The Hooke

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The Hooke's spring law for continuous media is then

? = ? c ? , {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-\mathbf {c} {\boldsymbol {\


varepsilon }},}
where c is a fourth-order tensor (that is, a linear map between second-order
tensors) usually called the stiffness tensor or elasticity tensor. One may also
write it as
? = ? s ? , {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}=-\mathbf {s} {\boldsymbol
{\sigma }},}
where the tensor s, called the compliance tensor, represents the inverse of said
linear map.
In a Cartesian coordinate system, the stress and strain tensors can be represented
by 3�3‫ נ‬matrices
? = [ ? 11 ? 12 ? 13 ? 21 ? 22 ? 23 ? 31 ? 32 ? 33 ] ; ? = [ ? 11 ? 12 ? 13 ? 21 ?
22 ? 23 ? 31 ? 32 ? 33 ] {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}\,=\,{\
begin{bmatrix}\varepsilon _{11}&\varepsilon _{12}&\varepsilon _{13}\\\varepsilon
_{21}&\varepsilon _{22}&\varepsilon _{23}\\\varepsilon _{31}&\varepsilon _{32}&\
varepsilon _{33}\end{bmatrix}}\,;\qquad {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\,=\,{\
begin{bmatrix}\sigma _{11}&\sigma _{12}&\sigma _{13}\\\sigma _{21}&\sigma _{22}&\
sigma _{23}\\\sigma _{31}&\sigma _{32}&\sigma _{33}\end{bmatrix}}}
Being a linear mapping between the nine numbers ?ij and the nine numbers ?kl, the
stiffness tensor c is represented by a matrix of 3�81 = 3‫�נ‬3‫�נ‬3‫ נ‬real numbers
cijkl. Hooke's law then says that

For continuous media, each element of the stress tensor ? is a force divided by an
area; it is therefore measured in units of pressure, namely pascals (Pa, or N/m2,
or kg/(m�s2). The elements of the strain tensor ? are dimensionless (displacements
divided by distances). Therefore, the entries of cijkl are also expressed in units
of pressure.
? i j = ? ? k = 1 3 ? l = 1 3 c i j k l ? k l {\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}=-\sum
_{k=1}^{3}\sum _{l=1}^{3}c_{ijkl}\varepsilon _{kl}}

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