1 1

Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. 40 For example, the Human Development Index comprises the
three dimensions health, education, and material living
This passage is adapted from Jan Delhey and Christian Kroll, “A conditions, which are measured by life expectancy, years of
‘Happiness Test’ for the New Measures of National Well-Being: How schooling, and GNI [gross national income], respectively. . . .
Much Better than GDP Are They?” ©2012 by WZB Berlin Social Science While the method of complementing the GDP with further
Center. 45 indicators is able to overcome the controversial monetization
from which the measures that try to “heal GDP” suffer, the
There is currently a broad global movement away from standardization of different units is also controversial. In
considerations of mere economic success towards a new public particular, merging different units into a single standardized
policy goal involving a broader notion of quality of life. This index is methodologically challenging and again requires value
Line movement has also spurred a rethinking of which statistics 50 judgements by the researcher. . . .
5 inform us best about a country’s situation and how its citizens The most radical departure from the GDP is embodied by
are faring. For decades, the gold standard was a the third group of measures, which seeks alternative indicators
macroeconomic indicator: the GDP—gross domestic product, of well-being without accounting for the sum of goods and
calculated per capita. This is the most prominent yardstick that services produced in an economy. The logic behind this
the media, politicians and the public consider when they try to 55 approach is that the GDP has always been and remains a means
10 assess how a country is performing. However, this measure to an end rather than the end itself. . . .
was never meant to be a measure of the welfare of nations (as Famous examples include the Happy Planet Index
its creator Simon Kuznets warned in the 1930s) and so there is calculated by the New Economics Foundation. The index
growing skepticism about the GDP’s usefulness as a measure comprises life expectancy, life satisfaction, and the ecological
of national well-being. Slogans such as “beyond GDP” or 60 footprint and is therefore able to demonstrate how many
15 “redefining progress” challenge the preoccupation with the resources countries need in order to produce a certain level of
GDP. health and subjective well-being. . . .
Three key strategies have been employed to develop a better Replacing the GDP altogether is quite a drastic strategy for
measure of well-being: healing the GDP, complementing the assessing national well-being, as not only is economic growth a
GDP, and replacing the GDP . . . . 65 prerequisite for many of the social goods that make life
20 The first group of initiatives tries to deal with the downsides enjoyable but the metric of GDP is also highly correlated with
of the GDP by attempting to fix the indicator itself. . . . such other factors. Thus, by arguing that the GDP is only a
One key aim of this group of measures is to account for means to an end, these measures are in danger of making a
sustainability and the environmental damage associated with conceptual assumption that is notable in theory but can be
GDP growth. For example, the Index of Sustainable Economic 70 challenged in practice on the basis of actual causal mechanisms
25 Welfare and the Genuine Progress Indicator are both based on and empirical data.
the consumption of private households. However, they also
reflect additional social factors such as household labor and
education with a rising value, while air pollution and
environmental damage lower the score. As a consequence, the
30 downsides of economic growth and modernization ought to be
accounted for whilst retaining the benefits of the GDP, namely
a single figure that captures different entities and is comparable
across nations. . . .
The second group of measures moves further away from the
35 GDP as a yardstick than the previous approaches but does not
abandon the sum of goods and services altogether. Instead, this
group of measures seeks to assess national well-being by
complementing the GDP with a number of key social
indicators. . . .

Data from Saamah Abdallah, Juliet Michaelson, Sagar Shah, Laura Stoll,
and Nic Marks, “The Happy Planet Index: 2012 Report.” © 2012 by new
economics foundation.

Social Science Level 2 Passage 1 105

 1 1
1 4
The authors’ central claim in the passage is that The authors imply that the “first group of initiatives”
would primarily
A) replacing the GDP outright may seem appealing,
but its alternatives would be difficult and A) change the measurement approach to encompass
dangerous to implement. only social factors.
B) well-being and economics have not been shown B) take both positive and negative factors into
to correlate to any significant degree. account universally.
C) the GDP can only measure economics, while C) show the positive effects of modernization in its
happiness must be considered primarily in terms new measurements.
of other factors.
D) shift the measurement of GDP so that it is
D) there is a growing movement to improve the way calculated per capita.
in which a country’s well-being is measured.

5
2
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
ln the first paragraph, the reference to Simon Kuznets answer to the previous question?
mainly serves to A) lines 17-19 (“Three ... the GDP”)
A) emphasize that the GDP is a respected and valid B) lines 20-21 (“The first ... itself ’)
tool.
C) lines 24-26 (“For example ... households”)
B) underscore a common concern about the GDP by
citing a critic. D) lines 29-33 (“As a consequence ... nations”)
C) clarify an abstract point about the development of
the GDP by mentioning its creator.
6
D) strengthen the argument that the GDP does not
As used in line 32, “figure” most nearly means
adequately measure well-being.
A) symbol.
B) number.
3
C) level.
As used in line 8, “prominent” most nearly means
D) structure.
A) pronounced.
B) remarkable.
C) recognized.
D) projecting.

106
 1 1
7 10
It can be inferred that the alternative approach to Based on the passage, which of the following is most
measuring happiness that is most different from the likely to contribute to South America’s HPI ranking?
current approach is based on the belief that
A) A somewhat high duration of education
A) GDP is a helpful measurement of how economics
B) A moderately low gross national income
contribute to welfare in different countries.
C) A fairly low production of services
B) the sum of goods and services produced by a
country is not a necessary factor in determining a D) A relatively high life expectancy
country’s well- being.
C) material living conditions and life expectancy
have no effect on individual happiness.
11

D) economic prosperity is a good predictor of The greatest number of geographic regions have an
life expectancy and is particularly useful for HPI score in which range?
comparing life expectancies around the world. A) 20-30
B) 30-40
8 C) 40-50
Which choice provides the best evidence for the D) 50-60
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 51-54 (“The most ... economy")
B) lines 54-56 (“The logic ... itself ")
C) lines 57-58 (“Famous ... Foundation”)
D) lines 58-62 (“The index ... well-being”)

9
According to the graph, the region with the fourth-
lowest HPI score is
A) Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.
B) Central and Eastern Europe.
C) South Asia.
D) North America.

Social Science Level 2 Passage 1 107

 1 1
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and content, and other negative consequences related to general
supplementary material. 40 well-being. For example, a negative relationship has been
found between time spent using electronic media, including
Adapted from Terry F. Pettijohn II, Kimberly E. LaPiene, Terry F. social networking sites, and college grades. In college, upper-
Pettijohn, and Amanda L. Horting, "Relationships between Facebook class students with more Facebook friends reported high levels
Intensity, Friendship Contingent Self-Esteem, and Personality in U.S. of social adjustment and stronger attachment to the college
College Students." (C) 2012 by Terry F. Pettijohn II et al. 45 than students with less Facebook friends, although freshmen
did not benefit from having more Facebook friends and
Online social networking sites, such as Facebook, Google+, actually reported decreased social and emotional adjustment.
and Bebo, have grown in popularity in recent years and they With respect to self-esteem, the research is also mixed,
provide an exciting new area of study in the field of especially considering the different types of self-esteem. In
Line psychology. Facebook provides individuals with easy access to 50 certain cases, excessive Facebook use may be related to lower
5 view personal information about their friends, coworkers, and general self-esteem. For example, Mehdizadeh (2010) found a
even complete strangers. Facebook has over 500 million active significant negative correlation between self-esteem and the
users and every month over 700 billion minutes are spent on number of times students checked Facebook per day and
Facebook. Among U.S. college students, 96% have a Facebook between self-esteem and the time spent on Facebook per
account. Given the popularity of online social networking sites, 55 session. Those with lower self-esteem also presented less self-
10 Facebook in particular, the current study was designed to promoting content on Facebook pages. However, Facebook can
investigate the relationship between Facebook use, the enhance self-esteem specifically related to the social functions
importance of quality of friendships to self-esteem, and of the self (social self-esteem) when individuals receive
personality in college students. positive comments and feedback from their friends online. In
Social relationships are considered by many to be the most 60 addition, researchers have found that introverted individuals
15 important component of human life. With the expansion of the and individuals with low self-esteem may benefit from the
Internet and social networking sites, more people are using social opportunities provided by the Facebook interface,
technology to communicate with their friends and family without the anxiety of interacting face-to-face.
online and maintain these interpersonal connections in novel Facebook provides an opportunity for individuals who value
ways that were not available in previous generations. Some 65 their friendships to stay informed about social events and this
20 researchers initially believed online activities negatively technology may be particularly important and highly utilized
impacted relationships and feared that virtual communication by individuals whose value of themselves is contingent on how
would replace face-to-face interactions and deteriorate social well their relationships with friends are succeeding... Related to
bonds. Others, however, have found support for the idea that the current investigation, the quality of friendships and how
social networking sites and the Internet have expanded 70 this quality affects self-esteem may be correlated with the
25 methods of staying socially connected with others and frequency and intensity in which individuals engage in social
increased relationship closeness and connectedness. Social networking. Individuals who value their friendships and see
networking sites, such as Facebook, allow users to add these friendships as important dimensions of themselves may
“friends” and keep track of their status, interests, photos, engage in increased social networking behaviors to provide
“likes,” and updates of others’ personal information in 75 additional means for keeping connected with friends and
30 cyberspace. sharing personal activities.
Internet use is related to both positive and negative
psychological and social factors, but the key to understanding * Changed for cultural accuracy.
these outcomes is through examining specific types of Internet
use instead of simply the amount of time spent online. While
35 using social media can have positive benefits associated with
community engagement, education, social connectedness, and
identity development, it can also lead to risks linked to social
rejection, cyberbullying, depression, exposure to inappropriate

108
 1 1
2
The author implies that studying online social
networks is important to the field of psychology
because
A) online social networks can reveal new connections
between social media use and self-regard.
B) online social networks are becoming increasingly
relevant modes of communication.
C) online social networks are used by a large
percentage of college students to maintain
friendships.
D) online social networks shed light on how college
students create and preserve relationships online.

3
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
What status updates are usually about
A) lines 1-4 (“Online ... psychology”)
B) lines 4-6 (“Facebook ... strangers”)
Source: Adapted from Tuncay Dilci, et al. ``The Views of Primary School
Students on Use of Riddles in the Process of Education and Training,'' C) lines 6-9 (“Facebook ... account”)
Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12(1): 23-20, 2012.
D) lines 9-13 (“Given ... students”)

1
4
The primary purpose of the passage is to
ln line 12 “quality” most nearly means
A) discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using social
A) condition.
media to maintain relationships.
B) affirmation.
B) debate the merits of using social media as a
primary form of interpersonal communication. C) individuality.
C) emphasize the positive aspects behind the use of D) endowment.
social media to cultivate relationships.
D) raise questions about research findings regarding
the negative impact of online activities on
relationships.

Social Science Level 2 Passage 2 109

 1 1
5 8
The sentence “Some researchers initially believed ln line 64, “value” most nearly means
online activities negatively impacted relationships” in
A) commend.
lines 19-21 primarily serves to
B) appreciate.
A) introduce a conflicting argument to the study’s
main findings. C) glorify.
B) provide support for the claim that most online D) honor
social interactions lead to bullying.
C) offer evidence that early studies of social media 9
use are outdated.
How does the graph relate to the passage?
D) warn readers about the dangers of using social
media as a form of communication. A) It illustrates the point that self-esteem is correlated
with how often users engage with social media.
B) It provides context for the claim that excessive
6
Facebook use leads to lower self-esteem.
Based on the passage, the connection between social C) It supports the study’s findings that content
media use and self-esteem is updates cover a range of topics and emotions.
A) complicated due to the many variables that must D) It demonstrates the disparity between different
be accounted for. categories of social media updates and their
B) strongly linked because social media can reveal content.
self- perception.
C) inconsistent although multiple studies suggest 10
there is a correlation.
The passage and the graph agree that
D) contradictory because not enough research has
been undertaken. A) people post about negative things fairly
infrequently.
B) people post about personal events more than half
7 the time.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the C) people post about everyday events rarely.
answer to the previous question?
D) people post about relationships most often.
A) lines 48-51 (“With ... self-esteem”)
B) lines 51-55(“For ... session”)
11
C) lines 56-59 (“However ... online”)
According to the graph, which two kinds of status
D) lines 59-63 (“In ... face-to-face”)
updates are written with equal frequency?
A) Positive things and major events
B) Private/personal events and negative things
C) Major events and everyday events
D) Negative things and relationships

110
 1 1
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and The most important results, however, were what the
supplementary material. researchers deemed a “stress-buffering effect.” Keep in mind
that interpersonal conflict can cause people a lot of stress and
This passage is excerpted from Kasley Killam, “A Hug A Day Keeps the 45 thereby weaken their immune systems. Yet regardless of how
Doctor Away,” © Scientific American 2015. much conflict they endured, participants with a strong sense of
social support developed less severe cold symptoms than those
During my final semester of undergrad, I made two signs who felt socially deprived. Likewise, the more often people
that read, “Feeling stressed about exams? Have a free hug!” hugged, the less likely they were to get sick, even among
Then I recruited a friend and we stood in the entrance of the 50 individuals who frequently had tense interactions. In other
Line campus library, held up the signs, and waited. [Passersby] had words, both social support and hugging prevented against
5 one of two reactions: Either they quickly looked down at their illness. The same lead researcher has previously shown that the
phones and awkwardly shuffled by, or their faces lit up as they more diverse types of social ties a person has, such as with
embraced us. Most people were enthusiastic. Some exclaimed, friends, family, coworkers, and community, the less susceptible
“You made my day!” or “Thank you. I needed this.” One leapt 55 to colds they are.
into my arms, nearly toppling me over. After two hours of Evidently, just as we prioritize exercise and nutrition, we
10 warm interactions, my friend and I couldn’t believe how ought to prioritize quality time with loved ones; just as we
energized and happy we felt. avoid unhealthy habits like smoking, we should make effort to
A study published earlier this month suggests that, in avoid isolation and to counter social exclusion. And even if
addition to making us feel connected with others, all those hugs 60 you don’t want to hug hundreds of strangers (although I
may have prevented us from getting sick. At first, this finding recommend trying it), don’t underestimate the healing power of
15 probably seems counterintuitive (not to mention bizarre). You touch.
might think, like I did, that hugging hundreds of strangers
would increase your exposure to germs and therefore the
likelihood of falling ill. But the new research out of Carnegie
Mellon indicates that feeling connected to others, especially
20 through physical touch, protects us from stress-induced
sickness. This research adds to a large amount of evidence for
the positive influence of social support on health.
Social support can broadly be defined as the perception of
meaningful relationships that serve as a psychological resource
25 during tough times. More specifically, this means emotional
support, such as expressions of compassion, and may include
access to information or other assistance. The researchers
measured social support by giving out a questionnaire in which
participants rated different statements (e.g. “I feel that there is
30 no one I can share my most private worries and fears with.”).
Then, they conducted interviews every night for two weeks to
find out how often participants experienced conflict with others
and how often they received hugs. Finally, the researchers
infected participants with a common cold virus and observed
35 what happened.
Several interesting results emerged. Encouragingly, people
overall had a strong sense of social support, as shown by a high Observed incidence of colds by social network diversity using 3 illness
median score on the questionnaire. Similarly, they were more criteria. Low diversity is defined as 1 to 3 types of social relationships;
likely to be hugged (which happened on an average of 68% of moderate, 4 to 5; and high, 6 or more. Error bars indicate SEs.
40 days during the two-week interview period) than to experience
conflict (7% of days). Source: Adapted from Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Skoner DP, Rabin BS, Gwaltney
JM, Jr. “Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold.” JAMA, 1997;
277(24): 1940-1944.

Social Science Level 2 Passage 3 111

 1 1
1 4
The first paragraph serves mainly to As used in line 26, “expressions” most nearly means
A) provide background information necessary to A) demonstrations.
understand the scientific study.
B) declarations.
B) introduce the scientific study through a personal
C) revelations.
anecdote.
D) looks.
C) show that not all scientific experiments need to be
conducted in a laboratory.
D) describe the author’s experience as a subject of the 5
scientific study.
As used in line 28, "giving out" most nearly means
A) distributing.
2 B) donating.
ln the second paragraph, the author implies that the C) conferring.
study shows hugs to be
D) sacrificing.
A) the only proven method of preventing sickness.
B) less successful than social support in protecting
people from colds and other illnesses. 6
C) not conclusively effective at helping people Which of the following can be inferred about the
maintain good health. "stress-buffering effect" of social support?
D) one of several ways to guard against some illnesses. A) People who experience a lot of conflict are more
likely than other people to develop severe cold
symptoms, regardless of their level of social
3 support.

Which choice provides the best evidence for the B) People who experience a lot of conflict but
answer to the previous question? have a lot of social support are less likely to
develop severe cold symptoms than people who
A) lines 12-14 (“A study ... sick”) experience little conflict but have little social
B) lines 15-18 (“You ... ill”) support.
C) lines 18-21 (“But ... sickness”) C) People who experience little conflict but still feel
stressed about it are more likely than other people
D) lines 21-22 (“This ... health”) to develop moderate to severe cold symptoms.
D) People who experience little conflict but do not
feel stressed about it always have significantly
higher levels of social support than those who feel
stressed.

112
 1 1
7 10
Which choice provides the best evidence for the According to the passage, the link shown in the graph
answer to the previous question? between high social diversity and a strong immune
system
A) lines 42-43 (“The most ... effect”)
A) illustrates the “stress-buffering effect” of social
B) lines 45-48 (“Yet ... deprived”)
support.
C) lines 48-50 (“Likewise ... interactions”)
B) proves the value of frequent hugs.
D) lines 52-55 (“The same ... are”)
C) shows that people with many social ties have less
conflict in their lives than other people do.
8 D) cannot be explained by science.
The phrase "friends, family, coworkers, and
community” (line 54) primarily serves to
11
A) clarify that only some social connections are
beneficial to health. According to the graph, the average incidence of
colds for participants who reported 5 types of social
B) illustrate the kinds of social ties to which the relationships was closest to
author is referring.
A) 30%.
C) describe the groups of participants in the
researcher’s previous study. B) 40%.

D) provide examples of people from whom readers C) 50%.

might be exposed to illness. D) 60%.

9
According to the graph, the average incidence of colds
for participants who had low-diversity social groups
was closest to
A) 30%.
B) 40%.
C) 60%.
D) 70%.

Social Science Level 2 Passage 3 113

 1 1
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and 40 Clearly, expert SCRABBLE players are to some degree
supplementary material. “made.” But there is evidence that basic cognitive abilities play
a role, too. In a study recently published in Applied Cognitive
This passage is adapted from David Z. Hambrick, “Winning SCRABBLE Psychology, Michael Toma and his colleagues found that elite
and the Nature of Expertise,” (c)2015 Scientific American. SCRABBLE players outperformed college students from a
45 highly selective university on tests of two cognitive abilities:
SCRABBLE has been one of the most popular board games working memory and visuospatial reasoning. Working memory
in the world for decades. And, now, as an increasingly popular is the ability to hold in mind information while using it to solve
domain for scientific research on expertise, it is giving a problem, as when iterating through possible moves in a
Line psychologists a better understanding of the underpinnings of SCRABBLE game. Visuospatial reasoning is the ability to
5 complex skill and a clearer picture of the origins of greatness. 50 visualize things and to detect patterns, as when imagining how
The overarching goal of this research is to better understand the tiles on a SCRABBLE board would intersect after a certain
interplay between “software” and “hardware” aspects of the play. Both abilities are influenced by genetic factors.
cognitive system. Software factors include knowledge and Further evidence pointing to a role of these abilities in
skills that are acquired through experience, whereas hardware SCRABBLE expertise comes from a recent brain imaging
10 factors include genetically-influenced abilities and capacities. 55 study by Andrea Protzner and her colleagues at the University
SCRABBLE is ideal for research on how these factors interact of Calgary. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging
not only because it is relatively easy to find research (fMRI), these researchers recorded the brain activity of
participants from a wide range of skill, but because it can be SCRABBLE players and control subjects as they performed a
imported into the lab. task in which they were shown groups of letters and judged
15 The basic goal of SCRABBLE is to create intersecting 60 whether they formed words. (fMRI measures brain activity by
words by placing lettered tiles on a board containing a 15 x 15 detecting changes in blood flow within different regions of the
grid. Knowledge is, of course, critical for success in this task. brain.) The major finding of this study was that competitive
If you want to become a great SCRABBLE player, first and SCRABBLE players recruited brain regions associated with
foremost, you have to know a lot of words. You also need to be working memory and visual perception to perform this task to a
20 adept at identifying potential plays. Finally, you have to know 65 greater degree than the control subjects did.
SCRABBLE strategy—or what aficionados call “rack What might explain SCRABBLE experts’ superiority in
management”—such as how to keep a good mix of consonants working memory and visuospatial reasoning? For the same
and vowels. basic reason that basketball players tend to be tall, a likely
People aren’t born with this type of specialized knowledge. explanation is that people high in working memory and
25 Research indicates that we may come into the world equipped 70 visuospatial reasoning abilities are people who tend to get into,
with the building blocks for complex skills such as math, but and persist at, playing SCRABBLE: because it gives them an
certainly nothing as specific as knowledge of words in a advantage in the game. This explanation fits with what
particular language. Thus, experience is necessary to become behavioral geneticists call gene-environment correlation, which
an expert in SCRABBLE. And, in fact, SCRABBLE skill has is the idea that our genetic makeup influences our experiences.
30 been found to correlate positively with the amount of time 75 These findings add to an emerging understanding of
people spend engaging in SCRABBLE-related activities. In complex skill that may ultimately bring expertise within reach
one study, using official SCRABBLE rating as an objective of a larger number of people than is currently the case.
measure of skill, researchers found that groups of “elite” and
“average” SCRABBLE players differed in the amount of time
35 they had devoted to things like studying word lists, analyzing *Changed for cultural accuracy.
previous SCRABBLE games, and anagramming—and not by a
little. Overall, the elite group had spent an average of over
5,000 hours on SCRABBLE study, compared to only about
1,300 hours for the average group.

114
 1 1
Survey results of members with National Scrabble Association 2
Ratings versus college students at a liberal arts college who
have played Scrabble at some point but have never competed. The main effect of the term “hardware” line 7 is to
suggest that the human brain.
A) is more like a computer than people realize.
B) has particular characteristics that cannot be
changed.
C) can be essentially reprogrammed through people’s
actions.
D) can be improved through the use of computers.

3
Evidence from the passage suggests that elite
SCRABBLE players would be most likely to
outperform non-elite SCRABBLE players in which of
the following?
A) Gaining admission to a selective university.
B) Playing a board game like chess.
C) Solving a mathematical equation.
D) Learning a foreign language.

4
Which choice provides the best evidence for the claim
that two people performing the same activity may be
using different areas of the brain?
A) lines 17-19 (“Knowledge ... words”)
B) lines 31-37 (“In one ... little”)
C) lines 60-62 (“fMRl ... brain”)
1
D) lines 62-65 (“The major ... did”)
The passage makes the most extensive use of which
kind of evidence?
A) expert testimony. 5
B) scientific studies. The author implies that people who experience great
success in a given activity are often born with
C) secondary sources.
A) advantages uniquely suited to that activity.
D) statistical analysis.
B) a drive to succeed in any activity.
C) parents who value success in that activity.
D) a desire to participate in many activities.

Social Science Level 2 Passage 4 115

 1 1
6 10
Which choice provides the best evidence for the Based on the passage and the chart, college students
answer to the previous question? playing SCRABBLE are more likely than elite players
to
A) lines 31-37 (“Thus ... activities”)
A) make an effort to visualize the board from a
B) lines 37-39 (“Overall ... group”)
different perspective, because they are less able to
C) lines 49-52 (“Visuospatial ... play”) rely on visuospatial reasoning.
D) lines 67-72 (“For ... game”) B) have difficulty remembering which letters have
been played, because they use their working
memory less.
7 C) forget to study, because they are less invested in
As used in line 32, “objective” most nearly means winning any particular game.
A) perceptible. D) spend time learning words, because they have less
inherent talent than elite players.
B) sensory.
C) intentional.
D) unbiased. 11
According to the chart, elite SCRABBLE players are
most likely to do which of the following?
8
A) Study the definitions of words.
The main purpose of paragraph 3 is to
B) Keep track of letters played.
A) trace the non-cognitive factors associated with
C) Memorize point values.
SCRABBLE expertise.
D) Memorize words.
B) show that average SCRABBLE players lack the
genetic advantages of elite players.
C) examine the value of childhood training in
predicting SCRABBLE success.
D) demonstrate that hard work is all it takes to
become an elite SCRABBLE player.

9
According to the chart, the question to which the
smallest percentage of college students answered “yes”
mainly tested the students’
A) vocabulary knowledge.
B) critical thinking.
C) working memory.
D) visuospatial reasoning.

116