Fluid Flow P1

Chapter 5
Fluid Flow
By Dr. Noor Hadzuin Nik Hadzir
Credit to PM Dr. Chong Gun Hean
1
Learning outcome
Relate fluid properties and flow (W8)
Application of Bernoulli equation (W8)
Examine the friction during the flow and flow

rate (W9)
Classify the pumps (W9)
2
3
6
Liquid transport system
Fig.1 : Production line for milk processing. (1) balance tank, (2) feed pump, (3) flow
controller, (4) regenerative preheating section, (5) centrifugal clarifier, (6) heating section,
(7) holding tube, (8) booster pump, (9) hot water heating system, (10) regenerative
cooling sections, (11) cooling sections, (12) flow diversion valve, (13) control panel
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5
Why we need to study fluid flow?
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Fluid properties
We will only discuss on the general properties of fluids
which are of interest in engineering
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i. Density
Mass density,
The mass of substance divided by its volume
Water = 1000kgm-3
Mercury = 13546 kgm-3
Air = 1.23 kgm-3 ,
Paraffin Oil = 800 kgm-3 .
(at 1 bar, 15 C)
10
Relative density,
is defined as the ratio of mass density of a substance to
mass density of water at 4 C, atmospheric pressure
subs tan ce
water
Water =1,
Mercury= 13.5
Paraffin Oil =0.8
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ii. Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a fluid, offers
resistance to sheer deformation
Describing the flowability of a liquid
For example: Honey (fluid with a high viscosity)
deforms more slowly than water (fluid with a low
viscosity)
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Dynamic viscosity, µ
viscosity
defined as the shear force, per unit area, (or shear stress ),
required to drag one layer of fluid with unit velocity past
another layer a unit distance away
1 Pas= 1 kgm-1s-1 = 10 Poise (P)
Water =1.14 x10-3 kgm-1 s-1 ,
Air =1.78 x10-5 kgm-1 s-1 ,
Mercury =1.552 kgm-1 s-1 ,
Paraffin Oil =1.9 kgm-1 s-1
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Dynamic viscosity, µ
1 Pas= 1 kgm-1s-1 = 10 Poise (P)
Water =1.14 x10-3 kgm-1 s-1 ,
Air =1.78 x10-5 kgm-1 s-1 ,
Mercury =1.552 kgm-1 s-1 ,
Paraffin Oil =1.9 kgm-1 s-1
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Kinematic Viscosity,
defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass
density
Dependent on the density of the fluid.

It is often expressed in Stokes, St, 104 St = 1 m2 s-1
Water =1.14 x 10-6 m2 s-1 ,
Air =1.46 x 10-5 m2 s-1 ,
Mercury =1.145 x 10-4 m2 s-1 ,
Paraffin Oil =2.375 x 10-3 m2 s-1
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES IN
FLUID FLOW
18
PBL try to find ways to solve
A 50% sucrose solution is flowing in a pipe
with 0.0475 m inside diameter and 10 m
length at a rate of 3 m3/h.
a) Find the mean velocity
b) Calculate mass flowrate
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Volumetric Flow Rate
L A= constant
cross sectional
fluid area
u= flow velocity
time=t1 time=t2
Volumetric flow rate,
L
Velocity of fluid, u
t
Volume of fluid in element, V= AL
volume AL L
Volumetric flow rate, V A Au
t t t
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Mass Flow Rate
L A= constant
cross sectional
fluid area
u= flow velocity
time=t1 time=t2
Density of fluid, = M/V
So, mass of fluid, M= V
Volume of fluid in element, V= AL So, M= AL

L
Velocity of fluid, u
t
mass AL L
Mass flow rate, M A Au
t t t 21
Velocity and Flow Rate
Fig 5.1: Example of fluid velocity profile in pipe.

Source: http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/FLUID-MECHANICS/lecture-31/31-1_entry_flow.htm
Flow profile is influenced by the shear stress that cause

the velocity gradient
Therefore, it is more convenience to use mean velocity
u or the superficial velocity
V uA (5.1)
where, V = volumetric flow rate, A= cross sectional area
of the pipe
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Example 1
A cylindrical vessel, 2 m diameter, is to be filled
to a depth of 1.5 m. The liquid discharges
through a 2.5 cm diameter pipe with a velocity
of 3.0 m/s. How long will it take to fill the
vessel?
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Fluid Flow Behavior
Reynolds Number (Re) has been used to
demonstrate the behavior of fluid flow
where,
u= mean velocity
d= diameter of tube (characteristic length)

µ= viscosity of the fluid
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Re < 2000, laminar flow
2000< Re< 4000, transition region
Re> 4000, turbulence flow
Experiment - dye visualize flow behavior

Laminar - straight line
Increase flow rate start to blur
high flow rate turbulence flow zig zag direction
No longer use qualitative description (low,
intermediate, high)
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Example 2
Calculate the Reynolds number of a vegetable
oil of viscosity 0.03Pas and density 850 kgm-3
flowing in a 50 mm bore pipe at a mean
velocity of 0.75 ms-1
Ensure all the quantities are same unit,
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It is also often to express the Reynolds number in
term of a mass flow rate, M
Mass flow rate, Au
SO, the mean velocity,
Reynolds number becomes
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Characteristic length of pipe:
fluid
Characteristic length of annular:

fluid
?????
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fluid
Hydraulic mean diameter, de is used
do 4 cross sec tional area of annulus

di de
wetted perimeter
do= the outer diameter of the annular (i.e. the inner diameter of the outer pipe)
di= the inner diameter of the annular (i.e. the outer diameter of the inner pipe)
do2 di2
4
4 4
de
do di
de do di
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Chapter 5

Examine the friction during the flow and flow

Dependent on the density of the fluid.

Volumetric flow rate,

Density of fluid, = M/V

So, mass of fluid, M= V

Volume of fluid in element, V= AL So, M= AL

Fig 5.1: Example of fluid velocity profile in pipe.

Flow profile is influenced by the shear stress that cause

d= diameter of tube (characteristic length)

Experiment - dye visualize flow behavior

Ensure all the quantities are same unit,

Reynolds number becomes

Characteristic length of annular:

do 4 cross sec tional area of annulus

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