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Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai Cluj Facultatea de Litere Departamentul de limba și literatura Engleză
LUCRARE DE LICENȚĂ The impact of The Industrial Revolution on the Nineteenth-century literary
movement – Romanticism Coordonator: Student: Conf. Univ. Dr. Liliana Pop Peter Clara Greta Table
of content 1. Overview 2. Chapter 1 – The Romantic Movement 1.1.Romanticism – Movement Origin
1.2.Romantic poetry 1.2.1. William Blake 1.2.2. William Wordsworth 3. Chapter 2 – The Age Of
Despair 4. Chapter 3 - The Industrial Revolution’s influence On Romantic Poetry 5. Chapter 4 - The
Industrial Revolution’s reflection in Romantic poetry 4.1 William Blake – The Chimney Sweeper 4.1.1.
Children of the Industrial Revolution 4.1.2. General Introduction Of The Poem 4.1.3. Innocence 4.1.4.
Experience 4.2 William Wordsworth - Lines Written A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey 4.3 William
Wordsworth - The World Is Too Much With Us 4.4. William Blake - London 4.5. Percy Bysshe Shelley -
Ode To The West Wind 6. Conclusion 7. Bibliography 8. Works Cited “One of the first conditions of
happiness is that the link between man and nature shall not be broken” -Lev Tolstoi - 1.
INTRODUCTION Life is constant evolution since it is always in the process of change. The world has
transformed over the course of history. There have been several critical points in history when this
happened, with one of them being the Industrial Revolution. Its name reflects the importance of its
historical impact: the Industrial Revolution had a profound effect on industry. The 18th and 19th
centuries were times of social and technological change, in which industry shifted from being
dependent on human labor to be entirely reliant on machines. Machines that once were handled by
workers now work on electricity, hence the employment shortage. Various important changes
occurred in the way commodities were created, and as a result, the world was completely
transformed and modernized. In addition, land, capital, and labor were all readily available, allowing
for mass production and the rise of the modern factory system, which revolutionized sectors such as
the...
Text without relevant sources hidden
...e history of English literature is extensive. To become more comprehensible and easier to follow, it
has been divided into distinct periods such as Old, Middle, and Modern Literature, but other
classifications have been included on the basis of movements in culture or literature and the
characteristics of the writers and works during each time period. Among other short periods, one
that is particularly relevant to the period between the late 18th and the early 19th centuries is known
as English Romanticism. This attitude or philosophical orientation could be seen in not only literature,
but also painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography during this time period . To be
more explicit, the Romantic period is said to have lasted for around forty years, beginning with the
French Revolution in 1789 and ending with the Reform Act of 1832. In other words, others argue that
Romanticism originated as a revolt against various principles of order, peace, tranquility, stability,
idealization, and rationality that were widely practiced during the 18th century and that are identified
as characteristics of Classicism and late 18th-century Neoclassicism. Romanticism was also a rejection
of the Enlightenment, 18th-century rationalism, and physical materialism . The outcome of this
reaction was to bring about a shift in the philosophy of Romanticism. Romanticism shifted focus away
from the collective, the objective, the rational, the imagined, the impersonal, the practical, the
cerebral, and the virtual, and toward the subjective, the imaginative, the passionate, the

unconventional, the whimsical, and the unconventional .In other words, Romanticism was a reaction
to excessive rationalism practiced in the Enlightenment period. In order to fully compreh...
...rious, and foreign is yet another trait of Romanticism. As previously stated, Romanticism was
preceded by various pre-Romanticistic developments that went back to the mid-eighteenth century
and that might be referred to as "Pre-Romanticism." The name "Romanticism" is given to this first
group of these developments because they represent a renewal of interest in medieval romance,
which brought about the Romantic period. Instead of taking conventional forms that have largely
fallen out of use, a romance was set in a world where chivalry, the exotic, and the mysterious were
favored, contrasting sharply with the elegant formality and artificiality of contemporary Classical
literary forms, such as French Neoclassical tragedy or English heroic couplets in poetry .(Britannica,
The Editors of Encyclopaedia) The publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads in the
early 1790s is considered to mark the start of the Romantic period in English literature. Movement in
poetry during the first era. Wordsworth describes poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings3" Also, during this time, after the Romantics concluded their second phase from 1805 to
1832, there was a strong resurgence of cultural nationalism as well as an increased focus on heritage
and identification, such as evident by the popular collections and imitations of native folklore and
even previously ignored medieval and Renaissance literature. Sir Walter Scott is the founder of the
historical novel, and in turn this has inspired innovative fiction, thanks to the recent growth of the
historical community. During the period in which the work of Keats, Lord Byron, and Bysshe Shelley
reached its peak, English Romantic poetry had completed its magnum opus. Although works
regarding the supernatural, the bizarre, and the scary, such as Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Horace
Walpole's The Castle of Otranto, are just a footnote to the 18th-century Romantic era, they are
interesting all the sa...
...ed that it was at this time that the English book truly bloomed. 1.1. ROMANTIC POETRY The
emphasis on poetry was an intriguing feature of the romantic era. Most of the great romantic authors
were poets, and not novelists. One of the most important events in literary criticism during the
Romantic era was the impact of two famous authors: the work of William Wordsworth, whose The
Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1800) was very influential, and the writing of Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
whose Biographia Literaria (1800) had an extremely strong impact. Modern critics have had varying
views about whether Wordsworth and Coleridge's literary works represented a significant departure
from their predecessors' work, or if it should be viewed as a continuation of the aesthetic ideas and
principles espoused by the likes of the Germans and the English during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Wordsworth made his renowned declaration on the essence of poetry in the Preface to Lyrical Ballads
in 1800, when he said that "the spontaneous outburst of intense sentiments" is what defines poetry.
In this case, Wordsworth laid forth a whole new vision of poetry that differed significantly from
conventional practices at the time, shifting the emphasis away from the role of the poem as a mirror
or imitation of reality and placing it on the artist and the poet's relationship to the work. Due to this
change, poetry would now be viewed as an expressive art instead of a mimicking one. Although
"Romantic," "Romance," and "Romanticism" are frequently used interchangeably, there is a need for
clarity in their usage. The first thing we should notice is that the keywords are always capitalized to
help separate them from the phrases "romance" and "romantic," which are more commonly used to

refer to love stories or scenarios that are eroticized. For Shelley, Romantic poetry is the “power of
communicating and receiving intense and impassioned conception...
...hich lead to increased congestion and disease outbreaks. To make matters worse, the slums lacked
sanitary facilities, which caused the streets to be filled with horse excrement, trash, and human
waste, while the sewers discharged filthy drinking water. In the cities and in new sectors, children
were required to work long hours, and the authorities did not put in place any procedures to protect
workers. The shifts were usually 12-16 hours long and were set up on seven days a week. As a result
of the Industrial Revolution, Blake's work represents the human suffering it brought. William Blake is
noted for having written the Songs of Innocence and Experience during his life. Blake had received
almost all his schooling at home, and a significant amount of the design inspiration came from this
instruction. The book depicts both the light and dark elements of the human nature. The dichotomy
of yin and yang is analogous to this situation. Innocence is illustrated by the yin symbol and
experience by the yang symbol. The first two sections of the book are rather straightforward: they
each have an introduction that helps define what they include. The Book of Innocence’s first chapter
is about the story of the Bible and Jesus: “pipe a song about a Lamb” . Jesus was the sacrifice of God,
known as the Lamb of God. The dominant themes of the poem are concerned with restraining
creative and imaginative ideas. The poem takes place across a timeline that sees the wildness of
something grow, and eventually subside. Several of Blake's works “embrace” the lamb as a metaphor
of experience. This poem can be connected to “Half-Past Two” by U.A. Fanthorpe, which is also filled
with innocence. While all children are at that age, the youngster in the poem is said to be as innocent
as any other. If he does not know how to tell time, he will be stuck in the room unable to leave
because he does not know if he will ever learn. The lamb in this poem represents innocence. We will
note a big contrast in the way the introductions are written to the two books, The Book of Innocence
and The Book of Experience. Instead of a lamb's purity, you discover someone asking for help. The
entire planet is experiencing this. Since it is compelled to be aware of us, it begs to be free of all its
knowledge. In the poem, the bard describes himself as having seen too much of the world and is
tormented by it. As the above poem implies, it is possible that Blake is either talking about himself or
about someone else. In other words, the person Blake is speaking about is begging the world to
pause and heal itself, as well as to free itself from the iron chains of evi...
...n in pairs – one in “Songs of Innocence” and its corresponding part in “Songs of Experience”. One
pair we can talk about, and I will do so is “The Chimney Sweeper”, which is a powerful representation
of Blake’s hatred toward the Industrial Revolution. I will discuss this poem in more detail in the last
chapter. One more thing to point out about William Blake is even though he hated the Industrial
Revolution, he still had hope which is depicted in his poem called “Jerusalem”. It is not included in
Songs of Innocence and Experience, but even so, Jerusalem portrays William Blake’s hatred towards
the industrial progress, as well as how the principles of the French Revolution should be the guide to
human existence. According to the legend, Mary Magdalene arrived in England following the
crucifixion of Jesus. It is in Jerusalem that we can see Blake's good side. In his life, he has chosen
Jerusalem as a place of refuge and as a source of good. “I will not cease from Mental Fight, Nor shall
my sword sleep in my hand: Till we have built Jerusalem, In Englands green & pleasant Land.” Blake
is making the point that he has no forgiveness in him, and he blames the Industrial Revolution and,

on that basis, condemns it as well as swearing that he will battle to avenge his country's honor until
the Revolution is over and England is rid of deceit. Jerusalem is a symbol of the Promised Land. He
has made this in order to convey that, despite his belief that the industrial revolution is a horrible
thing, there is still hope for the world. Songs of Innocence and Experience include a wide range of
topics, including William Blake's unwavering hatred of the Industrial Revolution and his unshakable
support for the aims of the French Revolution. These are little insights into his life and the Industrial
Revolution, and for a long time he is acknowledged as a very admired person. 1.2.2. WILLIAM
WORDSWORTH “Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge; it is the impassioned
expression which is in countenance of all science” – these are the words with which William
Wordsworth expresses his faith in poetry and science brought by the industry. He also noted that the
poet “converses with general nature”, while the man of science “with those particular parts of nature
which are the objects of his studies.” Wordsworth, writing in 1802, rejects the objective of “enlisting
the imagination under the banner of science”, but he also considers that poetry and science are
connected in serving a common purpose: “Poetry is the first and last of all knowledge — it is as
immortal as the heart of man. If the labours of Men of science should ever create any material
revolution, direct or indirect, in our condition, and in the impressions which we habitually receive,
the Poet will sleep then no more than at present; he will be ready to follow the steps of the Man of
science, not only in those general indirect effects, but he will be at his side, carrying sensation into
the midst of the objects of the science itself. The remotest discoveries of the Chemist, the Botanist, or
Mineralogist, will be as proper objects of the Poet’s art as any upon which it can be employed, if the
time should ever come when these things shall be familiar to us, and the relations under which they
are contemplated by the followers of these respective sciences shall be manifestly and palpably
material to us as enjoying and suffering beings. If the time should ever come when what is now called
science, thus familiarized to men, shall be ready to put on, as it were, a form of flesh and blood, the
Poet will lend his divine spirit to aid the transfiguration, and will welcome the Being thus produced, as
a dear and genuine inmate of the household of man .” These words were written in the middle of the
greatest material revolution science had yet created in the condition of men. To Wordsworth, nature
is important, and it cannot be separated from human life, because it influences man’s attitude and
behavior. He also says that it influences human morality and religious belief . The connection and the
relationship God-men can be seen through nature. As noted by Durant, Wordsworth’s poems are
contemplative, elegiac and philosophical. As Wordsworth lived in the late 18th century, he was a
Romantic poet. Most of Wordsworth’s poems are inspired from the connection between humans and
nature. Peck and Coyle described this connection as: What the Romantics is to find a harmony in life
which is at one with pattern that can be found in the Natural world. At the same time, there is a great
stress on the imagination; the source of order becomes internal, as in work of Wordsworth, where
there is a stress in how his mind interact with what he sees in the natural world, so that some pattern
and harmony are created in life.(Peck, 1984) Holman also said: Romanticism is a movement of the
18th and 19th centuries which marked the reaction in literature, philosophy, art, religion, and politics
from neo-classicism and formal orthodoxy of preceding period.(Holman, 392) The above quotes
show that Romanticism had a great influence on poets, including William Wordsworth . For him,
nature is a guidance for life – Nature is a haunted house through which we must pass. (Hartman, 290)
William Wordsworth was one of the poets who was against the Industrial Revolution. He reacted
against the chaos and disorder created by the industrialization. Disturbed by the changes,
Wordsworth escaped into the beauty of nature. […] […] These lines show how Wordsworth finds
comfort and pleasure in nature, as he sits peacefully under the tree. As Wordsworth matures as a

person and as a poet, his perspectives begin to shift. It is possible to observe this in lines 47-52 of
book two of The Prelude, where he writes: We ran a boisterous course; the year span round With
giddy motion. But the time approached That brought with it a regular desire For calmer pleasures,
when the winning forms Of Nature were collaterally attached To every scheme of holiday delight And
every boyish sport, less grateful else And languidly pursued . As he grows older, these expressions
reflect his growing maturity as he desires a life with less thrill and more peace. In The Prelude, an
important theme is the connection human-nature. Wordsworth provides a number of remarks that
are still viable today. Both nature and imagination serve as defining characteristics of Wordsworth's
work as a romantic poet, as well as the thread that runs through all his writings. The invention of the
steam engine by James Watt signaled the beginning of a new...
...ryone's standard of living, on the other hand, improved. Many historical sources include
information about the dates of the Industrial Revolution, as well as the names of the pioneers who
were responsible for its development. To understand better the social life in London around the year
1800, we must look for works that describe the people's living circumstances. These resources
provide an honest representation of the lives of regular people in the city, and they are available for
free online. Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 by William Wordsworth makes
it clear that the writers' perceptions of the city are vastly different from one another. What was life
like in London at the turn of the nineteenth century like in reality? In one of Dorothy’s journals,
Wordsworth’s sister, there is a description of London at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. ...
we left London on Saturday morning at 1/2 past 5 or 6, the 31st July (I have forgot which) we
mounted the Dover Coach at Charing Cross. It was a beautiful morning. The city, St. Paul’s, with the
river, and a multitude of little boats, made a most beautiful sight as we crossed Westminster Bridge.
The houses were not overhung by their cloud of smoke, and they were spread out endlessly, yet the
sun shone so brightly, with such a fierce light; that there was something like the purity of one of
nature’s own grand spectacles. (Dorothy Wordsworth, The Grasmere journal, 31 July, 1802). This view
has given inspiration to Wordsworth to write the sonnet “Composed upon Westminster Bridge”. The
city now doth like a garment, wear The beauty of the morning; silent, bare […] (Lines 4-5) The
beautiful, peaceful morning of London is described in these lines. As it was written in the early stage
of the Industrial Revolution, the condition of that time was not bad. Andre said that London from this
poem was before the full effect of industrialization affected the country. London being the capital of
England, it had many buildings, becoming a center of manufacture. Ships, tower, domes, theatres,
and temples lie Open unto the fields, and to the sky ; (lines 6,7) The speaker describes the city that
he saw while standing on the Westminster Bridge in the first line of Wordsworth's poem ‘Composed
upon Westminster Bridge. He began by affirming that this view, seen from this bridge, is the fairest
sight. He went so far as to say that anyone who chooses to disregard this idea is incapable of seeing
the beauty of the natural world in the morning. This seems like a disguise. Sharing all he saw about
the city, the poet has made the city appear clean and devoid of corruption...
...te Bridge and the Tower of London that he could see from the bridge. He went so far as to compare
the view of the countryside in the sunshine to the architecture in the area. It amazes him to realize
that inner calm is there even among the huge population in the city. The river Thames passes under
the bridge, and he showed images of such beauties. When you have eliminated all of the sounds and

the mess of industrial operations, you find beauty and serenity. CHAPTER 2 – THE AGE OF DISPAIR
“From Birmingham to Wolverhampton, a distance of thirteen miles, the country was curious and
amusing; though not very pleasing to eyes, ears or taste; for part of it seemed a sort of
pandemonium on earth – a region of smoke and fire filling the whole earth between earth and
heaven; amongst which certain figures of human shape – if shape they had – were seen occasionally
to glide from one cauldron of curling flame to another. The eye could not descry any form or color
indicative of country – of the hues and aspect of nature, or anything human or divine. Although
nearly mid-day, in summer, the sun and the sky were obscured and discolored; something like horses,
men, women, and children occasionally seemed to move in the midst of the black and yellow smoke
of fleshes of fire; but were again lost in obscurity. A straggling boy or girl was at times seen in the
road, with uncombed, uncut hair, unwashed skin, and naked limbs, which appeared as if smoke dried,
and encased with a compound of that element and soot […]. The surface of the earth is covered and
loaded with its own entrails, which afford employment and livelihood for thousands of the human
race.”12(the country pictured by John Britton during the Industrial Revolution) The nineteenth
century saw a significant increase in the number of individuals moving from rural to urban regions for
the first time in history. The Industrial Revolution was responsible for the development of a new
industrial system that increased the speed and output of production. However, as a result of the
Industrial Revolution, a population change occurred, which had far-reaching consequences that
extended beyond ...
... people went to cities, living conditions improved, manufacturing techniques were improved, and
class conflicts grew more common. As society changed, new political and cultural concepts began to
emerge. These new political and cultural ideas spread throughout Europe, inspiring new political and
cultural ideas to emerge. To a certain extent, the Industrial Revolution was responsible for the
emergence of each of these three social ideologies: socialism, romanticism, and liberalism, to name a
few. that started in the 1760s in England (Heath, 2) . Heath added, “They confronted the Neo-
Classical Tradition (Heath, 4). This deviates from the classical tradition and expands on the natural
world and the psychological wilderness. Individual relevance against conventional ideals are
expounded upon in the poem. renowned authors: , The industrial revolution worsened societal
upheaval and unrest. They wanted to bring awareness to the urban lifestyle that was beginning to
affect society. This . The Industrial Revolution inspired many of the romantics’ works to describe the
new and harsh urban existence. ; folk customs; nostalgic love; mysticism; and preoccupation with
death. . He reshapes people's views on literary works and on society. Many poets discussed social
concerns and other concerns by utilizing his technique of free-form poetry. He mentioned that
"Everything we love will be appreciated by others. We may pass along what we have learned to help
others enrich their minds." He began the common populace and academics. He was concerned
about both the writing style and the individuals who wrote it. His work was unorthodox and was easy
for the the average guy who deals with human for those unfortunate souls. In the past, he thought
increased duties among individuals would lead to a drop in ' in order to concentrate on a little
altruistic gesture. were lost by the time he penned the novel poem “Tintern Abbey. "Five Years have
passed; five summers, with the length of five long winters and again I heard these waters”. His love
for life and environment is reflected in these lines. He was content with his rural childhood, but
civilization changed it into urban. He recognized that the notion of prosperity crumbled when human

nature failed to remain moral, and "nature never did betray". He based his urbanization portrayals on
his studies of na...
... the victim of industrialization, growing the population's attention to vital concerns. The speaker
begins the poem by describing the view of the city that he witnessed while standing on the
Westminster Bridge. When the poem begins, he describes the scene, which is especially beautiful, as
being fair in the entire world. He said anyone who rejects this viewpoint is lacking in aesthetic
appreciation. This beauty acts as a cover. The author offers his observations on the city, which seems
free of rank. Wordsworth revealed the lovely city while it was calm and uninfluenced by industry
sounds. He urged people to embrace nature and escape from challenging city life. He spoke about
prominent sites seen from the bridge, including Paul's Tower in London, and London Bridge. He even
contrasted the building and landscape views in the sunshine. William Blake also had a clear stance in
regard to those being victimized by the progression of human sorrows of human life via his poetry
and art in his unique era. His “The Chimney Sweeper” chronicles how many businesses have
permeated all facets of society. A poor small kid was sold by his father for money, and the child was
employed to sweep the chimney. For that period, biased and harsh society neglected numerous kid
labors. There is just one example of a victim of industrialization in the poem. Throughout the poem,
human morality was utterly opposed by the notion of affluence While everyone was more concerned
with wealth, Blake never accepted the inattention to the suffering. This vast class divide is the result
of industrial revolution. None gave the youngster any attention, since they were seeking
achievement. Industrial revolution generated a battle for wealth and power among all the
participants, and as a result, people drifted away from divinity and into self-centered, materialistic
beings. CHAPTER 4 – THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PICTURED IN POETRY Death does not concern
us, because as long as we exist, death is not here. And when it does come, we no longer exist. -
Epicurus Romantic poetry has seen significant changes due to the Industrial Revolution and it was
completely opposite to romantic poems of that time. In the wake of the Industrial Revolution,
children were forced into labor under harsh conditions. Industrialization and urbanization changed
childhood completely. They were no longer “kids”, but mere workers. The rise of production only had
negative impact upon men and nature. In addition to abuse of children and natural calamities, many
poets have written about the Revolutionary War and the times that have passed since. These poets
include John Keats, William Blake, William Wordsworth, and Percy Shelley , among others. For
example, numerous poets, such as John Keats, William Blake, William Wordsworth, and Percy Shelley,
have written about the Revolution and the period in which it occurred, as well as about the future.
Child-forced labor was often allowed throughout the Industrial Revolution.. Because of labor
regulations, their employers were able to pay them far lower wages than adult workers. They would
work long hours and become extremely exhausted, sometimes even to the point of passing ou...
...tical view of the world as well as a discussion of the subject of social exclusion. With the poem's
innocent version, the narrator virtually condemns it, condemning society and religion for its
shortcomings. (The Industrial Children, Celestetmoc.com) Throughout the Romantic era, the child was
a profoundly significant and symbolic figure for Romantic poets and writers of poetry. Children, who
represented the epitome of innocence and beauty, were without a doubt the most exploited group of
people during the Industrial Revolution. Blake's image of children regularly "...engages questions

about mortality, yet his poetry is distinguished by a true societal concern for the pain of the child" in
his poetry (Carlson). Blake denounced and questioned how a culture devoted to progress could
permit child abuse and extortion in the first place. Many people's professions and living situations
were altered as a result of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution. The growth of the industry
resulted in an exponential increase in the size of cities and inhabitants. Individual skills was being
stifled by mass output in the factories, which resulted in a tremendous influx of individuals seeking
employment in urban areas. It is as a result of this population explosion that a large proportion of the
city's people find themselves at the bottom of the socioeconomic scale. The need for laborers to fill
job opportunities in manufacturing was high, and these jobs offered low wages to their employees.
As a result, there were more people than there were available places to live in the city. Thousands of
people were crammed into dirty, overcrowded quarters in the heart of a dirty metropolis. Thanks to
the Industrial Revolution, people had no choice but to move into the city’s filth. A few miles above
Tintern Abbey is a poem written by William Wordsworth about his memories of time spent in nature
and the delight he gained from it. It is a collection of poems on nature. He's homesick, and the place
he's in brings up memories of happier periods in his life. The profound delight and exquisite
sensations he had while in nature are brought back to him whenever he sits "...in lonely chambers,
and amid the clamor of towns and cities.." (Wordsworth). In reaction to the rise of industrialization,
several poets created works influenced by the Industrial Revolution. Byron and Shelley believed that
poets are inspired by the day's historic and social situations. Ode to the West Wind, written by
Shelley, is a protest against the harshness of urbanization. The wind, a symbol of nature and the
changing seasons, provides vitality to all places it travels, no matter how remote. It is death that
follows the revolution, with its low quality of life, child maltreatment, and devastation of nature in
every direction. In Keats' Ode to a Nightingale, the speaker expresses his or her envy for the bird's
contentment. Nature's basic beauty provides the greatest amount of pleasure. Instead of the
confined and constantly shifting speed of urbanization, true beauty may be found in the simplicity of
nature. The innocent pleasure that may be found in the natural world is prominently featured in
Blake's The Chimney Sweeper. An angel rescues the youngsters from their grueling task as chimney
sweeps and transports them to a lush green meadow where they may play and relax. Nature is shown
to be the sole means of escaping the impending death that would be brought about by the Industrial
Revolution in this way. “...express respect for the natural world and represent nature as a method of
escaping from the difficulties of contemporary life, ” writes Blake of Keats' poetry (Carroll). The
Industrial Revolution had a big impact on British history during the nineteenth century. The absence
of it would have resulted in our civilization not progressing as it has. In the United Kingdom, there
were various advantages to urbanization. Aspects of this included technological discoveries,
population growth, as well as cultural and social transformation. However, there were drawbacks,
such as high death rates among industrial workers, harsh treatment of children, poor living conditions
for those at the bottom of society, and a shift away from nature, simplicity, and the sublime as a
result of the emphasis placed on urbanization and the industrial revolution. The suffering of many
individuals was not worth it in the pursuit of social and economic development. In these poems,
“...reference was made to nature's power, and rural people and landscapes were shown as a
technique to seek serenity amongst the chaos of societal upheaval brought on by industrialization”
(Jones). They created beautiful urbanization critique and poems to reintroduce people to the
simplicity that they had discovered in nature . 4.1 . WILLIAM BLAKE – THE CHIMNEY SWEEPER 4.1.1.
CHILDREN OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION In 1817, parlamentarian men gathered to discuss about
the children’s situation.Between 1788 and 1817, the study describes the working conditions of

“climbing boys” in the United Kingdom. When questioned about his intentions, the chimney sweep
stated that although he is willing to comply with the terms of the 1788 Act, he occasionally has to
whip the guys into doing their tasks. He states that he would like...
...s about how sweeps are sold by their parents and used for hard labor: “my father sold me”, “a little
black thing”, “where are thy father and mother?” 4.1.2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF THE POEM It
was a perilous moment to be a kid growing up in England towards the end of the eighteenth century;
regular people all throughout the country were battling to make ends meet. Because they were
unable to feed and take care of their children, parents had no choice but to sell their children. In
1789-1794, William Blake, in his combined edition The Songs of Innocence and Experience, illustrates
“the two contrary states of human soul” . Blake “makes a scalding commentary about societal
injustice by representing the plight of poor children who are forced to work as chimney sweeps by
juxtaposing two contrary states – one in the innocent, pastoral world of childhood, and the other in
the adult world of cognizance”(Academia.edu). These said “states” are echoes of the English society
his era. Several of his poems address contemporary social problems, one of those poems is The
Chimney Sweeper, which deals with child labor and describes the grim lives of children. A kid is sold
into chimney sweeping at an early age, and he or she goes on to have a harrowing existence. The
poem"The Chimney Sweeper" narrates the terrible life of this youngster. One could ask how it was
possible for children to be treated so h...
... the world. (Gross, 1) To give a more insight meaning of the two poems, I also analyzed them
separately. 4.1.3. INNOCENCE In 1789, Blake printed the first few copies of The Songs of Innocence.
In Songs of Innocence, the youngster draws his life story as he talks about his orphanage and the
terrible existence that others like him face, where their only comfort is to fantasize about brighter
days to come. These brighter day can only be achieved for these youngsters by supernatural
intervention, as they dream of being liberated by an angel “who had a bright key/ And open'd the
coffins & set them all free.” The stark contrast between the terrible facts of the sweeps' existence
and the euphoric vision of liberation contained in Tom Dacre's dream, a newcomer to the crew, is
central to the poem. Tom has a dream: That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned and Jack, Were all
of them locked up in coffins of black, And by came an angel who had a bright key, And he opened the
coffins and set them all free. Then down a green plain leaping, laughing they run, And wash in a river
and shine in the sun. Then naked and white, all their bags left behind , They rise upon clouds and
sport in the wind. Even though in reality children are death-infected (as depicted by the image of the
black coffins), they are free in the dream. It occurs in a pastoral utopia, which the lads refer to as "a
green plain," where there is color, light, happiness, and more happiness; the real world is colorless,
depressing, subject to the restrictions of city life, and a capitalist economy, in which the boys can only
lament their fate. This freedom, on the other hand, comes at a price. With a "bright key," the a...
...inal line, which states that if "all perform their job," the lads "need not dread harm." For a societal
critic such as Blake, a proposition like this looks to be an unusual advice to make. While Tom's dream
does assist him in surviving his agony (he wakes up feeling "glad and warm"), it is clear that Blake

doesn’t accept the fact that earthly misery can be an acceptable state of living in order to have a
peaceful life once one has passed away. “A dream, according to Marx, is a representation of the act of
hegemonic dominance in a capitalist society. When Tom Darce, as a symbol of working-class children,
is provided with "false consciousness ," his exploitation is naturalized and legitimized. This is
accomplished by implying that youngsters like him have no other option but to carry out their "job"
because this is the only option that is best for them. In this way, the boss, the symbol of capitalism,
maintains control through the permission that children like Tom unknowingly provide. As the child's
pain is rendered more painful by his faith, this romantic picture of infancy in songs of innocence calls
attention to the corrupting social order. The child's subjectivity, his own point of view, produces a
profoundly empathetic depiction of the child's tale, demonstrating how, in his innocence, he fails to
see his own enslavement. In his book, A Child's World: A Social History of Childhood, James Walvin
describes a conflict between innocence as a characteristic of childhood and the realities of childhood
for the vast majority children, particularly those from the poorest classes in society. Even at a young
age, there was " little place for the innocenceof childhood" in the "packed filth" of lower-class life in
the urban area. The poem's undertone is ultimately gloomy, since depicted on the plate on which
Blake carved his lines are little children escaping to a better future . It is almost like a nursery rhyme in
terms of its rhyme structure and simplicity, but the irony is that Blake's poem has a theme that is
diametrically opposed to that of a nursery rhyme. Underneath the idealistic and optimistic façade
4.1.4. EXPERIENCE Even darker is the poem 'The Chimney-Sweeper,' which appears in Songs of
Experience. The poem begins with a new speaker who observes "A little black thing among the
snow". In contrast to Tom's dream in the Innocence poem, the colors here is st...
...imes throughout the poem, indicating that the child's innocence has been tarnished by his or her
duties. These colors act as a contrast, stressing the contrast between the child's prior state of
pleasure and freedom and his current state of suffering as a result of being compelled to work as a
chimney sweep. The speaker, on the other hand, is extremly joyful. His feelings are radiating positive
energy, despite the fact that, unlike the lads in the Innocence poem, he recognizes his enslavement:
Because I was happy upon the heath, And smiled among the winter’s snow, They clothed me in the
clothes of death And taught me to sing the notes of woe . "Where are thy father and mother gone?"
asks the child in a poetic voice at one point in the poem. This child is born with an instinctive
awareness of his own objectification by his parents for financial gain. It is called into question the
familial bond as Blake dejectedly points out the erosion of traditional values in an increasingly
commercial England where parents transform their child into a money-making device. However,
instead of happily strolling about on snow-covered streets and playing, the child in the poem goes
about on snow-covered streets to gather soot from chimneys. Because of his parents' abandonment,
this child suffers not only physically from work dangers, but also emotionally as a result of their
absence. His life has become deprived of any joy, and worst of all, the blame for his misery has been
placed squarely on the shoulders of those who were supposed to be his unconditional love providers.
(The British Library) 4.2 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH - LINES WRITTEN A FEW MILES ABOVE TINTERN
ABBEY Five years have passed; five summers, with the length Of five long winters! And again I hear
These waters, rolling from their mountain springs With a soft inland murmur. Once again Do I behold
these steep and lofty cliffs, Which on a wild secluded scene impress Thoughts of more deep
seclusion, and connect T he landscape with the quiet of the sky . Industrial Revolution had forced
people to change jobs and living conditions. The development of cities and factories resulted in a

meaningful increase of number of cities and inhabitants. A large influx of people seeking work in
cities occurred because of mass manufacturing taking away the ability to develop specific skills in the
factories. It is as a result of this population explosion that a large proportion of the city's people find
themselves at the bottom of the socioeconomic scale. The...
...es to live in the city. Thousands of people were jammed together in dirty, tight quarters in the heart
of a polluted metropolitan area. Because of the changes industrialization had caused, people were
not able to enjoy the nature around them and they were practically forced to urbanize themselves. In
his poem Lines Written a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth recalls the time he has
spent in nature and how happy he was. He is homesick, and the place he is in brings up memories of
happier periods in his life. In his …in lonely rooms, and mid the din of towns and cities… ", he recalls
the happiness and wonderful feelings he felt when walking through nature . "Tintern Abbey" was
written during the years when industrialization was destroying the English countryside. "The
wreathes of smoke / Sent up in silence from among the trees ", the poem's speaker says woefully. The
distant clouds of smoke coming from some industrial concern, or another behave almost like funeral
palls strewn across a landscape dying to industrialization's consequences. Even though the Wye
Valley is a rural and far-off part of Eastern Wales, the effects of the Industrial Revolution were felt
here just as strongly as in the cities. Tintern, in the Wye valley in Eastern Wales, has been a hub for
iron industry since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution . Wordsworth notices the impact
industrialization has left in the Wye Valley when he observes the "wreathes of smoke" (Green to the
very door; and wreaths of smoke / Sent up, in silence, from among the trees!) coming out from the
chimneys of pastoral farms. Researchers have visited the Wye Valley and confirmed that it was,
indeed, under the influence of industrialization: "the region exhibited clear traces of industrial and
commercial activity" .In his poem "Tintern Abbey" Wordsworth expresses worry over the presence of
vagrants in the hills, whom Levinson later confirms were "victims of England's collapsing economy
and of wartime displacement" “In 1798, the Wye Valley, though still affording prospects of great
natural beauty, presented less delightful scenes as well. The region showed prominent signs of
industrial and commercial activity: coal mines, transport barges noisily plying the river, miners'
hovels. The town of Tintern, a half mile from the Abbey, was an ironworking village of some note, and
in 1798 with the war at full tilt, the works were usually active. The forests around Tintern—town and
Abbey— were peopled with vagrants, the casualties of England’stottering economy and of wartime
displacement. Many of these people lived by charcoal burning ,obviously a marginal livelihood. The
charcoal was used in the furnaces along the river banks.” . Levinson , in her book, describes how the
natural beauty has been destroyed due to urbanization and industrialization. Even though
industrialization has changed his favourite place, the beautiful landscape does not seem to have
blotted out of his memories: These beauteous forms, Through a long absence, have not been to me
As is a landscape to a blind man's eye: But oft, in lonely rooms, and 'mid the din Of towns and cities, I
have owed to them , In hours of weariness, sensations sweet, Felt in the blood, and felt along the
heart; And passing even into my purer mind With tranquil restoration:—feelings too Of
unremembered pleasure: such, perhaps , As have no slight or trivial influence On that best portion
of a good man's life, His little, nameless, unremembered, acts Of kindness and of love. Nor less, I
trust, To them I may have owed another gift, Of aspect more sublime; that blessed mood , In which
the burthen of the mystery, In which the heavy and the weary weight Of all this unintelligible world,
Is lightened:—that serene and blessed mood, In which the affections gently lead us on,— Until, the

breath of this corporeal frame And even the motion of our human blood Almost suspended, we are
laid asleep In body, and become a living soul: While with an eye made quiet by the power Of
harmony, and the deep power of joy, We see into the life of things . 4.3 William Wordsworth – The
World is Too Much With us Wordsworth as a Romantic poet thinks that the process of creation
involves people and environment being one in harmony. By embracing the broader aspects of our
society, we have defined our complete identities according to the principles of industrial capitalism.
Instead of chasing money and things, we should focus on nurturing our relationships with the
environment and getting along with others. As a result of industrialism and a drive for worldly
naturalism, the speaker whimpers the loss of man's connection to the natural world in the poem "The
World is Too Much With Us." In Wordsworth's case, "the world" alludes to civilization as a whole,
which evolved throughout time. In his view, societal priorities are all about "getting and spending,"
commercial endeavors, and making as much money as possible. Humans focus their life solely on
money accumulation, to the exclusion of appreciating the larger beauty of the nature. Getting and
spending, we lay waste our powers: Little we see in Nature that is ours: We have given our hearts
away, a sordid boon! These lines document how many in the post-Industrial Revolution period feel
out of sync with society: " For this, for everything, we are out of tune." According to Wordsworth,
those who are materialists are unable to see the ultimate meaning and purpose of life. Many of
Wordsworth's poems explore the link between the inner lives of people and the natural world around
them. He is convinced that true human pleasure can only be discovered when people's " "discerning
intellect of man" is "wedded...
...ind prisoners to their own greed. The poet in another poem says that pleasure is a fleeting goal to
be constantly pursued in an attempt to get financial satisfaction; people's greatest adversaries are the
temptations to disregard their moral principles in favor of attracting or making money. With the
following lines, he declares that he would rather be a Pagan nursed in an outdated faith than a
Christian oblivious to the natural world's voice (…rather be/ A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn…) :
The world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers : Little
we see in Nature that is ours; We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon ! The poet, as well as the
reader, is just as complicit in “getting and spending”, as well as wasting our capabilities (“we lay waste
our powers”), in order to have the same knowledge of what's out there in the natural world that we
have. (“Little we see in Nature that is ours” The cosmical “World” contrasts with the beneficial
“Nature,” which might help one to learn about his or her inner nature and therefore remove
deception and trickery. In the end, the poet notes that we've sold our hearts....
...itive aspects of his nice piece of land. In the end, he pretends to favor the mythology that is
centuries old yet remains relevant in the present day. He can see glimpses of Proteus emerging from
the water or Triton blowing his wreathed horn. The sonnet is one of persistent attack on superficiality
and conventionality in faith and human purpose, as well as a firm denouncement of what is rigidly
"out there" in terms of the world. 4.4 William Blake – London In this poem, Blake draws on his own
observations to present a comprehensive picture of the numerous miseries, both physical and
spiritual, that occur in the English capital of London . The impoverished lower classes of society, such
as chimney sweeps, soldiers, and harlots, are shown by the artist, who also paints a picture of the
muddy, desolate streets of London in his paintings. It is these people's cries of misery and injustice

that the poem is concentrated on, highlighting the distance that exists between those in positions of
power and the pain of poor people. Throughout the poem, numerous powerful institutions such as
the church, king, new industries, and the military are denounced, which highlights the economic
difficulties that were present in England at the time. The main subject and theme of this poem is
man's loss of freedom, as well as the factors that contribute to this loss. At a period when many
writers opted to glorify London as a magnificent and powerful city of international trade, Blake
focused on the city's corruption. To Blake, London is a place of weariness and sickness rather than
power and glory. He observes "marks of weakness, mark of woe" in the features of Londoners he
passes in the streets; he observes sadness in every face and every voice, indicating that London's
sorrow is omnipresent, or almost so. I wander thro' each charter'd street, Near where the charter'd
Thames does flow, And mark in every face I meet Marks of weakness, marks of woe . Throughout the
first line of Blake's poem, he indicates that there is nothing for free in London. Everything in London
was under the control of the wealthy, as indicated by the word "chartered." A number of powerful
people governed London during the industrial revolution period, and this introductory stanza
provides information to the reader about the actual condition of society in the city at that time
period. At the time, capitalists had sway over the whole economic structure. They, on the other hand,
benefitted directly from their position of power. On the other hand, a group of people known as labor
were compelled to face the agony and suffering that resulted from this scenario. The phrase "frailty
and sadness" refers to the hardship experienced by the majority of London's social classes. Their
plight is a result of the poverty and tyranny that occurred during the time of their plight. In every cry
of every Man, In every Infants cry of fear, In every voice: in every ban, The mind-forged manacles I
hear The second stanza is filled in numerous places with the word "cry", implying that the reader is
experiencing deep sadness. This sense of despair may be observed across London. During the
Industrial Revolution, the rate of poverty was extremely high, even by modern day standards. This is
because the workers’ minimum wage was so low. Capitalists forced employees to work long and
grueling hours for a little to increase their income. Labor's failure to fight the capitalism was causing
the situation to deteriorate, and it was becoming more dire. Despite the fact that they were in this
position, they were unable to do anything because their lives were continuously reliant on the
capitalists' decisions. The massive inflow of people from rural regions into London has resulted in a
dependence labor. Because labor was in limited supply as a result of this situation, capitalists simply
gave the miners a low pay in order to maintain production costs as low as possible. But most,
through midnight streets I hear How the youthful harlot's curse Blasts the new-born infant's tear
And blights with plagues the marriage-hearse In the final stanza of the poem, the reader may see a
reflection of London at night. There were numerous prostitution businesses in London that still exist
today as a symbol of moral degradation. In the preceding passage, the oppression of women is shown
as occurring throughout that historical period. Prostitution develops as a result of the futile conflict.
Many women became widows and were forced to rely on their relatives for support in the absence of
their husbands' help. Unluckily, at the time, it was exceedingly difficult for women to get a
respectable occupation. As a result, prostitution was the only alternative available to them. As a
result of prostitution, an increase in the number of sexually transmitted diseases has occurred. 4.3
Percy Bysshe Shelley - Ode To The West Wind Shelley was both socially and politically a revolutionary
author. In order to disseminate enlightenment and words of knowledge throughout the world, the
poet desires to commit and sacrifice his life. Shelley's poetry will have a great impact on other writers
by stimulating new ideas about social and political concerns. Shelley was able to illustrate all the
many topics fo...

..., demonstrating both how things that cannot even be seen may be magnificent and how nature and
the wind can both be a part of the sublime. Winds may be either harmful or beautiful, depending on
who you ask. Percy Shelley is regarded one of the most revolutionary Romantic Period poets. He
became infamous due to his controversial personal convictions, such as his unabashed atheism and
many marriages. He also believed in agricultural politics and expressed it in his poems. Percy Shelley's
radical agrarian politics are examined in the essay "Percy Shelley's Radical Agrarian Politics," in which
Michael Demson focuses on Shelley's ideas on England's agricultural system and its social
inequalities. Many of Shelley's thoughts on the issue were incorporated into his poetry, particularly
“Ode to the West Wind.” Shelley was arguing that the Agricultural Revolution in England had resulted
in greater inequality. Changes were required due to the rapid increase in population growth, which
demanded changes in food production. As a change, Shelley concentrated on land enclosures the
most. When large farms ceased to be accessible and were instead locked to the public, many ordinary
pe...
...sed by the wind, so too must his words be disseminated to the people. By reading these poems, we
can clearly see that Shelley is disturbed by the poverty he observes in the working class. In Ode to
the West Wind, Shelley sees the West Wind as a symbol of transition and regeneration. He admires it
for its ability to both destroy and sustain life. He wrote this poem to express his opposition to
monarchy, wealth equality, and class change, as well as the preservation of a better civilization. 5. to
be found of the reflection of the industrial revolution. The advances that the contemporary lifestyle
and the contemporary products provide are the reward for the industrial revolution. The romantic
literature, on the other hand, is the greatest representation of the profound changes that occurred in
English society throughout the 1800s. Every one of the abstract imageries associated with the
Industrial Revolution may be found in literary works. Today's cities in England have changed the co...
... period of England, let us consider the written representation of time, which is known as a literary
work. The Romantic Era was dedicated to the goal of getting people to appreciate the blessings of
nature because of the altered industrial world 6. Bibliography: 1. Ackroyd, Peter. Blake: A Biography.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. 2. Andrews, Fred H. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, vol. 97, no.
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Macmillan, 2012 4. Blanning, Tim, The Romantic Revolution – A History, Random House Publishing
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David. The Oxford Handbook of British Romanticism / Edited by David Duff. [electronic Resource].
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28. britlitsurvey2.wordpress.com/2014/03/2...cy-shelleys-ode-to-agricultural-reform
29. www.abebooks.de/9781349333134/Narrativ...lect-Romantic-Victorian-1349333131/plp
30. ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:52b5d11c-5ea6-44d4-9fc3-90f29fa28aca
31. www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-ar...y-terms/literature-general/romanticism
32. dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dtcfdergisi/issue/66789/1044440
33. link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230348837
34. silo.tips/download/encyclopedia-of-themes-in-literature
35. www.jstor.org/stable/25601614
36. www.thefreelibrary.com/Pictures+of+the...22+tides+and+%22vagrant...-a0108051097

37. www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/william-wordsworth
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