PHIL ARTS

Contemporary Arts

Contemporary Art - Art created now.

- Constantly changing and continuously reinventing itself.

“Contemporary” derived from the Latin prefix “con”, which means “together” or “with”
plus “tempus” which means “time”

Chonological - related to this current period in art history.

- “Art produced in our era or lifetime”

Historical – contemporary art as a specific stage in the evolution of art, referring to a

specific location in space and time

Contemporary art emerged in the Philippines in reaction to social and cultural realities during
the 1970s.
 This period was an era of repression and censorship of artistic expressions.
 He established a network of cultural and art institutions governed by Imelda.
 Art became a means to oppose the regime, and the political .
 The return of democracy to the Philippines also ushered in improvements in the political
and economic environment throughout the country, which encouraged art production in
the regions.
 Contemporary art began at a time when the country regained its liberties after the ouster
of the Marcos regime, and free expression was again granted to the people.

Social realism - is an art movement which sought to expose the real condition of
Philippine society and used art to transform it.

Progressive Art - whether in visual arts, music, theater, dance or literature in Manila
and in the countryside, developed a culture that would convey the authentic aspirations
of the Filipino people.

Contemporary Art in the Philippines due to:

1. The return of democracy under the Aquino government
2. Improved economic and political environment in the country, particularly in the
regions;
3. The advent of new technologies and free access to media.
 Functions Of Contemporary Arts

CONTEMPORARY ART FOR PLEASURE

•Provide escape from everyday concerns and satisfy the yearning for pleasurable
experiences

CONTEMPORARY ART AS PROFESSION

•Artists earn living through their art Creative industries

•Refer to industries which combine the creation, production, and commercialization of
creative contents which are intangible and cultural in nature

CONTEMPORARY ART AS COMMENTARY

•Art has often been used to answer our need for information
•Artists and illustrators were our only source of information about the visual appearance
of anything
•Artists’ commentaries often include personal judgments on conditions, facts, and politics

CONTEMPORARY ART IN SPIRITUALITY

•Artists may create art to express spiritual beliefs about the destiny of life controlled by
the force of a higher power
•may reinforce the shared beliefs of an individual or a community finding its way through
sacred rituals, places, and ceremonies

CONTEMPORARY ART AS REMEMBRANCE

•Something done as an aid to memory

•Commemoration is sometimes personal, as we each hold memories of events and
people important in our lives

CONTEMPORARY ART FOR PERSUASION

•Government buildings , public monuments, television commercials, and music videos all
harness the power of art to influence action and opinion

CONTEMPORARY ART AS SELF-EXPRESSION

•Art fulfills an expressive function when an artist conveys information about his or her
personality, feelings, or worldview
 Elements Of Arts

Space -Area occupied by the subject in an artwork.

-Element of art that refers to the emptiness or area between, around, or within objects.
a) Positive space - refers to a space enclosing a shape
b) Negative space/Ground - The empty space between the forms

Line - a short or long mark drawn on a carved on a surface.

- is an element of art that is the path of a moving point through space.
1. Horizontal (↔) - often associated with peace, serenity and calmess.
2. Vertical (↕) - the most powerful lines in visual art. solid vertical lines are attention
3. Diagonal (/)-lines of action and has no equal in visual intensity.
4. Curved (~)
5. Zig Zag (∑)

Shapes and Forms- a figure separate from its surrounding area or background.
- a two dimensional area that is defined in some way.
3 basic geometric shapes that can be defined with precise mathematical formulas:
 square
 circle
 triangle

Forms are objects having three dimensions. Like shapes, they both have length and width,
but forms also have depth.

Color - the most striking art element

- creates a mood or tone
- can have different meanings, depending on one's culture
 Black can stand for mystery or evil
 White can mean purity or innocence.
 Red stands for love, passion, hunger, or violence
 Green is meditative, calming
 Blue is the symbol for power, or royalty.

Afterimage occurs because the receptors in your eye retain the visual stimulation even
after it has ceased. Your brain creates the afterimage as a reaction to the color you
stared at originally.

VALUE - the degree of lightness and darkness of a color

- value is the element of art that describes the darkness or lightness of an object.

TEXTURE - the surface of an artwork

- Is the element of art that refers how things or look as if they might feel, if touched
- can be actual or tactile: it can be really felt by touch
 Principles Of Design

Principle of Design - Guideposts for organizing the elements of design so that they produce
pleasing, beautiful, and interesting artwork

Balance-The visual weight of lines, forms, textures or colors

 Symmetrical
 Asymmetrical balance
 Radial balance

Proportion- The relative size/ amount of something in relation to the other objects in the design
 Proportional
 Out of Proportion

Harmony- Pleasing relationships exist among the various elements.

- Elements complement each other

Ways to achieve harmony:

1.Similarity
2.Continuity
3.Alignment
4.Proximity

Rhythm- Beat expressed in repetition of lines, colors, and shapes; gradual increasing/
decreasing of size, direction, color
-Allows the eyes to move around

Similar to the concepts of

1.Similarity
2.Continuity

Emphasis- Creating a focal point, center of attention or a point of interest

Ways to achieve emphasis

1.Size
2.Color/ Contrast
3.Position
-Isolation
-Use of lines

Methods Of Presenting Art

Methods of Presenting Art- Is a term used for whatever is represented in art. It could be a
person, thing, event or situation showed by the artist.
- It answers the question “what is the work about?”
Realism – The way of presenting a subject the way it looks in everyday life, the way as
seen in the naked eye. This method is sometimes disturbing or offending for
if something looks or sounds gross or shocking, it is depicted as such.
- It favors the actual portrayal of actual life in real settings. It avoids the use of
exaggerated heroes in favour of ordinary people.

Abstraction – Moving away from reality

- Opposite of realism

1 Distortion - The art is bends, twists or misshapes the image to achieve a

non-natural deviation of shape or position of any part of the subject’s
body producing visible deformity.
2 Cubism - In this method, the artist uses geometrical shapes to represent his
subjects. The subjects are presented as a series of cubes, cones, or
spherical shapes which can be seen form different angles or viewpoints
all together at the same time.
3 Elongation - This is a method used by the artist when he intentionally
lengthens or elongates the figure of his subject to achieve a
desired effect.
4 Mangling - This is an uncommon way used by the artist to present his subject.

achieves the effect by cutting, chopping, mutilating, lacerating, or

hacking the image.
5 Abstract Expressionism - The forms are usually not found in the naturalworld.
-It emphasizes freedom of emotional expression,
technique, and execution.
-The act of painting becomes an art itself as the
process of painting becomes a drama of its own.

Symbolism - It is the artist’s way of presenting his idea or feeling using a representation of sign
to stand for something other than itself.
Dadaism - This method ignores aesthetics and intends to offend man’s sensibilities.
Surrealism - It tries to reveal a new and higher reality than that of daily life. They claim to
create a magical world more beautiful than the real one through art
Futurism - Concern with events and trends of the future or which anticipate the future.
Expressionism - Refers to “art that expresses intense emotion”.
- The artists work is an expression of his inner experience rather than solely
realistic portrayal
 The Context of Art
Context - refers to factors that surround a work of art.
- It includes a host of conditions such as economic events, historical trends, cultural
developments, religious attitudes, social norms, other artworks of the time.

Historical and cultural contexts - refers to the historical, social, political, and artistic
climate or period in which the artist was working when the artwork was created.

Context of Art maybe classified into two:

Primary context- pertains to the artist: his/her attitudes, beliefs, interests, and
values; education and training; and biography and psychology.
- Includes the artist’s intentions and purposes for making art.

Secondary context- is that which addresses the external conditions in which the
work was produced.
- The apparent function of the work; religious and
philosophical convictions; socio-political and economic
structures; and even climate and geography.

Arts are being produced in society, culture and history.

Society
• Refers not only to systems of regulation and control, but also to social
relations based on class, gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, spiritual
persuasion, political commitment, and moral norm.

Culture
• Involves how people in society make sense of the world around them by
making meanings and sharing these with others in the context of common
• Cultural context is more subjective

History
• Is the process by which society and culture are created by people who,
because they are active human agents, transform nature into form in the
constant remaking of everyday life.
• Historical context is factual in nature as it refers to a specific movement
or moment in history.

Aesthetic Experience
• Are our responses towards phenomena like enchantment, fear, awe, terror or
guilt all that it takes to name something as art, or consider something as artistic?

Consensus of the art world

• The art world is a network of institutions (schools, museums , and professions)
which exercises the power to set the terms with which the public is made to
perceive art.

Cultural practice and shared meaning

• Every culture creates art, and each has its own standards of representation, its
cultural context, and own aesthetic conventions.
 FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF ART

Three fundamental components of Art:

1. Form – allows the work to be perceived by the senses and its ideas to be
communicated through the arrangement of elements as a whole.
Form is made up of:
 Formal Elements - line, shape, color, texture, mass, volume,
space, among others
 Overall composition – the arrangements of those formal elements
which refers to size, proportion, and so on
 Materials and technique – from which the artwork is made
Creativity- The generation of new ideas, insights, and previously unimagined
images, is usually thought of as central to the making of art
Imagination- Is a faculty that allows us to generate mental pictures, ideas, and
sensations that don’t exist in the world, in some cases cannot exist.

2. Language - Is a medium by which cultural meanings are formed and communicated.

- Art as a language is about meaning-making beyond textual and verbal means.
Language is the content or the mass of ideas communicated through:
 The image it creates
 The icons and thir symbolic meanings
 The environment where it is used, displayed, or performed
 The traditions, beliefs, and values of the culture that produced it and
utilizes it.
 Writings and intellectual ideas that help explain work
Interpretation - Is concerned with search for meaning

3 . Mode of production
Political Economy – is concerned with power and the distribution of economic resources
in the context of art production.
Political Economy is concerned with production in relation to the following:
 Capital and Labor
 Power structures and power relations
 Institutions of control
 Art as propaganda and persuasive medium
 DISCIPLINES OF ART
Four Foundational Art Disciplines

Art Production - The process of responding to observations, and other experiences and
interpreting these responses by creating artworks that employ human
skill, intuition, and imagination to raw materials or medium with the
appropriate tools and technique of execution.

Art Criticism - Helps us defer our judgment process and understand why we respond
way we do.
- Means describing, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating works of art for
the purpose of understanding and appreciating art.

Art History - Is the study of art, past and present, and its contributions to cultures and
society.
- Provides answers to the questions who, what, when, where, why.

Aesthetics - Refers to the nature, beauty, and value of a work of art.

- A branch of philosophy that examines the nature, meaning, and value of art
and other things, from an aesthetic point of view (Dobbs, 1998)
Three aesthetic theories of art criticism:
 Imitationalism and Literal Qualities
 Formalism and Formal Qualities
 Emotionalism and Expressive Qualities
Imitationalism and Literal Qualities - Emphasizes that art imitates life
- Focuses on realistic representation

Formalism and Formal Qualities- Place emphasis on formal qualities and the
arrangement of the elements of art using the
principles of art.

Emotionalism and Expressive Qualities - Focuses on the content of the work

of art and arouse emotion, feelings
and mood of viewers.
 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS

National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)

The lead coordinating body among cultural institutions, empowered by virtue of

Executive Order No. 80, which placed

-Cultural Center of the Philippines,

-National Historical Commission of the Philippines,

-National Museum,

-National Library of the Philippines-National Archives of the Philippines

The NCCA

The overall policy making, coordinating, and grants-giving agency for the
preservation, development and promotion of Philippine arts and culture.

Executes the policies it formulates; and is tasked to administer the National

Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA)

Responsible for culture and the arts in the Philippines and considered by default
as the government’s “Department of Culture.”

Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP or Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas)

The national center for the performing arts

Mandated to promote excellence in the arts through initiation and implementation of

activities that aim to improve and elevate standards among cultural workers, artists, and
audiences.
 Forms, Styles, and Art Practices in Contemporary Art

Categories of Art
◦These three help classify the broad range of forms that exist today.

Fine Arts - Is a Western category of refined objects heavily influenced by Greek, Roman, and
Italian Renaissance art considered to be among the supreme cultural achievements
of the human civilization.
- One definition of fine art is simply that it is what is displayed in art museums,
performed in theaters, or screened in art house cinemas.

Popular Art - Is the product of popular culture which appeals to a broad mass audience. .
- Art produced via popular culture is more accessible, inexpensive, entertaining,
commercial, political, naive, or colorful than fine art.
- This has given rise to the notion that popular art is lowly, pang-masa, or jologs

Craft - Refers to specific media, including ceramics, glass, jewelry, weaving, and woodworking.
- Usually involves making objects rather than images, although it may involve decoration.

Medium-based Classification of Art Forms in terms of form and medium, we can classify
contemporary art as:

Visual Arts- are works created primarily for visual perception. They are classified
according to dimension such as:

 Two-dimensional arts- refer to any artwork depicted on a flat

surface, typically, paintings, sketches, mixed media, graphic arts,
photographic or prints, and
 Three-dimensional arts- refer to work that has volume and mass
such as sculpture, jewelry,furniture, monument, assemblage, and
fashion design.

Architecture - Refers to man-made environments created as a space for human

habitation and as a setting for rituals.

Music - Is sound and silence organized based on time. The common elements of music
are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated
concepts of tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness),
and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (also referred to as the “color” of a
musical sound).
Dance - Is an art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human
movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is
acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture.

Theater - Is a collaborative form of an art that uses live performers to present something
about the human condition or an experience of a real or imagined event before
a live audience in specific place. The performers may communicate this
experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, acting, speech,
song, music, and dance.

Photography - Is the technique of capturing optical images on light-sensitive surfaces.

Photography is about framing a scene, composition and lighting, and
recording that moment with the use of camera.

Photography can be classified into:

Fine art photography - imbues photos with an artistic statement and

selective vision of reality.
Photojournalism – provides a documentary visual account of specific
subjects and events, literally re-presenting objective
rather than the subjective intent of the photographer
Commercial Photography - is focused on creating idealized images of
products and service for the purpose of
advertising

Cinema - Is aesthetic communication through the design of time and three-dimensional

space into two-dimensional images with sound. Film and video are
essentially photographs shot in sequence to give the illusion of movement.

Broadcast art - Is the distribution of audio and/or video content or other messages to a
dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium
such as television, radio, and the internet.Radio broadcasting

Digital art - Is a comprehensive term for any manifestation of arts where a computer or
digital technology has been utilized in its creation. To be more precise, the
art work must be generated in digital form, which can be described
electronically as combination of ones and zeros.

Installation -Is an art piece usually of mixed media (mixing of art materials and forms in
creating an artwork) that is organized for and placed in a specific space for
a temporary period.
 NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (NCR)

Contemporary Art practice consists of: :

• Living Traditions/Traditional Arts – Refer to the crafting of material arts that are
passed on from one generation to the next
• Studio Arts – Refer to the production of visual arts which consist of painting, sculpture,
graphic and plastic arts

NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (NCR)

 Metropolitan Manila[ (often shortened to as Metro Manila; Filipino: Kalakhang
Maynila), officially the National Capital Region(NCR), is the seat of government and one
of the three defined metropolitan areas of the Philippines.

NEO-REALISM - Neo-Realism in painting was a legacy of Victorio Edades. It was influenced

by western cubism. National Artist Vicente Manansala and Cesar Legaspi
brought neo-realism to its finest peak . Manansala refined the method called
transparent cubism.
- The neo-realist school developed in the fifties as distinct way of rendering
characters in the aspects of Philippine daily life such as fishermen , jeeps,
calesas, boats, church devotees, vendors and shoppers in flat shapes,
patterns, or stylized form

PHOTOREALISM OR HYPERREALISM - When painting is rendered in a meticulously realistic

style with accurate details looking like a photograph
. - Hyperrealism as a technique becomes a magical
realism if unreal or imaginary elements are focused
on their physical presence in actual material world.

SOCIAL REALISM - Art critic Alice G. Guillermo uses the term “social realism” to refer to the
painterly practice of activistartists beginning in the 70’s. They were part of an
ideological struggle against exploitative forces of US imperialism and its puppet
agents in the Philippines .
- Social Realism emphasizes that the subject matter should show a keen
awareness of conflict arising from the oppressive conditions and events of
the time.

ABSTRACT ART - Abstract Art may be pure beauty; a reason for its own being. Abstract art can
also be derived from a recognizable subject, thus it can be expressive. Or it
can be suggestive of an idea, and can be metaphor or symbol.

CONCEPTUAL ART MOVEMENT - Roberto Chabet is recognized as the father of Philippine

conceptual art. His work is all about endless experimentation.
He said that “ art is all about the idea. Form, taking many
shapes and sizes, only supports the idea which is not confined
to one specific explanation, but a wide horizon of possibilities”.
 Luzon

Luzon - Up to 108 schools of living traditions in Northern and Eastern Luzon Traditions that
were revived and taught include pottery, weaving , chanting of oral literature and life ritual

Binakul (twill in Ilocano) - is the common term for the blanket design recognizable by abstract
patterns which create optical illusion. (Op Art)
- Variations of this weave are sometimes called whirlwind or whirlpool
by collectors and designers.
- There is an impression of movement, flashing and vibrating,
advancing and receding patterns or of swelling and shrinking.
- The op art designs in binakul signify the rhythms of the universe
present in the ripples of water.
- It also visually suggests the echoing vibration of the kubing.

Bulul (Tradional Cordilleran) - Bulul is a figure representing ancestors who guard both rice
agriculture from seed to granary, as well as the health of the
Cordilleran people.
- It may be male or female, normally portrayed squatting on the
ground with knees folded up to support its crossed arms.
- Cubistic manner- described by the Western observers in the
carving of Bulul.
-The most important element of art to observe in the Bulul is
Form and principle to analyse is Proportion.
• Santiago Bose (1949- 2002)- an artist with Ilocano and Igorot roots who brought folk
religion, mythology and tribal traditions into the national and global arena.

ESCAPIST bucolic life in the hands of Angono and Paete artists

Both the towns of Angono in Rizal and Paete in Laguna were linked by boats
crossing the Laguna de Bay, resulting in intermarriage among fishing families. This
affinity is expressed in a common folk tradition like the Higantes in their early histories.

Carlos “Botong” Francisco- designed twelve solid wood-carved panels depicting Philippine
historical, cultural and industrial progress. These panels were made by carvers of Paete.

Botong School of painting in Angono -The painting style lives on in his hometown of Angono,
where painters who were his students and followers continue to romanticize their local rural life.

Jose Blanco (1932- 2008)- the most prominent painter of Botong school and his family of
painters

Manuel and Angelito Baldemor- are well known brothers for their distinct personal styles of
colorful painted carvings of pastoral landscapes and scenery. Manuel is a painter who has done
three- dimensional
cubist- influenced painted carvings of themes of folk and rural life. Angelito specializes
in carving colourful realistic reliefs of real life

Anino Shadow Play Collective – (Founded in 1996 )a group of art practitioners originating
from the Philippine High School for the Arts, a governmentrun secondary school for artistically
gifted students located in the forest reserves of Mt. Makiling in Laguna. The collective is
composed of visual artists, musicians, and multi-disciplinary cultural workers
 Visayas

The Balay-turun-an - The idea of putting up a school dedicated to the Panay Bukidnonor
Sulodof Central Panay was conceived in 1992 when, as a struggling
anthropologist, the author began her study of the Panay
Bukidnoncommunity and their oral literature -sugidanon(epic),
ulawhay(long, chanted narrative), talda(repartee) and dilot(love song).

Art forms taught in these schools are:

 Epic chanting of Sugidanon about the adventures of the brothers Labaw Donggon,
Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap
 “HINILAWOD”
 Panubok -The art embroidery which is used to adorn the saipang
 The Binanog -Originally a courtship dance performed during harvests and weddings,
where dancers vigorously stamp their feet and gracefully outstretch their
arms like birds’ wings
 Making and playing musical instruments such as the tambol and kulintang and making
bamboo handicrafts such as trays and baskets
 Mat weaving - Features designs which comprise of a border pattern and a central motif
in Basey, Samar.

Martino Abellana School of Painting - Named after the master realist of portraits and
landscapes.Abellana’s style is characterized by a chiaroscuro
Chiaroscuro –defined by a unique use of color progression Martino Abellana School of
PaintingSome of Abellana’s Artworks

Hermogena“Nene” Lungay - Pioneered the teaching of studio arts

- Strived to propagate the practice and appreciation of fine arts,
expressing pride of local place and heritage. One of her finest
oils in canvas is Ode in Pink for Gardy

Patadyong- A traditional plaid textile women weave in Antique, Iloilo and Negros Occidental.
-Made of mostly primary colors red, yellow and blue and secondary colors orange,
purple and green-The cloth is woven in stripes, squares and rectangles.

Bukog – (Nunelucio AlvaradoIs) one of the artist’s canvases portraying the strengths of
Visayan women in the community of sugar workers

Cristina “Kitty” SollestaTaniguchi (b. 1952) Lives and works in Dumaguete where she
founded the Mariya hGalleryin 1992. Inspired by classic literature, she paints highly personal
mythologies which are integrated into her autobiography of the dream world.

Rock DrilonIloilo- born painter known for his highly personal style of abstract expressionismA
protégé of National Artist Jose Joya.
 MINDANAO

Ethnolinguistic Communities - B’laan, Bagobo, Bukidnon (Talaandig and Manobo), Higaonon,

Mandaya, Maguindanao, Mansaka, and Subanen.

The NCAA supports Twenty-two schools of living traditions in Mindanao

→Subjects are taught by elders include weaving and embroidery of attire, mat weaving,
dance, making musical instruments, and crafting bead accessories.

Malong - been traditionally used for various purposes. used as a skirt for both men and women,
a blanket, dressing cover, hammock, and as a prayer mat.
- a traditional Filipino "tube skirt" made of handwoven or machine-made multi-colored
cotton cloth, bearing a variety of geometric or okirdesigns.
- Mindanao’s malongshave dark patterns while Visayas have bright red and pink
patterns.

The Subanen of Sitio Carayagan in Josefina- notable bead accessores

Patterns in the bead designs are karitis, sabat, and batangyawe.These are repeated diamonds
and zigzags of yellow, red, blue, and green.

In Lower Campo Islam, the magindanao tradition of dance is enlivened by the sounds
of:Gandingan Gongs and Lubakan
The Gandingan - is a Philippine set of four large, hanging gongs used by the
Maguindanaoas part of their kulintang ensemble.

The TalaandigSchool living traditions - established in 1996 in Bukidnon,

-taught how to make tribal musical instruments like
kubing, pulala, dayuday, kutyapi, tamboland
rejuvenated these with painting using mud as pigment.

Ukkilor Okiris - the distinct art form representing Mindanao.it is a cuvilinearmotif representing
the mythical dragon, nagaor serpen, often enhanced with elaborate leaf and vine patterns.

Nagaa - (Sanskrit: “serpent”) in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, a member of a class of

mythicalsemidivinebeings, half human and half cobra.

Panolong- is a house ornament fashioned by the Marana opeople. It is a carved beam that
protrudes in the front of the house and styled with okirmotif.

Pangalay – (also known as Daling-Dalingor Mengalaiin Sabah) is the traditional "fingernail"

dance of the Tausūg people. Also means offering from its Indianized Sanskrit originpang-alay.

Sarimanok - is a symbol in the form of a rooster with hanging fish in its beak, bringing the
"naga" to a resplendent fluorish.
Abdul mari Imao - was instrumental in popularizing the "ukkil" motif and "sarimanok",
educating Filipinos to appreciate these national symbols.AbdulmariAsia Imao was a Filipino
painter and sculptor. Imao was named National Artist of the Philippines for Sculpture in 2006
Imao is the first Moro to receive the recognition.

Ligaya Amilbangsa - She has been largely influential in propagating the pangalaydance as
truly Filipino.Filipino dancer and academic known for her studies and promotion of the pangalay
dance tradition of the southern Philippines and is a recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award.

RameerTawasil - a painter who studied Architecture who uses the "ukkil" as basis of the
brightly colored paintings of Tausug

Saudi Ahmadhe - paints about the daily life in Kabasalan, Zamboanga Sibugay, portraying
scenes of women weaving, dancing the malongdance and various customs, feasts and
rituals.muslimartist. Saudi Ahmad would rather paint joyful occasions of the Tausug and other
Muslim tribes in watercolor than join the political debates about the Bangsamoroidentity.

Tita Lacambra Ayala and Lydia Inglethey - are both writers involved with witha cultural
research and documentation group called the Road Map Searies.

Jose V. Ayalahe - was a prodigious abstract painter with whom Edadesassociated.Jose V.

Ayala, Jr.was born on 22 April 1932 in Ermita, Manila. He was a poet, a fictionist and a painter.
His wife, TitaLacambrais also a poet/fictionist and one of their children, Joey Ayala, is a well-
known poet, composer and singer.

"Sungdu-an 3: Making the Local" is a national traveling exhibition funded by the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).

Exhibits from various regions.

 Dayo in Luzon
 Atubangay in Visayas
 Lambigitin Mindanao

“Dayo” (visitor) is about city folk paradise excursion, tourist immersion, skin-deep experience,
and friendly acquaintances with the tendency to misinterpret and exploit the deep-rooted
highland culture of the community.

“Atubangay” - is the operative word adopted for the show because it brings together disparate
forces at play in the current practice ofVisayanart. Taken form the root word atubang(to
face),atubangayis aVisayanterm which means "to face up to" or "to confront".

“Lambigit” - comes from the Bisayanword that means "interweave". The exhibit showcases six
projects that attempt to show the face and issues of contemporaryMindanao.
ARCHITECTURE
-An imaginative and creative blend of science and art in designing different environments for
people. It is both the process and the product of planning, designing and constructing building
and other physical structures.

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE- A form of construction that embodies the various styles

of building designs stemming from a wide range of influences.

ALLIED ARTS OF ARCHITECTURE

 INTERIOR DESIGN - The design and coordination of the decorative elements, surface
finishes, furniture, and fixtures to achieve the planned function and character of the
interior environment.

KEY COMPONENTS OF CONTEMPORARY INTERIOR DESIGN

 COLORS AND FABRICS - Neutral colors like white, taupe, beige, brown, cream, black
and gray create the foundation of contemporary design. Consider monochromatic or
tone-on-tone color palettes to pull together a quintessential contemporary space.

 FURNITURE - Choose furnishings to reinforce the clean lines and smooth surfaces
inherent in contemporary design. Brighten things up by using light wood tones and stains
in shades like blond maple or natural birch.

 LIGHTING AND FLOORING - Lighting is of the utmost importance in contemporary

interiors. Simple chandeliers and pendants help diminish the height of a tall ceiling.

 GREEN AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN - Sustainable bamboo flooring or recycled glass

countertops, solar panels and other energy-saving features are the perfect complement
to this popular design style.

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE - The art of composing landform, vegetation, water, buildings,

and paving to create memorable outdoor environment such as gardens and parks.

URBAN DESIGN - The art of designing towns, cities, streets and spaces. •Urban designers
weave public spaces, diverse uses, and memorable context into a distinctive pattern of place
and enduring places of beauty that transform our everyday lives.

Factors that influence architecture and the designed environment.

1. NEED - this is the practical requirements that a building must respond to and is
concerned with aspirations, requirements and limitation to be met in designing the
structure
 2. TECHNOLOGY - The current state of technical knowledge in building and the availability
of materials, tools, equipment and methods for construction will dictate the form of the
building.

3. CULTURE - A building can be seen as the material embodiment of the specific ideas
and expectations of a society. This makes the building a cultural object. An object with
social and symbolic significance and meaning

4. CLIMATE - What are the climatic conditions that the building must address to ensure a
comfortable indoor condition? A building must provide an optimum interior climate for the
user.

5. SOCIETY- What are the social expectations that the building must meet? Buildings
create spaces and places in which people can carry on their activities optimally. Primary
elements here are health, welfare communication, and quality of life

ARCHITECTURAL TYPES

1. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE - Produced for the social unit•Includes individual and the
family clan as well as their dependents, both human and animal•Provides shelter and
security for the basic physical functions of life that involve the family rather than the
community

2. RELIGIOUS AND SACRED ARCHITECTURE - Churches and mosques serve as

places of worship and as shelter for the images, relics, and holy areas of religious
devotion•Includes sacred grounds and funerary architecture

3. GOVERNMENT AND STATE ARCHITECTURE - Buildings are required for the

performance of the basic functions of government, such as administration, legislation,
and dispensing justice.

4. RECREATIONAL ARCHITECTURE - Facilitates the human need to “re-create,” to

refresh or rejuvenate oneself mentally and physically.

5. WELFARE AND EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS - The principal institutions of public

welfare are facilities for education, health, public security, and utilities•Schools, hospitals,
training centers, rehabilitation centers, and hospices are examples of this type

6. COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE - Architecture under this category

has a particular economic function: exchange, transportation, communication,
manufacturing, and power production which meet the principal needs of commerce and
industry•Include office buildings, stores, markets, banks, roads, bridges, factories, dams,
fuel storage sites, and power distribution
VISUAL ELEMENTS OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
1. ZIGZAG WINDOWS - Are highly-stylized windows in the form of sharp incisions shaped
like bolts of lightning

2. TENT-STYLE ROOFS - Are lightweight, tensile structure or stretched fabric roofs which
generate new and dynamic sculptural geometries

3. SKIN-AND-BONES AESTHETICS - Are expressed by external elevators, exposed

utilities system (plumbing, air-conducts, electrical conduits) and structural components
are made prominent to highlight the internal workings of the building in its external
appearance

4. COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT - These include communication towers which are

installed in skyscrapers or tall buildings to enhance the verticality of the building and give
a more high-tech look to the structure

5. IRREGULAR FORMS - Forms are no longer based on grids or regular solids. With the
digital revolution, non-linear and fluid building forms, which are almost blob-like, are
created. Such are nearly impossible to conceptualize on hand-drawn plans

6. ARCHITECTURE AS SCULPTURE - With freedom from rectangular grid-based design

and new materials to form the building envelope, buildings are now a subject of
sculptural experimentation and structural gymnastics

GAMABA

GAMABA: Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or National Living Treasures Award

-Created by the NCCA in 1992 to identify the finest folk artists of the land who are dedicated to
their craft, using skills, and indigenous methods and materials
- In 1989, the National Folk Artist Award (NFAA)was formally launched with the screening of
artists representing a broad range of Filipino crafts in the municipal, provincial, and regional
levels.

The Manlilikha ng Bayan or National Living Treasures

-Are culture bearers who have consistently created or performed superior artistic forms
expressive of a traditional culture within the community for their lifetime of at least fifty years

The 13 GAMABA awardees

- The First Seven GAMABA awardees

- Come from indigenous groups of people who have historically rejected
conversion and assimilation into Islam and Catholicism
- They hail from cultural communities where age-old customs, beliefs, rituals, and
traditions are kept intact in spite of impelling external factors.
- The next three GAMABA awardees
-Are from traditional communities who have kept their indigenous cultures intact
even with acceptance of Muslim faith
 - The last three GAMABA awardees
- Are traditional peoples nurtured in Catholic creed. Their respective communities
recognize them as expert creators and teachers of visual, literary, or musical
forms achieved through a mastery of tools, techniques, and materials.

1. Lang Dulay - was a T’boli weaver of t’nalak, from Lake Sebu, South Cotabato

 T’nalak ◦ Is unique traditional Cloth, hand-woven by T’boli women in finest ikat

(tie-dye)
method from abaca fibers with three primary colors --- natural color of abaca, red,
and black
. In 1998, as part of the Philippine Centennial celebration, Lang Dulay’s t’nalak
creations were
exhibited and she received the GAMABA recognition

2. Haja Amina Appi (1925-2013) -Was a Samamat weaver from Tawi-Tawi.

The term “Sama” is believed to have originated from the Austronesian root
word sama meaning “together.” “Sama” is also a term suggesting the binding
together of leaves and grasses that go into a banig (mat)
. Locally called tepo, these mats are made from pandan leaves. The whole
process of making tepo is engaged in only by women.

3. Alonzo Saclag (b 1942)

 From Lubuagan, Kalinga, in Cordillera region, is master of dance, music, and
the performing arts associated with cultural practices of a times for fiercely
guarding their community life and heritage.
 Saclag actively advocates the documentation of Kalinga beliefs and customs
to
uphold and defend indigenous
people’s rights as these are threatened by the negative forces of globalization.
 One of these is budong, the traditional peace pact meant to resolve tribal wars
that have occurred since colonial times, up to the martial law regime’s
 The gong or gangsa ◦ The most important artifact which is a disappearing craft
thus Saclag’s efforts at propagating its use. In 1974, he founded the Kalinga
udong Dance Troupe which has won several national folk dancing awards.

4. Federico Caballero (b 1938)

 A Sulod-Bukidnon epic chanter from Calinog, IloIlo who has devoted his life to
painstaking research, documentation, and performance of ten epics of the
Panay-Bukidnon people. These epics are rendered in an archaic, dying language
akin to Kiniray-a.
Humadapnon ◦ The longest epic
◦ Two months of daily performances are required for it to be completely chanted.
 Tikung Kadlum - one of the epics that Caballero collaborated with researchers
which tells of how justice is meted out to those who cut down trees.
 Not only is Caballero a chanter, he is also a Manughusay or an arbiter of
disputes
 .Balay Turun-an ◦ Founded by the community under the leadership of
Federico, withassistance from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts
in 2001.

5. Ginaw Bilog (1953-2003)

 A Hanunoo Mangyan poet from Panaytayan, Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro.
 A master of ambahan, a poetic literary form composed of seven-syllable lines
conveying picturesque, metaphoric messages.
Ambahan ◦A poem of social character, it is created by the Mangyan to serve
practical purposes within the community.

6. Masino Intaray (1943-2013) - A Pala’wan musician, storyteller and epic chanter, and
master of rites from Makagwa Valley in Palawan.
 Tinapay ◦ Essential to the conduct of this ritual (the tambilaw), a rice wine-
drinking ceremony, where Intaray leads the basal ensemble, playing the sacred
music that spiritually connects the Pala’wan community with the Great Lord,
Ampo and the Master of Rice, Ampo’t Paray
.The Tarak ◦ Is the dance and sound element of the basal where women
moving back and forth on the bamboo-slatted floor rhythmically stomp their feet
as they hold taro leaves at their sides.
The Kulilal ◦ Is a sentimental poetry expressing love.
◦ It is sung with the playing of the kusyapi (two-stringed lute) by a man, and the
pagang (bamboo zither) played by a woman
. The Bagit ◦ Imitation of rhythms, movements, and sounds of nature, strictly
through the playing of kusyapi, such as the sensory motion of leaves, the flights
of birds, the twitter of insects, and the sounds of monkeys and snakes.

7. . Salinta Monon (1920-2009)

 Was a Tagabawa Bagobo weaver of textiles from Bansalan, Davao del Sur.
 She was exposed to the craft by her mother, a weaver, since birth.
 She used to wear the traditional hand-woven tube skirt of the Bagobo, of
which the sinuklaand the bandira were two of the most common.Bagobo Skirt
 In 1998, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts presented the
GAMABA to Salinta, “the last Bagobo weaver;” and since then Bagobo-
Tagabawa weaving has continued to live on.

8. Darhata Sawabi
 Was a Tausug weaver of pis syabit, the traditional hand-woven head cover.
 In the Barangay Parang, in the island of Jolo, Sulu province, women perform
the craft of pis syabit, which has been passed on for generations from mothers to
their daughters.Pis syabit hand-woven head cover

9. Uwang Ahadas (b 1945)

 Is a Yakan musician from Lamitan, Basilan where the playing of musical
instruments is a tradition which is closely connected to the spiritual realm.
  To the Yakan, spirits control the forces of nature, human life, and the
agricultural cycle, and music is a means for meditation and supplication.Musical
instruments of Uwang (plant sources)
 He would gather bamboo and construct the simplest gabbang, a five-slat
xylophone.
 He would make the kwintangan kayu, a hanging percussion instrument, using
five horizontal tree limbs hung from longest to shortest.
 He would also improvise the tuntungan by using a log suspended near the
ground, with an inverted clay pot hanging over it as amplifier.
 He also played traditional metal gongs such as kwintangan (a series of five
small gongs) but says it is to be played by women and girls, while the agung
should be played by men and boys.

10. Samaon Sulaiman (1953-2011)

 Was a Maguindanaon musician from Mamasapano, Maguindanao.
 Magindanaon, meaning “people of the flood plains” are one of the major
Filipino Islamic groups who populate the lands near Pulangi river.
 Samaon has merited the highest honors for his exemplary artistry and
dedication to his chosen instrument, and his unwavering commitment to the
music of the kutyapi at a time when this instrument no longer exists in many parts
of Mindanao.Kutyapi Gandingan (bossed gong with narrow rim) Palendag
Tambul

11. Magdalena Gamayo (b 1924))

 a textile weaver from Pinili, Ilocos Norte, she is recognized as a master in
weaving the abel, the Ilocano textile hand-woven from local cotton and other
fibers.
 Magdalena learned by herself all the traditional patterns of binakol, inuritan
(geometric design), kusikos (spiral forms similar to oranges), and sinan-sabong
(flowers) by observation and practice.

12. Teofilo Garcia (b 1941)

An Ilocano maker of tabungaw (casque or gourd hat) who hails from San
Quintin, Abra.
The kattokong nga tabungaw ◦the gourd hat he makes and wears, is uniquely
distinct in craftsmanship
.With his GAMABA recognition came the responsibility of writing a curriculum
in tabungaw
making which he now teaches to selected students in his hometown’s public high
school.
 He is also eager to explore new designs
 His work is now widely exhibited in art and trade fairs and his tabungaws are
much sought after as special gifts.

13. Eduardo Mutuc (b 1949)

 From Apalit, Pampanga, is metal smith of religious and secular art.
 Born and raised in a large but poor family who lived on farming, he only
managed to finish elementary school.
 He was already 29 when, motivated by great need to support his growing
family, he worked as a woodcarver of household furniture (a job which he
discovered that he had a talent in carving.) He developed his skill in pinukpuk
or beaten metal, where thin sheets of silver are fused to a layer or core of base
wood or metal, simulating gold and silver in the decoration of saints and religious
screens.
 He emphasizes that to improve one’s skills, one must be focused and patiently
learn techniques through constant practice. Fulfillment and