Event driving programming

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 Chapter One

Getting Started

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Introduction
Introduction to C#
Objective
 Understand Basic Structure of C# program
 Understand what is a Namespace
 Understand Purpose of the main method

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What is C#
 C#(C sharp) is a strongly typed object oriented
programming language .
 It is an open source programming language, that is
simple, modern and flexible.
 C# created by anders heijlsberg from Microsoft
company in 2000
 Microsoft company created c# from Microsoft
window development.

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What is C#
 What is C#
C# is pronounced as "C-Sharp". It is an object-oriented
programming language provided by Microsoft that runs on
.Net Framework.
 By the help of C# programming language, we can develop
different types of secured and robust applications:
 Window applications
 Web applications
 Distributed applications
 Web service applications
 Game Applications
 Database applications etc.

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C# Features

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Sample Program

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Using System declaration

Why Namespace? : A namespace is used to

organize your code and is collection of classes,
interfaces, structs, enums and delegates.
They also provide assistance in avoiding name
clashes.
Main method is the startup your application.

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Reading and writing to Console
Reading from the console using redline()
and read()
Writing to the console using write() and
writeline()

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Reading and writing .

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Built in type in C#..
 Boolean types-only true or false
 Integral types-sbyte,byte, ushort, short, int, uint, long,
ulong, char
 Floating types-float and double
 Decimal types
 String types
Escape sequences in C#
\a, \b,\r, \f, \t, \\, \’, \” …

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Built-in Type in C#..
 Verbatim literal- is a string with an @ symbol prefix, as in @
“Hello”.
Make escape sequence translate as normal printable characters
to enhance readability
Example:
 Without Verbatim literal:
“ C:\\Pragim\\DotNet\\Training\\Csharp”-less readable
 With Verbatim literal:
@“ C:\Pragim\DotNet\Training\Csharp”- Better readable

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Operators in C#…
 Common Operators in C#

 Outline
 Assignment operator =
 Arithmetic operators like +,-,*,/,%
 Comparison operators like ==, !=,>,>=,<,<=
 Conditional operators like &&, ||
 Ternary operator ?:
 Null Coalescing operator ??

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Common Operators…

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Data type conversion in C#…
 Implicit conversion is done by the compiler when there is
no loss of information if the conversion is done
 If there is no possibility of throwing exceptions during
the conversion
 Example: converting an int to a float will not loose any
data and no exception will be thrown, hence an implicit
conversion can be done.
 Explicit conversion: when converting a float to an int, we
loose the fractional part and also a possibility of overflow
exception.
 Hence, in this case an explicit conversion is required.
 For explicit conversion we can use cast operator or the
convert class in C#.

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Data Type conversion in C#…
 Difference between Parse and TryParse
 If the number is in a string format you have two options-
Parse() and TryParse()
 Parse() method throws an exception if it cannot parse the
value
 TryParse() returns a bool indicating whether it succeeded
or failed. Use Parse() if you are sure the value will be
valid, otherwise use TryParse()

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Comments in C#
 Single line comments -//
 Multi line comments -/* */
 XML documentation comments -///
 Comments are used to document what the program does
and what specific blocks or lines of code do.
 C# compiler ignores comments.
 To Comment and Uncomment, there are 2 ways
1. Use the designer
2. Keyboard shortcut: Ctrl + K, Ctrl + C and Ctrl+K , Ctrl+U,
Note: Don’t try to comment every line of code. Use comments
only for blocks or lines of code that are difficult to understand

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C# Statement…
 Statement

• If Statement
• If else statement
• Difference between && and &
• Difference between || and |

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C# Statements…
 The && and & and ||and |symbols are used to test multiple conditions
in a single if statement.

 The difference is that the double && checks the next condition if the
first condition is true.

 Where as the single & checks all conditions even if the first condition
is false.

 And if it’s double || it checks the next conditions if the previous

conditions is false.

 In single | it checks all conditions at all.

 Therefore I recommend to use double && and || for more efficiency

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If else and Switch statement
Java If statement
}

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Switch statement…
break statement: if a break statement is used
inside in a switch statement the control will
leave the switch statement.
goto-statement: you can either jump to other
case statement or to a specific label.
Warning: using goto is bad programming style. We
can should avoid goto by all means.

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Loop in C#
While loop : checks the condition first and if the
condition is true, statements with in the loop are
executed.
 This condition is repeated as long as the condition
evaluates to true.
Note: do not forget to update the variable
participating in the condition so the loop can end, at
some point.

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While loop …

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do while loop
1. a do while loop checks its condition at the end of the loop.
2. This means that the do loop guaranteed to execute at least
one time.

3. do loops are used to present a menu to the user. Example:

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While ,do while and for loop…
 While loop checks the condition at the beginning, where as
do while loop checks the condition at the end of the loop.
 do loop is guaranteed to execute at least once, where as
while loop is not.
 A for loop is very similar to while loop. In a while we do the
initialization at one place, condition check at another
place, and modifying the variable at another place, where
as for loop has all of these at one place.

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foreach loop…
A foreach loop is used to iterate through the items in a
collection. For example, foreach loop can be used with
arrays or collections such as ArrayList, HashTable and
Generics.

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Array in C#…
 An array is a collection of similar data types
 Advantages: Arrays are strongly typed.
 Disadvantages: Arrays cannot grow in size once initialized. Have to rely
on integral indices to store or retrieve items from the array. (Example:
Array out of Index exception).

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Methods in C#

 Methods are also called as functions. These terms are

used interchangeably
 Methods are extremely use full because they allow you
to define your logic once and use it at many places.

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Methods in C#...
Methods make the maintenance of your application
easier.
1. Return type can be any valid data type or void
2. Method name can be any meaningful name(except
those reserved words)
3. Parameters are optional

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Methods in C#…

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Static Vs Instance methods
 When method declaration includes a static modifier, that
method said to be static method.
 When no static modifier is present, the method is said to
be an instance method.
 Static method is invoked using the class name, where as
instance method is invoked using an instance object of
the class.
 However if a method is static, there are no instance of that
method, and you can invoke only that one definition of
that method.

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Type of methods parameters
The 4 types of method parameters
 Value parameters
 Reference parameters
 Out parameters
 Parameter arrays
Method parameters vs Method arguments

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Type of Methods parameters ...

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Type of method parameters…

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Type of method parameters…
 To allow a method to return multiple values use the out keyword.
Example: Calculate method returns the value of both Sum and Product
to the

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Type of methods parameters…
 Parameter array the params keyword lets you to specify a
method parameter that takes a variable number of
arguments

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Type of method parameters…
 Value parameters: creates a copy of the parameter passed, so
modifications does not affect each other.
 Reference parameters: the ref method parameter keyword on a
method parameter causes a method to refer the same variable that
was passed into the method, so modifications does affect each
other.
 Out parameters: use when a method want to return more than
one value.
 Parameter arrays: the params keyword lets you specify a method
parameter that takes a variable number of arguments.

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Class in C#...
 A class is consists of data and behavior.
 Class data is represented by it’s fields and behavior is
represented by its methods.
 The purpose of a class constructor is to initialize class
fields.
 A class constructor is automatically called when an
instance of a class is created.
 Constructors don’t have return values and always have the
same name as the class.
 Constructor are not mandatory. If we don’t provide a
constructor, a default parameter less constructor is
automatically provided.
 Constructors canEvent be overloaded
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Destructor
 Destructors have the same name as the class ~symbol in
front of them.
 They don’t take any parameters and don’t return a
value.
 Destructors are places where you could put a code to
release any resources your class was holding during its
life time.
 They are normally called the C# garbage collector decides
to clean your object from memory.

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Destructor Example …

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Class Example


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Static and instance class members
 Static and Instance class members
Static class members
Instance class members
Difference between instance and static
members
An example when you make certain
members make static

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Static and instance class members

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.

Thank you !!!

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