Name: DINDO, REMEA MAE B.

BSBA MM-1

A. Below is table that you will use to summarize the characteristics of the various types of
Western Art (both visual and auditory arts). Fill-in the distinct characteristics of each
period and determine how each characteristic is being used in any of today’s modern
art.

WESTERN ART CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE OF MODERN ART

PERIOD
Greek Art  greeks glorified humans as most  The Birth of Venus by Sandro
important creatures in universe. Botticelli
 symbolized peoples pride in city-states.
 art expressed greek ideals of harmony
balance order and moderation.
 art combined beauty and usefulness.
Roman Art  the technique of painting mosaics and
murals and emphasized natural  Fresco from the Villa of the
themes such as landscapes and Mysteries. Pompeii, 80 BC
narrative themes drawn from literature
and mythology.
 The primary colors used in Roman
painting were deep red, yellow, green,
violet and black.
Medieval Art  include elaborately decorative  Mosaic of Jesus Christ in
patterns, bright colors, iconography, Istanbul, Turkey.
and Christian subject matter.
 Artworks such as mosaics, frescoes, and
relief sculptures were often found inside
churches and monasteries to assist
monks in the teachings of the Christian
Bible.
Renaissance Art  A positive willingness to learn and  San Marco Altarpiece by Fra
explore. Angelico
 Faith in the nobility of man- Humanism
 The discovery and mastery of linear
perspective.
 Rebirth of Naturalism.
 Secularism
Mannerism Art  is characterized by artificiality and  Deposition from the Cross by
artiness, by a thoroughly self- Jacopo Da Pontormo
conscious cultivation of elegance and
technical facility, and by a
sophisticated indulgence in the
bizarre.
Baroque Art  are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama,  Still-Life with Fruits, Shells and
dynamism, movement, tension, Insects by Balthasar van der
emotional exuberance, and a tendency Ast
to blur distinctions between the various
arts.
 Rococo Art  are recognized by their opulent  Le Dejeuner, or The Breakfast,
decoration and aesthetically pleasing by Francois Boucher
visuals. That being said, there is a
marked difference in the tone that each
style creates. Rococo has a more
private, soft, pleasing feel.
Neo- Classicism  is characterized by clarity of form,  The Oath of Horatii by
sober colors, shallow space, strong Jacques-Louis David
horizontal and verticals that render
that subject matter timeless instead of
temporal as in the dynamic Baroque
works, and Classical subject matter or
classicizing contemporary subject matter.
Romanticism  the qualities most frequently associated  Wanderer above the Sea of
with the Baroque are grandeur, Fog by Caspar David Friedrich.
sensuous richness, drama,
dynamism, movement, tension,
emotional exuberance, and a
tendency to blur distinctions between
the various arts.
Realism  in the arts, the accurate, detailed,  The Gleaners by Jean-
unembellished depiction of nature or François Millet
of contemporary life.
 Realism rejects imaginative idealization
in favour of a close observation of
outward appearances.
Impressionism  describes a style of painting developed in  Woman with a Parasol by
France during the mid-to-late 19th Claude Monet
century; characterizations of the style
include small, visible brushstrokes
that offer the bare impression of form,
unblended color and an emphasis on
the accurate depiction of natural light.
Post-  extended the use of vivid colors, thick  La Goulue arriving at the
application of paint, distinctive brush Moulin Rouge by Henri de
Impressionism Toulouse-Lautrec
strokes, and real-life subject matter, and
were more inclined to emphasize
geometric forms, distort forms for
expressive effect, and to use unnatural
or arbitrary colors in their compositions.
Neo-  is characterised by the use of the  A Sunday Afternoon on La
divisionist technique (often popularly but Grande Jatte by Georges
Impressionism Seurat
incorrectly called pointillism, a term Paul
Signac repudiated). Divisionism
attempted to put impressionist painting
of light and colour on a scientific
basis by using an optical mixture of
colours. Instead of mixing colours on
the palette, which reduces intensity,
the primary-colour components of
each colour were placed separately
on the canvas in tiny dabs so they
would mix in the spectator’s eye.
Optically mixed colours move towards
white so this method gave greater
luminosity.
 Art Noveau  typically employed intricate curvilinear  Alphonse Mucha, Princess
patterns of sinuous asymetrical lines, Hyazinthe, 1911
often based on plant-forms
(sometimes derived from La Tene forms
of Celtic art). Floral and other plant
inspired motifs are popular Art Nouveau
designs, as are female silhouettes and
forms.
Fauvism  was known for bold, vibrant, almost  Woman with a Hat by Henri
acidic colours used in unusual Matisse
juxtaposition, and an intuitive, highly
gestural application of paint. The
artists of Fauvism were experimenting
with the ways in which colour could be
liberated from subject matter.
Expressionism  a high level of dissonance.  Starry Night by Van Gogh
 extreme contrasts of dynamics.
 constantly changing textures.
 'distorted' melodies and harmonies.
 angular melodies with wide leaps.
 extremes of pitch.
Cubism  style emphasized the flat, two-  Portrait of Pablo Picasso by
dimensional surface of the picture Juan Gris
plane, rejecting the traditional
techniques of perspective,
foreshortening, modeling, and
chiaroscuro and refuting time-honoured
theories that art should imitate nature.
Futurism  early 20th-century artistic movement  Dynamism of a Car by Luigi
centred in Italy that emphasized the Russolo (1913)
dynamism, speed, energy, and power
of the machine and the vitality,
change, and restlessness of modern
life.

B. How do you think did the various time periods and art movements influenced the
development of Western culture? Cite specific examples to recognize the specific
contributions of the different time periods and art movements.

 MEDIEVAL ART

- following the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D., the Middle Ages,
sometimes known as the "Dark Ages," signified a period of economic and
cultural decline. Much of the early artwork from the time reflects this darkness,
with hideous motifs and terrible settings. During this time, art was mostly
focused on the Church. As the first millennium progressed, increasingly
complex and ornately decorated churches appeared, with biblical motifs and
figures from Greek mythology adorning windows and silhouettes.
- The illuminated manuscript and Gothic building styles both emerged during this
time period. The catacombs in Rome, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, the Lindisfarne
Gospels, one of the best-known examples of the illuminated manuscript, and
Notre Dame, a Parisian cathedral and renowned example of Gothic
architecture, are all definitive examples of important art from this period.
 RENAISSANCE ART
- A concentration on nature and independence, the idea of man as independent and self-reliant, characterized
this school of painting, sculpture, and decorative art. Though these principles existed in the late Middle Ages,
they reached their pinnacle in the 15th and 16th centuries, coinciding with social and economic
transformations such as secularization.
- The Medici, a wealthy merchant family who fiercely supported the arts and humanism, a variety of beliefs and
ideologies that places focus on the human realm, were instrumental in bringing the Renaissance to its
pinnacle in Florence, Italy. During this time, prominent
inventors included Italian designer Filippo Brunelleschi and
artist Donatello.
- From 1490 to 1527, the High Renaissance produced great
painters such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and
Raphael, who each provided creative power and
spearheaded principles of emotional expression. Realism,
attention to detail, and a rigorous study of human anatomy
were all hallmarks of Renaissance art. Artists exploited linear
perspective and used powerful lighting and shading to create
depth. Shortly after the High Renaissance, when
confrontations between Christianity and humanism gave
place to Mannerism, art began to evolve stylistically.

 MANNERISM
- The ideals of Michelangelo, Raphael, and other Late Renaissance artists inspired
Mannerist artists, but their attention on style and technique overshadowed the
meaning of the subject matter. Figures were frequently depicted with graceful,
stretched limbs, petite heads, stylised features, and exaggerated details. Instead
of depending on the Renaissance predecessors' classical ideas of harmonious
composition and linear perspective, this resulted in more complicated, stylized
compositions.
- Giorgio Vasari, Francesco Salviati, Domenico Beccafumi, and Bronzino, often
regarded as the most significant Mannerist painter in Florence at the period, are
among the most well-known Mannerist painters.

 BAROQUE
- Following Mannerism, the Baroque period produced rich, extravagant
visual arts and architecture. It was marked by grandeur and opulence,
interrupted by a desire to enlarge human mind and discover the world.
Baroque artists used a variety of styles.
- Drama defined Baroque art, as evidenced by the classic works of Italian
painter Caravaggio and Dutch painter Rembrandt. Painters used strong
contrasts of light and dark, as well as powerful compositions with vibrant
color palettes.
 ROCOCO
- Rococo is a style of ornamental art, painting, architecture, and
sculpture that started in Paris. In contrast to the exuberance of the
Baroque, the aesthetic presented a softer type of decorative art.
Lightness and elegance characterize Rococo, which emphasizes
natural shapes, asymmetrical design, and subtle hues.
- Lighthearted approaches, lush brushwork, and new colors were
used by painters like Antoine Watteau and Francois Boucher. Silver,
china, and French furniture were all popular in the Rococo period.
Curving curves, floral motifs, and an expressive use of gold adorned
several chairs and armoires.

 NEO-CLASSICISM
- The Neoclassical period, as its name suggests, was influenced by ancient
antiquity. Archaeological ruins of ancient civilizations uncovered at the period
in Athens and Naples revived interest in the past, and painters set out to
replicate the great works of ancient art. This rekindled interest in the classical
ideas of harmony, simplicity, and proportion.
- Classical characteristics impacted Neoclassical artists, particularly a stress on
idealism. They have to include modern, historically accurate depictions in their
creations. For example, in his marble statues, Italian sculptor Antonio Canova
drew on classical aspects while avoiding the chilly artificiality that
characterized many of these early works.

 ROMANTICISM
- From painting to music to literature, Romanticism encompasses a wide
spectrum of disciplines. Order, harmony, and logic, which were valued in both
classical and Neoclassical art, are rejected by the ideals present in each of
these art forms. Romantic artists, on the other hand, emphasized the individual
and imagination. Another distinguishing Romantic ideal was a passion for
nature, with many painters resorting to plein air painting, which allowed them to
work outside instead of within. Passion, emotion, and sensation were also
prioritized by artists over logic and reason.
- Henry Fuseli, whose bizarre, gruesome paintings explored the dark corners of
human psychology, and William Blake, whose mysterious writings and images
revealed mystical experiences and his disillusionment in society limits, are two
prominent Romantic painters.
 REALISM
- In the 1840s, Realism, arguably the earliest contemporary art
trend, originated in France. The anti-Romantic movement in
Germany, the rise of journalism, and the invention of photography
all contributed to the development of realism. Each one piqued my
interest in depicting everyday life with precision. The movement's
art, which offered realistic, lifelike renderings of subject matter,
reflected this devotion to accuracy.
- Gustave Courbet, a French artist dedicated to painting just what
he could physically see, was one of the most prominent pioneers
of the Realist movement.

 ART NOUVEAU
- Art Nouveau, which means "New Art," was an attempt to create a wholly original
movement free of any imitation of previous forms. Applied arts, graphics, and
illustration were all greatly inspired by this movement. It was inspired by nature
and featured long, flowing lines and curves.
- Architects, graphic and interior designers, jewelers, and painters were among
the influential Art Nouveau artists. Alphonse Mucha, a Czechoslovakian graphic
artist, is best known for his theater posters featuring French actress Sarah
Bernhardt. Antoni Gaudi, a Spanish architect and sculptor, created bending,
brightly colored structures such as the Basilica de la Sagrada Familia in
Barcelona, by going beyond focusing on lines.

 IMPRESSIONISM
- Impressionist painters attempted to capture the moment's instant
perception. Short, rapid brushstrokes and an unfinished, sketch-
like feel characterized this. Instead of painting historical or
mythological events, Impressionist artists painted scenes from
current life, such as dance halls and sailboat regattas.
- The Impressionist movement is almost synonymous with Claude
Monet, a French artist who pioneered the idea of expressing one's
perceptions before nature. The Water Lily Pond (1899), Woman
with a Parasol (1875), and Impression, Sunrise (1872), from
which the movement's name is derived, are among his major
works.

 POST-IMPRESSIONISM
- Although Post-Impressionist painters did not work as a collective, each important Post-Impressionist painter
had similar goals. Rather of seeing the outside world, they focused on subjective perceptions and symbolic,
personal meanings. Abstract forms were frequently used to achieve this.
- Georges Seurat, for example, is known for his pointillism technique, which uses small, distinct dots to build an
image. Vincent van Gogh is also known as a Post-Impressionist painter, who used rough brushstrokes and
gloomy tones in his paintings to express himself.
 FAUVISM
- Fauvism was founded on the work of Vincent van Gogh and George Seurat, and was led by
Henri Matisse. This style was known for its expressive use of bright color, line, and brushwork,
a forceful sense of surface design, and flat composition as the first avant-garde movement of
the twentieth century.
- One of the key factors that formed this approach, as shown in many of Matisse's paintings,
was the separation of color from its descriptive, representational purpose. Cubism and
Expressionism both owe their origins to Fauvism.

 EXPRESSIONISM
- Expressionism arose as a reaction to increasingly divergent world perspectives and a lack of
spirituality. Expressionist art attempted to express the artist's worries and raw feelings by
distorting form and employing vivid colors. In their search for authenticity, Expressionist artists
sought beyond Western art for inspiration, visiting ethnographic museums to rediscover native
folk customs and tribal art.
- Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, and James Ensor are among the founders of
Expressionism. Die Brücke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) were
prominent groups founded so that artists could publish works and express their views jointly.

 CUBISM
- Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque founded Cubism, rejecting the idea that art should imitate
nature. Instead of using standard techniques and viewpoints, they used abstraction to create
drastically fractured objects. Flat, two-dimensional surfaces, geometric forms or "cubes" of
things, and numerous vantage points are common in Cubist paintings. Their subjects were
frequently indistinguishable.

C. Choose two artworks from two time periods (one for each). Print a copy of their artwork
and paste it down below. Describe the artwork and then analyze each artwork and
provide your own interpretation of each.