ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
HISTORY ASSIGNMENT 2
SECTION A GROUP WORK
GROUP MEMBERS NAME ID.NO

1 BEREKET TADIWOS ETS0214/13

2 BEREKET TEKLEW ETS0216/13

3 BEZAWIT DANIEL ETS0259/13

4 BEZAWIT DENBEZE ETS0260/13

5 FRAOL TESHALE ETS0293/12

6 ABEL BISRAT ETS0023/13

7 ABEL BEKANA ETS0021/13

8/1/2022

SUBMITTED TO:
HISTORY TEACHER
SULTANATE OF IFAT
It's a Muslim sultanate that flourished in central Ethiopia from 1285 upto 1415 in the fertile
uplands of Eastern shewa. It was established by umbrella walasma, who claimed decent from
Hashamite clan and came from Arabia between 1271 and 1285. The sultanate was fertile and
well watered. Its inhabitants earned their living from cultivation of wheat, sorghum, millet and
Teffont and animal husbandry.
After its establishment, ifat conducted a series of campaigns against its neighbouring sultanate
thereby extending its hegemony over these areas. At that time Zeila was the main outlet to the
sea. The ambition to control this trade route led to rivalry between the Solomon rulers and the
sultanate of ifat. At that time the sultan of ifat, hakkadin 1 stopped merchants belonging to the
Christian King and tsion. Thereby forcing amde tsion to wage a campaign against hakkadin 1:
defeated and took him prisoner in 1328. Ifat was made tributary to Ethiopia, there after ifat
was continually in revolt against Ethiopia. It was finally destroyed in 1415, when its last attempt
at independence under sultan sadaddin was foiled by yeshaq 1
QUEEN ELLENI
From what we know she is the daughter of hadiya garad and the wife of king zera yaeqob. She
played an important role in strengthening the relation between the Christian kingdom and the
Christian Europe. She had forseen the threat that came from the Ottoman Turkish.
AMDE TSION
Amde Tsion was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1314 to 1344 the center and the territorial limit of
the Christian Kingdom was mainly in present day Tigray, Lasta, medieval Amhara and Shewa.
Amde-Tsion was the first "Solomonic" King. He is best known in his chronicles as a heroic
warrior against the Muslims. Most of his wars were against the Muslim kingdoms to the
southeast, which he was able to fight and generally defeat one by one, despite their plans to
unite against him. Hence, he substantially enlarged his kingdom by gradually incorporating a
number of neighboring states. His conquests of Muslim borderlands greatly expanded Ethiopian
territory and power in the region, which would be maintained for centuries after his death.
Amda Tsion asserted the strength of the new Solomonic dynasty and therefore legitimized it.
These expansions further provided for the spread of Christianity to frontier areas.
THEOCRATIC STATE
A theocracy is a form of government in which the ultimate leader is a supreme deity (or group,
who rules either directly as a god in human form or indirectly through earthly servants who rule
in the deity's stead. The laws of a theocracy are based on religious laws and precepts, and the
government serves its deity rather than the citizenry. As a result, theocracies are often
oppressive in function, with strict rules and harsh punishments for rule-breakers. Many nations
and people groups throughout history have existed under a theocratic government, including
many early civilizations. For example, ancient Egypt was a theocracy in which the pharaoh was
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believed to be the offspring of the sun god, Ra. In Japan, the emperor was revered as the
offspring of the sun goddess. Tibet, Israel, and China were all once theocracies as well. Today,
only a handful of theocracies remain. The most recent theocracy to adopt a different form of
government is Sudan, whose Islamic theocracy was replaced in 2019 by a (struggling)
democracy.
YEHA CIVILIZATION
Yeha is a fascinating civilization in a less-known territory before the rise of Axum. It is frequently
known as the pre-Aksumite civilization. Its period began in the early first millennium BC (ca.
800–700 BC) and is marked by the appearance of nucleated settlements, complex stratified
societies and kingdoms, monumental architecture, metal production, and writing. In the 1st
century, BC immigrants from the Sabaean region together with the indigenous population
established strong trade routes through the red sea. Through these trade routes flourished the
Yeha civilization.
Yeha had the influence of the South Arabians. It had characters of south Arabian elements. This
lead to the debate as to whether it was founded by Sabean settlers or was the Ethiopians
influenced by Sabean culture and ideas. Currently, it is believed that it was made by the mix of
these groups. Fragmented inscriptions on stone slabs, altars, and seals were found in Yeha
written in Sabean language.
MUKARRIB
The title of mukarrib "indicates something like 'federator', and in southern Arabia was assumed
by the ruler who currently held the primacy over a group of tribes linked by a covenant. Thus,
mukarrib can be regarded as a South Arabian hegemon, the head of confederation of South
Arabian sha`bs headed by "kings" ('mlk). Mukarrib is a title variously defined as "priest-kings" or
"federators"; the mukarribs may have been the first rulers of the early South Arabian states.
Sometime in the fourth century BC, the title was replaced by Malik, typically translated as
"king".
In the 1st millennium BC there was usually one mukarrib in South Arabia, but many "kings”. It is
clear that early (800-400 bc) political authority resided with one leader - a malik, or king of his
own ethnic tribe appointed as mukarrib of a council of tribal leaders. The mukarrib issued edicts
that carried out decisions by the council and presided over building projects, ritual hunts, and
sacrifices.
Location of punt
Punt is also known as Ta netjer, the "Land of the God," at times. Historians disagree about
Punt's actual location. Numerous sites have been proposed in the Red Sea coastline region
southeast of Egypt, including Somaliland, Somalia, Djibouti, northeast Ethiopia, Eritrea, and
north-eastern Sudan. It's also plausible that it included both Southern Arabia and the Horn of

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Africa. Its administrative territory in Somalia, Puntland, at the tip of the Horn of Africa, bears
this name.
But based on the evidence of the ancient Egyptian writings, Punt was most likely situated in the
present region of North West Somalia. According to historian Ahmed Abdi, the ancient
Somalian city of Opone is identical to the city of Pouen that is mentioned in ancient writings as
a component of Punt.
The destruction of port of Adulis
Adulis was an ancient city along the Red Sea in the Gulf of Zula, about 40 kilometers south of
Massawa. Its ruins lie within the modern Eritrean city of Zula. It was the emporium considered
part of the Damt and Kingdom of Adulis Or Adulis empires. It was close to Greece and the
Byzantine Empire, with its luxury goods and trade routes. Its location can be included in the
area known to the ancient Egyptians as the Land of the Gods, perhaps coinciding with the
locality of Wddt, recorded in the geographical list of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. In around
640 A.D, Adulis was invaded by the Arabs where it was destroyed, and with the fall of Axumite
Kingdom in the 7th century A.D. The port city of Adulis were completely destroyed.
GANDA BALO
It’s a town that came to existence due to the wars between the Christian state in the north and the
Muslim principalities. And it’s also a very famous market place which was largely inhabited by
Muslim and Christian merchants serving the kings and the sultans as agents.
ESTIFANOSITES
The estifanosites were a movement within Ethiopian monasticism, called so after their founder
and spiritual leader abba estifanos. Abba estifanos established a rigid monastic organization
which emphasized poverty, absolute self-subsistence, equality and independence from secular
authorities. Estifanos was initially able to convince the emperor that he posed no threat to royal
power. Later, however he collided with zera yaqob. In which Zera yaqob took very harsh
measures against estifanosites. Naod appears to have been more favorably inclined towards
the estifanosites and to have been instrumental in their reintegration into the EOC during the
period of abune yeshaqq.
REFERENCES

 Rodolfo_Fattovich. (n.d.). The Development of Ancient States in the Northern Horn of

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