daniel was awarded a urple eart for H
7. B 16. B 24. A
V
bravery in the ietnam ar. W
4. My mother recently read a biography of the
8. B 17. B 25. B anthropologist M
argaret ead. M
9. A
Answer Key 35
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Language
B
5. Hudson ay is very far north, beyond ake L Worksheet 4
Superior.
Capitalizing Proper Adjectives and
6. My mother met my father on the ferry to ape C School Subjects
C V
harles, irginia.
7. The north wind is quite cold in algary,C Exercise A
Alberta.
A
1. Most jazz rhythms come from frican music.
8. Most of the religions in the world are based on
G
belief in od, the supreme being. (or
L
2. Great jazz can be heard in many ouisiana
cities.
S B
upreme eing)
B
3. The original jazz bands were the ourbon
C
9. Let’s go swimming in hippewa ake. L S treet groups, which marched in funerals in
L
10. Charles indbergh was the first person to fly New Orleans.
A
solo across the tlantic cean. O A A
4. Two famous frican merican jazz
COM
11. I will start my job with the . . iller performers were Billie Holiday and Duke
Company next Monday. Ellington.
12. We are studying the art of the talianI I C
5. West ndian music, such as the aribbean
Renaissance. A S
calypso, is a mixture of frican and panish
W J H S
13. Classes at ade unior igh chool start on influences.
T
the hursday after abor ay. L D J
6. The amaican steel bands produce a unique
S F
14. The National cience air takes place right sound.
after spring vacation. J
7. Some amaican musicians play fantastic music
15. I enjoyed the M S F
ichigan tate air, which on instruments made from old oil drums and
S
opened last aturday. other scrap materials.
D
16. Veterans ay was originally called rmistice A 8. In Puerto Rico, one needs to know the
Day, in commemoration of the end of orld W S panish language to enjoy oneself fully.
W N
ar I on ovember 11, 1918. 9. Puerto Ricans have always been very proud of
U S
17. We visited the nited tates enate, the S L A
their atin merican heritage.
H R
ouse of epresentatives, and the reasury T 10. Most tourists come back from Puerto Rico
Building during our student tour of C
eager to learn aribbean dances.
W ashington, D.C.
18. They attended L M K J H
artin uther ing, r., igh Exercise B
S A O
chool in kron, hio.
1. That row of houses is an excellent example of
19. The M L oon amp Company has a mailing
G eorgian architecture.
G C S
address at rand entral tation.
S
2. Will astronomy be covered in cience I?
20. During the fall and winter there are several
T C
holidays, such as hanksgiving, hristmas, and D
3. My father collects anish glassware.
Y D
New ear’s ay. F
4. We had some rench toast for breakfast.
C M
21. Patrick and olleen urphy make a E
5. The radio announcer spoke with an nglish
I
wonderful rish stew of mutton and vegetables. accent.
J D
22. Our neighbor ames owden plans to take a 6. You can still see M
oorish designs in some
A N Z
long vacation to ustralia, ew ealand, and cities in Spain.
H K
ong ong. 7. The modern helicopter was first flown by a
23. In 1998 and 1999, NASA launched six separate R A
ussian merican scientist.
D
spacecraft in six months, including eep N E
8. This is not a typical ew ngland village.
S M P L
pace 1 and ars olar ander. 9. Because it was a special dinner, we served
J
24. This summer my family and the ohnson Indian food.
P F
family are driving to the etrified orest 10. I’m very interested in M E
iddle astern history.
N P A
ational ark in rizona.
W
25. Mount hitney is the highest peak in the
S N C
ierra evada in eastern alifornia.

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Language
Capitalizing Proper Adjectives and Capitalizing Titles
School Subjects Exercise A
Exercise T D A
1. We read he iary of nne rank and then F
1. C saw the play.
2. I
That restaurant specializes in talian cooking. S D
2. The ecretary of efense under resident P
Lyndon Johnson was Robert McNamara.
3. G
Nester signed up for second-year erman.
3. My little brother’s favorite TV program is The
4. C
5. Were you there when Aunt Fiona taught us how
M S
agic chool us. B
S
to dance a cottish fling? P
4. I really like the comic strip “ eanuts,” don’t
you?
6. S A
The bossa nova is a type of outh merican
T C
5. Have you read the story “ he ircuit” by
music. Francisco Jiménez?
7. The art museum recently purchased some 6. Abraham Lincoln worked closely with
ancient M aya sculptures.
S S
ecretary of tate William Seward.
8. Professor Jansen is preparing her notes for a
R
course in oman history. T
7. After Liz saw the movie itanic, she kept
M H W G O
singing the song,“ y eart ill o n.”
9. E
In college,Alfred will be majoring in nglish.
C
8. Please tell aptain Jackson that I will be ten
10. C minutes late.
11. The field trip to New Mexico will focus on 9. Tomás spent the summer in Mexico with unt A
N avajo culture. Rosa.
12. L
My brother plans to take atin I during his first 10. Greta loved Paul Theroux’s book about train
S
semester and panish I his second semester. T O P
travel, he ld atagonian xpress. E
13. I bought my father a book about
M editerranean food for his birthday. Exercise B
14. Mumtaz and her family are going on an
A laskan cruise next summer. O R
1. In the Greek play edipus ex the gods play
a major role in people’s lives.
15. C
Joel and Eva plan to attend a ajun festival this 2. Aunt Edna, have you seen our copy of the
weekend in Louisiana.
T N
Sunday edition of he ews and bserver? O
16. E
This week our nglish class will be studying a
B
3. The book I am reading, aseball s a unny I F
J
form of apanese poetry known as haiku.
G ame, is very amusing.
17. Do you enjoy hearing about the heroic deeds
G R
in reek and oman myths? P
4. At the meeting, resident Polanski proposed
that we sponsor a local soccer team.
18. Yes, I do, and I also enjoy uncovering the moral
A A
lessons illustrated by many frican merican S
5. My sister shook hands with the ecretary of
folk tales. S tate last week.
19. A I
Numerous merican ndian myths describe U
6. We are going to watch ncle Leo repair the
calliope from the Barnum & Bailey Circus.
ways that elements of the universe were
created. 7. One of Texas’s most respected representatives
20. C C
was ongresswoman Barbara Jordan.
C
8. Ms. Jenkins wants us to memorize “ asey at the
B at” for assembly.
9. When Jamaica became independent, the United
States was represented at the ceremonies by
V Pice resident Johnson.
10. If you are interested in horses, I would certainly
K W
recommend ing of the ind by Marguerite
Henry.
Answer Key 37
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Language
Worksheet 7 B
25. Heidi and ob rented skis at the resort in
Test S V C
quaw alley, alifornia.
Exercise A Exercise B
A
1. The frican country M
orocco would be fun 1. Thomas Jefferson was the president (or
to visit. P resident) who negotiated the ouisiana L
2. We studied it in history class last year, and I P urchase.
learned that most M
oroccans are uslim. M 2. One of my favorite books is Robert Louis
3. From 1912 to 1956, part of M
orocco was T
Stevenson’s reasure sland. I
F S
divided into rench and panish zones and 3. C
was ruled by those countries. 4. Yesterday in class we read the poem “ he T
4. The kingdom is now united, with the city of T oaster.”
R
abat as its capital. 5. Sometimes the wind that blows off ake L
5. Would you rather have lived during the tone S M ichigan is very cold.
A B A
ge, the ronze ge, or the ron ge? I A T L
6. Have you read the story “ he andlady” yet?
A
6. Cory asked,“Should I take lgebra II or A
7. My cousin is an aide to mbassador abel M
geometry next year?” S mythe.
7. Gunnar’s parents donated new M
acintosh® 8. The city of Jerusalem is sacred to uslims, M
computers for the graphics classes. C J
hristians, and ews.
C
8. Felicia loves math and takes alculus 201 at 9. In 1994, Nelson Mandela was elected president
S
the junior college on aturdays. P S
(or resident) of outh frica. A
E
9. The nglish class is more challenging than the 10. One of the magazines at the dentist’s office is
science class this semester. H C
ighlights for hildren.
A L
10. Next year my electives will be rt I, atin, and 11. Will you be entering your strawberry preserves
tennis. S
in this year’s trawberry estival?F
11. W I G
hen the bell rang, ran to my eography II 12. C
class.
I
12. We have an rish setter named ergus. F G
13. I read in the newspaper that a recian vase
was stolen from the museum.
I L T
13. “The nn of ost ime” by Lensey Namioka E
14. Mr. Carlyle loves to read about nglish history.
has a story within the story.
15. On Saturday the Garcia family took a hike along
L D
14. Carmen asked,“Is abor ay always on a B C
arton reek.
M onday?”
16. C
A
15. Do you know the song “ merican ie”? P 17. Your appointment with Professor Wilson is on
16. Where did M N
s. ovich put the recipe for W A
ednesday, ugust 15.
tomatillo salsa?
18. C
C N O
17. They took the train ity of ew rleans to
H
19. Will we be taking istory II next semester?
C J J
hicago to hear esse ackson speak.
20. My aunt Luisa is a member of the hio tate O S
N P
18. Jon’s uncle was awarded a obel rize in
H S
istorical ociety.
economics last year.
21. The Battle of San Juan Hill was fought during
19. We recited the poem “ OC
aptain! y M S A
the panish- merican ar. W
C F J
aptain!” at the ourth of uly celebration.
C
22. Did you see ongresswoman aters at the W
V
20. We saw enus bright in the sky as we drove to
press conference?
T R
the exas angers game.
T
23. This year we’ll be spending hanksgiving with
21. This weekend, we will attend the olorado C our grandfather.
S F P
tate air in ueblo.
24. C
22. Did you rent a video of the animated film
Antz? 25. Today I would like to announce my candidacy
23. Noah plans to see the ashington W onument M U S
for the nited tates enate. S
during his spring break.
S
24. “The chair recognizes enator mith,” S
C
announced hairman ones. J

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 39
Language
Exercise C The influences that have shaped our
country turn up in some surprising places. Many of
U S
Anyone who has studied nited tates W DC
ashington, . .’s monuments, for example, have
history knows that our country was settled by G
the classic lines of a reek temple dedicated to the
people from many lands. Not all of us, however, S
ancient gods. In the outheast, a few mansions
realize how much the customs of these other lands C W
built before the American ivil ar recall the same
still influence our daily life. C
architecture. Some of alifornia’s churches, founded
C
by early atholic missionaries, would be equally at
home in Mexico.
U
A glance at a map of the nited States
shows some of the main foreign influences in each
America’s food, too, has been influenced by
E D
region’s names. In the ast we find many utch
many cultures.Who has not at some time enjoyed
R B
names like ensselaer, rooklyn, and
C I M
hinese egg drop soup, talian pasta, exican
S W S
chenectady. In the est and outhwest we find
G S
tacos, or the erman and candinavian cheeses of
S F
panish names like San rancisco and Nevada. In
W A
isconsin? The smorgasbord may seem merican,
the M S F
idwest and the outh, rench explorers and
S
but the idea originated in weden. Pretzels were
settlers left their mark in names like La Crosse and
R N
Dubuque, Baton ouge and ew Orleans. D
originally utch delicacies. Shish kebab, which is
often served at backyard barbecues, is actually a
New Orleans, indeed, is a good example of
T urkish dish. Bagels and knishes are popular
A
the way other cultures have affected merican life.
J T
ewish dishes. No hanksgiving dinner would be
complete without turkey, corn, and pumpkin.These
Many of its streets still bear such French names as
S G
Toulouse treet and ravier Street. Restaurants
A
foods are truly merican, for they came to us from
F
there are famous for their rench dishes.The
A
the merican Indians who lived here long before
Q
architecture of the French uarter, however, looks
P N
the ilgrims reached orth America.
S F
more panish than rench, reflecting many years
S
of panish rule.
Answer Key 39
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Language
Handbook 13 Punctuation
Worksheet 1 5. Which sounds better, Martin Luther King, Jr , .
Using End Marks .
Blvd or Martin Luther King, Jr ,Ave ? . .
. .
6. My brother J J has pinned to his bulletin
Exercise A .
board a picture of St Augustine, Fla , which .
1. . . . Missouri . was founded in A D 1565. ..
2. . . . house ? ..
7. The author P J O’Rourke was interviewed on
CNN about his opinion on the change in
3. . . . records . leadership at the UN.
4. . . . be ! 8. My mother received her M D from Columbia . .
5. . . . .
fascinating (or . . . fascinating ) ! . .
University in New York, N Y , and she did her
6. . . . job ? residency at Brackenridge Hospital in Austin,
7. . . . hobby . Tex.
8. . . . hobby ? .
9. Isn’t Mrs Jergens a member of the Parents and
9. . . . out . Teachers Assn ? .
10. . . . past . 10. The length of the curtains has been trimmed
.
from 1 yd to 34 in so that the hem won’t drag
on the windowsill.
Exercise B (Wording may vary slightly.)
1. Is someone going to repair this typewriter?
2. You said the beach is two miles from here.
Worksheet 3
3. Will you write the report tomorrow? Using Commas to Separate Words
4. You were waiting to see me, young man. and Phrases and After Introductory
5. Does the line reach the end of the block? Elements
Worksheet 2 Exercise A (If you permit students to omit
the final series comma, then the commas that are
Using End Marks and Periods After underscored below may be considered optional.)
Abbreviations ,
1. Mrs. Jones stopped her car opened the door ,
and walked to a telephone booth near the
Exercise A roadside.
1. . . . ground . ,
2. For lunch we had soup salad and banana ,
2. . . . anthills ? bread.
3. . . . road ! ,
3. Where we will go when we will leave and ,
4. . . . driveway . how long we will stay are problems yet to be
5. . . . of it . settled.
6. . . . protection ? 4. Dr. Solomon ordered bandages liniment and , ,
7. . . . Spanish . rest for my foot.
8. . . . Oklahoma . , ,
5. I soaked my foot rubbed it and walked very
little for several days.
9. . . . Saturday .
10. . . . !
it (or . . . it ) . , ,
6. Orange juice cereal and vegetables are on the
grocery list.
Exercise B ,
7. After a hot muggy afternoon we had a violent ,
thunderstorm. (The comma after afternoon is
1. Your appointment this Thursday at 2 P M is .. optional.)
with Dr Vergese.. 8. As long as you plan to go downtown will you ,
2. Have you ever read any books by J D Salinger . . pick up a train schedule at the station for me?
or W H Auden? . . 9. In its annual report to the public the Salt Lake ,
3. The famous standing stones at Stonehenge date City weather bureau announced that we had
..
from 2000 B C , which is about 1100 years after experienced the coldest winter since 1897.
the first structures at the site. 10. The hound chased the rabbit across the
4. Please send the package to Ms B D Chan, . . . ,
meadow through the swamp and into the ,
. .
P O Box 1138,Ann Arbor, MI 48104. woods.

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 41
Language
,
11. The long dark pathway led to a grim ruined , Exercise B
house. ,
1. The tamales just out of the pot and steaming
12. The movie was advertised as gigantic , ,
on a platter looked too good to resist.
,
stupendous and colossal. , ,
2. The stray cat by the way has made herself at
,
13. All seventh-grade eighth-grade and ninth- , home on our porch.
grade boys should report to the gym. 3. The championship game postponed by rain , ,
,
14. The enormous white drifting snowflakes , resumed last night.
were beautiful. ,
4. The millpond glittering in the moonlight ,
, ,
15. Skating hockey and skiing classes will begin looked lovely.
in January. ,
5. If I clean my room Mother may I go to the ,
16. After a month of beautiful weather the past , party?
three Saturdays have been windy cold and , , ,
6. My uncle Cecil who was a navigator in the Air
rainy. ,
Force taught me the constellations.
17. We saw the biologists come back with a long , ,
7. Toni Cade Bambara one of my favorite writers ,
scary rattlesnake. once spoke at the local college.
,
18. Coretta found a red hand-knit ski hat for her ,
8. Sasha don’t forget to return those books to the
boyfriend. library.
19. Our lunchroom is bright cheerful noisy and , , , , ,
9. Our oldest dog Wilbur loves to ride in the car.
efficient. ,
10. Amy Tan who wrote The Joy Luck Club was ,
20. Now that winter’s coming I am looking for a , born in Oakland, California.
,
pair of warm black gloves.
Worksheet 5
Worksheet 4
Using Commas with Interrupters
Using Commas in Compound and with Introductory Words,
Sentences and with Interrupters Phrases, and Clauses
Exercise A Exercise A
1. I did not have a book about her at home so I , ,
1. Our newest neighbor Dr. Stearns is a ,
found one at the public library. veterinarian.
2. I read it some time ago yet the story stays, 2. She has a marvelous gift with animals I’m sure. ,
fresh in my mind.
3. She was given the name Isabella as a child but , ,
3. For example even a gentle dog will bite when
it is hurt.
she gave up the name eventually.
4. She chose the name Sojourner Truth for it , 4. The sickest dog seems to know however that , ,
Dr. Stearns is its friend.
reflected her religious beliefs.
5. Not long ago a stray dog was hit by a delivery
5. Some sources say she was born in 1797 but no , ,
truck on Carter Drive a street near the
one knows for certain. doctor’s house.

6. She learned about the movement to abolish
,
slavery and she became one of the
,
6. Well Dr. Stearns ran out of the house when she
heard the noise.
movement’s most effective speakers.
7. Some might remember her best as an
,
7. “Can you do anything Doc?” someone asked.
,
abolitionist or they might remember her as a ,
8. The dog a big yellow mongrel let her come ,
women’s rights advocate. near without a growl.
8. The stories of slaves’ lives are very sad yet we , 9. She took care of the dog for quite a while ,
should read and learn from them. three months altogether.
9. The struggle against slavery was hard yet , ,
10. The dog thank goodness experienced a full,
Sojourner Truth never gave up. recovery.
10. She did not stop fighting for the rights of freed
slaves after slavery was abolished nor did she ,
lessen her support for women’s causes.
Answer Key 41
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Language
Exercise B 13. The deadline fell on the afternoon of Friday ,
,
1. No I have never tried herbal tea. August 31.
2. By the time Keith and Carl had driven through 14. C
,
the rain to Tulsa they decided not to go any 15. The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes lived at
farther. 221B Baker Street London England. , ,
3. From the depths of his vivid imagination Ray , 16. C
Bradbury creates fascinating stories. 17. The famous singer’s birthplace still stands at 85
4. Born and raised in a Mexican American Sheridan Avenue Hohokus NJ 07423. , ,
neighborhood in Fresno Gary Soto draws on , 18. C
his own life for his writing.
19. The sporting goods shop is located at Green
5. After she read The Haunting of Hill House , Acres Shopping Center Sunrise Highway , ,
Millie refused to answer the door after dark. Valley Stream New York. ,
6. As the highest peak in New England New , 20. Soon after 5 o’clock on Tuesday June 24 , ,
Hampshire’s Mount Washington stands 6,288 ,
1980 we saw the meteor hit the ground.
feet tall.
7. To view the three spectacular waterfalls , Exercise B
people traveling through the Columbia River
Gorge in Oregon must take the old road.
[1] My great-great-grandfather on my
,
8. Well why don’t you give her a call?
father’s side was born in Calhoun County South ,
9. Stunned by the assassination of Martin Luther , ,
Carolina on March 2 1898. [2] He grew up in a
King, Jr., in 1968 many people wept., house at 1716 Cedar Street Weldon North , ,
10. Standing together after winning the Carolina, in the northern part of the state. [3] My
,
championship the team happily received the great-great-grandmother was born in Charleston ,
cheers and applause. ,
South Carolina on August 23 1902. [4] As a girl, she ,
grew up just around the corner from her future
Worksheet 6 husband, at 210 East Sixth Street. [5] She was
several years younger than he, however, and he
Using Commas for Dates and never paid much attention to her until September
Addresses and in Letters ,
12 1917, just before he went off to war with the
Weldon volunteers. [6] He was stationed in Paris ,
Exercise A France. [7] He came back on leave to marry his
1. My sister was born on Monday February 7 , , sweetheart, in New York New York. [8] They ,
,
1983 at 3 P.M. were married on Saturday December 28 1918. , ,
2. Our town was shut down from February 1 to [9] They moved to Texas soon after my great-great-
,
February 5 1993 by a blizzard. , grandfather got out of the army in 1919. [10] On
3. The publishing company is located at 757 Third , ,
December 15 1928 they moved from Dime Box to
the city, where they lived in the same house for the
,
Avenue New York New York 10017. , rest of their lives, at 3 Park Terrace Houston Texas. , ,
4. The building stands on the corner of Fifth © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Avenue and Fiftieth Street New York City. , Exercise C
5. The school play will be repeated on Friday ,
,
April 3 and Saturday April 4. ,
6. C ,
March 11 2000
7. Our pastor comes from a town near Pittsburgh , Dear Josie ,
Pennsylvania.
8. The finals will be played at Evanston Township
Here’s my new address: 1352 Sycamore
,
High School Evanston Illinois. , , ,
Street Fillmore TX 73214.We’ve been so busy!
9. Please send the book to 2107 Carney Avenue , After moving into the new house we spent several ,
Baltimore MD 21234. , days arranging and rearranging things.Yes we did ,
10. The project will run until November 17 2002. , get a dog from the animal shelter now that we have
11. The doctor will see you next Tuesday June 23. , a fenced yard. Before we had a chance to decide on
12. The cookbook came from 1776 Ashland Circle , ,
a name my little brother started calling him Bubba.
,
Boise ID 83705.

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 43
Language
Remember not to use our old address—343 4. Both poems are in the section titled “The
, ,
Ardmore Avenue Houston Texas—when you write. American Hero Myth and Reality.” :
5. The verse from the Bible that I want you to
Your friend , consider is Second Corinthians 3 6. :
Anna Worksheet 8
Worksheet 7 Test
Exercise A (If you permit students to omit
Using Semicolons and Colons the final series comma, then the commas that are
Exercise A underscored below may be considered optional.)
;
1. There are five kinds of prairie dogs the black- !
1. Wow Look at the size of that tiger !
tailed is the most numerous. 2. To make the posters of course we need , ,
2. Black-tailed prairie dogs live in the plains of
Mexico,Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and
,
markers water colors and stencils , .
;
other states white-tailed prairie dogs live in
,
3. Do you know Mandy that Jack London lived ,
areas of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado,
to be only forty years old ?
and Wyoming. 4. Above the rooftop of the apartment building ,
3. In prairie dog country you can often see prairie
we saw a beautiful bright rainbow , .
;
dog towns every mound of dirt indicates the ,
5. Phillip unplug the table saw right now (or ) . !
entrance to a prairie dog tunnel. 6. Casey and I are going to make enchiladas for
4. The mounds are used as lookout points that is, ; ;
the fiesta Lillian is making salsa (or . . . fiesta . .
the prairie dogs stand on the mounds to watch Lillian . . .)
for predators. 7. For the chalupas Patrick will make baked crisp ,
5. If a prairie dog spots a predator, it gives a high- corn tortillas .
pitched bark that warns all the prairie dogs to 8. Let’s each bring a real plate a cloth napkin , ,
;
go underground as a result, most prairie dogs and tableware so that we don’t use throwaway
escape the danger. items .
6. The mounds also serve as water barriers ; 9. Our fiesta will be held on September 16 2000 , ;
otherwise, the burrows would flood during that is the anniversary of the beginning of the
heavy rains. 1810 Mexican rebellion against Spain .
7. In open country prairie dog tunnels may ,
10. We will have food games and piñatas and a , ;
;
stretch for miles the tunnels can house folk group will sing play and dance , , .
hundreds of family groups called coteries.
8. Along the tunnels, each coterie has its own Exercise B (If you permit students to omit
;
underground rooms and each room has a the final series comma, then the commas that are
particular purpose, such as for sleeping, nursing underscored below may be considered optional.)
babies, or storing food.

9. Baby prairie dogs stay with their parents for
1. Wanting to play drums very well Logan ,
;
one year the following spring, the young leave
practiced every day .
2. Their mailing address has been changed to
to start families of their own.
;
10. Prairie dogs do not hibernate instead, they
. . ,
P O Box 312 Carrizozo New Mexico , .
3. Do you enjoy computer-animated films like Toy
spend the winters underground living off the
seeds and grasses they have stored.
Story ?
4. What a brilliant meteor that is !
Exercise B 5. Planting the seeds watering them and, ,
weeding the area usually results in healthy
:
1. The class begins promptly at 8 30 tomorrow growth .
morning.
:
2. I only want to know one thing Where did you
,
6. Kwanzaa an African American holiday is ,
put the casserole dish?
celebrated between Dec 26 and Jan 1 . . .
3. Read these poems for class tomorrow “Paul : ,
7. Sonia please get off the phone .
Revere’s Ride” and “Barbara Frietchie.” ,
8. The tall graceful sycamore tree by our house is
;
dying it will have to be cut down soon .
Answer Key 43
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Language
9. Brer Lion listened to Brer Rabbit’s advice ; Exercise E (If you permit students to omit
however, he later realized he’d been tricked . the final series comma, then the commas that are
10. Writer Amy Ling lives in the United States yet , underscored below may be considered optional.)
she was born in Beijing China , .
September 5 2000 ,
Exercise C (If you permit students to omit
the final series comma, then the commas that are Dear Customer Service Representative :
underscored below may be considered optional.)
Recently I called about my food processor ,
One hundred years ago there were a :
which has the following defects The container lid
hundred thousand elephants living in Asia however, ; ,
flies off when the power is turned on the speed is
now there are only about one third of that number . always fast regardless of the button pushed and ,
!
What an alarming loss The Asian elephant is now smoke pours out of the motor.Your manual “Food
an endangered species for the following reasons : :
Processors How to Enjoy Them” has not been much
,
cutting of forests other damage to habitat and , help at all. Although most manuals have a section
increased human population Of the Asian elephants . that describes what to do about possible problems ,
,
that remain about ten thousand live in the small this manual does not.
.
country of Myanmar Can you find it on a map It ?
is between Thailand and Bangladesh Many of the . ,
When I called you said the manager would
,
huge patient elephants also called timber , ;
contact me furthermore, you said the manager
,
elephants work with humans together they bring ; would have someone from the Small Appliance
,
in large valuable trees to sell for lumber Elephants . Repair Department call me. Neither has happened ,
and people have a partnership and they spend , and three months seems long enough to wait.
.
their lives together This partnership is remarkable
for the mutual affection and trust it demonstrates The food processor was purchased April 3 ;
between animals and humans . ,
the problems began July 5 a few days after the
ninety-day warranty expired.While I realize that
Exercise D (If you permit students to omit ,
these things happen your company’s lack of
the final series comma, then the commas that are :
response has had the following effect It has caused
underscored below may be considered optional.)
me to lose confidence in your company your ,
,
company’s advertising your company’s reliability ,
and your company’s products.
August 18 2000 ,
Please contact me before I vow never to
Dear Nolan , buy your company’s products again.
Jovita told me that you are interested in Sincerely ,

joining the Environmental Club Welcome aboard . !
. ,
Beginning Sept 10 2000 we will meet each , © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Phyllis Freeman
Thursday after school at the recycling center at
.
1651 Yeager Ave At each meeting progress reports
,
are given activities are discussed and plans are ,
.
made We also have some social time of course , ,
and everyone enjoys the meetings The club’s goal .
is to make our town litter-free and so far we have ,
.
made a lot of progress Jovita the other members ,
,
of the club and I look forward to having you as a
part of our group .
Sincerely ,
Gwynneth

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 45
Language
1. Are you going to try out for the school play?”
“asked
Using Italics Dawn.
Exercise 2. “ I would love to be in it, but I’m afraid I would
1. g, q freeze on the stage,” said Imala.
2. Porgy and Bess 3. “ That is all the more reason for auditioning,”
3. The Loon Feather replied Dawn.
4. Sunset Limited 4. Ernesto said, “You have to face your fears in
order to conquer them.”
5. access
5. “ You would be perfect for the role of Sabina in
6. Woman Ironing
The Skin of Our Teeth,” responded Dawn.
7. Pocahontas, Mulan
6. Imala said, “That’s the role I wanted.”
8. Discovery
7. “ Ernesto, are you going to audition for the role
9. cheap, inexpensive of Mr.Anthropus?” inquired Dawn.
10. USA Today 8. “ I sure am!” exclaimed Ernesto.
11. Frasier 9. “ Wow, that’s great because I’m trying out for
12. Queen Mary the part of Mrs.Anthropus!” exclaimed Dawn.
13. The Incredible Journey 10. “ Then we may all be in the play together,”
14. The Call of the Wild said Imala.
15. Field of Dreams
16. Aida Worksheet 3
17. supersede, sede Punctuating Quotations and
18. Chant
19. The Nutcracker
Dialogue
20. The Fellowship of the Ring Exercise A
21. The Miracle Worker 1. About how long a trip will it be,?” asked
“Charlotte.
22. Flyer
23. ough, cough, bough, enough, through 2. “ It’s about twelve miles,” replied Paul,. “We
will have to prepare for an all-day trip.”
24. Time Out of Mind
3. “We’ll need two adults to come with us,”
25. 6, 9
commented Sharon, “since they will have to
rent the canoes and provide supervision.”
Worksheet 2 4. Ms. Roth, the supervisor of the Backwoods
Punctuating Quotations ,
Canoe Club, replied “I, of course, will be glad
to come.”“Mr. Spenser, the mathematics teacher,
Exercise A canoed down that part of the river last year.”
1. “ What was it?” asked Gary. “

5. Should we ask Mr. Spenser to come with us ?”
2. “pigIt was Babe, the movie about an orphaned asked Annette?” .
,” replied Leah. “ ”
6. That sounds like a good idea, said Ms. Roth, .
3. “ Oh, I love that film!” exclaimed Tammy. “I’ll personally ask him to come.”
4. “ Did you know there was a sequel?” asked ”
7. “We should make a map of the area, said
Gary. “
Dennis. We could indicate where to expect
5. Tammy said, “ I like the original movie best.” white water.”
6. “ I like adventure films better than comedies,” ,W
8. Charlotte added “ e could also show points
stated Gary. along the land bordering the river that would
7. I
help us know where we are. ”
9. “We could arrange for a speaker to talk to the
8. “ I think Raiders of the Lost Ark with Harrison
club about handling a canoe in white water ,”
,”
Ford is my favorite he replied.
suggested Ms. Roth.
9. Leah inquired, “D id you see Gone with the
“ ”
10. My parents are excellent canoeists, said
”
Wind on television?
Dennis . “T hey would be glad to come to talk
10. I to us.”
Answer Key 45
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Language
Exercise B 16. This year the Paramount Theater is going to
host a production of The Phantom of the
Opera.
“
I propose that we take a canoe trip down
!”
the Delaware (or Delaware ) said Paul with ,” 17. My favorite song from The Sound of Music is
“
enthusiasm. We could rent the canoes in Callicoon “
My Favorite Things. ”
and paddle down to Bingham Falls. ” ‘
18. “The poem I’ve Known Rivers, ” said Mr. ’
Grainger,“comes from the book The Big Sea by
“ ,”
¶ I think that’s a good idea said Langston Hughes.”
,“
Charlotte but how do we get the canoes back to 19. “What is the Shakespeare play,” said Maria,“that
Callicoon. ?” includes the speech that begins Tomorrow ‘
and tomorrow and tomorrow ?” ’
¶ “ That’s easy,” said Paul. “ There is a 20. “I think it’s Macbeth,” replied Jeff.
series of posts along the river where we can leave
the canoes.We rent them at one post and check Worksheet 5
them in at a post farther down the river. ” Test
“
¶ Should we schedule the trip for next Exercise A
week ?” asked Bruce.
1. “ How many pounds are you pressing during
Worksheet 4 ”
workouts? Mom asked.
2. “ ” ,“
William, Mrs.Winters asked when will
Using Italics and Quotation Marks you learn? ”
3. “ The whole school will participate in Black
Exercise ,”
History Month the principal said.
‘
1. “Mother said to me, Act now, ” said Vincente. ’ 4. “ ,”
Sharon wants to take ballet Mrs.Wright
2. The first chapter of the Dickens novel David ,“
said but she has twisted her ankle. ”
Copperfield is titled I Am Born. “ ” 5. Ron asked, “D
oes anyone know the poem that
3. Last night Frank saw an old episode of Star Trek ‘
begins A new day is dawning ? ’”
“
called The Trouble with Tribbles. ” 6. “ ,”
An old sock Andrew exclaimed is stuck in ,“
4. “Vegetarians should like the poem Point of ‘ the drainpipe! ”
’
View, shouldn’t they?” asked Mr. Gable. 7. “ This German potato salad is delicious ,”
5. The magazine article titled Aliens Have “ Marlene said . “May I have the recipe? ”
”
Landed! caught my attention. 8. “ The city council voted to review the city’s
6. Annie said,“My favorite poem begins Once ‘ ,”
position Clay announced.
upon a midnight dreary. ” ’ 9. “ ,”
What did Jane mean asked Rachel when ,“
“
7. O. Henry’s The Ransom of Red Chief is a ” she said that Rose will know? ”
hilarious short story. 10. Marcella replied, “T
he song is titled On ‘
8. Mrs. Nelson asked us to read the poem They “ Higher Ground. ’” © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
”
Have Yarns by Carl Sandburg.
“ ”
9. Isn’t Camp Harmony an excerpt from the Exercise B
book Nisei Daughter?
10. She can’t remember who originally wrote and
1. “ ” “
Indeed, Miss Bursa replied, the Japanese
performed the song Something. “ ”
yen is rising. ”
2. “ People are generally quite hopeful, the ”
11. I believe it’s on the Beatles album Abbey Road. speaker said.
12. My uncle John is a correspondent for the 3. C
magazine U.S. News & World Report.
4. Paul said that the train doesn’t stop here
13. There is an article in today’s New York Times anymore.
“
titled Metropolitan Museum Names Two New
5. “ ”
Laws are for your protection, the police
Leaders. ” “
officer said, not your inconvenience. ”
14. “Have you ever heard about the famous train
6. Cody Ray said that the story of the laughing
The City of New Orleans?” asked Kathryn.
fence post is a myth.
15. The famous painting Mona Lisa is on display at
7. C
the Louvre in Paris, France.

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 47
Language
“ ”
8. The game’s on, rain or shine! Trevor yelled. Exercise D
9. Mr. Lindt suggested that we try out for the 1. Diego Rivera’s expressive painting The Grinder
debate team. depicts a woman making tortillas.
“
10. I know the community will help the family, ” 2. Barbara won’t leave home without her Rand
Reverend Marshall said. McNally Road Atlas.
“
3. Ogden Nash, in his poem The Panther, ”
Exercise C created the word anther.
“ ”
4. The song Tomorrow is from the Broadway
musical Annie.
“
You said your parents own a kosher deli,
”
Rachel.What does that mean? Diane asked. “ ”
5. I clipped the article Reuse or Recycle from
today’s Kansas City Star for our talk.
“ It means that it’s a Jewish deli,” Rachel 6. In Jules Verne’s novel Twenty Thousand
replied. Leagues Under the Sea, the submarine is named
the Nautilus.
“
Yes, I understand that. But what is 7. When taking notes, some people distinguish
”
kosher? Diane asked. between the capital letter O and the numeral
0 by drawing a / through the numeral.
“ Oh, it means that some food is prepared 8. Toni Cade Bambara’s book Gorilla, My Love has
in certain ways,” Rachel said. many wonderful short stories in it.
9. Some people pronounce short e’s and i’s the
“ How?” Diane asked. “According to what same in words like pin and pen.
standards?” 10. Have you seen the dance production called
Stomp?
“ Jewish religious rules say how some food
is to be prepared,” Rachel explained. “ There are
special recipes.”
“ Sounds interesting!” Diane said. “ What

are some of the foods that I could buy at the deli?”
“ Well, I will tell you my favorite thing to

get,” Rachel said. “ I love potato knishes!”
“ I’ve never had them, or even heard of

them,” Diane said. “ What are they?”
“ They’re pastries filled with potatoes. I’ll

treat you to one after school today,” Rachel said.
Answer Key 47
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Language
1. aren’t 6. he’d
Using Apostrophes to Show 2. it’s 7. let’s
Possession 3. she’ll 8. where’s
Exercise A 4. there’s 9. ’70
1. dog’s tail; dogs’ tails 5. they’re 10. we’d
2. son’s smile; sons’ smiles
3. cat’s eye; cats’ eyes Exercise C
4. sister’s task; sisters’ tasks 1. its 6. It’s
5. detective’s question; detectives’ questions 2. they’re 7. You’re
6. house’s chimney; houses’ chimneys 3. their 8. your
7. doctor’s car; doctors’ cars 4. Whose 9. It’s
8. neighbor’s yard; neighbors’ yards 5. who’s 10. their
9. baby’s bottle; babies’ bottles
10. mouse’s squeak; mice’s squeaks Exercise D
’
1. There are two c s and two r s in the word ’
Exercise B occurring.
’ ’
1. Rachel s and Paul s papers are on Miss 2. Wherever we have lived, there have always
’
Conway s desk, but ours aren’t. ’
been two 6 s in our address.
’
2. One of the boys had lost his father s jacket. 3. Some authors prefer to use & s instead of and s ’ ’
in their titles.
’
3. What shall we do with the geese s feathers?
’
4. In the Middle Ages a goose s feathers were used 4. Try not to use too many well s in your speech. ’
to make arrows. ’
5. Two o s give Geronimo’s name an interesting
sound.
’
5. A pelican s beak is more than a foot long, and a
6. Ellen’s Social Security number contains four
pouch hangs from the lower part of the beak.
’
6. Our grandparents old schoolbooks look dull ’
7 s.
compared with today s. ’ ’
7. How many @ s are in an e-mail address?
’
7. Please tell me the company s address. ’
8. “Your e s look too much like your i s, Randall,” ’
said Ms.Yang.
8. What have they predicted for tomorrow s ’
weather? ’
9. Four the s in your title are too many, in my
opinion.
9. He is so quick that he does about eight hours ’
work in three hours. ’
10. Counting by 9 s is difficult even for some
adults.
’
10. Our town s oldest house is out on the river road.
Worksheet 2 Exercise E
Using Apostrophes for Contractions, ’

1. My oldest brother s pet mice are as big as
yours.
Plurals, and Possessives 2. There are two pairs of men s overalls hanging ’
behind the barn door.
Exercise A
1. you are
3. Marie didn’t give the problem a moment s ’
thought.
2. she would (or she had)
3. did not
’
4. The mayor s friends formed a citizens ’
committee to reelect her.
4. was not
5. do not
5. Have you seen today s newspapers anywhere? ’
6. is not
’
6. Ralph s bicycle is in better condition than
theirs are.
7. we are 7. Someone left the dog s leash on the front ’
8. has not porch.
9. he will ’
8. The children s toys were scattered behind the
10. you will sofa.

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 49
Language
’
9. Our city s tallest buildings have all been built (
7. The box contains a pound 16 ounces of )
recently. detergent.
’
10. The twins mother has won an award for her 8. Cajun music — how I love it! —is loud and
story. lively.
9. Gila monsters — they give me the shivers —
Worksheet 3 aren’t really monsters.
Using Hyphens (
10. They are classified as lizards the biological
family Helodermatidae . )
Exercise A ( )
11. My desk calendar it was a gift contains
1. -
chop sticks animal cartoons.
2. -
dar ling 12. “Next we will read — please stop talking —
from the book,” Mr. Naylor said.
3. - -
Ger ma ny
4. - -
po si tion (
13. My grandfather’s first truck a Chevrolet is )
worth a lot now.
5. sphinx
6. - -
brother in law
14. The right solution to your problem — I
7. kite
repeat — will come to you.
15. The winning number is — but first, a
8. - -
tech ni cal commercial break.
9. -
Per sian 16. The marching band —can you believe it? —
10. -
ce ment actually won first place.
17. Derek — I think you’ve met him —enjoys
Exercise B racing automobiles.
1. -
for thirty three years 18. My dream — I don’t care if you do laugh is —
2. C to be a professional clown.
3. -
every fifty five minutes ( )
19. San Marino population 24,000 is a small
independent country.
4. -
only one half liter
5. -
one fourth full
20. The restored house — it has always been a
6. C
favorite of mine — is now a museum.
7. C
(
21. This picture is of a three-toed sloth species
Bradypus . )
8. C 22. Sloths — believe it or not — feed while
9. -
two thirds cup hanging down from branches.
10. -
with forty one dollars ( )
23. Khalil Gibran 1883–1931 was a writer and
artist from Lebanon.
Worksheet 4 (
24. Have patience easier said than done and )
you’ll succeed.
Using Parentheses and Dashes
25. One of our cats — the gray one — often hid

Exercise (Sentences 1, 4, 9, 11, 17, 20, 24, under the couch.
and 25 are correct with either dashes or
parentheses.) Worksheet 5
1. Tell me —
I doubt that you can — what city is Test
the capital of Wyoming.
( )
2. Gouda pronounced gou´də is a kind of Exercise A
cheese. 1. CON—she’s
3. The correct answer appears to be — no, figure 2. PL—5’s
it out for yourself. 3. POS—geese’s
4. Sludge —
the word itself sounds horrid — 4. CON—shouldn’t
filled our basement during the flood. 5. CON—they’re
5. Movie producer Samuel Goldwyn 6. POS—fox’s den
( )
1882–1974 was born in Poland. 7. CON—who’s
6. Brenda can’t —
that is, won’t— help me. 8. CON—summer of ’99
Answer Key 49
TX_L08LHAK 6/2/09 6:52 PM Page 50
Language
9. CON—wasn’t Exercise D (Students do not have to
10. PL—recite your abc’s hyphenate words at every syllable, just in one
11. POS—two monkeys’ food correct place.)
12. POS—Rover’s doghouse - -
1. per son al 6. car rot-
13. CON—it’s snowing 2. forge -
7. mon key
14. POS—one girl’s uniform - -
3. mu si cal - -
8. ex treme ly
15. PL—6’s and 7’s 4. C - -
9. pas sen ger
16. CON—you’re - -
5. brother in law 10. moth er -
17. POS—family’s trip
18. POS—many voters’ rights Exercise E (Sentences 3 and 7 are correct
19. CON—you’ll with either dashes or parentheses.)
20. CON—that’s right ( )
1. Pesto pronounced pes´to is a sauce made
21. PL—dot those i’s and j’s with basil, garlic, pine nuts, and olive oil.
22. POS—fish’s habitat 2. “We are leaving on the 12:45 — no,
23. POS—nobody’s fault 1:45 P.M. —flight to Chicago,” John said.
24. CON—here’s the food (
3. I like the long, hooded cloaks called
25. POS—children’s playground )
burnooses worn by some Arabs.
4. The clock — —
its chiming drives me crazy
was a gift.
Exercise B
1. boy’s 11. everybody’s
5. The Dales — correct me if I am wrong — are
on vacation.
2. men’s 12. mother’s
3. persons’ 13. students’
(
6. Easter Island also known as Rapa Nui is )
inhabited by about two thousand people.
4. books’ 14. churches’ 7. The star of the concert — you would have
5. oxen’s 15. Ross’s loved him — was the jazz saxophonist.
6. moose’s 16. artists’ 8. Frances Perkins was U.S. Secretary of Labor
7. poet’s 17. countries’ ( )
1933–1945 under Franklin Roosevelt.
8. children’s 18. videos’ 9. The next assignment will be — where is my
9. animals’ 19. someone’s book?
10. year’s 20. sheep’s (
10. The winter solstice the shortest day of the
)
year ended with a beautiful sunset.
Exercise C
1. We’d 6. doesn’t
2. It’ll 7. Where’s
3. isn’t 8. won’t
4. It’s 9. They’d
5. You’d 10. Haven’t

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 51
Language
Handbook 16 Spelling
Using Word Parts Spelling Words with ie, ei, cede,
Exercise (Definitions will vary somewhat.) ceed, and sede
1. mis | lead—to direct the course of wrongly Exercise A
2. im | port—to carry in 1. receipt 11. achievement
3. dif | fuse—to melt or spread out in different 2. tie 12. either
directions 3. proceed 13. perceive
4. re | try—attempt again 4. science 14. exceed
5. at | tract | ion—the act or state of drawing 5. leisure 15. inconceivable
toward
6. deficient 16. supersede
6. dis | like—not to have a preference or
7. secede 17. weird
fondness for
8. view 18. intercede
7. post | script—something written after
9. height 19. niece
8. fear | ful—full of a feeling of anxiety caused by
a perception of danger 10. relieve 20. neigh
9. port | er—one who carries
10. spectat | or—one who sees or watches Exercise B (The first item in a pair is
11. dis | trust—not to have faith in or be confident correct. The second is incorrect.)
of 1. premiere—premeire
12. mis | place—to put in a particular place 2. patiently—pateintly
wrongly 3. precedes—preceeds
13. dict | ion—manner of speaking or pointing out 4. C
in words 5. Neither—Niether
14. ex | port—to carry out of 6. succeed—succede
15. tempera | ment—the result of the mixture of 7. freight—frieght
ingredients in a person’s nature or personality 8. foreign-language—foriegn-language
16. re | state—to say again 9. C
17. health | ful—full of a state of being sound, 10. weight—wieght
whole
18. dis | quali | fy—to make not fit for or deprive
of a specific right to Worksheet 3
19. re | place—to put in a particular location again Adding Prefixes and Suffixes
20. port | able—able to be carried
Exercise A
21. trans | scribe—to write in full or across to the
1. outrageous 11. rotten
other side of
2. sleepily 12. argument

22. re | spect—to look back on
3. strayed 13. knitting
23. cheer | ful—full of face or mood; full of good
feeling 4. misstate 14. overrule
24. translat | or—one who carries across from one 5. daily 15. diving
language to another 6. normally 16. busily
25. forma | tion—the act of giving shape 7. boxing 17. frankness
8. drying 18. buying
9. illogical 19. tardiness
10. tuneless 20. barely
Answer Key 51
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Language
Exercise B (The first item in a pair is Worksheet 5
1. override—overide
More Practice Forming the Plurals
2. noticeable—noticable
of Nouns and Spelling Numbers
3. C Exercise A
4. leading—leadding 1. mice 11. butterflies
5. happened—happenned 2. cities 12. topazes
6. adorable—adoreable 3. sopranos 13. Vietnamese
7. giving—giveing 4. wrenches 14. Neros
8. hurried—hurryed 5. thirteen-year-olds 15. spacecraft
9. Evenness—Eveness 6. Wileys 16. men
10. C 7. briefs 17. lives
8. hello’s 18. igloos
Worksheet 4 9. tomatoes 19. galleys
10. lilies 20. sit-ups
Forming the Plurals of Nouns
Exercise A Exercise B (The first item in a pair is
1. wives 11. rodeos correct. The second is incorrect.)
2. oxen 12. two-year-olds 1. trophies—trophys
3. raceways 13. boxes 2. rains—raines
4. Japanese 14. Zorros 3. ditches—ditchs
5. candles 15. 4’s 4. waltzes—waltzs
6. counties 16. sons-in-law 5. C
7. z’s 17. Johnsons 6. two—2
8. wishes 18. potatoes 7. s’s—s’
9. children 19. navies 8. third—3rd
10. Carys 20. %’s 9. C
10. One hundred—100
Exercise B (The first item in a pair is
correct. The second is incorrect.) Worksheet 6
1. horseshoes—horsesshoe
2. C
Test
3. sisters-in-law—sister-in-laws Exercise A (The first item in a pair is
4. leaves—leafs correct. The second is incorrect.)
5. feet—foots 1. intercede—interceed
6. Chinese—Chineses 2. axes—axs
7. Mercados, Inc.—Mercadoes, Inc. 3. can openers—cans opener
8. monkeys—monkeies 4. C
9. C 5. allies—allys
10. stereos—stereoes 6. interchangeable—interchangable
7. oxen—ox
8. two—2
9. C
10. C (or volcanos)

TX_L08LHAK 6/1/09 6:43 PM Page 53
Language
Exercise B (The first item in a pair is Exercise D (The first item in a pair is
correct. The second is incorrect.) correct. The second is incorrect.)
1. twenty-two—22 1. succeeded—succeded
2. concede—conceed 2. C
3. creativity—creativeity 3. stories—storys
4. studios—studioes 4. Happily—Happyly
5. variety—vareity 5. starred—stared; comedies—comedys
6. students—studentes 6. received—recieved
7. overrun—overun 7. series—serieses
8. easily—easyly 8. parenting—parentting
9. ninth—9th 9. men—mans
10. Saturdays—Saturdayes 10. truly—truely
Exercise C (The first item in a pair is

1. patios—patioes
2. supplies—supplys
3. Fifteen—15
4. ancient—anceint
5. C
6. aircraft—aircrafts
7. C
8. brothers-in-law—brother-in-laws
9. roofs—rooves
10. superseded—superceded
Answer Key 53
TX_L08LHAK 6/2/09 6:52 PM Page 54
Language
Handbook 17 Glossary of Usage
Worksheet 1 Exercise B (The first item in a pair is
Common Usage Problems 1. badly—bad
Exercise 2. must have heard—must of heard
1. fewer 14. inside 3. why—how come
2. well 15. himself 4. very (or extremely)—real
3. ought 16. taught 5. as if—like
4. Jones 17. isn’t 6. C
5. A lot 18. broke 7. accepted—excepted
6. than 19. somewhat 8. altogether—all together
7. A 20. except 9. was . . . born?—was . . . born at?
8. among 21. effect 10. that—because
9. chose 22. altogether
10. as if 23. ought not Exercise C
11. badly 24. why 1. bad 6. should have
12. very 25. somewhat 2. that 7. all ready
13. that 3. well 8. am not
4. broke 9. themselves
Worksheet 2 5. An 10. excepted
Common Usage Problems
Exercise D (The first item in a pair is
Exercise correct. The second is incorrect.)
1. have 14. already
1. broke—busted
2. rather 15. burst
2. rather (or somewhat)—sort of
3. bad 16. try to
3. is an exchange—is when there is an exchange
4. effects 17. a pupil who
4. C
5. less 18. is
5. affects—effects
6. those 19. themselves
6. among—between
7. why 20. off
7. C
8. choose 21. than
8. rather (or somewhat)—kind of
9. all together 22. somewhat
9. chose—choose
10. well 23. teach
10. oughtn’t (or ought not)—hadn’t ought to
11. Advertisers 24. very
12. As 25. have
13. that © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Worksheet 3
Test
Exercise A
1. outside 6. well
2. already 7. than
3. friends 8. between
4. somewhat 9. effect
5. as 10. less

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HOLT McDOUGAL LITERATURE

i_TX_L08LHAK_FM.indd i 6/4/09 1:42:10 AM

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

If you have received these materials as examination copies free of

Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle

Table of Contents iii

2 Language Handbook Answer Key

7. people—do 3. prefer 8. becomes

4 Language Handbook Answer Key

16. I—my Exercise A

6 Language Handbook Answer Key

18. public—their 10. is—Trade—are

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

8 Language Handbook Answer Key

Using Irregular Verbs Exercise C

8. lent 21. sent

10 Language Handbook Answer Key

Identifying and Using Active and Worksheet 8

Test [1] “Casey at the Bat,” composed by Ernest

Exercise D (Here is the paragraph in

[1] “Casey at the Bat,” composed by

12 Language Handbook Answer Key

3. we—us 8. we—us 12. them 25. me

14 Language Handbook Answer Key

16 Language Handbook Answer Key

the conclusion secret.

18 Language Handbook Answer Key

25. pierced—lantern because of a moose attack

20 Language Handbook Answer Key

adjective clause. The second is the word modified.)

22 Language Handbook Answer Key

8. The griffin originated in the Middle East.

24 Language Handbook Answer Key

8. I | have not decided yet. 7. Rigoberta Menchú Tum—received, returned

26 Language Handbook Answer Key

28 Language Handbook Answer Key

4. Before pottery was developed, food was eaten 13. DEC . . ..

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

30 Language Handbook Answer Key

32 Language Handbook Answer Key

peace to the ranch.

over an area of several hundred miles.Winds in a

34 Language Handbook Answer Key

hicago, which is in yde ark.

36 Language Handbook Answer Key

38 Language Handbook Answer Key

40 Language Handbook Answer Key

one knows for certain. doctor’s house.

42 Language Handbook Answer Key

babies, or storing food.

Jovita told me that you are interested in Sincerely ,

44 Language Handbook Answer Key

1. “ What was it?” asked Gary. “

46 Language Handbook Answer Key

“ Sounds interesting!” Diane said. “ What

“ Well, I will tell you my favorite thing to