Rutile Electrodes: Basic (Low Hydrogen - Lime Coated) Electrodes

Rutile Electrodes
In this type, about 35% in weight of the coating is titanium dioxide (TiO2)
facilitates arc ignition,
makes it possible to work with a soft arc and reduces spatter.
This electrode type is used for general purposes where good welding
properties are required.
This is the universal electrode which may perform welding in every position,
using AC or DC current.
The main properties of rutile type electrodes are as follows:
- Suitable mechanical properties of weld metal,

- Weld beam profile with good appearance due to slag properties,
- Ability to perform welding in all position,
- Easy slag removal
Rutile electrodes can have different coating thicknesses.

The molten weld metal is carried into the work piece through the arc in the
form of drops that become thinner as the coating becomes thick;
the coating thickness positively affects the mechanical properties of the weld.
This type of coating forms a fast-freezing slag that completely covers the
weld beam, it is rather thick and brownish black.
The properties of the slag depend on the amount and type of the substances
that make up the coating.
Basic (Low Hydrogen - Lime Coated) Electrodes
The coating of this type of electrode consist of calcium fluoride plus calcium
and other
alkaline carbonates. The coating is mostly thick. These substances make to
slag more
viscose and fast freezing, thus unabling overhead and overhead and vertical
position applications.
Basic electrodes are baked at 400-500 ºC during production. As the coating is

hygroscopic
these electrodes should be stored in dry place. Before usage, basic electrodes
should
be redried for 30 minutes at a minimum of 250 ºC.
This type of electrodes is preferred when welding medium and thick steel
plates that
require high strength, high welding quality and high crack resistance. Basic
electrode are
mainly used in the heavy machinery and equipments industries, such as ship
building,
boiler and pressure vessels, and steel constructions subjected to dynamic
loads.
Main applications for basic electrodes:
- Welding of unalloyed or low alloyed steels with unknown composition,

- Welding of steels with a high content of carbon, sulphur, phosphorus
and nitrogen,
- Welding of steels having different carbon contents,
- Welding of thick-sections,
- Welding of machinery, equipment and structures that work under
temperatures below 0 ºC,
- Welding of structures where high strength is required against dynamic
stresses,
- Welding of rigid constructions.
In this type of electrode, the transfer of the filler metal form the arc to weld
pool is in the
form of medium sized drops; the slag colour changes from brown to black and
is less easily cleaned
than the slag of other electrodes.
When welding, basic electrodes are generally connected to the positive pole
with DC. Some types
of basic electrodes can also be used with AC.
During the welding operation, rutile and acid coated electrodes, should be
held at a 45º angle
with respect to the surface of the work piece. For basic electrodes this angle
should be 85-90º.
Cellulosic Electrodes
The coating of these electrodes contains organic materials that turn into
gases
in the arc. About 30% of the coating weight is cellulose. In some countries,
paper pulp and wood powder are added to the coating in certain ratios to
reduce
the amount of pure cellulose. These organic compounds in the coating
decompose
in the arc to from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which
increase
the arc tension and thus, the welding arc becomes stronger and harder.
Compared
with other types of electrodes, with the same current values, a 70% deeper
penetration is obtained with cellulosic electrodes.
This type of electrode is generally produced with thin or medium coating

thick nesses. When the coating is thin, a light amount of slag is formed on
the
welding beam and the spatter loss is high. On the other hand, the gap filling
and vertical down welding capability as well as penetration of the weld
obtained
by this electrode is good. Since this electrode can be used in every position
(particularly in vertical down), it has a wide range of applications in the ship
building industry and in the welding of pipelines with a wall thickness of less
than 12.5 mm. The cellulose that burns during welding forms a very good
protective gaseous atmosphere.
The main features of cellulosic electrodes are as follows:
- Deep penetrating welding in every position,

- Vertical down welding capability,
- Weld metal with good mechanical properties.
The titanium compounds in the coating provide arc stability as well as help
clean
the slag easily. Adding a certain amount of ferromanganese to the coating
makes it
possible to compensate for the manganese that is lost through oxidation
during welding and to
deoxidize the weld pool. Since these electrodes are generally manufactured
using a sodium
silicate binder, they can best be used with DC(+).

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Rutile Electrodes

The main properties of rutile type electrodes are as follows:

- Suitable mechanical properties of weld metal,

Rutile electrodes can have different coating thicknesses.

Basic (Low Hydrogen - Lime Coated) Electrodes

Basic electrodes are baked at 400-500 ºC during production. As the coating is

Main applications for basic electrodes:

- Welding of unalloyed or low alloyed steels with unknown composition,

This type of electrode is generally produced with thin or medium coating

The main features of cellulosic electrodes are as follows:

- Deep penetrating welding in every position,

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