Binary Operation

Binary Operation
The binary operations ‘o’ on a non-empty set A are functions from

A × A to A. The binary operation, o: A × A → A. It is an operation of
two elements of the set whose domains and co-domain are in the
same set.
N ={1,2,3,……….} N={1,2,3…………………….}
N × N={(1,1),(1,2),(1,3)…….(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),……}
+: N × N → N
Properties of Binary Operation

Closure property: An operation ‘o’ on a non-empty set A has closure
property,
a ob∈A for all a , b ∈ A
Eg. The set of natural no follows closure law under operation
addition
N={1,2,3,4,5,6,……}
(N,+) closure law.
The addition of any two natural no is also a natural no.
i.e a + b ∈ N for all a , b ∈ N
3,4 ∈ N then 3+4 =7 ∈ N
The set of Even natural no under operation addition follows closure
law
E={2,4,6,………………………..}
The set of integer under operation addition follows closure law
The subtraction of integer follows closure law.
The set of rational no under operation addition follows closure law
The set of natural no under operation multiplication follows closure
law
The set of natural no under operation division does not follows
closure law
The set of odd integer does not follow closure law under operation
addition.
The set of natural no under operation subtraction does not follow
closure law.
Commutative
A binary operation ‘o’ on a set A is commutative
if a o b = b o a, for all a, b ∈ A (non-empty set).
The set of natural no follows commutative law under operation

addition
N={1,2,3,4,5,6,……}
(N,+) follows commutative law.
The addition of any two natural no is follows commutative law.
i.e a + b = b+a for all a , b ∈ N
3,4 ∈ N then
3+4 =4+3
7=7
The set of natural no under operation division does not follow
commutative law.
The set of natural no under operation subtraction does not follow
commutative law.
The set of natural no under operation multiplication follow
commutative law.
The set of integer under operation multiplication follow commutative
law.
Associative
A binary operation ‘o’ on a set A is Associative
if a o (b o c) = (a o b) o c, where a, b,c ∈ A (non-empty set).
The set of natural no follows associative law under operation

addition
N={1,2,3,4,5,6,……}
(N,+) follows Associative law .
The set of natural follows associative law under operation
addition
i.e a + (b +c)=(a+b) +c where a , b,c ∈ N
3,4,5 ∈ N then
3+(4 +5)=(3+4)+5
3+9=7+5
12=12
The set of integer follows associative law under operation
multiplication.
Existence of identity : A binary operation ‘o’ on a set A is follows
existence of identity if there exist an identity element e ∈ A such
that,
a o e = e o a = a, for all a ∈ A (non-empty set).

The set of natural no follows existence of identity under operation
multiplication.
N={1,2,3,4,5,6,……}
(N,×) follows existence of identity .
There exist an identity element 1∈ N such that,
i.e 𝑎 × 1 = 1 × 𝑎 = 𝑎 for all a ∈ N

if 5 ∈ N then
5× 1 = 1 × 5 = 5
The set of integer follows existence of identity under operation
addition.
I ={……………………… -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…………………….}
(I,+) follows existence of identity .
There exist an identity element 0∈ I such that,
i.e a +0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 for all a ∈ I

if 5 ∈ I then
5+0 = 0 + 5 = 5
The set of natural no does not follow existence of identity under

operation addition.
The set Even integer under operation addition follows Existence of

identity
E= {……………………-4,-2,0,2,4,…………………..}
Existence of inverse
A binary operation ‘o’ on a set A is follows existence of inverse if
there exist an inverse of ‘𝑎’ is ‘𝑎−1 ’ such that,
𝑎 𝑜 𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1 𝑜 𝑎 = 𝑒 for all 𝑎, 𝑎−1 ∈ A (non-empty set).
The set of integer follows existence of inverse under operation

addition.
I={ ……….. ,-3,-2,-1.0,1,2,3,……….}
(I,+) follows existence of inverse
There exist an inverse of 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 (−𝑎)𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡,
𝑎 + (−𝑎) = (−𝑎) + 𝑎 = 0 for all 𝑎, −𝑎 ∈ I

Eg. 5 ∈ I then -5∈ I such that,
5+(-5)=(-5) +5=0
1 1
𝑎 ×𝑎 =𝑎× 𝑎 =1
The set integer does not follows existence of inverse under

operation multiplication.
1 1
𝑎 × = × 𝑎 = 1 here a ∈ I
𝑎 𝑎
1
But 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Distributive law
A binary operation ‘o’ and ‘*’ on a set A is Distributive if
(i) a*(b o c) =(a*b) o (a*c)
(ii) (a o b) * c = (a*c) o (b*c)
Where a,b,c∈ A
Eg. The multiplication of integer with respect to addition follows
distributive law.
I={ ……….. ,-3,-2,-1.0,1,2,3,……….}
i.e. (i) 𝒂 × (𝒃 + 𝒄) = 𝒂 × 𝒃 + 𝒂 × 𝒄
(ii) (𝒂 + 𝒃) × 𝒄 = 𝒂 × 𝒄 + 𝒃 × 𝒄
Eg.
5,6,7∈ I then
5× (6 + 7) = 5 × 6 + 5 × 7
5× (13) = 30 + 35
65=65
Group :Let G be the non empty set and ‘o’ be the binary operation
defined over it then G together operation ‘o’ is denoted by (G,o) and
called Group if the following laws are satisfied
(i) Closure :
a ob∈G for all a , b ∈ G
(ii) Associative
ao(b o c) =(a o b) oc where a, b , c ∈ G
(iii) Existence of identity
there exist an identity element e ∈ G such that,
a o e = e o a = a, for all a ∈ G
(iv) Existence of inverse
there exist an inverse of ‘𝑎’ is ‘𝑎−1 ’ such that,
𝑎 𝑜 𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1 𝑜 𝑎 = 𝑒 for all 𝑎, 𝑎−1 ∈ G
Eg The set of integer is a group under operation addition
To prove that the set of integer is a group under operation

addition.
I={ ……….. ,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,……….}
We have have to show that,,
(I,+) is a group
(i) Closure : The addition of two integer is also an integer

i.e a + b ∈ I for all a,b ∈ I
eg. 5,6 ∈ I then
5+6 =11∈ I
(ii) Associative
addition.
a+(b+c) =(a+b) +c where a, b,c ∈ I
5,6,7 ∈ I
Then
5+(6+7) =(5+6) +7
5+13=11+7
18 =18
(iii) Existence of identity : there exist an identity element 0∈ I
such that 𝑎 + 0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎 ∈ I
Eg if 5∈ I then
5+0=0+5 =5
(iv) Existence of inverse : There exist an inverse 𝒂 𝒊𝒔
−𝒂 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒂 + (−𝒂) = (−𝒂) + 𝒂 = 𝟎
Eg. 5∈ I then -5∈ I such that 5+(-5)= (-5) +5 =0
To prove that the set of integer is not a group under operation
multiplication.
I={ ……….. ,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,……….}
We have have to show that,,
(I,×) is not a group
(i) Closure : The multiplication of two integer is also an

integer
i.e a × b ∈ I for all a,b ∈ I
eg. 5,6 ∈ I then
5×6 =30∈ I
(ii) Associative
multiplication.
a×(b×c) =(a×b) ×c where a, b,c ∈ I
5,6,7 ∈ I
Then
5× (6×7) =(5×6) ×7
5× 𝟒𝟐=30×7
210 =210
(iii) Existence of identity : there exist an identity element 1∈ I
such that 𝑎 × 1 = 1 × 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎 ∈ I
Eg if 5∈ I then
5× 𝟏=1×5 =5
(iv) Existence of inverse : There exist an inverse 𝒂 𝒊𝒔
𝟏
𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂× = ×𝒂= 𝟏
𝒂 𝒂
𝟏
Here 𝑎 ∈ I but ∉ I
𝒂
𝟏
Eg. In multiplication the inverse of 5 is 𝟓 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
𝟏 𝟏
𝟓× = ×𝟓= 𝟏
𝟓 𝟓
𝟏
Here 𝟓 ∈ I but ∉ I
𝟓
So it is not follow existence of inverse

Hence the set of integer is not a group under operation
multiplication
To prove that the set of Even Integer is a group under operation
addition

Binary Operation

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Binary Operation

The binary operations ‘o’ on a non-empty set A are functions from

Properties of Binary Operation

if a o b = b o a, for all a, b ∈ A (non-empty set).

The set of natural no follows commutative law under operation

if a o (b o c) = (a o b) o c, where a, b,c ∈ A (non-empty set).

The set of natural no follows associative law under operation

a o e = e o a = a, for all a ∈ A (non-empty set).

i.e 𝑎 × 1 = 1 × 𝑎 = 𝑎 for all a ∈ N

i.e a +0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 for all a ∈ I

The set of natural no does not follow existence of identity under

The set Even integer under operation addition follows Existence of

𝑎 𝑜 𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1 𝑜 𝑎 = 𝑒 for all 𝑎, 𝑎−1 ∈ A (non-empty set).

The set of integer follows existence of inverse under operation

I={ ……….. ,-3,-2,-1.0,1,2,3,……….}

(I,+) follows existence of inverse

There exist an inverse of 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 (−𝑎)𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡,

𝑎 + (−𝑎) = (−𝑎) + 𝑎 = 0 for all 𝑎, −𝑎 ∈ I

The set integer does not follows existence of inverse under

I={ ……….. ,-3,-2,-1.0,1,2,3,……….}

𝑎 𝑜 𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1 𝑜 𝑎 = 𝑒 for all 𝑎, 𝑎−1 ∈ G

Eg The set of integer is a group under operation addition

To prove that the set of integer is a group under operation

I={ ……….. ,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,……….}

We have have to show that,,

(i) Closure : The addition of two integer is also an integer

We have have to show that,,

(I,×) is not a group

(i) Closure : The multiplication of two integer is also an

So it is not follow existence of inverse

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