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    Numerical Analysis in Engineering: Taylor Series

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    Collano M. Noel Rogie
    This document discusses Taylor series expansions as a way to approximate non-linear functions that are difficult to evaluate, differentiate, or integrate directly. It covers Maclaurin series expansions as a special case of Taylor series where the function is expanded about x=0, and provides examples of calculating Taylor series approximations and using them to solve problems such as definite integrals. The document also discusses properties like addition, multiplication, and division that can be performed with power series.

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    Numerical Analysis in Engineering: Taylor Series

    Uploaded by

    Collano M. Noel Rogie
    37 views28 pages
    This document discusses Taylor series expansions as a way to approximate non-linear functions that are difficult to evaluate, differentiate, or integrate directly. It covers Maclaurin series expansions as a special case of Taylor series where the function is expanded about x=0, and provides examples of calculating Taylor series approximations and using them to solve problems such as definite integrals. The document also discusses properties like addition, multiplication, and division that can be performed with power series.

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    3.-M2-Lesson-1

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    This document discusses Taylor series expansions as a way to approximate non-linear functions that are difficult to evaluate, differentiate, or integrate directly. It covers Maclaurin series expansions as a special case of Taylor series where the function is expanded about x=0, and provides examples of calculating Taylor series approximations and using them to solve problems such as definite integrals. The document also discusses properties like addition, multiplication, and division that can be performed with power series.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views28 pages

    Numerical Analysis in Engineering: Taylor Series

    Uploaded by

    Collano M. Noel Rogie
    This document discusses Taylor series expansions as a way to approximate non-linear functions that are difficult to evaluate, differentiate, or integrate directly. It covers Maclaurin series expansions as a special case of Taylor series where the function is expanded about x=0, and provides examples of calculating Taylor series approximations and using them to solve problems such as definite integrals. The document also discusses properties like addition, multiplication, and division that can be performed with power series.

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    Module 2

    Numerical Analysis in
    Engineering: Taylor
    Series
    M2: Numerical Analysis in
    Engineering: Taylor Series

    L1: TAYLOR SERIES


    Learning Outcomes
    • Define the Taylor Series Expansion
    • Compute the approximate of a function using
    zero-to-fourth order Taylor Series Expansion
    Not all functions are friendly!!!
    This is way more
    1. Polynomial Function friendly!

    𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑥 4 …
    can be evaluated arithmetically, easy to differentiate and integrate

    2. Other Non-Linear Functions


    1 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = ln(𝑥)
    𝑓 𝑥 =
    𝑥−1
    sin 𝑥 hard to integrate using
    cannot be directly evaluated using න simple integrating
    arithmetic, sometimes hard to differentiate 𝑥 methods
    and integrate
    Fortunately, we can still be friends with the non-
    linear functions!
    But How??? : WE ARE GOING TO APPROXIMATE THEM!

    Method of Approximation : TAYLOR SERIES EXPANSION

    This is how it works!!!


    𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
    Taylor Series Manipulation 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 …
    𝑓 𝑥 = ln(𝑥)

    We need to change these… …into this.


    Prior to Taylor Series Expansion, let’s have first the
    Maclaurin Series Expansion.
    The Maclaurin Series Expansion
    is used to approximate functions using the power series form below.
    𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + ⋯
    where c’s are constants to be determined, and assuming that f(x) exists
    within certain interval of convergence.
    How to solve the c’s?? : WE ARE GOING TO TAKE SUCCESSIVE DERIVATIVES
    Successive derivatives when x = 0, we find…
    𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 𝑥 + 3𝑐3 𝑥 2 + ⋯ 𝑓 ′ 0 = 𝑐1

    𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 2! 𝑐2 + 3! 𝑐3 𝑥 + 4 ∙ 3𝑐4 𝑥 2 … 𝑓 ′′ 0 = 2! 𝑐2

    𝑓 ′′′ 𝑥 = 3! 𝑐3 + 4! 𝑐4 𝑥 + 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3𝑐5 𝑥 2 … 𝑓 ′′′ 0 = 3! 𝑐3


    The Maclaurin Series Expansion
    Solving for c’s and substituting in the first equation…
    We turn this… 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + ⋯
    ..into this. 𝑓 ′′ 0 𝑓 𝑛 0
    𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 0 + 𝑓′ 0 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 + ⋯
    2! 𝑛!

    𝑓 ′ 0 = 𝑐1
    It is formulated and
    𝑓 ′′ 0 = 2! 𝑐2 named for the Scottish
    mathematician Colin
    𝑓 ′′′ 𝑥 = 3! 𝑐3 Maclaurin (1698-1746)
    Sadly, not all non-linear functions can be
    approximated by the Maclaurin Series
    These are…
    𝑓 𝑥 = ln(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 = cot(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3

    Reasons…
    The f(x) and all of its derivatives does not exist at x = 0.
    Well, let’s move on and have some problems
    instead…
    Maclaurin Series Problem 1:
    Problem Statement: Obtain the Maclaurin’s Series for sin x.
    Solution:
    1. Target polynomial approximation (Maclaurin Series Expansion)
    Maclaurin Series Problem 1:
    Problem Statement: Obtain the Maclaurin’s Series for sin x.
    Solution:
    2. Solve the successive derivatives of the given functions
    Maclaurin Series Problem 1:
    Problem Statement: Obtain the Maclaurin’s Series for sin x.
    Solution:
    3. Substituting and Writing the equivalent Maclaurin Expansion
    Maclaurin Series Problem 2:
    Problem Statement: Estimate the value of sin 54 degrees using the
    Maclaurin Series up to 4 terms. Solve for the
    percentage error.
    Solution:
    1. Formulating the Maclaurin Series for sin x up to 4 terms.

    2. Substituting value of x = 54 degrees and solve for the approximate value.


    Maclaurin Series Problem 2:
    Problem Statement: Estimate the value of sin 54 degrees using the
    Maclaurin Series up to 4 terms. Solve for the
    percentage error.
    Solution:
    3. Solving for the True Percentage Relative Error
    how about the interval of convergence???
    Maclaurin Series Problem 3:
    Problem Statement: Obtain the Maclaurin Series of ln (x+1) and established
    their convergence.
    Solution:
    1. Target polynomial approximation (Maclaurin Series Expansion)
    Maclaurin Series Problem 3:
    Problem Statement: Obtain the Maclaurin Series of ln (x+1) and established
    their convergence.
    Solution:
    2. Solve the successive derivatives of the given functions
    Maclaurin Series Problem 3:
    Problem Statement: Obtain the Maclaurin Series of ln (x+1) and established
    their convergence.
    Solution:
    3. Interval of Convergence
    We can also perform algebraic operations in our
    Power Series, too.
    Theorem I: Addition
    Two power Series may be added together for all values of the variable for
    which both series converge.
    In symbol…
    𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ Plus 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏3 𝑥 3 + ⋯

    𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑐0 +𝑏0 ) + (𝑐1 +𝑏1 )𝑥 + (𝑐2 +𝑏2 )𝑥 2 + (𝑐3 +𝑏3 )𝑥 3 + ⋯


    Theorem II: Multiplication
    Two power series may be multiplied together for all values of the variable for
    which one series is convergent and the other is absolutely convergent.
    In symbol…
    𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏3 𝑥 3 + ⋯

    𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑐0 ∙ 𝑏0 ) + (𝑏0 𝑐1 ∙ 𝑏1 𝑐0 )𝑥 + (𝑏0 𝑐2 +𝑏1 𝑐1 + 𝑏2 𝑐0 )𝑥 2 …


    Example:
    𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
    Theorem III: Division
    Two powers can be divided given that both are convergent for a particular
    condition and that division by zero is not allowed.
    Example:
    𝑥
    𝑓 𝑥 =
    sin 𝑥

    We can also perform substitution in power series. Kindly explore it on a separate theorem!!!
    with the knowledge of Maclaurin Series Expansion,
    let’s solve this definite integral…
    1
    sin 𝑥
    න
    0 𝑥
    Maclaurin Series Problem 5:
    Problem Statement: Approximate the value of the definite integral below
    using the first three terms. Solve also the relative error.
    1
    sin 𝑥
    න
    Solution: 0 𝑥
    1. Solving for the approximate value
    Maclaurin Series Problem 5:
    Problem Statement: Approximate the value of the definite integral below
    using the first three terms. Solve also the relative error.
    1
    sin 𝑥
    න
    Solution: 0 𝑥
    2. Solving for the relative error
    so much for the Maclaurin Series… Let’s have the
    Taylor Series Expansion.
    References:
    1. C. F. Gerald and P. O. Wheatley (2004). Applied Numerical Analysis (7th Ed.) Pearson
    Education, Inc.
    2. S. C. Chapra and R. P. Canale (2010). Numerical Methods for Engineers (6th Ed.)
    McGraw-Hill, New York.

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