Week 3

TOPICS
 Set
 Types of Sets
 Complement of a Set
 Equal & Equivalent Sets

2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Describe sets, subsets, null set and cardinality of sets;
2. Translate sets in three notations: descriptive, tabular, and
set-builder form;
3. Give the complement of the given set;
4. Identify a subset of a given set.
5. Identify a proper subset of a given set. 4.
6. Give the difference between a subset and a proper subset; and
7. Determine if two sets are equal or equivalent by examining their
elements.
3
SET
A set is any group or collection of defined objects..

4
Example 1
The set of all days in a week.
A = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}

5
Example 2
The set of all letters in the word MATHEMATICS
B = { M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S}

6
Example 3
The set of positive integers
Z+ = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …..}

7
Example 4
The set of integers more than 6
C = {7, 8, 9, 10,… }

8
Element
Objects listed in a set separated by a comma

9
Example 1
The set of all letters in the word MATHEMATICS
B = { M, A, T, H, E, I, C. S}
The elements are M, A, T, H, E, I, C and S.
10
Example 2
The set of all days in a week.
A = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}
The elements are Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
and Sunday 11
The three different set notations:
Descriptive or Rule Tabular or Listing form Set-builder form
Notation
A is the set of five female A = {Michelle, Mara, A= { x / x set of five
names starting with letter Marielle, Mica, Meryl} female names starting with
M M}
B is the set of values in B= {3 , 2} B= {x | x set of values in
the equation 2 − 5 + 6 the equation 2 − 5 + 6 =
=0 0

C is the set of prime C= {2, 3, 5, 7,11…} C= {x | x set of prime

numbers numbers}

12
EMPTY SET/NULL SET
A set with no elements.
A = { } or Ø
13
FINITE SET and
INFINITE SET
A set is finite if the number of elements in the set is a whole number.
Otherwise, it is infinite. The cardinal number of a finite set A is the
number of elements of set A and is denoted by n(A).
14
UNIVERSAL SET
Is the set of all elements considered in a certain investigation or group,
and denoted by the symbol U

15
Example 1
U = the set of digits in a decimal system
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9}

16
SET COMPLEMENT
The complement of a set A, denoted by A’, is the set of all elements in the
universal set U that are not elements of set A.
17
Example 1
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {1, 3, 4, 7, 9}
C = {0, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Find the following:

a
b. A
B’
c. C’.
18
Example 1
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {1, 3, 4, 7, 9}
C = {0, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Find the following:

a A’ = {0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
b B’ = {0, 2, 5, 6, 8}
c C’= {1, 3, 4, 9}

19
SUBSET OF A SET
Set A is a subset of B, denoted by A ⊆ B, if and only if all elements in A are
also elements of B.
20
Example
A = { 1, 2, 3 }
B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Set A is a subset of B because all elements contained in A are also found in

set B. i.e. A ⊆ B.
21
PROPER SUBSET
Set A is a proper subset of set B, denoted by A ⊂ B, if and only if all
elements in A are also elements of B, but A ≠ B.
22
Example 1
A = {2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3 ,4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

A ⊂ B because all elements contained in A are also found in set B and A ≠ B.

23
Example 2
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
B = {1, 2, 3 ,4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Is C a proper subset of B?

C ⊄ B because 10 is not an element of B.

24
Example 3
List down all subsets of set A = { 2, 4, 6}.

Subsets of A
{2} {2,6} {2, 4, 6}
{6} {2, 4} {}
{4} {4, 6} 25
NOTES
A set is a subset of itself.
An empty set is a subset of any set.

26
Example 4
List down ALL proper subsets of set A = { 2, 4, 6}.

Subsets of A
{2} {4} {2,6} {}
{6} {2, 4} {4, 6}

Note : Exclude the set itself {2, 4, 6} 27

EQUAL SETS
Two sets A and B are equal (A=B) if and only if A and B have exactly the
same elements.
28
Example 1
A = { 1, 2, 3 }
B = { 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3}

Sets A and B are equal sets because they contain the same elements which
are 1, 2 , 3.
29
Example 2
C = ( M, A, L, E}
D = set of all letters in the word LAME

Sets C and D are equal sets, because they have the same elements namely M,
A, L and E.
30
EQUIVALENT SETS
Two sets A and B are equivalent (A~ B) if and only if A and B have the same
number of elements.

31
Example 1
V = The set of all letters in the word FEMALE.
F = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7}

Sets V and F are equivalent sets, because they contain the same number of
elements,
i.e. n(V) = n(F) = 5.
32
Example 2
G = A set containing the real roots of the equation x2 – 5x + 6 = 0.
B = { B, E, B, E}

Set G has 2 elements 2 and 3. Sets B has 2 elements also B and E, thus sets
G and B are equivalent sets, because they have the same number of elements.
i.e. n(G) = n(B) = 2 33
TRY…
State, if the given pairs of sets are equal sets or equivalent sets:

34
Example 1
A = {Natural numbers less than five}
B ={Letters of the word “MATH”}
EQUIVALENT SETS
35
Example 2
V = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
B = {even natural numbers less than 12}
EQUAL SETS
36
Example 3
J = {M, A, Z, E}
M = {∆, ○, □, ∇}
EQUIVALENT SETS
37
Example 4
A = {Days of the week}
M ={Letters of the word “SPOTIFY”}
EQUIVALENT SETS
38
Example 5
E = {1, 3, 5, 7, …… }
V = set of odd natural numbers.
EQUAL SETS
39
Example 6
K = {Letters of the word ‘MEMBER’}
L = {Letters of the word ‘REMEMBER’}
EQUAL SETS
40
Example 7
B = {Negative natural numbers}
O = {35th day of a month}
EQUAL SETS
41
Example 8
T = {Days of the week}
S = {Letters of the word “SPOTIFY”}
EQUIVALENT SETS
42
Number of Subsets of a Set
If A has n elements, then the number of subsets A has is 2n

43
Example 1
A sports utility vehicle (SUV) manufacturing company in Japan offers 6
upgrade options to their standard SUV.

How many different versions of the SUV can the company produce?

44
Solution
Let A be the set containing all possible upgrades. Since there are 6
upgrades, a client can choose any combinations of those upgrades or not
get an upgrade at all.

The total number of different versions of SUV is the total number of

subsets of A.

Applying the formula 2n, then

A= 26
A = 64 versions of SUV
45
Example 2
A sports utility vehicle (SUV) manufacturing company in Japan offers 6
upgrade options to their standard SUV.

If the company aims to produce a 256 versions of the SUV, how many
upgrade options must it offer to its clients?
46
Solution
If there are 256 versions of the SUV, then the total number of
upgrades is n, such that 2n = 256.
2n = 28
n = 8 upgrades

47
REFERENCES
 Quintos, R. et.al. (2019). Mathematics in the modern world. Bulacan: Saint
Andrew Publishing House.
 Aufmann, R.N. et.al. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Manila: Rex
Bookstore, Inc.
 Nocon, R. & Nocon, E. (2018). Essential mathematics for the modern world.
Quezon City :C & E Publishing, Inc.
 Reyes, J.A. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Manila : Unlimited
Books Library Services and Publishing, Inc.
 Rodriguez, M., et. al. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Quezon City:
Nieme Publishing House Co. Ltd.
 Sirug, W. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Manila: Mindshapers Co.
Inc.