Succulent plant

In botany, succulent plants, also known

as succulents, are plants with parts that
are thickened, fleshy, and engorged,
usually to retain water in arid climates or
soil conditions. It is a characteristic that
is not used scientifically for the definition
of most families and genera of plants
because it often can be used as an
accurate characteristic only at the single
species level. The word succulent comes
from the Latin word sucus, meaning
'juice', or 'sap'.[1] Succulent plants may
store water in various structures, such as
leaves and stems. Some definitions also
include roots, thus geophytes that
survive unfavorable periods by dying
back to underground storage organs may
be regarded as succulents. In
horticultural use, the term succulent is
sometimes used in a way that excludes
plants that botanists would regard as
succulents, such as cacti. Succulents are
often grown as ornamental plants
because of their striking and unusual
appearance, as well as their ability to
thrive with relatively minimal care.
Succulent plants have thickened stems, or leaves,
such as this Aloe.

Many plant families have multiple

succulents species found within them
(more than 25 plant families).[2] In some
families, such as Aizoaceae, Cactaceae,
and Crassulaceae, most species are
succulents. The habitats of these water-
preserving plants are often in areas with
high temperatures and low rainfall, such
as deserts. Succulents have the ability to
thrive on limited water sources, such as
mist and dew, which makes them
equipped to survive in an ecosystem that
contains scarce water sources.

Definition

Center of a succulent (Aloe polyphylla)

By definition, succulent plants are
drought resistant plants in which the
leaves, stem, or roots have become more
than usually fleshy by the development of
water-storing tissue.[3] Other sources
exclude roots as in the definition "a plant
with thick, fleshy and swollen stems
and/or leaves, adapted to dry
environments".[4] This difference affects
the relationship between succulents and
"geophytes" – plants that survive
unfavorable seasons as a resting bud on
an underground organ.[5] These
underground organs, such as bulbs,
corms, and tubers, are often fleshy with
water-storing tissues. Thus if roots are
included in the definition, many
geophytes would be classed as
succulents. Plants adapted to living in
dry environments such as succulents, are
termed xerophytes. However, not all
xerophytes are succulents, since there
are other ways of adapting to a shortage
of water, e.g., by developing small leaves
which may roll up or having leathery
rather than succulent leaves.[6] Nor are all
succulents xerophytes, since plants such
as Crassula helmsii are both succulent
and aquatic.[7]

Some who grow succulents as a hobby

may use the term in a different way from
botanists. In horticultural use, the term
succulent regularly excludes cacti. For
example, Jacobsen's three volume
Handbook of Succulent Plants does not
include cacti.[8] Many books covering the
cultivation of these plants include "cacti
and succulents" as the title or part of the
title.[9][10][11] However, in botanical
terminology, cacti are succulents,[3] but
not the reverse as many succulent plants
are not cacti. Cacti bear true spines and
appear only in the New World (the
Western Hemisphere), and through
parallel evolution similar looking plants
evolved in completely different plant
families in the Old World without spines,
a distinct organ structure.
A further difficulty for general
identification is that plant families (the
genus) are neither succulent nor non-
succulent and contain both. In many
genera and families there is a continuous
gradation from plants with thin leaves
and normal stems to those with very
clearly thickened and fleshy leaves or
stems, so the succulent characteristic
becomes meaningless for dividing plants
into genera and families. Different
sources may classify the same species
differently.[12]

Horticulturists often follow commercial

conventions and may exclude other
groups of plants such as bromeliads, that
scientifically, are considered
succulents.[13] A practical horticultural
definition has become "a succulent plant
is any desert plant that a succulent plant
collector wishes to grow", without any
consideration of scientific
classifications.[14] Commercial
presentations of "succulent" plants will
present those that customers commonly
identify as such. Plants offered
commercially then as "succulents", will
less often include geophytes (in which
the swollen storage organ is wholly
underground), but will include plants with
a caudex,[15] that is a swollen above-
ground organ at soil level, formed from a
stem, a root, or both.[5]
Appearance

A collection of succulent plants, including cacti,

from the Jardin botanique d'Èze, France

The storage of water often gives

succulent plants a more swollen or
fleshy appearance than other plants, a
characteristic known as succulence. In
addition to succulence, succulent plants
variously have other water-saving
features. These may include:
crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
to minimize water loss
absent, reduced, or cylindrical-to-
spherical leaves
reduction in the number of stomata
stems as the main site of
photosynthesis, rather than leaves
compact, reduced, cushion-like,
columnar, or spherical growth form
ribs enabling rapid increases in plant
volume and decreasing surface area
exposed to the sun
waxy, hairy, or spiny outer surface to
create a humid micro-habitat around
the plant, which reduces air movement
near the surface of the plant, and
 thereby reduces water loss and may
create shade
roots very near the surface of the soil,
so they are able to take up moisture
from very small showers or even from
heavy dew
ability to remain plump and full of
water even with high internal
temperatures (e.g., 52 °C or 126 °F)[16]
very impervious outer cuticle (skin)[16]
mucilaginous substances, which retain
water abundantly[16]

Habitat
Other than Antarctica, succulents can be
found within each continent. While it is
often thought that most succulents
come from dry areas such as steppes,
semi-desert, and desert, the world's
driest areas do not make for proper
succulent habitats. Australia, the world's
driest inhabited continent, hosts very few
native succulents due to the frequent and
prolonged droughts. Even Africa, the
continent with the most native
succulents, does not host many of the
plants in its most dry regions.[17]
However, while succulents are unable to
grow in these harshest of conditions,
they are able to grow in conditions that
are uninhabitable by other plants. In fact,
many succulents are able to thrive in dry
conditions, and some are able to last up
to two years without water depending on
their surroundings and adaptations.[18]
Occasionally, succulents may occur as
epiphytes, growing on other plants with
limited or no contact with the ground,
and being dependent on their ability to
store water and gaining nutrients by
other means; this niche is seen in
Tillandsia. Succulents also occur as
inhabitants of sea coasts and dry lakes,
which are exposed to high levels of
dissolved minerals that are deadly to
many other plant species. Potted
succulents are able to grow in most
indoor environments with minimal
care.[19]
Families and genera

Apocynaceae: Pachypodium lealii, stem succulent

Asphodelaceae: Haworthia arachnoidea, leaf

succulent

 
Asphodelaceae: Astroloba tenax, leaf succulent

Cactaceae: Rebutia muscula, stem succulent

Crassulaceae: Crassula ovata, stem and leaf

succulent

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia obesa ssp symmetrica

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia obesa ssp. symmetrica,
stem succulent

Cylindropuntia imbricata: stem, woody succulent

Malvaceae: Adansonia digitata, stem succulent

 

Moringaceae: Moringa ovalifolia, stem succulent

Asparagaceae: Beaucarnea recurvata, stem

succulent

Asparagaceae: Dracaena draco, stem succulent

 

Euphorbia resinifera

Succulents kept at 25 °C (77 °F) in a Connecticut

greenhouse

Kalanchoe longiflora
 

Echeveria derenbergii

Senecio angulatus

There are approximately sixty different

plant families that contain succulents.[20]
Plant orders, families, and genera in
which succulent species occur are listed
below.

Order Alismatales
 Araceae: Zamioculcas

Order Apiales

Apiaceae:[21] Azorella, Crithmum

Araliaceae: Cussonia

Order Asparagales

Amaryllidaceae (geophytes): Amaryllis,

Boophane, Clivia, Crinum,
Cryptostephanus, Cyrtanthus,
Haemanthus, Rauhia, Scadoxus,
Stenomesson
Asparagaceae
Agavoideae: Agave, Beschorneria,
Dracaena, Furcraea, Hesperaloe,
Hesperoyucca, Manfreda,
Polianthes, Yucca
 Lomandroideae: Cordyline
Nolinoideae: Beaucarnea,
Calibanus, Dasylirion, Nolina,
Sansevieria
Scilloideae (Hyacinthaceae):
Albuca, Bowiea, Daubenya, Drimia,
Eucomis, Lachenalia, Ledebouria,
Massonia, Ornithogalum, Scilla,
Urginea, Veltheimia
Doryanthaceae: Doryanthes
Orchidaceae: Acampe, Aerangis,
Ansellia, Bolusiella, Bulbophyllum,
Cirrhopetalum, Calanthe, Cyrtorchis,
Eulophia, Liparis, Oberonia,
Oeceoclades, Polystachya, Tridactyle,
Vanilla
 Asphodelaceae
subfamily Asphodeloideae: Aloe
(succulents and succulent
geophytes), Astroloba, Tulista, ×
Astrolista, Bulbine (succulent
geophytes, succulents, and
geophytes), Bulbinella (geophyte),
Chortolirion (succulent
geophytes), Gasteria, Haworthia,
Trachyandra (succulent geophytes
and succulents),
subfamily Xanothorrhoeoidae:
Xanthorrhoea

Order Asterales

Asteraceae: Arctotheca, Baeriopsis,

Chrysanthemoides, Coulterella,
 Crassocephalum, Didelta, Emilia,
Eremothamnus, Gymnodiscus, Gynura,
Hillardiella (geophyte), Lopholaena,
Monoculus, Nidorella, Osteospermum,
Othonna (succulents and succulent
geophytes), Phaneroglossa,
Poecilolepis, Polyachyrus, Pteronia,
Senecio, Solanecio,Tripteris
Campanulaceae: Brighamia

Order Brassicales

Brassicaceae: Heliophila, Lepidium

Capparidaceae: Maerua
Caricaceae: Carica, Jacarathia
Moringaceae: Moringa

Order Caryophyllales
Aizoaceae: Corbichonia, Gisekia,
Herreanthus, Limeum,
Ophthalmophyllum, Saphesia
subfamily Aizooideae:
Acrosanthes, Aizoanthemum,
Aizoon, Galenia, Gunniopsis,
Plinthus, Tetragonia
subfamily
Mesembryanthemoideae (syn.
Mesembryanthemaceae[22]):
Aptenia, Aridaria, Aspazoma,
Brownanthus, Calamophyllum,
Caulipsilon, Conophytum,
Dactylopsis, Erepsia, Hameria,
Hartmanthus, Hymenogyne,
Marlothistela,
Mesembryanthemum, Phiambolia,
Phyllobolus, Prenia, Psilocaulon,
Ruschiella, Sarozona, Sceletium,
Synaptophyllum
subfamily Ruschioideae:
tribe Apatesieae: Apatesia,
Carpanthea, Caryotophora,
Conicosia, Hymenogyne,
Saphesia, Skiatophytum
tribe Dorotheantheae:
Aethephyllum Cleretum
Dorotheanthus
tribe Ruschiae: Acrodon,
Aloinopsis, Amphibolia,
Antegibbaeum, Antimima,
Arenifera, Argyroderma,
Astridia, Bergeranthus, Bijlia,
Braunsia, Brianhuntleya,
Carpobrotus, Carruanthus,
Cephalophyllum, Cerochlamys,
Chasmatophyllum,
Cheiridopsis, Circandra,
Conophytum, Corpuscularia,
Cylindrophyllum, Delosperma,
Dicrocaulon, Didymaotus,
Dinteranthus, Diplosoma,
Disphyma, Dracophilus,
Drosanthemum, Eberlanzia,
Ebracteola, Enarganthe,
Erepsia, Esterhuysenia,
Faucaria, Fenestraria, Frithia,
Gibbaeum, Glottiphyllum,
Hallianthus, Hereroa,
Ihlenfeldtia, Imitaria,
Jacobsenia, Jensenobotrya,
Jordaaniella, Juttadinteria,
Khadia, Lampranthus,
Lapidaria (plant), Leipoldtia,
Lithops, Machairophyllum,
Malephora, Mestoklema,
Meyerophytum, Mitrophyllum,
Monilaria, Mossia, Muiria,
Namaquanthus, Namibia,
Nananthus, Nelia, Neohenricia,
Octopoma, Odontophorus,
Oophytum,
Ophthalmophyllum,
Orthopterum, Oscularia,
Ottosonderia, Pleiospilos,
Polymita, Psammophora,
Rabiea, Rhinephyllum,
 Rhombophyllum, Ruschia,
Ruschianthemum,
Ruschianthus,
Schlechteranthus,
Schwantesia, Scopelogena,
Smicrostigma, Stayneria,
Stoeberia, Stomatium
Tanquana Titanopsis,
Trichodiadema, Vanheerdea,
Vanzijlia, Vlokia, Wooleya,
Zeuktophyllum
subfamily Sesuvioideae: Cypselea,
Sesuvium, Trianthema,
Tribulocarpus, Zaleya
Amaranthaceae:
 subfamily Amaranthoideae:
Arthraerva
subfamily Chenopodioideae
(family Chenopodiaceae):[23])
Atriplex, Chenopodium,
Dissocarpus, Einadia, Enchylaena,
Eremophea, Halopeplis, Maireana,
Malacocera, Neobassia,
Osteocarpum, Rhagodia, Roycea,
Halosarcia, Salicornia, Salsola,
Sarcocornia, Sclerochlamys,
Sclerolaena, Suaeda, Tecticornia,
Threlkeldia
Basellaceae: Anredera, Basella
Cactaceae: Acanthocalycium,
Acanthocereus, Ariocarpus,
Armatocereus, Arrojadoa, Arthrocereus,
Astrophytum, Austrocactus, Aztekium,
Bergerocactus, Blossfeldia,
Brachycereus, Browningia,
Brasilicereus, Calymmanthium,
Carnegiea, Cephalocereus,
Cephalocleistocactus, Cereus, Cintia,
Cipocereus, Cleistocactus,
Coleocephalocereus, Copiapoa,
Corryocactus, Coryphantha,
Dendrocereus, Denmoza, Discocactus,
Disocactus, Echinocactus,
Echinocereus, Echinopsis, Epiphyllum,
Epithelantha, Eriosyce, Escobaria,
Escontria, Espostoa, Espostoopsis,
Eulychnia, Facheiroa, Ferocactus,
Frailea, Geohintonia, Gymnocalycium,
Haageocereus, Harrisia, Hatiora,
Hylocereus, Jasminocereus,
Lasiocereus, Leocereus, Lepismium,
Leptocereus, Leuchtenbergia,
Lophophora, Maihuenia, Malacocarpus,
Mammillaria, Mammilloydia, Matucana,
Melocactus, Micranthocereus, Mila,
Monvillea, Myrtillocactus,
Neobuxbaumia, Neolloydia,
Neoraimondia, Neowerdermannia,
Obregonia, Opuntia, Oreocereus, Oroya,
Ortegocactus, Pachycereus, Parodia,
Pediocactus, Pelecyphora, Peniocereus,
Pereskia, Pereskiopsis, Pilosocereus,
Polaskia, Praecereus,
Pseudoacanthocereus, Pseudorhipsalis,
Pterocactus, Pygmaeocereus,
Quiabentia, Rauhocereus, Rebutia,
Rhipsalis, Samaipaticereus,
Schlumbergera, Sclerocactus,
Selenicereus, Stenocactus,
Stenocereus, Stephanocereus,
Stetsonia, Strombocactus, Tacinga,
Thelocactus,Trichocereus
Turbinicarpus, Uebelmannia,
Weberbauerocereus, Weberocereus,
Yungasocereus
Didiereaceae: Alluaudia, Alluaudiopsis,
Decaria, Didierea
Molluginaceae: Hypertelis
Phytolaccaceae: Phytolacca
Portulacaceae: Amphipetalum,
Anacampseros, Avonia, Calyptrotheca,
 Ceraria, Cistanthe, Calandrinia,
Dendroportulaca, Grahamia, Lewisia,
Parakeelya,[24] Portulaca, Portulacaria,
Schreiteria, Talinella, Talinum

Order Commelinales

Commelinaceae: Aneilema, Callisia,

Cyanotis, Tradescantia, Tripogandra

Order Cornales

Loasaceae: Schismocarpus

Order Cucurbitales

Begoniaceae: Begonia
Cucurbitaceae: Acanthosicyos,
Apodanthera, Brandegea,
Cephalopentandra, Ceratosanthes,
 Citrullus, Coccinia, Corallocarpus,
Cucumella, Cucumis, Cucurbita,
Cyclantheropsis, Dactyliandra,
Dendrosicyos, Doyera, Eureindra,
Fevillea, Gerrandanthus, Gynostemma,
Halosicyos, Ibervilla, Kedostris,
Lagenaria, Marah, Momordica,
Neoalsomitra, Odosicyos, Parasicyos,
Syrigia, Telfairia, Trochomeria,
Trochomeriopsis, Tumamoca,
Xerosicyos, Zehneria, Zygosicyos

Order Dioscoreales

Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea

Order Ericales

Balsaminaceae: Impatiens
 Ericaceae: Sphyrospermum
Fouquieriaceae: Fouquieria

Order Fabales

Fabaceae: Delonix, Dolichos, Erythrina,

Lotononis, Neorautanenia, Pachyrhizus,
Tylosema

Order Gentianales

Apocynaceae: Adenium, Mandevilla,

Pachypodium, Plumeria
subfamily Asclepiadoideae (syn.
Asclepiadaceae): Absolmsia,
Australluma, Aspidoglossum,
Aspidonepsis, Baynesia,
Brachystelma, Ceropegia,
Chlorocyathus, Cibirhiza,
Cordylogyne, Cynanchum,
Dischidia, Dischidiopsis,
Duvaliandra, Eustegia, Fanninia,
Fockea, Glossostelma, Hoya,
Ischnolepis, Lavrania, Marsdenia,
Miraglossum, Odontostelma,
Ophionella, Orbeanthus,
Pachycarpus, Parapodium,
Periglossum, Petopentia,
Raphionacme, Riocreuxia,
Sarcorrhiza, Schizoglossum,
Schlechterella, Stathmostelma,
Stenostelma, Stomatostemma,
Trachycalymma, Trichocaulon,
Tylophora, Woodia, Xysmalobium
tribe Asclepiadeae:
 subtribe Asclepiadne:
Asclepias,
subtribe Cynanchinae:
Sarcostemma,
subtribe Gonolobinae:
Matelea,
tribe Maxillarieae:
subtribe Lycastinae:
Rudolfiella
tribe Stapelieae: Angolluma,
Caralluma, Desmidorchis,
Duvalia, Echidnopsis,
Edithcolea, Frerea, Hoodia,
Huernia, Huerniopsis,
Larryleachia, Notechidnopsis,
Orbea (plant), Orbeopsis,
 Piaranthus, Pachycymbium,
Pectinaria, Pseudolithos,
Pseudopectinaria, Quaqua,
Rhytidocaulon, Stapelia,
Stapelianthus, Stapeliopsis,
Tavaresia, Tridentea,
Tromotriche, Whitesloanea
subfamily Periplocoideae:
tribe Cryptolepideae:
Cryptolepis
Rubiaceae: Anthorrhiza,
Anthospermum, Hydnophytum,
Hydrophylax, Myrmecodia,
Myrmephytum, Phylohydrax,
Squamellaria

Order Geraniales
 Geraniaceae: Monsonia, Pelargonium
(succulents and geophytes),
Sarcocaulon

Order Lamiales

Gesneriaceae: Aeschynanthus, Alsobia,

Chirita, Codonanthe, Columnea,
Nematanthus, Sinningia, Streptocarpus
Lamiaceae: Aeollanthus, Dauphinea,
Perrierastrum, Plectranthus, Rotheca,
Solenostemon, Tetradenia, Thorncroftia
Lentibulariaceae
Pedaliaceae: Holubia, Pterodiscus,
Sesamothamnus, Uncarina

Order Malpighiales
 Euphorbiaceae: Cnidoscolus,
Euphorbia, Jatropha, Monadenium,
Pedilanthus, Phyllanthus, Synadenium
Passifloraceae: Adenia
Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus

Order Malvales

Cochlospermaceae
Malvaceae: Adansonia, Cavanillesia,
Ceiba, Pseudobombax
subgroup Sterculiaceae:
Brachychiton, Sterculia

Order Myrtales

Melastomataceae: Medinilla

Order Oxalidales
 Oxalidaceae (geophytes): Oxalis

Order Piperales

Piperaceae: Peperomia

Order Poales

Bromeliaceae: Abromeitiella, Aechmea,

Ananas, Catopsis, Connellia, Dyckia,
Hechtia, Neoregelia, Puya, Tillandsia,
Vriesea
Poaceae: Dregeochloa[25]

Order Ranunculales

Menispermaceae: Chasmanthera,
Stephania, Tinospora

Order Rosales
 Moraceae: Dorstenia, Ficus
Urticaceae: Laportea, Obetia, Pilea,
Pouzolzia, Sarcopilea

Order Santalales

Loranthaceae: Actinanthella,
Agelanthus, Erianthemum, Helixanthera,
Moquiniella, Oncocalyx, Pedistylis,
Plicosepalus, Septulina, Tapinanthus,
Vanwykia
Viscaceae(syn. Santalaceae): Viscum

Order Sapindales

Anacardiaceae: Operculicaria,
Pachycormus
 Burseraceae: Boswellia, Bursera,
Commiphora
Meliaceae: Entandrophragma
Sapindaceae: Erythrophysa

Order Saxifragales

Crassulaceae: Adromischus, Aeonium,

Aichryson, Cotyledon, Crassula,
Cremnophila, Dudleya, Echeveria,
Graptopetalum, Greenovia,
Hylotelephium, Kalanchoe, Kungia,
Lenophyllum, Meterostachys,
Monanthes, Mucizonia, Orostachys,
Pachyphytum, Perrierosedum,
Petrosedum, Phedimus, Pistorinia,
Prometheum, Pseudosedum, Rhodiola,
Rosularia, Sedella, Sedum,
 Sempervivum, Sinocrassula,
Thompsonella, Tylecodon, Umbilicus,
Villadia[26]
Saxifragaceae

Order Solanales

Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea, Merremia,

Stictocardia, Turbina (plant)
Solanaceae: Nolana

Order Vitales

Vitaceae: Cissus, Cyphostemma

Order Zygophyllales

Zygophyllaceae: Augea, Seetzenia,

Zygophyllum
(unplaced order)* Boraginaceae:
Heliotropium (unplaced order)*
Icacinaceae: Pyrenacantha (geophyte)

There also are some succulent

gymnosperms:

Order Pinales

Cheirolepidiaceae:

Frenelopsis, Pseudofrenelopsis,
Suturovagina, Glenrosa

For some families and subfamilies, most

members are succulent; for example the
Cactaceae, Agavoideae, Aizoaceae, and
Crassulaceae.
The table below shows the number of
succulent species found in some
families and their native habitat:

Family or Succulent
Modified parts Distribution
subfamily #

Agavoideae 300 Leaf North and Central America

Stem (root,
Cactaceae 1600 The Americas
leaf)

Crassulaceae 1300 Leaf (root) Worldwide

Aizoaceae 2000 Leaf Southern Africa, Australia

Apocynaceae 500 Stem Africa, Arabia, India, Australia

Asphodelaceae 500+ Leaf Africa, Madagascar, Australia

Didiereaceae 11 Stem Madagascar (endemic)

Stem or leaf or Australia, Africa, Madagascar, Asia, the

Euphorbiaceae > 1000
root Americas, Europe

Portulacaceae ~500 Leaf and stem The Americas, Australia, Africa

4, maybe
Cheirolepidiaceae Leaf Worldwide, except Antarctica
more

Edgerton Park Conservancy succulent at dusk

Cultivation

Succulent wall in a nursery in San Francisco, United

States consisting of Sempervivum, Echeveria, and
Crassula

Succulents are favored as houseplants

for their attractiveness and ease of care.
If properly potted, succulents require little
maintenance to survive indoors.[27]
Succulents are very adaptable
houseplants and will thrive in a range of
indoor conditions.[28] For most plant
owners, over-watering and associated
infections are the main cause of death in
succulents.[29]

Succulents can be propagated by

different means. The most common is
vegetative propagation; this includes
cuttings where several inches of stem
with leaves are cut and after healing,
produce a callus. After a week or so,
roots may grow. A second method is
division consisting of uprooting an
overgrown clump and pulling the stems
and roots apart. A third method is
propagation by leaf by allowing the
formation of a callus. During this method,
a bottom leaf is fully removed from the
plant often by twisting or cutting. The
leaf then dries out and a callus forms
preventing the leaf from absorbing too
much moisture and thus rotting. This
method typically takes up to a few weeks
to produce healthy roots that would
eventually create new plants.[30] The
vegetative propagation can be different
according to the species.[31]

See also
Cactus and Succulent Society of
America
Crassulacean acid metabolism

References
1. Merriam-Webster: succulent ,
retrieved 2015-04-13
2. Dimmitt, Mark. "The Tucson Cactus
and Succulent Society" .
www.tucsoncactus.org. Retrieved
5 February 2017.
3. Rowley 1980, p. 1
4. Beentje 2010, p. 116
5. Beentje 2010, p. 32
6. "xerophyte", Dictionary of Botany ,
2001, retrieved 2012-09-23
7. "Crassula helmsii (aquatic plant,
succulent)", Global Invasive Species
Database , ISSG, April 15, 2010,
retrieved 2012-09-23
8. Jacobsen 1960
 9. Anderson 1999
10. Hecht 1994
11. Hewitt 1993
12. Rowley 1980, p. 2
13. Innes & Wall 1995
14. Martin & Chapman 1977
15. Martin & Chapman 1977, pp. 19-20
16. Compton n.d.
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21. "Apiaceae" . succulent-plant.com.
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22. Plants of Southern Africa Retrieved
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25. Dregeochloa pumila. South African
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2017-10-26.
27. Kramer, Jack (1977). Cacti and Other
Succulents. New York: Abrams. p. 9.
28. Kramer, Jack (1977). Cacti and Other
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 p. 49.
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"Succulent Root Rot: What it is and
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Bibliography
Anderson, Miles (1999), Cacti and
Succulents : Illustrated Encyclopedia,
Oxford: Sebastian Kelly, ISBN 978-1-
84081-253-4
Beentje, Henk (2010), The Kew Plant
Glossary, Richmond, Surrey: Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 978-1-
84246-422-9
Compton, R.H., ed. (n.d.), Our South
African Flora, Cape Times Ltd,
OCLC 222867742 (publication date
also given as 1930s or 1940s)
Hecht, Hans (1994), Cacti & Succulents
(p/b ed.), New York: Sterling, ISBN 978-
0-8069-0549-5
Hewitt, Terry (1993), The Complete
Book of Cacti & Succulents, London:
Covent Garden Books, ISBN 978-1-
85605-402-7
 Innes, Clive & Wall, Bill (1995), Cacti,
Succulents and Bromeliads, London:
Cassell for the Royal Horticultural
Society, ISBN 978-0-304-32076-9
Jacobsen, Hermann (1960), A
Handbook of Succulent Plants (Vols 1–
3), Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press,
ISBN 978-0-7137-0140-1
Martin, Margaret J. & Chapman, Peter
R. (1977), Succulents and their
cultivation, London: Faber & Faber,
ISBN 978-0-571-10221-1
Rowley, Gordon D. (1980), Name that
Succulent, Cheltenham, Glos.: Stanley
Thornes, ISBN 978-0-85950-447-8

External links
 Look up succulent in Wiktionary, the
free dictionary.

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