Chapter 3 DC MOTOR

1. What do you meant by dc motor?

Answer: it is a dc machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

2. What is the working principle of dc motor?

Answer: if a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field a force is exerted on a

conductor the direction of a force acting on the conductor is determined by fleming ‘s left hand
rule

3. Describe the Construction of DC Motor?

Answer: A dc motor has the following parts:

Two major parts required for the construction of dc motor, namely.

1) Stator – The static part that houses the field windings and receives the supply and,

2) Rotor – The rotating part that brings about the mechanical rotations.

Other than that there are several subsidiary parts namely the

3) Yoke of dc motor.

4) Poles of dc motor.

5) Field winding of dc motor.

6) Armature winding of dc motor.

7) Commutator of dc motor.
8) Brushes of dc motor.

All these parts put together configures the total construction of a dc motor.

4. What is the Yoke of DC Motor and its' importance?

Answer: The magnetic frame or the yoke of dc motor made up of cast iron or steel and forms an
integral part of the stator or the static part of the motor. Its main function is to form a protective
covering over the inner complex parts of the motor and provide support to the armature. It also
supports the field system by housing the magnetic poles and field winding of the dc motor.

5. What is compound dc motor?

Answer: the dc motor in which a part of the field winding is connected in series with the
armature winding and the other part of the field winding is connected in parallel to the armature
winding is known as dc compound motor

6. What are the advantages of dc compound motor?

Answer: the dc compound motor can be operated as series or as shunt motor and the speed can
be increased or decreased to a greater extent from the normal speed

7. What do you mean by differential compound dc motor?

Answer: the compound motor in which the series field winding and the shunt field winding
oppose each other acting in the reverse direction for the production of magnetism is known as
differential compound dc motor

8. Why are the brushes of DC motor made of carbon rather than copper?

Answer: Carbon is much stronger and because the motor commutator is spinning copper
brushes will wear off quickly.

9. The armature resistance of the dc motor is generally equal or less than 0.5 ohm, why?
Answer:
Due to The armature of the dc motor is designed in such a manner so as to keep the
armature winding resistance in and around 0.5 ohm. If the resistance is increased beyond
that, losses will be too high.

10. The shaft torque of a dc motor is less than the electromagnetic torque, why?
Answer:
Due to mechanical losses Electromagnetic torque = shaft torque + mechanical losses.
Or, shaft torque = Electromagnetic torque – mechanical losses.
Shaft torque is less than electromagnetic torque because of mechanical losses.
 11. Explain the Detailed Description of a DC Motor with diagram and equations?

Answer: To understand the DC motor in details let’s consider the diagram below,

The direct electric current motor is represented by the circle in the center, on which is mounted
the brushes, where we connect the external terminals, from where supply voltage is given. On
the mechanical terminal we have a shaft coming out of the Motor, and connected to the
armature, and the armature-shaft is coupled to the mechanical load. On the supply terminals we
represent the armature resistance Ra in series. Now, let the input voltage E, is applied across the
brushes. Electric current which flows through the rotor armature via brushes, in presence of the
magnetic field, produces a torque Tg. Due to this torque Tg the dc motor armature rotates. As
the armature conductors are carrying currents and the armature rotates inside the stator
magnetic field, it also produces an emf Eb in the manner very similar to that of a generator. The
generated Emf Eb is directed opposite to the supplied voltage and is known as the back Emf, as it
counters the forward voltage.

The back emf like in case of a generator is represented by

𝑃.φ.𝑍.𝑁
𝐸𝑏 = 60.𝐴
……….. (1)

Where, P = no of poles

φ = flux per pole

Z= No. of conductors

A = No. of parallel paths, and N is the speed of the DC Motor.

So from the above equation we can see Eb is proportional to speed ‘N’. That is whenever a direct
electric current motor rotates; it results in the generation of back Emf. Now let’s represent the
rotor speed by ω in rad/sec. So Eb is proportional to ω.

So when the speed of the motor is reduced by the application of load, Eb decreases. Thus the
voltage difference between supply voltage and back emf increases that means E − Eb increases.
Due to this increased voltage difference, armature electric current will increase and therefore
torque and hence speed increases. Thus a DC Motor is capable of maintaining the same speed
under variable load.

Now armature electric current Ia is represented by

𝐸−𝐸𝑏
𝐼𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎

Now at starting, speed ω = 0 so at starting Eb = 0.

𝐸
𝐼𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎
……(2)

Now since the armature winding electrical resistance Ra is small, this motor has a very high
starting electric current in the absence of back Emf. As a result we need to use a starter for
starting a DC Motor.

Now as the motor continues to rotate, the back Emf starts being generated and gradually the
electric current decreases as the motor picks up speed.

12. What is back e.m.f or counter e.m.f?

Answer: When the armature of a D.C. motor rotates under the influence of the driving torque,
the armature conductors move through the magnetic field and hence e.m.f. is induced in them
as in a generator. The induced e.m.f. acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage V (Lenz’s
law) and in known as back or counter e.m.f (Eb) It is always less than the applied voltage V,
although this difference is small when the motor is running under normal conditions

13. What is the torque relation in dc motors?

Answer: the torque in dc motor is proportional to the flux per pole and the armature current

T α ϕ Ia
1. What will be the result if the field circuit of a dc motor is opened?

Answer: due to weakening of field flux the armature will race up abnormally high speed and
the armature winding may get damaged due to the severe centrifugal forces

14. What will happen if both currents are reversed?

Answer: The motor will run in the original direction.

15. What will happen if the field of a D.C. shunt motor is opened?

Answer: The motor will achieve dangerously high speed and may destroy itself.

16. What is the function of Interpoles and how are Interpole windings connected?

Answer: Interpoles are small poles placed in between the main poles. Their function is to assist
commutation by producing the auxiliary or commutating flux. Consequently, brush sparking is
practically eliminated. Interpole windings are connected in series with the armature windings.

17. Why does a D.C. motor sometime run too fast when under load? Give different possible
causes and their remedies.

Answer: Different possible causes are as under:

1. Weak field–remove any extra resistance in shunt field circuit. Also, check for ‘grounds’.

2. Line voltage too high–reduce it to name-plate value.

3. Brushes back of neutral–set them on neutral.

18. Why dc motor is not called as an induction motor?

Answer: In dc motors, the electric power is conducted directly to the armature (i.e., rotating
part) through brushes & commutator. Hence, in this sense a dc motor can be called as a
Conduction motor. However, in ac motors, the rotor does not receive any electric power by
conduction but by induction in exactly the same way as the secondary of a two winding
transformer receives its power from the primary. That is why such motors are called as Induction
motors. An induction motor can be treated as a rotating transformer i.e., one in which primary
winding is stationary but secondary is free to rotate.

19. Can named DC motor as conduction motor?

Answer: An 'induction motor' has no electrical connection between the field windings and the
armature windings. On this basis, a motor (such as a D.C. motor) that does have an electrical
connection between these windings could be called ‘conduction' but, in practice, the term isn't
used.

20. How DC motor converted into DC generator?

Answer: Both dc generator & dc motor are the same and known dc machine. When we give an
electrical supply to the dc machine a torque developed due to flux interaction & works as motor.
But we used dc machine as a generator we rotate the rotor or prime mover by using external
source. Due to this the rotor conductors cut by the stationary magnetic field and electrical power
is generated as per faradays law. Here the main difference is when we giving electrical energy to
the rotor of dc machine produce torque (motor) but when we give the mechanical energy to
rotor it produce electrical energy (generator)

21. Compare the DC generator with the DC motor?

Answer: Structurally and construction wise a direct electric current motor is exactly similar
to a DC generator, but electrically it is just the opposite. Here we unlike a generator we
supply electrical energy to the input port and derive mechanical energy from the output
port. In DC motor, the supply voltage E and electric current I is given to the electrical port
or the input port and we derive the mechanical output i.e. torque T and speed ω from the
mechanical port or output port.
We can represent it by the block diagram shown below.

The input and output port variables of the direct electric current motor are related by the
parameter K.
𝑇 = 𝐾𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = 𝐾ω

So from the picture above we can well understand that motor is just the opposite
phenomena of a DC generator, and we can derive both motoring and generating operation
from the same machine by simply reversing the ports.
22. What are the characteristics of dc motor?

Answer: there are two main characteristics mechanical and electrical

(a) Electrical characteristics are

(i) Speed(N) vs. armature current(Ia)
(ii) Torque(T) vs. armature current(Ia)
(b) Mechanical characteristics is torque(T) vs. Speed(N)
23. What are the characteristic of dc shunt motor?

Answer:

(i) The starting torque is poor

(ii) The speed of shunt motor is constant
 24. What are characteristics of dc series motor?

Answer:

(i) Starting torque is very high

(ii) Speed decreases when the load increases
(iii) Without load it runs dangerously high speed
(iv) What are the characteristic of cumulative compound dc motor?

Answer: the characteristic of cumulative compound dc motor lies between series and shunt dc
motor the series field provides high starting torque and the shunt field prevent over running in
case of no – load

25. What are the three important characteristics of DC motor?

Answer:
(I) Torque vs. armature current,
(ii) Speed vs. armature current and
(iii) Speed vs. torque.

26. Which relations that important to indicate the characteristics of DC motor?

Answer:
Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia

N ∝ Eb/ɸ

27. Indicate the characteristics on DC series motor with diagram?

Answer:

1. Torque vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia)

This characteristic is also known as electrical characteristic. We know that torque is directly
proportional to the product of armature current and field flux, Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia. In DC series
motors, field winding is connected in series with the armature, i.e. Ia = If. Therefore, before
magnetic saturation of the field, flux ɸ is directly proportional to Ia Hence, before
magnetic saturation Ta α Ia2. Therefore, the Ta-Ia curve is parabola for smaller values of Ia.
After magnetic saturation of the field poles, flux ɸ is independent of armature current Ia.
Therefore, the torque varies proportionally to Ia only, T ∝ Ia. Therefore, after magnetic
saturation, Ta-Ia curve becomes a straight line.

2. Speed vs. Armature Current (N-Ia)

We know the relation, N ∝ Eb/ɸ

 For small load current (and hence for small armature current) change in back emf Eb is
Small and it may be neglected. Hence, for small currents speed is inversely proportional to
ɸ. As we know, flux is directly proportional to Ia, speed is inversely proportional to Ia.
Therefore, when armature current is very small the speed becomes dangerously high. That
is why a series motor should never be started without some mechanical load. But, at
heavy loads, armature current Ia is large. And hence, speed is low which results in
decreased back emf Eb. Due to decreased Eb, more armature current is allowed.

3. Speed vs. Torque (N-Ta)

This characteristic is also called as mechanical characteristic. From the above two
characteristics of DC series motor, it can be found that when speed is high, torque is low
and vice versa.

28. Indicate the characteristics of DC shunt motor with diagram?

Answer:

1. Torque vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia)

In case of DC shunt motors, we can assume the field flux ɸ to be constant. Though at heavy
loads, ɸ decreases in a small amount due to increased armature reaction. As we are
neglecting the change in the flux ɸ, we can say that torque is proportional to armature
current. Hence, the Ta-Ia characteristic for a dc shunt motor will be a straight line through
the origin.

2. Speed vs. Armature Current (N-Ia)

As flux ɸ is assumed to be constant, we can say N ∝ Eb. But, as back emf is also almost
constant, the speed should remain constant. But practically, ɸ as well as Eb decreases with
increase in load. Back emf Eb decreases slightly more than ɸ, therefore, the speed
decreases slightly. Generally, the speed decreases only by 5 to 15% of full load speed.
 Therefore, a shunt motor can be assumed as a constant speed motor. In speed vs.
armature current characteristic in the following figure, the straight horizontal line
represents the ideal characteristic and the actual characteristic is shown by the dotted
line.

3. Speed vs. Torque (N-Ta)

The speed of shunt motor constant as we say generally, the speed decreases only by 5 to
15% of full load.

29. Indicate the characteristic of DC compound motor?

Answer:
Characteristics of DC Compound Motor
DC compound motors have both series as well as shunt winding. In a compound motor, if
series and shunt windings are connected such that series flux is in direction as that of the
shunt flux then the motor is said to be cumulatively compounded. And if the series flux is
opposite to the direction of the shunt flux, then the motor is said to be differentially
compounded. Characteristics of both these compound motors are explained below.

(a) Cumulative compound motor

Cumulative compound motors are used where series characteristics are required but the
load is likely to be removed completely. Series winding takes care of the heavy load,
whereas the shunt winding prevents the motor from running at dangerously high speed
when the load is suddenly removed. These motors have generally employed a flywheel,
where sudden and temporary loads are applied like in rolling mills.
(b) Differential compound motor

Since in differential field motors, series flux opposes shunt flux, the total flux decreases
with increase in load. Due to this, the speed remains almost constant or even it may
increase slightly with increase in load (N ∝ Eb/ɸ). Differential compound motors are not
commonly used, but they find limited applications in experimental and research work.
 30. What are the losses in dc motors?

Answer: (a) copper losses

(i) Armature copper losses (Ia2 Ra)

(ii) Field copper losses
(iii) Losses due to brush contact resistance

(b) Magnetic losses

(i) Hysteresis losses and

(ii) Eddy current losses

(c) Mechanical losses

(i) Windage losses due to rotating armature

(ii) Frictional losses at the bearing
(iii) Frictional losses due to brush contacts

Mechanical and magnetic losses are termed as stray losses, stray losses and shunt field
copper losses know as constant losses

31. What is the condition of maximum efficiency in dc motors?

Answer: the condition of maximum efficiency of dc motor is when variable losses are equal
to constant losses

32. Under what conditions is sparking produced at the brushes of a D.C.. motor? How would
you remedy it?

Answer: 1. Commutator in bad condition–clean and reset brushes.

 2. Commutator either eccentric or rough–grind and true the commutator. Also,
undercut mica.

3. Excessive vibration–balance armature. Make sure that brushes ride freely in holders.

4. Brush-holding spring broken or sluggish–replace spring and adjust pressure to

recommended value.

5. Motor overloaded–reduce load or install motor of proper rating.

33. Armature reaction in dc motor results to?

Answer:
Increase in speed because of armature reaction the flux will reduce then emf will reduce
then speed will increase.

34. What is speed regulation rule?

Answer:

𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑−𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

35. Why does a shunt motor run at a constant speed?

Answer: suppose that the load on the motor shaft increase and the motor start to slow down,
when the motor slow down the internal generated voltage drops EA = K ϕ ω↓ so the armature
current on the motor increase IA = (VT – EA ↓) / RA and the armature current rises the induced
torque increase (τ = 𝐾 ∅ 𝐼𝐴 ↑)

36. What will be the speed of dc series motor at no load?

Answer: the speed of dc series motor is infinity

37. Which types of dc motors have high starting torque but poor speed regulation?

Answer: dc series motor

38. What do you understand by field diverter?

Answer: it is variable resistance of low ohmic value and high current carrying capacity connected
in parallel to the field winding

39. What are the functions of starter in dc motor?

Answer: (a) to limit the starting current

(b) To protect the motor from taking overcurrent

 (c) To smooth the starting and stopping motor

40. What is the difference between starter and regulator?

Answer: both starter and regulator are consists of resistances the value of which is comparatively
greater in regulator , starter resistance is connected in series with the armature resistance to
limit the starting current while the regulator is connect in series with field resistance to control
the speed of the motor

41. How may the direction of rotation of a D.C. motor be reversed?

Answer: By reversing either the field current or current through the armature usually, reversal of
current through the armature is adopted.

42. What happens if the direction of current at the terminals of a series motor is reversed?

Answer: It does not reverse the direction of rotation of motor because current flows through the
armature in the same direction as through the field.

43. What are the likely causes if a D.C. motor is found to run too slow under load? And the
remedy?

Answer: Supply line voltage too low–remove any excessive resistance in supply line, connections
or controller.

Brushes ahead of neutral–set them on neutral

Overload–reduce it to allowable value or use larger motor.

44. Explain different methods of speed control of D.C. shunt motors?

Answer: Speed control of a D.C. shunt motor can be done using

1. Flux control method

2. Armature control method

3. Voltage control method

45. Explain different methods of speed control of D.C. series motors?

Answer: Speed control of a D.C. series motor can be done using

1. Flux control method

 2. Armature-resistance control method

46. Why is the starting current high in a DC motor (or) why do we use a starter?

Answer: For DC motors, Voltage equation is

V=Eb-IaRa
Where:

V = Terminal voltage,

Eb = Back emf in Motor

Ia = Armature current

Ra = Armature resistance.

At starting, Eb is zero. Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra, where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will
become enormously increased. The excessive current will damage commutator and brushes and
eventually blow out the fuses.

47. In DC series motor the speed is inversely proportional to the armature current, why?
Answer:
In dc series motor, the flux φ is produced by the armature electric current flowing in the
field winding and so φ is directly proportional to Ia. Now since φ is inversely proportional
to speed.
∴ Ia is also inversely proportional to speed.

48. On what factors the speed of dc motor depends?

Answer:
Applied voltage
Field flux
Armature Electric current Ia
49. What is the Self-Speed Regulation of a Shunt Wound DC Motor?
Answer:
A very important and interesting fact about the dc shunt motor is in its ability to
self-regulate its speed on application of load to the shaft of the rotor terminals and thus
it’s rightly called the constant flux or constant speed motor. Because of which it finds wide
spread industrial application where ever constant speed operation is required. Let us see
how?

1) Initially considering the motor to be running under no load or lightly loaded condition at a
speed of N rpm.
2) On adding a load to the shaft, the motor does slow down initially, but this is where the
concept of self-regulation comes into the picture.

3) At the very onset of load introduction to a shunt wound dc motor, the speed definitely
reduces, and along with speed also reduces the back emf, Eb. Since Eb α N.

4) This reduction in the counter emf or the back emf Eb results in the increase of the net voltage.
As net voltage Enet = E − Eb. Since supply voltage E remains constant.

5) As a result of this increased amount of net voltage, the armature electric current increases
and consequently the torque increases.

Since, Ia ∝ Τ.
6) This increase in the amount of torque increases the speed and thus compensating for the
speed loss on loading. Thus the final speed characteristics of a dc shunt motor looks like.

50. Describe in details the Speed Regulation of Series Wound DC Motor?

Answer:
Unlike in the case of a DC shunt motor, the dc series motor has very poor speed regulation.
I.e. the series motor is unable to maintain its speed on addition of external load to the
shaft
51. Indicate the Speed Regulation percentage for each type of dc motor?
Answer:
On application of load the speed of a dc motor decreases gradually. This is not at all
desirable. So the difference between no load and full load speed should be very less. The
motor capable of maintaining a nearly constant speed for varying load is said to have good
speed regulation i.e the difference between no load and full load speed is quite less. The
speed regulation of a permanent magnet DC motor is good ranging from 10 - 15% whereas
for dc shunt motor it is somewhat less than 10 %. DC series motor has poor value of
regulation. In case of compound DC motor the speed regulation for dc cumulative
compound is around 25 % while differential compound has its excellent value of 5 %.
52. Describe Ward Leonard Method of Speed Control?

Answer: Ward Leonard control system is introduced by Henry Ward Leonard in 1891. Ward
Leonard method of speed control is used for controlling the speed of a DC motor. It is a basic
armature control method. This control system is consisting of a dc motor M_1 and powered by a
DC generator G. In this method the speed of the dc motor (M_1) is controlled by applying
variable voltage across its armature. This variable voltage is obtained using a motor-generator
set which consists of a motor M_2 (either ac or dc motor) directly coupled with the generator G.
It is a very widely used method of speed control of DC motor.

53. What is the Principle of Ward Leonard Method?

Answer:

The speed of motor M1 is to be controlled which is powered by the generator G. The shunt field
of the motor M1 is connected across the dc supply lines. Now, generator G is driven by the
motor M2. The speed of the motor M2 is constant. When the output voltage of the generator is
fed to the motor M1 then the motor starts to rotate. When the output voltage of the generator
varies then the speed of the motor also varies. Now controlling the output voltage of the
generator the speed of motor can also be controlled. For this purpose of controlling the output
voltage, a field regulator is connected across the generator with the dc supply lines to control
the field excitation. The direction of rotation of the motor M1 can be reversed by excitation
electric current of the generator and it can be done with the help of the reversing switch R.S. But
the motor-generator set must run in the same direction.

54. Advantages of Ward Leonard System

Answer:

1-It is a very smooth speed control system over a very wide range (from zero to normal speed of
the motor).

2-The speed can be controlled in both the direction of rotation of the motor easily.
3-The motor can run with a uniform acceleration.

4-Speed regulation of DC motor in this ward Leonard system is very good.

55. Disadvantages of Ward Leonard System

Answer:

1-The system is very costly because two extra machines (motor-generator set) are required.

2-Overall efficiency of the system is not sufficient especially it is lightly loaded.

56. Why small motor is connecting to supply without starters?

Answer: (i) small motors have high armature resistance than large motor so their starting
current is not so high

(ii) It speed up quickly due to low moment of inertia

57. Explain what happens when a D.C. motor is connected across an A.C. supply?

Answer: Since on A.C. supply, reactance will come into the picture, the A.C. supply will be offered
impedance (not resistance) by the armature winding. Consequently, with A.C. supply, current will
be much less. The motor will run but it would not carry the same load as it would on D.C. supply.
There would be more sparking at the brushes. Though motor armature is laminated as a rule,
the field poles are not. Consequently, eddy currents will cause the motor to heat up and
eventually burn on A.C. supply.

58. In rewinding the armature of a D.C motor, progressive connections are changed to
retrogressive ones. Will it affect the operation in any way?

Answer: Yes. Now, the armature will rotate in the opposite direction.

59. A D.C. motor fails to start when switched on. What could be the possible reasons and
remedies?

Answer: Any one of the following reasons could be responsible:

1. Open-circuit in controller–should be checked for open starting resistance or open switch or

open fuse.

2. Low terminal voltage–should be adjusted to name-plate value.

3. Overload–should be reduced if possible otherwise larger motor should be installed.

4. Excessive friction–bearing lubrication should be checked.

60. A D.C. motor is found to stop running after a short period of time. What do you think could
be the reasons? How would you remedy each?

Answer: Possible causes are as under:

1. Motor not getting enough power–check voltage at motor terminals as well as fuses, and
overload relay.

2. Weak or no field–in the case of adjustable-speed motors, check if rheostat is correctly set.
Also, check field winding for any ‘open’. Additionally, look for any loose winding or broken
connection.

3. Motor torque insufficient for driving the given load–check line voltage with name-plate
voltage. If necessary, use larger motor to match the load.

61. Can you use a dc series motor as a prime mover for a dc generator if not why?

Answer: A DC series motor would be suited to this application. There would be times when the
generator would be only lightly loaded and would present only a small mechanical load to the
motor. Under these conditions the current in the field winding of the motor would become
smaller and it would turn faster to generate the counter EMF necessary to balance its supply
voltage. This could result in damage to both the motor and the generator.

62. What is meaning of braking dc motor?

Answer: Controlled slowing or stopping of a motor and its driven load is as important as starting
in many applications (e.g. cranes, traction on a slope to avoid excessive speed, etc.)

63. What are the various types of braking?

Answer: There are three methods of electrical braking:

Plugging or counter-current, (ii) dynamic or rheostat, and (iii) regenerative

Plugging /

This involves the sudden reversal of the connections of either the field or armature* winding
during motor operation. A strong braking torque is achieved by maintaining the supply voltage to
the armature with connections reversed
Dynamic Braking/

The armature is disconnected from the supply and then a braking resistor Rb is immediately
connected across it the motor acts as a generator, driven by the stored kinetic energy dissipating
power in Rb. This is a simple method of bringing a motor nearly to a standstill.

Regenerative Braking/

In this method most of the braking energy is returned to the supply and is used specially where
the duty cycle requires the braking or slowing of the machine more frequently and is most useful
in holding a descending load of high potential energy at a constant speed. The condition for
regeneration is that the rotational emf is more than the applied voltage so that the current is
reversed and the mode of operation changes from motoring to generating.

64. State the conditions to produce a high torque in dc shunt motor?

Answer:
 i) The armature winding must be exposed to an amount of electric current that’s much
higher than the field windings current, as the torque is proportional to the armature
current.
ii) The field winding must be wound with many turns to increase the flux linkage, as flux
linkage between the field and armature winding is also proportional to the torque.

65. Why the DC motor has such high starting electric current? What are its problems?
Answer:
For all practical practices to obtain optimum operation of the motor the armature
resistance is kept very small usually of the order of 0.5 Ω and the bare minimum supply
voltage being 220 volts. Even under these circumstance the starting current, Ia is as high as
220/0.5 amp = 440 amp.
Such high starting electric current of dc motor creates two major problems.
1) Firstly, electric current of the order of 400 A has the potential of damaging the internal
circuit of the armature winding of dc motor at the very onset.
2)Secondly, Very high electromagnetic starting torque of DC motor is produced by virtue of
the high starting current, which has the potential of producing huge centrifugal force
capable of flying off the rotor winding from the slots.

66. What are the main types of starters used in the industry today? And explain all of them
Answer:
1) 3 point starter
2) 4 point starter
Used for the starting of shunt wound DC motor and compound wound DC motor.
3)Series wound DC motor's starter using no load release coil.
Define the 3 Point Starter?

Answer:

A 3 point starter in simple words is a device that helps in the starting and running of a
shunt wound DC motor or compound wound DC motor.

Describe the Construction of 3 Point Starter?

Answer:
Construction wise a starter is a variable resistance, integrated into number of sections as
shown in the above figure. The contact points of these sections are called studs and are
shown separately as OFF, 1, 2,3,4,5, RUN. Other than that there are 3 main points, referred
to as
1. 'L' Line terminal (Connected to positive of supply.)
2. 'A' Armature terminal (Connected to the armature winding.)
3. 'F' Field terminal (Connected to the field winding.)
And from there it gets the name 3 point starter. The overload release (OLR) and No Volt
Coil (NVC) acts as the two protecting devices of the starter.

How does a Three Point Starter Work?

Answer: To start with the handle is in the OFF position when the supply to the DC motor is
switched on. Then handle is slowly moved against the spring force to make a contact with
stud No. 1. At this point, field winding of the shunt or the compound motor gets supply
through the parallel path provided to starting resistance, through No Voltage Coil. While
entire starting resistance comes in series with the armature. The high starting armature
electric current thus gets limited as the electric current equation at this stage becomes Ia =
E/(Ra+Rst). As the handle is moved further, it goes on making contact with studs 2, 3, 4
etc., thus gradually cutting off the series resistance from the armature circuit as the motor
gathers speed. Finally when the starter handle is in 'RUN' position, the entire starting
resistance is eliminated and the motor runs with normal speed.
.Once the handle is taken to the RUN position how is it supposed to stay there, as long as
motor is running?
The supply to the field winding is derived through no voltage coil. So when field electric
current flows, the NVC is magnetized. Now when the handle is in the 'RUN' position, soft
iron piece connected to the handle and gets attracted by the magnetic force produced by
NVC, because of flow of electric current through it. The NVC is designed in such a way that
it holds the handle in 'RUN' position against the force of the spring as long as supply is
given to the motor. Thus NVC holds the handle in the 'RUN' position and hence also called
hold on coil.
Now when there is any kind of supply failure, the electric current flow through NVC is
affected and it immediately loses its magnetic property and is unable to keep the soft iron
piece on the handle, attracted. At this point under the action of the spring force, the
handle comes back to OFF position, opening the circuit and thus switching off the motor.
So due to the combination of NVC and the spring, the starter handle always comes back to
OFF position whenever there is any supply problems. Thus it also acts as a protective
device safeguarding the motor from any kind of abnormality.

Define the 4 Point Starter?

The 4 point starter like in the case of a 3 point starter also acts as a protective device that
helps in safeguarding the armature of the shunt or compound excited dc motor against the
high starting electric current produced in the absence of back emf at starting.

Describe the Construction of Four Point Starter?

A 4 point starter as the name suggests has 4 main operational points, namely
1. 'L' Line terminal (Connected to positive of supply.)
2. 'A' Armature terminal (Connected to the armature winding.)
3. 'F' Field terminal (Connected to the field winding.)
4. A 4th point N. (Connected to the No Voltage Coil)
The remarkable difference in case of a 4 point starter is that with this particular
arrangement any change in the shunt field circuit does not bring about any change in the
no voltage coil as the two circuits are independent of each other. Thus it must be ensured
that no voltage coil always produce a force which is strong enough to hold the handle in its
'RUN' position, against force of the spring, under all the operational conditions. Such an
electric current is adjusted through No Voltage Coil with the help of fixed resistance R
connected in series with the NVC using fourth point 'N'.

Discuss the operation of 4 point starter?

Considering that supply is given and the handle is taken stud No.1, then the circuit is
complete and line electric current that starts flowing through the starter. In this situation
we can see that the electric current will be divided into 3 parts, flowing through 3 different
points.
i) 1 part flows through the starting resistance (R1+ R2+ R3…..) and then to the armature.
ii) A 2nd part flowing through the field winding F.
iii) And a 3rd part flowing through the no voltage coil in series with the protective
resistance R.
This essentially means that the electromagnet pull subjected upon the soft iron bar of the
handle by the no voltage coil at all points of time should be high enough to keep the
handle at its RUN position, or rather prevent the spring force from restoring the handle at
its original OFF position, irrespective of how the field rheostat is adjusted.
 67. What is nameplate of dc motor?

Answer: Motor nameplates are provided by virtually all manufacturers to allow users to
accurately identify the operating and dimensional characteristics of their motors years after
installation. The nameplate is usually a metal plate, secured by a pair of screws or rivets, and is
generally located on the side of the motor. (Expert maintenance technicians will tell you that the
nameplate is always located on the side of the motor where the nameplate is most difficult to
read!)

Nameplate Terms

● Motor Manufacturer
● Mod. (Model), Tp. (Type), or Cat. (Catalog)
● Ser. (Serial Number)
● HP (Horsepower) or KW (kilowatts)
● RPM (Revolutions per Minute)
● V (Volts)
● ARM. (Armature)
● FLD. (Field)
● A (Amps)
● Fr (Frame)
● Enc. (Enclosure)
● CW (Clockwise Rotation) or CCW (Counter-Clockwise Rotation)

Motor Manufacturer

This is the trade name of the company which manufactured the motor. If you are lucky, the
company's home city, and perhaps even an address and/or telephone number will be on the
nameplate.
Mod . (Model), Tp. (Type), or Cat. (Catalog)

Some companies distinguish between a Model number and a Type number. (I don't know why).
In any event, this is the key number that you need if you want to contact the manufacturer.

Ser. (Serial Number)

Serial numbers are important because they often contain "date codes". This is information which
helps the manufacturer determine when the motor was manufactured. Since many motors have
multiple revisions through their lifecycle as the manufacturing process (hopefully) improves, this
helps determine which set of drawings to use -- and lets the technical people at the
manufacturer help you quicker and more accurately.

HP (Horsepower) or KW (kilowatts)

If you are using an American made motor or an older English or Canadian motor, it will probably
be rated in Horsepower. European and Asian motors are usually rated in kilowatts -- unless they
have been designed for export to the American market.

Rule to remember: 1 HP = 3/4 KW (more precisely 746 watts).

Second rule to remember: Volts x Amps = Watts.

RPM (Revolutions per Minute)

The number of times each minute that the shaft turns on its axis this is rated at the Hertz listed.
Typical values are 1750, 1450, 3450, etc. If more than one speed is listed, this indicates a
multi-speed motor. Note that AC inverter drives can change the speed of a motor from its rated
speed.

V (Volts)

The operating voltage of the motor If the motor is an AC motor, this will typically be 115, 230,
380, 480, 575, or some number reasonably close to these figures. DC motors will have numbers
such as 24, 48, 90, 180, or other voltage, and will usually say "VDC".

ARM. (Armature)
This is the maximum voltage which can be applied to the armature of a DC motor. Typical values
are 90 or 180 VDC An amperage will often be listed.

FLD. (Field)

This is the voltage which should be applied to the field of a DC motor. Typical values are 100,
150, 200 VDC An amperage will often be listed.

A (Amps)

The amount of current consumed by the motor

Fr (Frame)

The physical dimensional standard to which the motor adheres this is critical when it is
necessary to locate a mechanical replacement for an old motor.

Enc. (Enclosure)

This is the degree of protection offered by the enclosure. Common terms are TEFC, TEBC, TENV,
ODP, TEAO, etc.

CW (Clockwise Rotation) or CCW (Counter-Clockwise Rotation)

When facing the motor from the shaft end, this is the direction of rotation of the motor (if the
motor is unidirectional).

68. Which machines are mostly gear motors?

Answer:
DC motors. Because the low speed motors are much more expensive than higher speed
motors of the same KW output rates.

69. Which of these types of motor is used in elevators?

Answer:
DC compound motor In DC compound motor having high starting torque up to 450 %
depending upon the degree of compounding. Speed regulation is varying up to 25 ~ 30 %.
This is why those motors are used in elevators.

70. In lathes, milling and grinding machines which motor will preferred?
Answer: DC shunts motors. Cage induction motor
Lathes machines require uniform torque. Hence squirrel cage induction motor or dc shunt
motors are preferred.

71. In electric locomotive which of the following motor are used?

 Answer: DC series motor In DC series motor starting torque is very high up to 500 %
resulting maximum momentary operation of 400 % thus it is employed in locomotive.

72. Which of the DC motors will choose to drive paper machine?

Answer: Separately excited motor. Separately excited motor always obtains accurate speed
and most suitable for applications requiring speed variation from very low value to high
value, like it’s required in a paper mill.

73. Name the type of DC motor that using in crane?

Answer: D.C. series motors are being used by cranes. The Quay cranes are large in size and
use D.C. series motor for the purpose of lifting loads.

74. Why dc series motor is used in electric traction?

Answer: speed control of dc motor is easier as compare to any ac motor. And power
operation of dc motor is simple.

75. In which application DC series motor is invariably tried?

Answer: Starter for a car