Environmental Concerns: relationships between human beings and our

social and natural communities.

Waste and Pollution  Human have both negative and positive
ENVIRONMENT – all the external conditions, impacts on the environment
circumstances, and influences surrounding and  Main reason for the negative impacts is the
affecting the growth and development of an organism human population is increasing. This place
or a community of organism. increasing demands on natural resources such
as food, water, energy and space.
THE STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT
The pollution of environment (water pollution, air
ENVIRONMENT pollution, land pollution) has the bad influence to
human health. That is why nowadays a new branch of
SOCIAL ecological science begins to develop. It is HUMAN
NATURAL
ECOLOGY.
(Can have natural
the high level of industry, agriculture contributes
or changed
DIFFERENT human economic activities showing terrible situation
(anthropogenic
SUBSYSTEM that human life in many countries is ECONOMICALLY
condition)
OF DANGEROUS.
STRUCTURE
 As the human population increases in size, the
OF SOCIETY
space allotted to natural ecosystems is
Bio- Hydro- Atmos lithos
reduced its size.
sphere sphere phere phere
 Natural ecosystems are then no longer able to
process and rid the biosphere of wastes,
which accumulate are called POLLUTANTS.
 Human ecology views human communities
and human population as part of the
ecosystem of earth. It is the special ecology of
the species HOMO SAPIENS.

THE MAIN TASK IF HUMAN ECOLOGY

 The investigation of human health conditions.

 The research of dynamics of human health
condition in the process of historical and
ECOLOGY – the study of how living things interact socio-economical development.
with each other and their environment.  The forecast of the health condition of the
future generations.
BIOSPHERE- the zone of earth where life is found.
 The investigation of the processes of human
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT health protections.
 The analysis of global and regional problems
ENVIRONMENT
of human ecology.
 The research of influence of environmental
factors to human health
 The composition of influence of
Human Activities Health of environmental factors to human health;
Individual  The composition of medical-geographical
maps and environment pollution maps and
HUMAN ECOLOGY – is an academic discipline that the determination f correlation dependence
deals with the association between humans and their between human disease and environmental
natural environment. pollution.
 It generates knowledge from all academic  The determination if value of boundary
disciplines and from personal experience to technologic load limit to human organism.
investigate, and ultimately improve, the
 THE MAIN TERMS OF HUMAN ECOLOGY Examples of biological toxins (toxin produced by
tetanus bacteria, poisons produced by certain
 Hygiene standard- is the define range of
mushrooms, and the poisoning of marine life by “red
values of the environmental factor which is
tides”)
optimal or is not dangerous for human health,
activity and life; Chemical hazards- nonbiological substances that are
 Maximum permissible concentration – is toxic enough to threaten human health.
maximum amount of toxic substances in unit
Are those that result from the mismanagement of
of volume or mass of water, air or oil which
chemicals.
does not have any influence to human health;
 Maximum permissible level - is periodical or Not all people react to chemicals in the same ways;
permanent influence of the environment some people are especially susceptible, whereas
factor to human organism which can not others are not.
cause any diseases or changes I human health
condition. Psychological hazards – affect a person’s outlook on
 Maximum permissible dose – is the amount life. Boredom, stress, fear, and depression.
of toxic substance which penetrating in Sociological hazards – occurs when societies interact
human organism does not hurt it in destructive ways or fail to interact in productive
NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ways. Excessive population growth that results in
overcrowding and war.
HAZARD- a hazard is an agent which has the potential
RESIDUES AND WASTES FROM HUMAN
to cause harm to a vulnerable target.
ACTIVITY
- The terms HAZARD and RISK are often used
interchangeably however, in terms of risk
assessment, they are very distinct terms.
- A HAZARD is any agent that can cause harm or Sources of waste
damage to humans, property or the
environment. mining
agri-
NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS culture

 Physical
 Biological in-
 Chemical dus-
householdtry
 Phycological utilities
 Social
A NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZRADS Biodiesel
Agricultural production
Natural hazards -in the environment that damage or crops & waste Forestry crops
destroy wildlife habitats, kill or harm humans, and residues & residues
damage property.
Marine Biomass
May be physical, biological, chemical, psychological, Municipal solid
processing Sources
or social in nature. & sewage waste
waste
Physical hazards – caused by forces either internal to Agro/food industrial
the earth’s surface or on the surface itself. Animal
wastes
processing Fermentation
Internal forces include earthquakes and volcanoes. waste process waste
surfaces forces include winds, lighting, storms, floods,
fires, and droughts. As people participate in their daily activities, they
Biological Hazards – examples include plague, continually produce residues and wastes. On any
tuberculosis, malaria and human immunodeficiency typical day, a person might generate the following
virus (HIV) types of residues and wastes:
  Human body wastes- urine and feces businesses, and institution. This waste is known as
(wastewater) municipal solid waste (MSW)
 Excess materials and foods- trash/garbage
Including crop residues, manure, and other vegetation
 Yard wastes- grass clippings and tree
trimmings, make up 13%
branches
 Construction and manufacturing wastes- Generate the greatest volume of solid waste, 75% of
scrap wood and metal, contaminated water, total.
solvents, excess heat, and noise.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Agricultural wastes- animal dung, run-off
from feedlot operations, crop residues, and Is the collection transportation, and disposal of solid
animal carcasses. waste.
 Transportation waste- carbon monoxide,
gaseous pollutants, and used motor oil. A broader definition of solid waste also includes
 Energy production wastes- mining wastes, source reduction efforts that limit the production of
electrical power (combustion of coal) wastes, solid waste in the first place.
and nuclear power(radioactive) 1. Collection – approximately 80% of the money
 Defense waste- weapons spent on waste management is spent on the
production(radioactive) wastes. collection process.
2. Disposal – to meet the need for better
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO disposal of solid waste, communities have
ENVIRONMENT HAZARD
adopted a variety of approaches, including:
 Urbanization
a. Sanitary landfills- sites judged
 Industrialization
suitable for inground disposal of solid
 Human population growth
waste.
 The production and use of disposable
The passage of the Resource
products and containers
Conservation and Recovery
TYPE OF WASTES AND POLLUTION Act of 1976 provide levitation
that phased out open dumps
SOLID WASTE – household trash, grass clippings, tree and replaced with sanitary
trimmings, manure, excess stone generated from landfills.
mining, and steel scraps from automobile plants. b. Combustion (incineration) the
burning of wastes, second major
United States produces 33% of the world’s solid
method of refuse disposal.
waste.
The passage of Clean Air Act
 Household trash of 1970 severely restricted
 Grass clippings the right of individuals and
 Tree trimmings minimalities to burn refuse.
 Excess stone generated from mining
 Steel craps Republic Act No. 8749 otherwise
known as the Philippine Clean Air Act,
SOURCE OF SOLID WASTE
is a comprehensive air quality
Four major sources: management policy and program
which aims to achieve and maintain
 Mining and gas and oil production
healthy air for all Filipinos.
 Agriculture
 Industry
Ecological Solid waste Management
 Municipalities (domestic sources)
Act. No. 9003 of 2000. An act
Constitutes 9.5% of total. Example include paper, providing for an ecological solid waste
wood chips, and highly complex chemicals. management program, creating the
necessary institutional mechanisms
Makes up 2.5% of all solid waste generated each year. and incentives, declaring certain acts
It includes waste generated by households, prohibited and providing penalties,
 appropriating funds therefore, and for Ozone is another form of
other purposes. oxygen. You breath oxygen
(O2) but you don’t breath
c. Recycling is the collection and the ozone (O3)
reprocessing of a resource so that it Ozone decreases the amount
ca e reused for the same or another of solar radiation that reaches
purpose. (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, the earth from the sun, also
Respond) known as UV
Composing – one form of recycling,
WHAT CAUSES OZONE DEPLETION?
yard waste is recycled through a
natural process of aerobic  Use of CFC’s or chlorofluorocarbons lower
biodegrading into compost that can ozone by weak up O3
be used as a much or fertilizer.  CFCs are used in some aerosols can (not as
d. Sources Reduction – to limit solid much any more)
waste creation in the first place. This  They are also released from some
can be achieved by avoiding the use refrigerators and air condition systems
of non-reusable products.  Consequences: skin cancer cataracts.
HAZARDOUS WASTE – waste that are dangerous to GREENHOUSE EFFECTS – it is the increase of
human health or the environment. It is the environmental temperature (global warming) that has
responsibility of Environment Protection Agency negative influence to human organism; Carbon
(EPA) to implement the legislation created by the dioxide also known as greenhouse gas.
RCRA. (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act).
There are now more than 400 substances that are ACID RAIN – they can hurt human respiratory tracts
considered hazardous wastes in the United States. and skin attack fruits and vegetables. Is caused by
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide pollution from
THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL FACTORS TO burning fossils such as coal and oil.
HUMAN ORGANISM
SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ACID
 Solar activity- there is the close connection PRECIPITATION;
between death, birth and solar activity.
If there are spot on the sun  Streams and lakes becoming more acidic,
surface, people have bad killing fish, frogs and other life
mood, their activity is  Damage forest and plants and deteriorates
reducing, especially diseases buildings.
of cardiovascular and central Photochemical fogs – it is the mixture if different
nervous systems. gases that are wastes from the plants if chemical
 Weather- it can have different influence to industry and transport. It hurts human respiratory
human organism. It influences to human tracts and causes poisoning.
behavior and psychological condition.
 Temperature- high temperature can change Heavy metals – lead, mercury, manganese, zinc,
the immunological reactionary of human chromium etc. they poisons that hurt all organs and
organism, reduces the attention and causes central nervous system, cause pathological changes in
the system anemia. Low temperature can them.
change system of thermoregulation of human HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
organism and immunological reactions to
different infectious.  The office that has responsibility for
overseeing the correct management of our
THE INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOGENIC
hazardous waste is the EPA’s office of solid
FACTORS TO HUMAN ORGANISM
waste/
 Ozone hole- it can pass ultraviolet rays that  The total generation of Municipal Solid waste
hurt human cells, cause mutations (e.g., (MSW) in 2018 was 292.4 million ton (U.S
cancer) short tons, unless specified) or 4.9piunds per
 Ozone depletion person per day. Of the MSW generated,
 approximately 69 million tons were recycled  These are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
and 25 million tons were composted. nitrogen oxie, respirable particulate matter
 Currently about 35,000 tons of municipal solid and lead.
waste are generated by the Philippines daily,  The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
and more than 8,600 tons per day in metro has established national standards for
manila. allowable concentration levels of each of
these six pollutants in the ambient air and
MANAGEMENT
closely monitor their levels. These standards
 Out of this 68% was managed in water are known as the National Ambient Air
treatment units. Quality Standard (NAAQS)
 Deep well and underground injection
OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
accounted for 11% of disposal.
 Less than 0.5% was accounted for by landfills  Pollution of the outdoor air has resulted in a
 2% was managed by combustion number of specific problems for the US and
(incineration) the world. They include:
 Majority of 17% remaining underwent other 1. Acid rain
type of treatment. 2. Global warming
3. Destruction of ozone layer
HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP
4. Photochemical smog
 in 1980, the congress passed the  For the protection of outdoor, the Clean Air
comprehensive environmental response, Act (CAA) was amended again in 1990 to
compensation, and liability act (CERCLA) in include:
response to the public’s demand to clean up 1. Mandates to reduce urban smog,
leaking dump sites. CERCLA sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide
1. created a national priority list (NPL) 2. Tighter controls on auto emissions
of hazardous waste sites to be 3. More efficient power plants
cleaned up. 4. Total ban on the production of CFCs
2. Stated that the government would for use in the US by year 1996
make responsible parties pay for
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
those cleanups whenever possible.
3. Provided funds to support the  It was once believed that the comfortable
identification and cleanup of the sites. confines of the indoors wee protected form
the ills of air pollution.
AIR POLLUTION
 However, it is now known that indoor air
 Contamination of the air by substances in pollution can be greater threat to human
amounts great enough to interface with the heath than outdoor air pollution.
comfort, safety, or health of living organisms.  Indoor air pollutants can be trapped and
 These contaminants occur as gases, liquid, or concentrated to dangerous levels. This
solids. buildups of undesirable gases and airborne
particles inside a building is called indoor air
The most prevalent sources if air pollution in United
pollution.
States is:
 Indoor air pollution can arise from a number
1. Transportation, including privately owned of sources
motor vehicles 1. Asbestos – naturally occurring
2. Electric power plants fueled by oil and coal mineral fiber found in rock and soil
3. Industry, primarily mills and refineries. that was commonly used as an
insulation and fireproofing material.
Air pollution 2. Biogenic pollutants – are airborne
 The governments have labeled the air materials of biological origin such as
pollutant or greatest concern in united states living and non-living fungi and their
as criteria pollutants. toxins, bacteria, viruses, pollens,
inspect parts and wastes, and animal
dander.
 3. Combustion by-product- include That is not absorbed by the roots of vegetation moves
gases and particulates. slowly downward until it reaches the underground
4. Radon – naturally occurring reservoirs referred to as aquifers.
radioactive gas that cannot be seen,
Aquifers are porous, water-saturated layers of
smelled, or tasted.
underground bedrock, sand, and gravel that can yield
5. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) –
an economically significant amount of water.
also known as secondhand smoke.
Includes both mainstream smoke and It is possible to remove salt from this water by
side stream smoke. The inhalation of desalinization.
ETS by nonsmokers is referred to as
passive smoking. Hydrosphere – is polluted with human help, industrial
6. Volatile organic compounds – waste can include heavy metal and organic chlorides,
compounds that exist as vapor over such as pesticides. These materials are not destroyed
the normal range of air pressures and under natural conditions. So, they accumulate in the
temperatures. bottom mud of deltas of highly polluted rivers and
7. Formaldehyde – pungent water- cause environmental problems.
soluble gas, is one of the most
ubiquitous VOCs (Volatile Organic
Compounds)
 In the absence of any comprehensive policy,
individuals are encouraged to take steps to
reduce or eliminate sources of indoor air
pollution and improve air quality. These may
include:
1. Selecting safer household products,
such as “pump” dispensers instead of
spray dispensers.
2. Venting dryers outdoors instead of
indoors to keep indoor humidity low
Every year 5 million people die in the result of
and therefore discourage mold
poisoning by polluted eater. Nowadays new diseases
growth.
appear that are connected with chemical water
3. Avoiding products containing
pollution.
formaldehyde
4. Having loose asbestos fibers removed,  Itay-itay- is the disease caused by water with
it founds high concentration of cadmium.
5. Limiting or prohibiting indoor smoking  Minomata – it is the disease caused by water
6. Maintaining heating, air conditioning, with high concentration of mercury;
and ventilation systems in good  Molybdenum podagral – it is the disease
working condition caused by water with high concentration of
7. Testing buildups for radon molybdenum;
WATER AND ITS POLLUTION  Fluorosis – it is the disease caused by water
with high concentration of fluor.
 Water in streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs
TREATMENT OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE
is called surface water.
 The water that sinks into soil is referred to as  The greatest use of water is for agricultural
subsurface or groundwater. (41%), utilities (38%) and industrial
manufacturing (10%). Only 10 % is used
Groundwater is the water found underground in the
directly by the public
cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored in
 Steps in surface water treatment:
moves slowly through geologic formations of soil,
1. Coagulation and flocculation
sand and rocks.
2. Sedimentation
3. Filtration
4. Disinfection
 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION 1. Primary treatment- a physical or
mechanical process that results in the
 Water pollution includes any physical or
separation of liquids and solids.
chemical change in water that can harm living
2. Secondary treatment – aerobic
organisms or make it unfit for the others.
bacteria are added to the wastewater
1. Point source pollution – refers to a
to break down the organic materials
single identifiable source that
into inorganic carbon dioxide, water,
discharges pollutants into the water,
and minerals.
such as pipe, ditch, or culvert
3. Tertiary treatment – involves sand
2. Nonpoint source pollution – includes
charcoal filters, or extended settling
all pollution that occurs through the
tanks that can remove 90% of the
runoff, seepage, or falling of
remaining dissolved pollutants left
pollutants into water.
behind after the first two treatment
TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS levels.
1. Biological pollutants- include pathogens such LAND POLLUTION – the geosphere and biosphere are
as parasites, bacteria, viruses and other intimately connected through soils, which consists of
undesirable living microorganisms. a mixture of air, mineral matters, organic matters, and
2. Nonbiological pollutants – include inorganic water. Soils can accumulate almost all toxic
chemicals such as lead, copper, and arsenic: substances.
organic chemical: and radioactive pollutants
STRATEGIES TO ENSURE SAFE WATER

1. PUBLIC POLICY
Clean Water Act (CWA)
 Ensuring water quality in such a way as to
make all rivers swimmable and fishable
 Reducing the discharge of pollutants in US
waters to zero.

Other that helped to ensure safe water:

Safe drinking water act of 1974 and the safe drinking

water act amendments of 1996. These laws deal with  In agriculture people use pesticides and
public drinking water in a comprehensive manner by nitrates. These substances are very dangerous
instructing the EPA to set maximum contaminant and toxic. They can cause mutations, cancers,
levels for specific pollutants in drinking water. pathological processes in central nervous
2. WASTEWATER TREATMENT system, respiratory and alimentary tracts,
 Wastewater is the substance that remains skin.
after have used water for domestic or RADIATION
commercial purposes.
 The primary purpose of wastewater  Is the energy released when atoms are split or
treatment is to improve the quality of naturally decay from a less stable to more
wastewater. This is accomplished in two ways: stable form.
1. By converting organic wastes to  Naturally occurring radiation comes from
simple inorganic wastes three sources:
2. By disinfecting the treated 1. Cosmic radiation – comes to the earth
wastewater before releasing it back from the outer space and the sun
into the environment. 2. Terrestrial radiation – comes from
 There are three stages of wastewater radioactive minerals that are within
treatment the earth solid and rock. (Uranium,
radon)
3. Internal radiation- radiation internal
to the human body. Exposure to such
 radiation occurs as a result of 3. Private Sectors
ingesting food or drugs and inhaling
GOVERNMENT
air that contains radioactive atoms.
 The primary government agency in the field of
NOISE POLLUTION
health runs the bulk of the government health
 Of all environmental pollution, the types that facilities is the Department of Health.
receives the least attention is noise pollution,
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
or excessive or unwanted sound.
 Sound is heard when energy from vibrations,  The Philippines Department of Health (DOH)
travelling through air, liquid, or solid media as (Filipino: Kagawaran ng kalusugan) is the
pressure waves, is received by the ear. principal health agency in the Philippines. It is
Unwanted, unpleasant sound is referred to as the executive department of the Philippine
NOISE. Government responsible for ensuring access
Amplitude – refers to the sound volume, that to basic public health services to all Filipinos
is, its loudness or intensity. It is measured and through the supervision of quality health care
expressed as decibels (db). and the regulation of providers of health
goods and services.
APPROACHES TO NOISE ABATEMENT
 Mandated as the lead Agency in Health
1. Policy- in 1972, congress passed the noise  It has a regional field office in every region
control act (NCA). This act was aimed at and maintains specialty hospitals, regionals
regulating noise emissions from new hospitals and medical centers.
consumer products.  RA 7160 – The Local Government Code of
2. Educational program- the goal in this 1991 which resulted in devolution, which
approach is to alter the behavior of those transferred the power and authority from the
generating the noise, thereby reducing noise national to the local government units, aimed
at the source. to build their capabilities for self-government
3. Environmental changes- noise abatement can and develop them fully as self-reliant
be achieved through environmental communities.
modification. This modification can be made
ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF DOH
at the source of the noise, to the path it
travels, or to the exposed parties.  Leadership
 Enabler and Capacity Builder
Structure of the Philippine  Administrator of Specific Services
Health Care Delivery System MISSION
HEALTH RESOURES
 Ensure accessibility and quality care to
 Rural Health Unit (RHU) and their sub-centers improve the quality of life all Filipinos,
 Chest clinics, Malaria Eradication Units and especially the poor.
Schistosomiasis Control Unit PRINCIPLES
 Tuberculosis clinics and hospitals of the PTBs
 Private Clinics  Universal access to basic health services must
 Clinics run by PMA be ensure
 Community Hospitals and Health Services  The health and nutrition of vulnerable groups
 Centers run by Philippine Medical Care must be prioritized
Commission (PMCC)  The epidemiologic shift from infectious to
 Voluntary Health Facilities run by religious and degenerative disease must be managed
civic groups  The performance of the health sector must be
enhanced.
THREE DIVISIONS OF HEALTH CARE
DELIVERY SYSTEM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:

1. Government Sectors 1. Improve the general health status of the

2. Mixed Sectors population
2. Reduce morbidity, mortality, disability and MIXED SECTORS
complications from the following diseases and
 PTS – Philippine Tuberculosis Society
disorders
 PCS – Philippine Cancer Society
3. Eliminate certain diseases as public health
 PNPC – Philippine National Red Cross
problems
 PMHA – Philippine Mental Health Association
4. Eradicate poliomyelitis
 PHA – Philippine Heart Association
5. Promote healthy lifestyle
6. Promote the health and nutrition of families PRIVATE SECTORS
and special populations
1. Socialized Medicine – funded by general
7. Promote environmental health and
taxation, emphasis on prevention.
sustainable development
2. Compulsory Health Insurance – law requires
8. Strengthen national and local health systems
people to subscribe to health insurance plan,
to ensure better health service delivery.
usually government sponsored; covers only
9. Reduce the cost and ensure the quality of
curative and rehabilitative medicine;
essential drugs
preventive services provided by government
10. Institute health regulatory reforms to ensure
agencies.
quality and safety of health goods and
3. Voluntary Health Insurance – government
services
only encourages people to subscribe to health
11. Strengthen health governance and
insurance.
management support system
4. Free Enterprise – people have to take care of
12. Expand the coverage of social health
their medical needs.
insurance.
13. Mobilize more resources for health improve HEALTH PROGRAMS (DOH)
efficiency in the allocation, production and
1. Adolescent and Youth Health and
utilization of resources for health
Development Program (AYHDP)
14. Improve efficiency in the allocation
2. Botika ng Bayan
production and utilization of resource for
3. Promotion of Breast-feeding program/
health
Mother and Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
THE DOH OFFICES (MBFHI)
4. Cancer Control Program
 The DOH is composed of about 17 central
5. Diabetes Control Program
offices, 16 Centers for Health Development
6. Dengue Control Program
located in various regions, 70 hospitals and 4
7. Dental Health Program
attached agencies.
8. Emerging Health Disease Control
CENTRAL OFFICE 9. Environmental Health
10. Expanded program on Immunization
 The central office is composed of the Office of
11. Family Planning
the Secretary and five major functions clusters
12. Food and Waterborne Diseases Prevention
RESPONSIBILITIES OF DOH and Control Program
13. Knock out Tigdas
1. Ensuring access to basic health services to all
14. Leprosy Control program
Filipinos through the provision of quality
15. Malarial Control Program
health care
16. National Filariasis Elimination Program
2. Formulation and development of national
health policies, guidelines, standard and HEALTH PROGRAMS
manual operation for health services and
1. Adolescent and youth health and
programs
development program (AYHDP)
3. Issuance of rules and regulations, licenses and
Reproductive health sexuality, reproductive
accreditation
tract infection (STD, HIV/AIDS)
4. Promulgation of the national standards, goals,
Responsible parenthood, maternal and child
priorities and indicators
health
5. Development of special health programs and
projects
 Communicable diseases, diarrhea, DHF, Major strategy is advocacy and promotion,
measles, malaria particularly the four O’clock habit which was
Mental health substance uses and abuse adopted by most LGUs. This is a nationwide,
2. Botika ng Barangay continues and concerted effort to eliminate
Refers to a drug outlet manage by a legitimate the bleeding paces of aedes aegypti
community organization (CO/non-government 7. Dental Health Program
Organization (NGO) and/or local government Comprehensive dental health program aims
unit (LGU), with a trained operator and a to improve the quality of life of the people
supervising pharmacist specifically established through the attainment of the highest
I accordance with administrative order no. possible oral health. Its objective is to prevent
144 s. 2004. and control dental diseases and conditions
3. Promotion of breast-feeding program/ like dental carries and periodontal diseases
mother and baby friendly hospital initiative thus reducing their prevalence.
(MBFHI) 8. Emerging Disease Control Program
The mother and baby friendly hospital Emerging infectious disease are newly
initiative is the main strategy to transform all identified and previously unknown infection
hospitals with maternity and new born which cause public health problems either
services into facilities which fully protect, locally or internationally
promote, support breast feeding and these include diseases whose incidence in
rooming-in practices human have increased within the past two
4. Cancer control program decades or threaten to increase in the near
The Philippines cancer control program, future.
begun I 1988, is an integrated approach 9. Environmental Health
utilizing primary, secondary and tertiary Environmental health is concerned with
prevention in different regions of the country preventing illness through managing the
at both hospital and community levels. environment and by changing people’s
Six lead cancers (lung, breast, live, cervix, oral behavior to reduce exposure to biological and
cavity, colon and rectum) are discussed. non-biological agents of disease and injury.
5. Diabetes Control Program It is concerned primarily with effects of the
Diabetes is a serious chronic metabolic environment to the health if the people.
disease characterized by an increase in blood 10. Expanded program on Immunization
sugar levels associated with long term The expanded program on immunization is
damage and failure or organs functions, one of the DOH programs that has already
especially the eyes, the kidneys, the nerves, been institutionalized and adopted by all LGUs
the heart and blood vessels. in the region.
In diabetic, blood sugar reaches a dangerously Its objective is to educe infant mortality and
high level which leads to complications. morbidity through decreasing the prevalence
 Blindness of six (6) immunizable disease (TB, diphtheria,
 Kidney failure pertussis, tetanus, polio and measles).
 Stroke 11. Family Planning
 Heart attack Responsible parenthood which means that
 Wounds that would not heal each family has the right and duty to
 Impotence determine the desired number of children
What can you do to control your blood sugar? they might have and when they might have
 Diet therapy them.
 Exercise Respect for life.
 Control your weight Birth spacing refers to interval between
 Quit smoking pregnancies (which is ideally 3-5 years).
6. Dengue Control Program 12. Food and waterborne disease prevention and
The thrust if the dengue control program is control program (FWBDPCP)
directed towards community-based Established in 1977 but become fully
prevention and control in endemic areas operational in 1977 but became fully
operational in year 2000 with the provision of
 a budget amounting to PHP 551,000.00the  Program objective and targets:
program focuses on cholera, typhoid fever,  To promote and protect the health
hepatitis A and other food borne emerging and well being of the working
diseases (e.g., paragonimus) population thru improved health,
13. Knock out tigdas better working conditions and
The knock out tigdas is strategy to reduce the workers’ environment.
number or pool of children at risk of getting 20. Health development program for older
measles, or being susceptible to measles and persons
achieve 95% measles circulator in all  The program intends to promote and improve
communities in 2008. the quality of life of older persons through the
14. Leprosy control program establishments and provision of basic health
Leprosy control program envisions eliminating services for older persons, formulation of
leprosy as a public health program by policies and guidelines pertaining to older
attaining a national prevalence rate (PR) of persons, provision of information and health
less than 1 per 10,000 populations by year education to the public, dedicated to older
2000. person and, the conduct of basic and applied
15. Malaria control program researches.
58of 80 provinces: malaria endemic 21. Pinoy MD program “gusto ko maging doctor”
Population at risk: 12M  A medical scholarship grant for indigenous
22 provinces: maintain malaria-free* status people, local health workers, barangay health
2-4 outbreaks per malaria-free: absence of workers, department of health employees or
indigenous malaria case. their children.
16. National filariasis elimination program  This is a joint program of the Department of
General objectives: Health (DOH), Philippine charity Sweepstakes
 To reduce the prevalence Rate Office (PCSO), and several state universities
to<1/1000 population. and medical schools.
17. National mental health program 22. Prevention of blindness program
 It aims at integrating mental health within the  To eliminate all avoidable blindness by
total health system, initially within the DOH preventing and controlling diseases through
system, and local health system. the development of human resource,
 Within the DOH, it is initiated and sustained infrastructure, and appropriate technology.
the integration process within the hospital 23. Schistosomiasis control program
and public health systems, both at the central  Goal of the national schistosomiasis control
and regional level. program is to eliminate schistosomiasis as a
 Furthermore, it aims at ensuring equity in the public health problem (prevalence of 1% and
availability, accessibility, appropriateness and below)
affordability of mental health and psychiatric 24. National Tb control program
services in the country.  In 1196, WHO introduced the directly
18. Newborn screening observed treatment short course (DOTS) to
 Newborn screening (NBS) is a simple ensure completion of treatment.
procedure to find out if your baby has a  The DOTs strategy depends on five elements
congenital metabolic disorder that may lead for its success:
to mental retardation and even death if left  Microscope, medicines, monitors, DOT and
untreated. political commitment.
19. Occupational health program  If any of these elements are missing, our
 Vision and mission statement ability to consistency cure TB patients slips
 Health for all occupations in through our fingers.
partnership with the workers, 25. Republic Act 7719 is otherwise known as
employers, local government “blood services act of 1994”
authorities and other sectors in  The main objectives are:
promoting self-sustaining programs  To promote and encourage voluntary
and improvement of workers’ health blood donation by the citizenry and to
and working environment. instill public consciousness of the
 principle that blood donation is a contribute to comprehensive strategies, and in what
humanitarian act. way; Design effective, collaborative strategies that
 To provide, adequate, safe, affordable engage children and families because they respond to
and equitable distribution of supply of real and important conditions; and Empower families
blood and blood products. and community members by giving them a role in
designing and implementing the strategies.
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT,
Process of conducting a community
COMMUNITY HEALTH assessment involves
PROJECT PLANNING,
1. Scanning the community to locate existing
IMPLEMENTATION, information,
MONITORING AND 2. Developing a family focus
EVALUATION 3. Identifying community assets and the degree
to which they are accessible to the people
Learning Objectives: At the end of the session, the who can benefit from them
students should be able 4. Analyzing the information obtained through
the first three steps.
To conduct their own community assessment based
on a case and they must be able to conceptualize and HEALTH PROJECT PLANNING
plan a health project on. The hypothetical community
a. Planning requires a critical analysis of the
assigned to them. The students will be taught on how
problem to be addressed.
to do a community assessment, prioritization of a
b. Problem analysis is important for developing a
specific health problem, designing a community
goal and objectives for the project that are
health program as well as its implementation,
realistic and achievable.
monitoring and evaluation.
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT Once the goal and objectives are set, strategies for
achieving them can be determined. Resources needed
A community assessment is an exercise by which a in the project, and ways to obtain them, are then
collaborative partnership gathers information on the identified. The planning process also includes deciding
current strengths, concerns, and conditions of how the project will be managed, sustained and
children, families, and the community. evaluated.
The information comes from many sources- especially Major steps in planning, sustaining and evaluating a
parents and family members- and is elicited by many health promotion project
techniques, including interviews, focus groups, and
Step 1: Identify the issues or health
scanning demographic data collected by local
problems in the community
agencies. Because many types of partners participate
in a community assessment- strategic planners, Needs assessment
program staff, administrators, teachers, parents, and
other community members- the resulting information  Clarifying need is an essential part of deciding
is broad, accurate, and useful. what issue or problem the project will
address.
Community assessments focus on:  The term ‘needs assessment’ is used to
describe a process of collecting information
a. local assets,
that will give a good indication of the priority
b. resources, and
needs of a community.
c. activities as well as gaps, barriers, or emerging
 It provides an opportunity for the community
needs
to become involved in the planning from the
The process of identifying and appraising this beginning.
information will help your collaborative partnership.  It helps with allocating resources and making
decisions about where to start with health
Clearly understand the context in which families live
promotion work.
and the issues families want to address; locate hidden
strengths or underutilized resources that could be Classifying Needs
developed. Determine which resources could
When undertaking a needs assessment, it is important  Allows the community to be involved in
to consider that needs will be thought of differently, planning and decision-making about the
depending on whom you consult. project

 Needs are sometimes classified as: Consider baseline data

 Normative needs
 Some of the information gathered during the
 Felt needs
needs assessment may be able to be uses as
 Expressed needs
‘baseline data’.
 Comparative needs
 Baseline data describe the situation or
Normative Needs condition at the time the project or
intervention starts.
 A discrepancy between an individual/s or
 Data collected later during the evaluation is
group/s present state and a given norm or
then compared against the baseline data to
standard
see the effect of the project.
Felt Need
Step 2: Prioritize the Issues or Health
 A felt need is an individual desire or want that Problems
an individual has to improve either his or her  At the end of Step 1, the project team will
performance. have a list of major issues and potential target
 Asking people what they want is frequently groups for the project.
used in identifying felt needs that attribute  There are always competing needs or issues in
may influence what people say they want. any community.
 When searching for felt needs, designers must  Limitations such as time and resources mean
be aware of needs that are motivated by a that not everything can get addressed.
desire other than performance improvement.  Issues will need to be prioritized.
Expressed Need or Demand  Needs and priorities vary from individual to
individual, family to family, group to group.
 A felt need becomes an expressed need when  It is important to work out criteria to sort out
people put what they want into actions. For which issue the project will address
example, if more students sign up for an
online course than the seat limit, then there Step 3. Identify risk factors and set
may be an expressed need for more sections the goal for the project
of the course. Expressed needs are often  Risk factors- are any aspect of behavior,
identified in suggestion boxes and in-house society or the environment that are directly
publications with a question-and-answer or linked to the health problem.
suggestion column.  Risk factors lead to or directly cause the
Comparative Need problem.
 Note that some risk factors can be changed,
 A discrepancy between what one group has while others are not able to be modified, for
and what another group, with similar example, family history of a condition.
characteristics, has. A comparative need is
present when two groups with similar Example of risk factors:
characteristics do not receive a similar service.  Eating high fat food (behavioral) and having a
Sharing the results of the needs family history of heart disease (biological) are
assessment with the community is a both risk factors for heart disease, People can
key part of the planning process. change their food choices (modifiable) but not
their genetics (non-modifiable)
This process will:  Direct exposure to bacteria to bacteria and
 Raise community awareness about the issues germs (environmental) may be a risk factor
and possible underlying causes for diarrhea.
 Stimulate discussion about ways to address  Addressing a problem successfully will require
the issues the project to focus on the underlying causes
 or issues that led to the problem in the first  The objectives are about what has to change
place. in the short term to get closer to achieving the
 In other words, the goal and objectives of a project goal.
project need to relate to the underlying
A well written ‘goal and objectives’ state who will
causes or issues.
achieve how much of what by when. Developing a
 Developing a clear and organized goal and
clear, achievable goal and objectives requires good
objectives that relate to each other requires
baseline data
some critical analysis of the problem.
Step 5: Determine what strategies will
Step 4: Determine contributing factors
be
and state objectives for the project
 After the objectives are developed, the
Contributing factors- are any aspects of behavior,
strategies are determined.
society or the environment that leads to the risk
 Strategies describe what it is that the project
factors developing. Contributing factors enable or
team will do to try and make the changes
reinforce the risk factors. They can relate to
required to achieve the objectives.
individual, financial, political, educational,
 Relationship between the goal, objectives and
environmental, or other issues.
strategies
Examples of contributing factors:
The process for planning a project begins with the big
 Lack of knowledge about low fat diets picture (issue of problem). It is an analysis of the big
(educational) and high cost of low-fat foods in picture issue that gives the framework for developing
the store (financial) are both contributing the plan- from the longer-term goal, to more specific
factors to the risk factor ‘eating a high fat diet’ objectives, down to the actual strategies, and finally
 Poor housing condition (environmental) and the detail of individual actions.
lack of home hygiene (behavioral) are both
Step 6: Develop the Action Plan
contributing factors to the risk factor’
exposure to bacteria and germs’ Once the strategies of the project are determined, the
project team can write the action plan. The action
Developing the project goal and objectives
plan includes all the specific activities, large and small,
The Goal and Objectives: that will need to be done to implement each of these
activities, when they will be completed and how they
 Make plan clear and focus those energies of
will be evaluated. The more detail that is worked out
the project team
for strategies, the easier it will be to accurately
 Let people know what they can expect to
identify all the activities to be done. If the project is
happen as a result of the project
large, with many stages, it may not be possible to
 Are the basis for planning the evaluation of
detail all the specific activities at the beginning of the
the project
project. Detailed documentation is also important for
Goal maintaining accountability within the team and
between the team and the community or funding
 The goal is about making changes to the risk agency. The action plan will also list the resources
factors addressed by project required to do the project successfully. Resources will
 The goal indicates what the planned, longer- be required throughout the whole project, from needs
term outcome of the project is assessment through putting strategies into action to
 It is also intended to inspire, motivate and final report writing. Resources can include human
focus people and encourage team resources, financial resources, materials, equipment
cooperation. and venues, dates.
Objectives Step 7: Sustain the Project
 Objectives state what changes the project will Planning for sustainability means thinking of ways to
make to the contributing factors. keep the project (or important parts of it) going after
 The objectives indicate what the impact will its official end. It then becomes an ongoing part of
be on the contributing factors during the time community activity. Many factors can threaten
frame of the project.
sustainability of the project. Project teams need to be develop their critical awareness of their
on the lookout for these factors and have a plan for existing condition, working with the people
dealing with them. Sustainability needs to be collectively and efficiently on their immediate
considered from the initial planning stages of a and long-term problems, and mobilizing the
project. people to develop their capability and
readiness to respond and take action on their
Step 8: Evaluate the project
immediate needs towards solving their long-
 Evaluating a project is about looking critically term problems (CO: A Manual of experience,
at what is happening in the project and PCPD- Philippine Center for Population and
making a judgment about its value, worth or Development)
benefit (see the word value in evaluate).  COPAR is an important tool for community
Evaluation is important because it can tell us: development and people empowerment as
 How the project is going this helps the community works to generate
 What effect it is having community participation in development
 What changes we need to make to improve it activities.
 Prepares people/client to eventually take over
Major steps in planning, sustaining and evaluating a
the management of a development programs
health promotion project
in the future.
1. Identify the issues or health problems in the  COPAR maximizes community participation
community. and involvement; community resources are
2. Prioritize the issues or health problems to mobilized for community services.
identify the one that the project will address.
Process
3. Identify risk factors and set the goal for the
project The sequence of step whereby members of a
4. Determine contributing factors and state community come together to critically assess to
objectives for the project evaluate community conditions and work together to
5. Determine what strategies will be improve those conditions.
6. Develop the action plan for the project. DO IT!
Structure
7. Sustain the project or keep the project (or
some parts of it) going Refers to a particular group of community members
8. Evaluate the project that work together for a common health and health
related goals.
Community Organization Participatory Action
Research (COPAR) COPAR is a vital part of public Emphasis
health nursing. COPAR aims to transform the
1. Community working to solve its own problem.
apathetic, individualistic and voiceless poor into
2. Direction is established internally and
dynamic, participatory and politically responsive
externally.
community.
3. Development and implementation of a
 A collective, participatory, transformative, specific project less important than the
liberative, sustained and systematic process of development of the capacity of the
building people’s organization by mobilizing community to established the project.
and enhancing the capabilities and resources 4. Consciousness raising involves perceiving
of the people for the resolution of their issues health and medical care within the total
and concerns towards effecting change in structure of society.
their existing oppressive and exploitative
Principles
conditions (1994 national Rural Conference).
 A process by which a community identifies its  People especially the most oppressed,
needs and objectives cooperative and exploited and deprived sectors are open to
collaborative attitudes and practices in the change, have the capacity to change and are
community (Ross 1967). able to bring about change.
 A continuous and sustained process of  COOPAR should be based on the interest of
educating the people to understand and the poorest sector of the community.
  COPAR should lead to a self-reliant  Develop community profiles for secondary
community and society. data
 Develop survey tools
Phases of COPAR
 Pay courtesy call to community leaders
1. Pre-entry Phase
Identifying Host Family
2. Entry Phase
3. Organization-building Phase  House is strategically located in the
4. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase community
 Should not belong to the rich segment
Pre-entry Phase
 Respected by both formal and informal
Is the initial phase of the organizing, where the leaders
community organizer looks for communities to serve  Neighbors are not hesitant to enter the house
and help. Activities include:  No member of the host family should be
moving out
Preparation of the Institution
Entry Phase
 Train faculty and students in COPAR
 Formulate plans for institutionalizing COPAR. Sometimes called the social preparation phase, it is
 Revise/enrich curriculum and immersion crucial in determining which strategies for organizing
programs would suit the chosen community. Success of the
 Coordinate participants of other departments. activities depend on how much the community
organizers has integrated with the community.
Site Selection
Guidelines for entry
 Initial networking with local government
 Conduct preliminary special investigation  Recognize the role of local authorities by
 Make long/short of potential communities paying them visits to inform their presence a
 Do ocular survey of listed communities d activity
 His/her appearance, speech, behavior and
Criteria for Initial Site Selection lifestyle should be in keeping with those of
 Must have a population of 100-200 families the community residents without disregard of
 Economically depressed. No strong resistance their being a role model.
from the community  Avoid raising the consciousness of the
 No serious peace and order problem. community residents; adopt a low-key profile.
 No similar group or organization holding the Activities in the entry phase
same program.
 Integration. Establishing rapport with the
Identifying Potential Municipalities people in continuing effort to imbibe
 Make long. short list of personnel community life. Living with the community,
municipalities seek out to converse with people where they
usually congregate, lend a hand I household
Identifying Potential Community chores and avoid gambling and drinking.
 Do the same process as in selecting  Deepening social investigation/community
municipality study. Verification and enrichment of data
 Consult key informants and residents. collected from initial survey, conduct baseline
 Coordinate with local government and NGOs survey by students, results relayed through
for future activities community assembly.

Choosing Final Community Core group Formation

 Conduct informal interviews with community  Leader spotting through sociogram

residents and key informants  Key Persons – approached by most people
 Determine the need of the program in the  Opinion Leader – approached by the key
community persons
 Take note of political development  Isolates – Never or hardly consulted.
 Organization-building Phase

Entails the formation of more formal structure and

the inclusion of more formal procedure of planning,
implementing, and evaluating community-wise
activities. It is at the phase where the organized
leaders or groups are being given training (formal,
informal, OJT) to develop their style in managing their
own concerns/programs.

Key activities

 Community Health Organization (CHO)

 Preparation of legal requirements
 Guidelines in the organization of the CHO by
the core group
 Election of Officers
 Research Team Committee
 Planning Committee
 Health Committee Organization
 Formation of by-laws by the CHO
 Others

Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

Occurs when the community organization has already

established and the community members ar already
actively participating in community-wide
undertakings. At this point, the different community’s
setup in the organization-building phase is already
expected to be functioning by way of planning,
implementing and evaluating their own programs,
with the overall guidance from the community-wide
organization.

Key activities

 Training of CHO for monitoring and

implementing of community health program
 Identification of secondary leaders
 Link aging and networking
 Conduct of mobilization on health and
development concerns
CPHM LAB
 Implementation of live hood projects.

Critical Steps VITAL SIGNS

1. Integration  Is the baseline procedure. It reflects the
2. Social Investigation body’s physiological status and ability to
3. Tentative Program Planning regulate temperature, maintain local and
4. Groundwork systematic blood flow and oxygenated tissues.
5. Meeting  Changes in vital signs can indicate sudden or
6. Role play gradual changes in clients’ status. Significant
7. Mobilization or action changes should be reported immediately to
8. Evaluation the charges nurse and physician.
9. Reflection
10. Organization
VITAL SIGNS are physical signs that indicate and  Rise and fall of the body temperature.
individual is alive, such as heart beat, breathing rate,  Temperature old people, people with
temperature, blood pressures and recently oxygen diabetes, babies and young children
saturation. typically feel more comfortable at
higher temperatures.
 This signs may be observed, measured, and
monitored to assess and individual’s level of PURPOSE OF THE BODY
physical functioning. TEMPERATURE
 Normal vital signs change with age, sex,
1. To obtain baseline date on admission to the
weight, exercise tolerance, and condition.
hospital
THE 4 CARDINAL SIGNS OF VITAL SIGNS 2. To guard against hyperthermia or
hypothermia
1. Body temperature 3. To monitor the client’s response to a
2. Pulse rate procedure or therapy
3. Respiratory rate 4. To detect and follow the cause of febrile
4. Blood pressure illness.
VITAL SIGNS MUST BE MEASURED, REPORTED, AND 5 PRIMARY FACTORS THAT AFFECTS
RECORDED ACCURATELY IF YOU ARE NOT SURE OF A HEAT PRODUCTION IN THE BODY
MEASUREMENT, RECHECK IT.
1. Basal metabolic rate
WHEN TO TAKE VITAL SIGNS  Amount of energy release in the body
1. On the client’s admission to hospital or requires to maintain essential activity.
extended care facility  BMS vary with age and sex (the younger the
2. In a hospital on a routine frequency according person, the higher is the BSM. Male has
to a physician order. higher BMS than female)
3. During a client visit to a clinic or to a 2. Muscular activities
physician’s office  Muscles exercises increases heat production.
4. Before and after a surgical procedure 3. Thyroxin
5. Before and after and invasive diagnostic  A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland,
procedure essential for normal growth and metabolism.
6. Before and after administration of medication Increase in thyroxin output increases the rate
that affects cardiovascular and respiratory of cellular metabolism. Increases heat
functions production.
7. Whenever the client’s general condition 4. Epinephrine, nor-epinephrine and
suddenly worsens. sympathetic activity
8. Before nursing interventions that may  Epinephrine and norepinephrine – chief
influence any one of the vital signs. hormone of normal adrenal medulla. Increase
(Ambulating after a week of bed rest). in these hormones immediately increases the
9. Whenever the client reports to the nurse any rate of cellular metabolism in many body
none specific symptoms of physical stress. tissue. (e.g., liver and muscles tissues)
10. Whenever clients present symptoms of  Sympathetic stimulation of brown fats cells
confusion and disorientation. stimulated they produce a large amount of
heat.
A. Body Temperature
5. Body temperature
 Normal body temperature is
 Fever increases metabolic rate. The presence
maintained through a balance
of fever increases the body’s temperature
between heat production and heat
further.
loss is affected largely by the central
nervous system control by center 4 PHYSICAL PROCESS OF HEAT LOSS
located in the HYPOTHALAMUS.
1. Radiation
(Located below the thalamus of the
 Is the transfer of heat from the surface of one
midbrain nearest to the pituitary
object to the surface of another without
gland)
contact with two objects. Example. UV rays of
 the sun, 60% heat loss by a nude person TWO SCALES OF MEASURING BODY
standing in a room at a normal room TEMPERATURE
temperature.
 Fahrenheit scales (F) – is named after Gabriel
2. Evaporation
Daniel Fahrenheit, a German physicist who
 Or vaporation Is the process by which water is
invented the mercury thermometer in 1714.
converted into steam.
In these scale water freezes at 32 F and boils
3. Convection
at F
 Is the movement of heat from one another by
 Celsius scale or a centigrade(C) – is named
current of heat of fluids. Transfer of heat from
after Swedish scientist Andres Celsius who
the hotter to the colder part. Ex electric fan
proposed the scale at which the freezing point
4. Conduction
of water is C and the boiling is 100C.
 Is the transfer of heat from any substance like
air, water and clothing which comes in Temperature is measured in either Celsius or
contact with the body. Ex. Sponge bath. Fahrenheit, with a fever defined as greater then 38-
38.5 C or 101-101.5 F.
FACTORS AFFECTING TEMPERATURE
MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION TWO TYPES OF BODY TEMPERATURE

1. Environmental temperature Core temperature

 Brief exposure to extreme cold stimulates the
 Temperature of the deep tissues of the body
body to produce more heat.
 Remains relatively constant unless exposed to
 Too much exposure to the sun by the use of
sever extremes in environmental temperature
warm clothing heat regulates.
 Assessed by using a thermometer
2. Diurnal variations
 The body temperature generally lowest in the Surface temperature
early morning and highest in the afternoon
 Temperature of the skin
and early evening following the day’s activity.
 May vary a great deal in response to the
3. Exercise
environment
 Heat production is increase by exercise dur to
 Assessed by touching the skin
increases call activity.
4. Specific dynamics action of food COMMON SITES FOR BODY TEMPERATURE
 The oxidation and combustion of food
 Mouth (oral)
released heat producing energy covertly in
 Place in the posterior sublingual
starvation.
pocket of the tongue
5. Hormonal activity
 Contraindicated in infant and children
 Any factors that increase activities
below 6 years old, unconscious
consequently raises heat production. Ex.
patient and those receiving oxygen
Progesterone secretion at the tome of
therapy, confused and with convulsive
ovulation raises the body temperature.
disorder.
6. Age
 Taken 5 to 7 minutes.
 New born and children normally have higher
 Rectum (rectal or anal)
body temperature than adult’s period.
 Most accurate but inconvenient and
Normally ranges from 97.7 to 99.9F to 36.5 to
unpleasant
37.5 C
 Taken 3 minutes
 75 years are at risk for hypothermia due to
 Axilla (armpit)
inadequate diet, less activity and loss of
 Preferred in children and fastest.
subcutaneous fats.
 Ear
7. Stress
 Highly stresses or anxious client could have an SITE NORMAL RANGE
elevated body temperature. Stress can ORAL 98.6 97.6 TO 99.6
stimulate sympathetic nervous system leading RECTAL 99.6 98.6 TO 100.6
to the increase in production of epinephrine AXILLARY 97.6 96.6 TO 98.6
TYMPANIC 98.6 98.6
and norepinephrine.
TEMPORAL 98.6 98.6
8. Food, fluid and smoking
 1. To obtain a baseline measure of the client’s
heart rate and rhythm.
3 TYPES OF THERMOMETER
2. To monitor changes in the client’s
a. Mercury fluid cardiovascular status.
b. Electronic 3. To monitor the hearts response to a disease,
 Battery operated unit procedure or therapy.
c. Disposable chemical / digital thermometer 4. To assess blood flow to a specific body part.
 Thermometer is inserted in the client’s tongue  Infant rates range from 100-160 beats
and left in place for the time recommended per minutes.
by the manufacture. Ex. 45 sec  4 years of age ranges from 80-120
beats per minutes.
Tympanic thermometer – measures the temperature
 Adolescent and adults ranges from
in the tympanic membrane (Eardrum) fast and
60-100 beats per minutes.
accurate-1 to 3 seconds
PULSE SITE
Infants- pull the ear straight back
1. Apical – apex of the heart (central pulse)
Adults and children over 1 year – pull ear up and 2. Temporal pulse – temporal bond (superior
back. and lateral to the eye)
PARTS OF THE TEMPERATURE 3. Carotid pulse – site of the neck, below the
lobe of the ear.
 Bulb or mercury bulb 4. Radial – palpated at the thumb side of the
 Stem of the body inner aspect of the wrist.
 Mercury 5. Femoral pulse – palpated between the
TERMINOLOGIES anterior iliac spines.
6. Brachial pulse – antecubital space (medially)
1. Pyrexia – in a lay term “FEVER” an elevated 7. Popliteal pulse – palpated in the popliteal
body temperature result is higher than the forsa (knee crease)
normal value of 39.5  8. Dorsalis pulse – palpated along the top of the
2. Hypothermia – an abnormally low body foot pedal.
temperature. Body temperature falls below 9. Posterior pulse – palpated on the inner side
34.5 and could lead to death. of each ankle.
3. Hyperthermia – an abnormally high body
temperature. A very high fever about 41. COUNTING A PULSE
B. Pulse Usually count a pulse for 30 secs and multiply the
 The ventricular contraction number times 2 to get the pulse rate for 1 minute.
approximately 60-100 ml of blood
enters the aorta, distending the aortic  Note the rhythm (pattern) of the heart beat –
walls and creating the pulse wave. if is irregular we count the pulse for a full
 Pulse wave of blood created by the minute
contraction by the left ventricle of the  Also observe the force (strength) of the
heart. heartbeat.
 Most common site used for taking a pulse
AGE HEART RATE  Can be taken without disturbing or exposing
(beats/min) the person
INFANTS 120-160  Place the first two or three fingers of one
TODDLERS 90-140 hand against the radial artery
PRESCHOOLERS 80-110  The radial artery is on the thumbs side of the
SCHOOL AGERS 75-100
wrist
ADOLESCENT 60-90
 Do not use your thumb to take a person’s
ADULTH 60-100
pulse
 Use gently pressure
PURPOSE OF PULSE ASSESSMENT  Count the pulse for 30 seconds and multiply
by two
Wrist pulse - The pulse rate may fluctuate and 3. Bradypnea – decrease respiratory rate.
increase with exercise, illness, injury, and emotions. 4. Dyspnea – difficult and painful breathing
Girls ages 12 and older and women, in general, tend 5. Tachypnea – fast shallow breathing there is
to have faster heart rates than do boys and men. an increase of respiratory rate.
6. Kassmaul respiration – air hunger. A rapid or
Neck pulse - If the rate is particularly slow or fast, it is
intense respiration.
probably best to measure for a full 60 seconds in
7. Orthopnea – breathing easier when person sit
order to minimize the error.
or stand.
DEFINITION OF TERMS 8. Biot’s respiration – irregular in rate and depth
without emerging patterns.
1. Tachycardia – increase beats about 100
9. Hyperventilation- refers to very deep, rapid
2. Bradycardia – beats lower than 60
respiration
3. Bouncing pulse – a pulse that reaches higher
10. Hypoventilation – refers to shallow
level than normal then disappears quickly
respiration.
4. Feeble, weak, thread pulse – terms use for a
pulse whose volume is small and can blew PARTS OF THE STETHOSCOPE
readily liberated. Very weak but rapid.
1. DIAPHRAGM
5. Running pulse – a pulse rate that is too fast to
2. EARPIECE
counted sometimes difficult to count.
3. TUBE OR STEM
C. Respiration
 Act of breathing which include the intake of
oxygen and output of carbon dioxide. Always clean the earpieces of the stethoscope
 Process of oxygen intake and carbon dioxide with alcohol before and after use.
output by the lungs Warm the diaphragm in your hand before
 Normal respiration rate 12-20 breaths per placing it on the person.
minutes Hold the diaphragm in place over the artery
 Respiratory center located at the medulla or Do not let the tubing strike against anything
brain stem while the stethoscope is being used.
PURPOSE OF RESPIRATION ASSESSMENT Respiration rates may increase with fever,
illness. When checking respiration, also note
1. To obtain baseline data on respiratory rate whether a person has any difficulty breathing.
and characteristics  Instruct your patients to avoid coffee,
2. To monitor effect by pathologic condition smoking or any other unprescribed
such as infection on the client respiration. drug with sympathomimetic activity
3. To monitor the client’s response to a specific on the of the measurement.
therapy.
D.BLOOD PRESSURE
4 INTERRELATED PROCESSES OF  Is force exerted by the blood against
RESPIRATION the arterial walls.
 Consists of systolic and diastolic
1. Ventilation – the movement of air into and
pressure. SYSTOLIC is the pressure of
out of the lungs
the blood as a result of the
2. Conduction – the movement of air through
contraction of the ventricles.
lung airways
DIASTOLIC is the pressure when the
3. Diffusion – the movement of oxygen and
ventricles are at rest.
carbon dioxide between the alveoli and red
 120/80 mmHg normal for adult
blood cells.
 105/65 mmHg for children
4. Perfusion – the distribution of blood flow
 Pulse pressure – the difference
though pulmonary capillaries.
between the systolic and diastolic
DEFINITION OF TERMS pressure.
 Reflect to the output of blood volume,
1. Eupnea – normal breathing. Inspiration is
peripheral blood viscosity, arterial
1.5sec, expiration 2-3 sec.
(effect the blood pressure)
2. Apnea – absence of breathing
  Viscosity – the sticky of the blood.

Systolic blood pressure is the pressure at which you

can first hear the pulse.

 In systolic 140 or below is a normal

systolic reading.

Diastolic blood pressure is the last pressure at which

you can still hear the pulse.

 In diastolic 90 or below is a normal

diastolic reading.

Avoid moving your hands or the head of the

stethoscope while you are taking readings as this may
produce noise that can obscure the sounds of
karatkoff.
PURPOSE OF THE BLOOD PRESSURE
ASSESSMENT
 sitting position
1. To obtain baseline blood pressure
 arm and back are supported
measurements.
 feet should be resting firmly on the floor
2. To assess the client’s cardiovascular status
 feet not dangling.
3. To assess thew client’s response to blood or
fluid volume loss after surgery, childbirth, -raise patient arm so that the branchial artery is
trauma or burns. roughly at the same height as the heart. If the arm is
4. To evaluate the client’s response to charges in held too high, the reading will be artifactually lowered
his condition after treatment with fluids, and vice versa.
medication, or other therapies.
-listen for auditory vibrations from artery ”
KOROTKOFF’S SOUNDS – the sound that can hear. bump,bump,bump” (Korotkoff).
Gradually lowered. When taking a blood pressure
PARTS OF SPHYMOMANOMETER
using a stethoscope, the nurse identities FIVE
PHASES in the series of sounds called KOROTKOFF. 1. Cuff
2. Scale
1st systolic – pressure of blood as a result of
3. Pump/ Bulb
contraction of the ventricle. Faint, clear and
4. Regulator / Valve
tapping sounds are hears. (Identify at least two
consecutive tapping sounds. DEFINITION OF TERMS

2nd murmuring sounds or swishing, soft blowing 1. Hypertension – abnormally high BP over
sound. 140mmHg systolic and/or 90 mmHg diastolic
confirmed by minimum of 2 consecutive visits.
3rd more crisper
2. Hypotension – abnormally low BP with
4th maffled systolic below 100 mmHg.

5th disappearing sounds. FACTORS INFLUENCING BLOOD PRESSURE

Instrument used – SPHYGMOMANOMETER  Age

 Stress
2 TYPES OF SPHYGMOMANOMETER  Ethnicity
1. Aneroid  Gender
2. Mercury  Daily variation
 Medications
 Activity, weight
 Smoking
 Femal Age SBP DBP  Aging
e 21-25 115.5 70.5  Kidney disease
26-30 113.5 71.5  Vascular conditions
31-35 110.5 72.5  Hypertension is often called the “silent killer”
36-40 112.5 74.5
41-45 116.5 73.5 -physician will want to see multiple blood pressure
46-50 124 78.5 measurements over several days or weeks before
51-55 122.5 74.5 making a diagnosis of hypertension and imitating
56-50 132.5 78.5 treatment.
61-65 130.5 77.5
10 HERBAL PLANTS
APPROVED BY DOH
Age Group Female Male
15 to 18 117/77 mmHg 120/85 mmHg 1. AKAPULKO / ACAPULKO
19 to 24 120/79 mmHg 120/79 mmHg
Scientific name: Cassia Alata
25 to 29 120/80mmHg 121/80 mmHg
30 to 35 122/81mmHg 123/82 mmHg Common name: Ring Worm Bush
36 to 39 123/82mmHg 124/83 mmHg
40 to 45 124/83mmHg 125/83 mmHg Mode of action:
46 to 50 126/84mmHg 127/84 mmHg
 It contains chrysophanic acid, a fungicide used
51 to 55 129/85mmHg 128/85 mmHg
to treat fungal infections, like; ringworms,
56 to 60 130/86mmHg 131/87 mmHg
scabies and eczema.
60 and above 134/87mmHg 135/88 mmHg
Indication:

BLOOD PRESSURE  Treatment of skin disease

CATEGORIES  Tinea infections, insect bites, ringworms.
BLOOD PRESSURE SYSTOL DIASTOL Eczema, scabies and itchiness.
CATEGORY IC IC 2. AMPALAYA
mmHg mmHg
Scientific name: Momordica Charantia
(upper (lower
numbe number Common name: Bitter Gourd
r) )
NORMAL Less And Less Mode of action:
than than 80
 It increases the production of beta cells by the
120
pancreas, thus improving the body’s ability to
ELEVATED 120- And Less
129 than 80 produce insulin, which controls the blood
HIGHBLOOD 130- Or 80-89 sugar for diabetes.
PRESSURE(HYPERTEN 139 Indication:
SION) STAGE 1
HIGH BLOOD 140 or Or 90 or  Lower blood sugar levels.
PRESSURE higher higher 3. Bayabas
(HYPERTENSIO)
STAGE 2 Scientific name: Psidium guajava
HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS Higher And/ Higher Common name: Guyabas
(consult your doctor than or than
immediately) 180 120 Mode of action:

 Has antidiarrheal effect, antibacterial

CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION antiamebic and antispasmodic activity. It has
shown to have a tranquilizing effect on
 Stress
intestinal smooth muscle, inhibit chemical
 Anxiety
processes found in diarrhea and aid in the re-
 Obesity
absorption of water in the intestines.
 High salt intake
 Indication:  Anti-helmenthic
8. Ulansimang Bato
 Antiseptic and astringent
 Kills bacteria, fungi and amoeba Scientific name: Peperomia Pellucida
 Used to treat diarrhea
Common name: Pansit-Pasitan
4. YERBA BUENA
Indication:
Scientific name: Mentha Cordifelia
 Lower uric acid
Common name: Pepper Mint
 Helps prevent rheumatism and gout
Indication: 9. Sambong

 Arthritis Scientific name: Camphor

 Toothaches
Indication:
 Relief of intestinal gas
 Stomach aches  Diuretic agent
 Headaches  Effective in dissolving kidney stones
 Mouthwash  Relieves stomach pains
 Indigestion 10. Tsang gubat
5. BAWANG
Scientific name: Carmona Retusa
Scientific name: Allium Sativum
Common name: Tsa
Common name: Ajos
Mode of action:
Mode of action:
 Has high fluoride content, it is used as a
 It contains antibacterial compound known as mouth gargle for preventing tooth decay
allicin. Garlic juice inhibits the growth of fungi
and a virus thus prevents viral, yeast and Indication:
fungal infections. Garlic was said to have  Stomach pains gastroenteritis
positive result in lowering cholesterol and  Intestinal motility dysentery
blood pressure.  Diarrhea
Indication:  Mouth gargle

 Helps lower bad cholesterol level

 Aids in lowering blood pressure
 Relieves toothache
 With anticoagulant properties
6. LAGUNDI

Scientific name: Vitex Negundo

Indication:

 Asthma, cough and fever

 Skin diseases (dermatitis, scabies, ulcer,
eczema) and wounds
 Headache
 Rheumatism, sprain, contusion and insect
bites.
7. Niyog-niyugan

Scientific name: Quisqualis indica

Common name: Chines Honey Suckle

Indication: