onl Meurents under normal circuit cain a faking, carrying and ,gtime, and automatically breaking Currents under ecified Fe carrying for a gos such as hose of short-cicuts Cul), The intlaing nen cet jgatnttusion is Performed is designated by suitable prefs, such cl ns : Hyer arbreak circuit breaker, air blast c ae cuit breaker, sul afluori breaker, vacuum circuit breaker, ete Iphur hexafluorid (SF,) ‘al cl " — The funtion of a circuit breaker is o isolate the faulty part ofthe power system g I feaker. After receiving the trip soma from the relay, the circuit breaker isolates the faulty part of the power sys x The simplified diagram of circuit breaker control for opening operation is shown ifig 14.1. When a fault occurs in the protected circuit (.. the line in this case), the rehy connected to the CT and VT detects the fault, actuates and closes its contacts to complete the trip circuit, Current flows from the battery inthe trip circuit. As the trip | coil of the circuit breaker is energized, the circuit breaker ‘operating mechanism is sted and it operates for the opening operation to disconnect the faulty element. Acireuit breaker has two contacts ~ a fixed contact and a moving contact. The conlacts are placed in a closed cham- i on Busbar ter containing a fluid insulating medium — (ther liquid or gas) which quenches thes yp (evinguishes) the are formed between i th contacts. Under normal conditions the crt conlaes remain in closed position. When —{_1] Relay tte circuit breaker is required to isolate Circuit iy tip the faulty part, the moving contact moves smn its ‘interrupt the circuit. On the separation lit sf the contacts, an are is formed between | Ballery tem and the current continues to flow tne fiom one contact to the other through the a8 shown in Fig. 14.2. The circuit is Se™pted (isolated) when the arc is | "Rally extinguished. Tip ircuit Fig. 14.1. Simplified diagram of circuit breaker control for opening operation =Moayy aqp1 A1anoray Srbi Sty ysinBupxe OU Seop oy (q) SeysinBunxe ory (e) —— esullL — a aBeyon Bupjuysoyy uyGuens <— abeyion HIsoz auf JT “paystn3unxo st ouw ayy 1 wSuans onoafatp amp Jy “sasts des ssouae (@8eyOA yuarsues) a8eyfoa Suryinsar Out Yoryas Te ayer oy) YIM pareduros WBuans oLyoaporp sy saAogax des 8U) YOM ye oer a~ YIM pareduros ST ySuans Paleip sy stosooex deB ayy yom we ores amp ‘pompaun sip uy “‘uonestuoy Jo ayer eu Jlsey oye Bye ded om Woy porouras are Suot jt paydnarayur st ore ayy, ded Out (Pinby 40 sv8) umypour Sunepasur Sunzasut Aq Kemve wom Surdaoms £q 10 VOW [e.NNaU OUT Way} SurUIquIoDai Aq JayIO poAoutar 9q Uko suoNo[a pur | ‘O1ez [eeu v Sayovar juarn9 ayy Jaye A[aretpaurur des aq Woy paroural aq 0} SUO! pue suooaza ayy ‘ore tp YsinsuNxe oy ‘sase8 posiuot Jo uumoo Stor oy, Asoay) avy As2aor0y (Ar0ay1, $,21sseD) Aroay) aoueyeq ABr0uq (11) (Ar0ayJ, s,ureda[s) Aroamp ater Kranooay « “ome ot JO uondnzayur M9 O19z ay UTE[dxa 01 SoHOsY OAL) axe a1], “sIND90 aL o4sz v JAE Use re PeMOMe OU st quauns ary “de yoRIUOD axp SsoIde 3990 []EaA 28ey0A JUeIsuEn ALY astauaqio Sueisuy yuanmo o1a2 amp wey JoMpO.1WIOd Aur ye Pardnuzoyut you sr a. 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In between & ag WO limits, first the power “ass aches A Maximum value, “aeceases and finally reaches zero *asshown in Fig. 14.6, Due t nein a eee Fig. 14.6 Energy balance theory rent, energy ‘s gen oy in the space between the contacts, The energy appears ithe form of heat. The circuit breaker is designed to remove this generated heat as aalyas possible by cooling the gap. giving a blast of air or flow of oil at high veloc- jjand pressure. If the rate of removal of heat is faster than the rate of heat generation jgarc is extinguished. If the rate of heat generation is more than the rate of heat dis- sgalion, he space breaks down again resulting in an arc for another half eycle. Time ——> 445 RESTRIKING VOLTAGE AND RECOVERY VOLTAGE | Thevoltage across the contacts of the circuit breaker is arc voltage when the are per Ais, This voltage becomes the system voltage when the arc is extinguished. The are isextinguished at the instant of current zero. "After the arc has been extinguished, the vwlage across the breaker terminals does not normalise instantaneously but it oscil- lates and there-is a transient condition. The transient voltage which appears across th breaker contacts at the instant of arc being extinguished is lore vwhage, The power frequency rms voltage, Which appar across lees ater the arc is finally extinguished and transient oscillations a ery voltage. Figure 14.7 shows the restriking and recovery . —Restriking voltage V\— Recovery voltage _\ 2X instant of Arc extinction Sourrent gysten cota ‘arc voltage a7 Restriking and recovery voltage Fig. 14-7 Restriking Voltage and RRRV = wit (fault) on a feeder beyond the location of the cult Wn equivalent electrical circuit where L and ‘se of the system up to the point of 14.5.1 Expression for t Figure 14.8(a) shows @ short cH circuit breaker. Figure 14.8(b) shows aa C are the inductance and CAPRI resistance ofthe circuit has been neglected. circuit breaker location. resPECU"" current flows in the circuit, When the circuit pune a time o * oy eae ows through Land the contacts of the circuit reaker is closed, the fa538. Power System Protection and Switchgear ireuited by the fault. Hence, the ci breaker, the capacitance C being short-circuited fe ne urrent is limited oa Fig. 14.8(b) becomes completely reactive and the fau inductance of the system, ae Fault fa) (b) Fig. 14.8 (a) Fault on a feeder near circuit breaker (b) Equivalent electrical circuit for analysis of restriking voltage The fault is cleared by ¥ the opening of the circuit breaker contacts. The partin, the circuit breaker cont ‘acts does not in itself interrupt the current because an 4 cstablished between the parting contacts and the current continues to flow thro the are. Successful interruption depends upon controlling and finally extin, ing the arc. Extinction of the arc takes pla through zero, 's completely reactive, the voltage at the ingt € at its peak. The voltage acros ircuil and therefore across the capacitor C, is the are voltage. In high-volta; usually only a small percentay assumed to be negligible. For the analysis of this Circuit, the time is measured form the instant of interry tion (are extinction), when the fault current comes to zero. Since the voltage is sinusoidally varying quantity and is at ils peak at the moment of current zero, it expressed as ‘V,, cos wy, across the cap; Fig. 14.7. 7 e voltage across the 2 ulated in terms of Lc Bt Ss the contacts of th *Jn and systern Voltage.r tical expressi ave pression for the transient Conditioy fe ni is as follows: Circuit Breakers 539 Lost lia = V,,Cos wr soe 3 mediately after the instant of arc extinction, th; _ te esking vole silts ‘i Voltage across the capacitance «te te onal equneyenilaes 1e natural frequency given by Eq. ( a period of time. During thi is a fast phenomenon, it persists for Vyas ig this short period which is of inte wie gone" frequency term is very litle and, hence negligible, be are ee sinusoidally varying voltage V, cos arin Bg (13) canbe assumed 5 ei constant at V,, during this short interval of time ie the a aie ° sobsttuting Vj, COS (Ot ~ V,, the Eq, (14.3) can be written as di Lo+s dt 44) iq_d(ev,) a (14.5) shee, v, = Voltage across the capacitor = Restriking voltage er, Therefore, di _ Flew) _ Oe 146) dt de de ‘ (14.7) (148) ‘Taking Laplace Transform of both sides of Bq. (14.8), we get LCS?v.{s) +¥ ‘here, v,(s) is the Laplace Transform of ¥- Other terms are zero as initially q= 0 at = 0 zy Vin oF v(s) (LCS + = ot Vn Von n(sl= a 7/2, L) : C+) pes(s +e si cs(s +z) 1 Loy? ete, therefore, 76 = n= EE r¢ " win o vis) = es “| (149) ‘ sis? +) Taking the inverse Laplace of Fa. (14.9). 226 yl = 0 Nf 8 4! 0S40 P ower System Protection and Switchgear con @, = WV iy AS v,() = 001 =0, constant = 0, or ¥()=V,, 0 cos 0,1) ‘This is the expression for the restriking voltage. z The maximum value of the sestriking vollage occurs at t= Hence, the maximum value of restriking voltage = 2V,, = 2 peak value of the system voltage ‘The amplitude factor of the restriking volta the t is defined as the ratio of nsient voltage to the peak value of the system frequency voltage. If ignored, this factor becomes 2. ‘The Rate of Rise of Restriking Voltage (RRRV) diy, (1 cos 0,1) dr RRRV = V,,w, sin 1 ‘The maximum value of RRRV occurs when wt = 7/2 i.e., when t= f2 Hence, the maximum value of RRRV = V,,09, or Example 14.1 | For a 132 kV system, the reactance location of the circuit brea the followin and capacitance up ker is 3 ohms und 0.015 pF, respectively, Ce ‘The frequency of transient oscillation (b) The maximum value of restriking voltage across the contacts of the breaker (c) The maximum value of RRRV Solution: (a) The frequency of transient oscillation J = 50, the system frequency = 0.0095 00 1.00954 H O015 x 10° 10° 504) = 13.29] kHz 2 VW0.00954 » -__ 10 2n x 1.1962 (b) The restriking voltage y V,, 11 ~ cos 1][ Circuit Breakers The maximum value of the restriking, voltay neakers qt ary 132 = 2K = V2 = 215.56 kV 2 Vin imum value of a o The maximum ue of RRRV = 0,V,, 32 Se aes 2h % x N2 x 1000 2m x 13.291 x 1000 x a 12 11000 Vis ‘6 9010.45 x 10° V/s = 9.01045 kKV/ts g__14-6 RESISTANCE SWITCHING Jp reduce the restriking voltage, RRRV and severity of the transient oscillations sresistance is connected across the contacts of the circuit breaker. This is known seresstance switching. The resistance is in parallel with the are, past of the 7 curent flows through this resistance resulting in 3 decrease in the arc current and increase in the deion- ization of the are path and resistance of the arc. This 0 Yel process continues and the ent through the shunt resistance increases and arc current decreases. Due | - to the decrease in the arc current, restriking voll: age and RRRV are reduced. The resistance my be automatically switched in with the help of sphere Gontats of fe cdtcut bi gap as shown in Fig. 14.9. The re ee SUES gy gy teste ser capacitive current | | | Sphere gap resistant is of great help in switching out or low inductive current. ‘The analysis of resistance switching ¢ i jamnping of transient oscillator the made to find out the critical value of 5, Pigure 14.10 the shunt resistance to obtain complete shows the equivalent electrical circuil for such an analysis. A fn ) toy | Vira | ial | aqao. circu for analysts of resistance witching, V 008 ot Q v: Fig. in the power jod of transient oscillations is very sanall, the chi i ae Pet during this short period is very Tittle and hence negligible, because frequency Mr nce, the sinusoidally varying voltage V,, cos any can be assturied 6 cos @t~ remain constant al oY, C8 OF ® Y, 1 V,, during the transient periods. |542 Power System Protection and Switchgear Hence. the voltage equation is given by di 1y. i=i+i, Lot alicdt=V, and i=i,+ig Therefore. the above equation becomes pMctid v, a ‘m di, dig 4p kay ey, or Lapel ata Mn dg _ dCv,) dt dt F di. &(Cv) Therefore, on dig _d(vJR)_ | dv, ‘dt dt dt Substituting these values in Eq. (14.12), we get La, py y =v, + R dt +M, m Taking Laplace Transform, of both sides of Eq. (14.15), we get 2 L Vin LCS'v_(S) + ES vS) +v,(S) = Other terms are zero, as v= Oatr=0 o, tod or Lcv,¢s) | s' Res +75] v, or v(S) saa (4. SLC [s tasty For no transient oscillation, all the roots of the equation should be real One is zero, i.e. S = 0 which is real. For the other two roots to be r the roots of the qui dratic equation in the denominator should be real, For this, the following conditi should be satisfied. I or (14.17)Rew Int Voltage = Ne across, the gap _ | 10) (i (iii) Fig. 14.11, Transient oscillations for different values of R Therefore, if the value of the resistance connected across the contacts of the circuit breaker is equal to or less than ¥% VLIC there will be no transient oscillation. IER> % VLIC, there will be oscillation. R = 2 AILIC is known as critical resistance. Figure 14.11 shows the transient conditions for three different values of R. The fre- quency of damped oscillation is given by . rates (14.18) ‘ In \LC 4CR* : and capacitance up to the loca- Example 14.2 | In a 220 KV system, the reactance and capacit tion of circuit breaker is 8 @ and 0. (025 pF, respectively. A resistance of 600 ohms is connected across the contacts of the circuit breaker, Determine the following: (a) Natural frequency of oscillation b) Damped frequency of oscillation / _— fo cai i of resistance which will give NO transient oscillation nena ‘e damped frequency of oscillation, (d) The value of resistance which will giv one-fourth of the natural frequency of oscillation 02544 H Solution: A a 2750 1007 Liz (i) Natural frequency of oscillation = ag NEC = 6.304 kHz. amped oscillation is given by (ji) Frequency of 4 fonS44 Power System Protection and Switchgear Cr 1 0.02553 0.035 x 10% 40.025 x 10% x 600) | =1.,10° 10" 5 33 \eag7 og” = 3413 kHz (iii) The value of critical resistance = 10.0254 C72 \0.025 x 10% (iv) The damped frequency of oscillation is Rai E21 2 4x 6.304 kite = 1576 Hz eatin [iene 1576 = — ,— - —— 192 \EC ae 0.02544 x 0.025 x 10% 4(0.025 x 10°F or 1576 Therefore, R=5208Q. ! 14.7, CURRENT CHOPPING When low inductive current is being interrupted and the arc quenching force of circuit breaker is more than necessary to interrupt a low magnitude of current. the rent will be interrupted before its natural zero instant. In such a situation, the et stored in the magnetic field appears in the form of high voltage across the st capacitance, which will cause restriking of the arc. The energy stored in the mag field is ¥ L 7, if / is the instantaneous value of the current which is interrupted. will appear in the form of electrostatic energy equal to ¥2 C1*. As these two enel are equal, they can be related as follows. ES v=iviC (14.19) Figure 14.12 shows the current chop- WHT ping phenomenon. If the value of v is 4 /~e Recovery more than the withstanding capacity of the gap between the contacts, the arc Gap with s appears aguin. Since the quenchins fore sone Sane pe pg Prospective values This phenomenon continues tll the value ereaica of v becomes less than the withstanding capacity of the gap. The theoretical value of vis called the prospective value of the voltage. Fig. 14.12 Current choppingae Greuit Breaker ample 143 | Acircuit b crinterruy " DS the mapnerss rarsformer at 220 KV, The mtgnetsing eu etn current of julload current. Determine the Maximum via . the transformer i p ofthe breaker when the Magnetising cup meee Which mi value. The stray capacitance ig 2500 WR, wal "S545 100 Mva 8 5% of the \ IPPea across the nlerrupted at 53% ofits nk iclance is 30H, a ‘The induc sontion: The full load current of the tr ‘ansforme f er 3x 220x 10 Magnetising current = —5_ enctising current = 7 x 262.44 =34.44.A Current chopping occurs at 0.53 x 34,44 V2 = 25,83 A = 262.44. Lacloa glia} ov 1 30 x (25.83) 3K 2500 x 10% 2 a v= 2829 kV | 14.8 INTERRUPTION OF CAPACITIVE CURRENT a ee ee ee Ey ‘The interruption of capacitive current produces high voltage transients across the ap of the circuit breaker. This occurs when an unloaded long transmission line or capacitor bank is switched off. Figure 14,13(a) shows an equivalent electrical circuit ofa simple power system. C represents stray capacitance of the ircuit breaker. C, represents line capacitance. The value of C;, is much more than C. Figure 14.13() shows transient voltage across the gap ofthe circuit breaker when capacitive current is interrupted. xe At the instance M, the capacitive current is zero and the system voltage is 1 i Hoa carn he capacitor C, remains charged at the maximum FTE a inter ee instant Mf, the vollage across the breaker gop isthe value ofthe system voltage, AF ASS, hal-cycle from A, the voltage aeoss the fieence of Me and Yo A cane of Vz. At this moment, the breaker may reste zap is ce the maxi Ln ecomes practi s, the si twice kes, the voltage ucross the gap becomes Prac ly ze Th h Fo ee eae ells from 2V mu 0 7270- Severe high frequency oscilvvon voltage across the gap fa Cmts between R a e, between -3V yay a and Mis tense Ma occurs. The voltage ost! MrTerent reaches zero, the arc may be interrupted asa When restriking : the capacitor C;, remal ins charged at the voltage ~3V ay. AC instant P, i 0 1 7'in the figure, the syst Jtage reaches it positive maximum shown by the point i 1e system voltage waa be ‘and at this moment the comes 4V gay The capacitive current ion. IFthe interruption occurs at this . may be an interruption. {in and there ma 5 and Q (45V, eee Da may tes between P (-3V mq) ad +SV pa) I this moment, the transient v0 © ones om increasing. BUI practice it is mite 0 way. the ey aoe ie set voltage. Thus, i is seen that there isa problem 4 times the peak value heen ea current. of high transient voltage while imter™upuns & SEE of high transient vo axi- yoltage across th homA Power bydeni Hider tial Sal ye anit pe i ' oy 1 oy Tey PUaeAnib a bint cal tA 1 Mints QAM be AEE Uy y / H MM oe Wy 4 / y . / | / | | n y W444, (hy Wnntoned WANE ett Mis CY Hi atta ttt ing mn Satertcibion tf emeneitice curser hy © LASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BRE AKERS 4 Cine tawaver can tee ified wing the vay Heit 6% apyhicwtiens, Mee bien hi arnhnann wed Neat at yon biti HE iyga Chaeedtication biased on TON ition intes the Sollerning categorie Cyne Sneed, ban be the edenicheh eMlnge wgyphie att iy Lane Yornge Canccnt Htvwaiver (ene ths VT) téig Mctontnn Vedios Conenent Harecaase LIT 10 ZY Cae09 hiss odes Carrant readbeere (AE (0 Z70 Cory Werte Wiis dbs ENT) Cte Beet rune 434 Chen Way Yodbagges UIT) Careuat Kereaven (aber 101 1) Lt WAY)