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    How PCS Effect On Calibrated TOFD Velocity

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    Will Smith
    Increasing the probe centerline separation (PCS) should not theoretically affect the calibrated ultrasound velocity, as velocity depends only on the material properties and wave mode. However, when using the length of a V-path to calibrate velocity, it can be difficult to accurately identify the true sound path length due to beam spreading at larger distances from the transducer. This may cause the apparent velocity to change with different PCS values. The easiest method is to directly measure the material velocity with a straight beam transducer and use that value for the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) setup.

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    How PCS Effect On Calibrated TOFD Velocity

    Uploaded by

    Will Smith
    110 views2 pages
    Increasing the probe centerline separation (PCS) should not theoretically affect the calibrated ultrasound velocity, as velocity depends only on the material properties and wave mode. However, when using the length of a V-path to calibrate velocity, it can be difficult to accurately identify the true sound path length due to beam spreading at larger distances from the transducer. This may cause the apparent velocity to change with different PCS values. The easiest method is to directly measure the material velocity with a straight beam transducer and use that value for the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) setup.

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    How PCS effect on calibrated TOFD velocity

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    Increasing the probe centerline separation (PCS) should not theoretically affect the calibrated ultrasound velocity, as velocity depends only on the material properties and wave mode. However, when using the length of a V-path to calibrate velocity, it can be difficult to accurately identify the true sound path length due to beam spreading at larger distances from the transducer. This may cause the apparent velocity to change with different PCS values. The easiest method is to directly measure the material velocity with a straight beam transducer and use that value for the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) setup.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    110 views2 pages

    How PCS Effect On Calibrated TOFD Velocity

    Uploaded by

    Will Smith
    Increasing the probe centerline separation (PCS) should not theoretically affect the calibrated ultrasound velocity, as velocity depends only on the material properties and wave mode. However, when using the length of a V-path to calibrate velocity, it can be difficult to accurately identify the true sound path length due to beam spreading at larger distances from the transducer. This may cause the apparent velocity to change with different PCS values. The easiest method is to directly measure the material velocity with a straight beam transducer and use that value for the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) setup.

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    Hi every body,

    Could you please explain in details how PCS effects on calibrated ultrasound velocity while performing
    TOFD calibration. In fact, to focus center of beams at a predetermined depth A, PCS can be caculated by
    formula 2A.tgθ. I found that in case of increasing PCS (increasing A), the velocity also increased. So the
    problem is how to determine a suitable PCS value to get a good result in ultrasound velocity in the
    material. In some cases, the welding caps are large, it is not posible to decrease PCS to a value that give
    a appropriate velocity.

    Thank you

    Probe Centerline Separation (PCS) has no theoretical effect on calibrated ultrasonic velocity,
    since velocity is related to material properties and wave mode only. The longitudinal and shear
    wave velocities of a given material at a given temperature are fixed values, and velocity of
    course is simply calculated as distance divided by time.

    When you use the length of a v-path to calibrate velocity, it is important to identify the true
    physical length of the path, which can be difficult in situations involving beam spreading. When
    you change the PCS, especially with large diameter transducers, the sound path length changes
    but at large distances you can no longer simply assume that the distance the wave travels is
    the trigonometric distance between the wedge beam index points at the relevant refracted
    angle. That is because of beam spreading and the fact that you may be working with outer
    edges of the beam rather than the centerline.

    The easiest trick is probably to just measure material velocity with a straight beam transducer
    and use that value in your TOFD setup.

    Dear Mr. Ed Ginzel.

    My name is Ngo Danh Du. I am from a company in Vietnam named Vietnam Inspection Services Co., Ltd.
    Our Company specializes in NDT equipment and services supply. I get your mail address through NDT net
    website forum and would like to get your support of TOFD technique.

    Could you please explain in details how the parameter PCS effects on calibrated ultrasound velocity,
    because If I change the PCS while performing velocity and wedges calibration the ultrasound velocity also
    immediately changed. Actually, we use Omniscan and a pair of 5MHz TOFD probes attached to two 60
    degrees wedges to inspect 12.7 mm welding plate. The material is carbon steel and this reference weld
    contains some real flaws manufactured by Sonaspection. We used a corrosion thickness gage to measure
    exactly the velocity in the material is about 6163 m/s. If I put 36 mm in PCS, I get a very good result in
    velocity. But when I increase the PCS, the velocity also increased.

    I have just entered to this technique and hope to get your suggest information.

    Thank you and best regards,

    Mr. Ngo Dahn Du:


    PCS should have no perceptible effect on acoustic velocity as you see it in TOFD applications.
    The measured velocity you quote is a bit higher than most I have seen (although some
    stainless steels and some aluminium may be over 6100m/s)

    There is a small possibility for anisotropic properties in some plate. This is where the velocity
    changes with the angle at which the sound is moving through the plate. This is usually small
    (about 100m/s). But these are not seen on the lateral wave because it is the same angle for all
    conditions.

    The velocity can be estimated reasonably closely for the lateral wave (compression mode).
    For a typical TOFD probe you will have a plastic path of approximately 5mm (the wedge
    material velocity is approximately 2340m/s).
    The time required to travel the pulse through the wedge is therefore about 2.14microseconds.
    Since the TOFD receiver is an identical wedge the travel through the receiver takes another
    2.14us.

    Converting your Omniscan timebase display to time you can now estimate where the lateral
    wave should arrive.
    36mm PCS means the sound must travel 36mm at the compression mode velocity or 5.84us.
    Adding the delay time from the 2 wedges to the lateral wave time we get 5.84 + 4.28
    = 10.12us.
    With a 36mm PCS and 12.7mm wall thickness the backwall signal travel time in the metal is
    7.1us. This plus the wedge delay is 11.38us.
    This should provide you the arrival times of the lateral and backwall. (Your actual values will
    of course be different because I only estimated wedge velocity and path length in the wedge).

    Even at a significantly different velocity the value for the metal there are only slightly different
    results.
    At more typical steel velocity 5950m/s the lateral wave arrives at 10.33us and the backwall at
    11.68us for the same 36mm PCS.

    For 12.7mm wall you should be using a 3mm 10MHz probe.


    A bigger diameter probe may cause a secondary signal from the probe element edge
    diffraction.
    36mm PCS is already quite high for a 60° wedge. If you increase PCS even more the lateral
    wave response becomes very weak and you may be adding more gain than is useful.
    If you are using a 70° wedge for this application then approximately 45mm PCS could be used
    and you could still expect a useful lateral wave signal.

    Regards
    Ed

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