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Circles Notes For IIT JEE - pdf-97

The document discusses various properties of circles including equations of circles, common tangents between circles, families of circles, and orthogonality of circles. Some key points covered are: 1) The standard equation of a circle is (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2, where (h, k) is the center and r is the radius. 2) There can be up to 4 common tangents between two circles depending on the distance between their centers and the sum of their radii. 3) A family of circles can be defined by the intersection points of two circles or a circle and line. 4) Two circles are orthogonal (intersect at a 90

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273 views9 pages

Circles Notes For IIT JEE - pdf-97

The document discusses various properties of circles including equations of circles, common tangents between circles, families of circles, and orthogonality of circles. Some key points covered are: 1) The standard equation of a circle is (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2, where (h, k) is the center and r is the radius. 2) There can be up to 4 common tangents between two circles depending on the distance between their centers and the sum of their radii. 3) A family of circles can be defined by the intersection points of two circles or a circle and line. 4) Two circles are orthogonal (intersect at a 90

Uploaded by

Mayank Deore
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Circle

A circle is the locus of a point whose distance is constant from a given point around which it moves.

Equation of circle

A circle with center (a, b) and radius r is given as

(x + a)2 + (y + b)2 = r2

3. The general equation of the circle

Any second order curve can be defined as

Ax2+Bxy+Cy2+Gx+Hy+D=0

The equation represents a circle on the conditions:

A=C and B=0.

Thus, the general equation of the circle is

Ax2+Ay2+Dx+Ey+G=0

Or

x2+y2+2gx+2hy+c=0

Rewrite the equation of the circle

x2+y2+2gx+2hy+c=0

x2+y2+2gx+2hy+c+g2+h2 = g2+h2

(x + g)2+(y + h)2= g2+h2-c

The center of the circle is (-g,-h) and the radius of the circle is

Note: For a real circle g2+h2-c≥0

4.Diametric form of a circle

If the endpoints of a diameter to the circle are (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)


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Position of a point w.r.t circle

If S: x2 + y2 +2gx+2hy+c=0

Let point be P (x1, y1)

Sp: x12 + y12 +2gx1+2hy1 + c=0

If Sp > 0 point lies outside the circle.

If Sp = 0 point lies on the circle.

If Sp < 0 point lies inside the circle.

If the point lies outside the circle, the greatest distance of the point from the circle is

(CP + r) and the least distance of the point from the circle is (CP – r).

Parametric equation of the circle

The parametric coordinates of the circle are (x1 + rcosθ , y1 +rsinθ ) where the (x1 , y1) is the centre
of the circle and r is the radius of the circle, is the angle made by the point from the centre.

The parametric equation is given by

Line and Circle

Solve the equation of circle by substituting any one variable from the equation of the line. A
quadratic equation in any on a variable is formed. Evaluate the determinant of the equation.

If the discriminant, D > 0, the line is a secant.

If the discriminant, D=0, the line is a tangent.

If the discriminant, D<0, then the line doesn’t touch the circle.

Equation of tangent of the circle


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At a point (x1, y1 )

Form the equation of tangent by replacing

x2→xx1

y2→yy1

x→(x+x1)/2

y→(y+y1)/2

in the equation of the circle.

Slope form

If the equation of the tangent is y=mx + c, where m is the slope of the tangent and c is arbitrary
constant, then Slope of the tangent to a circle x 2 + y2 = r2 is

9.Length of the tangent

If the equation of circle is given as, S: x2 + y2 +2gx+2hy+c=0, the length of tangent to the point
P(x1,y1) is given by

LT = √SP

Where Sp: x12 + y12 +2gx1+2hy1 + c

10. The equation of chord of a circle when the median of the chord is given.

If the median of the chord is (h, k), then the equation of chord to the circle

S: (x + a)2 + (y + b)2 = r2

is

xh+yk-r2=h2+k2

or

(T=SP)

11. Equation of chord of contact


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The equation of chord from the contact to the circle S: (x + a)2 + (y + b)2 = r2 is

xh+yk-r2=0

12. Equation of pair of tangents

If the circle is given as S: x2 + y2 = r2

Sp: x12 + y12 = r2

TP: xx1+yy1 = r2

SSP=TP2

13. Family of circles passing the points of intersection of two circles

If the circle S’ and S’’ are intersecting, the family of circles that can be formed from the point of
contacts S’ and S’’ is

S’ + λS’’=0

14. Family of circles passing the points of intersection of a circle and a line

If the circle S and line L are intersecting, the family of circles that can be formed from the point of
contacts S and L is

Common tangent to two circles

There are two types of common tangents to two circles,

Internal common tangent

External common tangent


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16. Position of circles and the number of common tangents

Let C1 and C2 denote the centre of the circles, r1 & r2 be the radii of the circles and C1C2 be the
distance between the centres.

(a) If C1C2 > r1 + r2

There are 4 common tangents

(b) If C1C2 = r1 + r2
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There are 3 common tangents.

(c) If |r1 - r2 |< C1C2 < r1 + r2

There are 2 common tangents.

(d) If C1C2 = |r1 - r2|

There is one common tangent.

(e) If C1C2 <|r1 - r2|


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There is no common tangent.

17. Length of common tangent

(a) External tangent

(b) Internal tangent

18. The condition of orthogonality of two circles

Two circles intersect each other at 90o when

2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1+c2

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