The Definite Integral Summation

THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Introduction
This deals with the different properties of definite integral which will be used in solving
problems related to engineering
Objective:
 To apply the concept of indefinite Integrals.
Lesson 1.Summation Notation
Often mathematical formulae require the addition of many variables Summation or sigma
notation is a convenient and simple form of shorthand used to give a concise expression for a
sum of the values of a variable.
Often mathematical formulae require the addition of many variables Summation or sigma
notation is a convenient and simple form of shorthand used to give a concise expression for a
sum of the values of a variable.
Let x1, x2, x3, …xn denote a set of n numbers. x1 is the first number in the set. xi represents the ith
number in the set.
Summation notation involves:
The summation sign appears as the symbol, ∑, which is the Greek upper case letter, S. The
summation sign, ∑, instructs us to sum the elements of a sequence. A typical element of the
sequence which is being summed appears to the right of the summation sign.
The variable of summation, i.e. the variable which is being represented by an index which is
placed beneath the summation sign. The index is often represented by i. (Other common
possibilities for representation of the index are j and t.) The index appears as the expression i = 1.
The index assumes values starting with the value on the right hand side of the equation and
ending with the value above the summation sign.
The starting point for the summation or the lower limit of the summation
The stopping point for the summation or the upper limit of summation
Some typical examples of summation
This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending with xn.
This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending with x10.
This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x3 and ending with x10.
The limits of summation are often understood to mean i = 1 through n. Then the
notation below and above the summation sign is omitted. Therefore this expression
means sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending with xn.
This expression means sum the squared values of x, starting at x1 and ending with xn.
Arithmetic operations may be performed on variables within the summation.
For example:
This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending with
xn and then square the sum.
Arithmetic operations may be performed on expressions containing more than one variable.
For example:
This expression means form the product of x multiplied by y, starting at x1 and y1 and
ending with xn and yn and then sum the products.
In this expression c is a constant, i.e. an element which does not involve the variable of
summation and the sum involves n elements.
Evaluation:
n
1. ∑ 12 i
3
i=1
n
2. ∑ ( 8i−3 )
i=1
n
3. ∑ (12i ¿ + 4 i) ¿
2
i=1
n
4. ∑ i(i +2)
2
i−1
n
5. ∑ i(i−1)(i+1)
i−1
Lesson 2 The Definite Integral
A definite integral is an integral
(1)
with upper and lower limits. If is restricted to lie on the real line, the definite integral is known
as a Riemann integral (which is the usual definition encountered in elementary textbooks).
However, a general definite integral is taken in the complex plane, resulting in the contour
integral
(2)
with , , and in general being complex numbers and the path of integration from to known as
a contour.
The first fundamental theorem of calculus allows definite integrals to be computed in terms of
indefinite integrals, since if is the indefinite integral for a continuous function , then
(3)
This result, while taught early in elementary calculus courses, is actually a very deep result
connecting the purely algebraic indefinite integral and the purely analytic (or geometric) definite
integral. Definite integrals may be evaluated in the Wolfram Language using Integrate[f, x, a, b ].
The question of which definite integrals can be expressed in terms of elementary functions is not
susceptible to any established theory. In fact, the problem belongs to transcendence theory,
which appears to be "infinitely hard." For example, there are definite integrals that are equal to
the Euler-Mascheroni constant . However, the problem of deciding whether can be expressed
in terms of the values at rational values of elementary functions involves the decision as to
whether is rational or algebraic, which is not known.
Integration rules of definite integration include
(4)
and
(5)
For ,
(6)
If is continuous on and is continuous and has an antiderivative on an interval containing

the values of for , then
Example #1
The Definite Integral, from 1 to 2, of 2x dx:
The Indefinite Integral is: ∫2x dx = x2 + C
 At x=1: ∫2x dx = 12 + C
 At x=2: ∫2x dx = 22 + C
Subtract:
(22 + C) − (12 + C)
22 + C − 12 − C
4−1+C−C=3
And "C" gets cancelled out ... so with Definite Integrals we can ignore C.
In fact we can give the answer directly like this:
Example #2
The Definite Integral, from 0.5 to 1.0, of cos(x) dx:

(Note: x must be in radians)
The Indefinite Integral is: ∫cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C
We can ignore C when we do the subtraction (as we saw above):
= sin(1) − sin(0.5)
= 0.841... − 0.479...
= 0.362...
Evaluation:
2
1. ∫ 3 x 2 dx
o
3
2. ∫ ( x +4 ) dx
1
1
3. ∫ 2 x ( x−1 ) dx
o
2
4. ∫ (x ¿ +2 x +1)dx ¿
2
4
5. ∫ ( x −4 x ) dx
2
11.3 Some Properties of the Definite Integral
b
Recall that in defining the definite integral ∫ f ( x ) dx , we have specified that a < b . if f is defined
a
or continues on ( b, a ), that is b< a, then we define the definite integral from a to b as
b a
E(11.11) ∫ f ( x ) dx = - ∫ f ( x ) dx
a b
If a = b , then E(11.11) becomes

a
E(11.12) ∫ f ( x ) dx=0
b
If it continues on ( a, b ) and a < c < b, then
b c b
E(11.13) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
a a c
11.4 Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

b
In general, the definite integral ∫ f ( x ) dx is not easy to evaluate by using E(11.8)
a
If f(x) continues on the closed interval (a,b), and if F(x) is the indefinite integral of f(x), I,e, F(x) = f(x),
then
n b
Lim ∑ f ( z 1 ¿ ) ∆ x 1=∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b )−F (a) ¿
i=1 a
SAQ(Self- Assessment Questionnaire)

Evaluation:
2
1. ∫ (3 x ¿−2 x +1) dx ¿
2
4
2. ∫ x (2−√ x ¿ )dx ¿
1
3
4
3. ∫ (3 x +
2
2¿
) dx ¿
1 x
o
4. ∫ √ 4−2 x dx
−6
√7
5. ∫ √ 1+ x 2 . xdx
3

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THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Summation notation involves:

A definite integral is an integral

Integration rules of definite integration include

If is continuous on and is continuous and has an antiderivative on an interval containing

The Definite Integral, from 1 to 2, of 2x dx:

The Indefinite Integral is: ∫2x dx = x2 + C

In fact we can give the answer directly like this:

The Definite Integral, from 0.5 to 1.0, of cos(x) dx:

The Indefinite Integral is: ∫cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C

We can ignore C when we do the subtraction (as we saw above):

11.3 Some Properties of the Definite Integral

If a = b , then E(11.11) becomes

11.4 Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

SAQ(Self- Assessment Questionnaire)

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