Study On Forward Chaining and Reverse Chaining in Expert System

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-3, Issue-12, Dec- 2016]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/3.12.12 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
Study on Forward Chaining and Reverse

Chaining in Expert System
Ashwini Rupnawar, Ashwini Jagdale ,Samiksha Navsupe
Assistant Prof., Dr.D.Y.Patil SCS College, Akurdi, Pune-44 Maharashtra, India
Abstract— Expert systems are part of a general category I. INTRODUCTION

of computer applications known as intelligence. Expert An expert system is an application that gives the knowledge
system are designed to solve complex problems. Expert and experience of a human expert. An expert system is
Systems is a branch of AI designed to work within a designed to provide reasonable answers when given a set of
particular domain. To solve expert-level problems, expert conditions about the problem in hand. For example, a
systems will need efficient access to a substantial domain design engineer may be an expert in designing car parts
knowledge base, and a reasoning mechanism to apply the using CAD - they know the capabilities of the materials
knowledge to the problems they are given. Usually they will available and they know what is possible. An expert system
also need to be able to explain, to the users who rely on is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence (AI)
them, how they have reached their decisions. As an expert is technologies to simulate the judgment and behavior of a
a person who can solve a problem with the domain human or an organization that has expert knowledge and
knowledge. This research paper introduces introduction, experience in a particular field .A computer program that
parts, application of expert system. and difference between contains a knowledge base and a set of algorithms or rules
forward chaining and Backward chaining and Exactly that infer new fact from knowledge and from incoming
meaning of Chaining. ETL tools uses functionality to data.
extract, transform and load data from one system into An expert system is an artificial intelligence application that
another system, but our expert advises they're not optimal uses a knowledge base of human expertise to aid in solving
for application-to-application communication. In artificial problems. The degree of problem solving is based on the
intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that quality of the data and rules obtained from the human
emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. The expert.
AI technology has become really advanced and its only Expert systems are designed to perform at a human expert
matter of time when the machines will be able to learn level. Expert System made up of three parts: knowledge
almost anything. The machine learning algorithms are base, inference engine, user interface. The knowledge base
already very smart, however the Processing power has been is made up of facts and rules\The inference engine may use
a challenge in last decade .Now with the big data and a decision tree or a more advanced heuristic system that can
distributed computing revolution this problem has become deal with uncertainty. The user interface may be menu
easy to solve. Many programmers and developers can start based or it may be a more advanced natural language
programming their own robots and other gadgets on their interface.
own. Artificial intelligence is a science and technology Chaining: Chaining is a learning of a series of behaviors of
based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, complete complex act. Each link in the chain serves as a cue
Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A for the next response in the chain.
major thrust of AI is in the development of computer Applications of Expert System:
functions associated with human intelligence, such as Classification - identify an object based on stated
reasoning, learning, and problem solving. characteristics
Keywords— Artificial Intelligence, Expert System, Diagnosis Systems - infer malfunction or disease from
Knowledge base, Inference engine,ETL tool. observable data
Monitoring - compare data from a continually observed
system to prescribe behaviour
Process Control - control a physical process based on
monitoring
www.ijaers.com Page | 60
Design - configure a system according to specifications and works backwards to find supporting facts. You can sort
Scheduling & Planning - develop or modify a plan of of view these approaches as two variations on search, with
action each step forward or backward forming a tree, either
Generation of Options - generate alternative solutions to a spanning out forwards towards conclusions or spanning out
problem backwards towards initial facts.Iif you already know what
Inference engine uses the following strategies − you are looking for, e.g. a customer that might be
• Forward Chaining committing fraud, a patient at risk for breast cancer, etc.,
• Backward Chaining then backward chaining may be a good solution. On the
other hand, if you don't necessarily know the final state of
II. WORKING OF FORWARD CHAINING your solution, e.g. improvements to a business process,
An inference engine using forward chaining searches the suggesting next steps in a due diligence investigation, or
inference rules until it finds one where the If finds condition directing data transformations in an ETL process, then a
is to be true. When found it can conclude, Then condition forward chaining approach may be preferrable.On the
resulting in the addition of new information to its dataset.It performance step, there are certain circumstances where
is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question. backward chaining might be better. For instance, if you
Here, the interface engine uses the group of conditions and have a small number of rules and a huge number of facts,
derivations and finally gives the outcome. It considers all you might be able to lazy load only those facts that are
the facts and rules, and sorts them before concluding to a relevant to fulfilling goals. This type of chaining is focused
solution. This strategy is followed for working on to prove the goal and search as only the part of knowledge
conclusion, result, or effect. For example, prediction of base that is related to the problem.
share market status as an effect of changes in interest rates.
1. Examine the rules to find one who’s If part is satisfied by
the current contents of Working Memory. 2. Execute the
rule by adding to Working Memory the facts that are
specified in the rules Then part.This control cycle continues
until no rules have satisfied If parts.
Difference between Forward Chaining and

backward chaining:
Backward Forward
Chaining chaining
Forward Chaining is known Backward chaining is
In above diagram there are number of Facts means as Goal driven known as Data l-driven
conditions .These Facts gives number of decisions and then It is a top-down reasoning It is a Bottom-up reasoning
these decisions gives finally one outcome.The standard It is a Depth first search. It is a Breadth first search.
definition of a forward-chaining system is that the system
Fast, because it tests fewer It is Slow, because it tests
operates by repeating the following sequence of operations
rules all the rules
Working of Backward Chaining :
Backward Chaining starts with list of goals and works Suitable for problems that Suitable for problems that
backwards to see if there is a data which will allow to it to start from a hypothesis, e.g. start from data collection,
conclude ant of these goals.Backwards Chaining starts diagnosis e.g. planning, monitoring,
with some facts and applies rules to find all possible control
conclusions, the other starts with the desired conclusion(s)
A small number of initial A small number of initial
goals and a large number of states but a high number of
rules match the facts conclusions
Its starts from conclusion Its starts from New data
III. CONCLUSION
An Expert systems are artificial intelligence (AI) tools that
capture the expertise of knowledge workers and provide
advice to (usually) non-experts in a given domain. Expert
system, a computer program that uses artificial-
intelligence methods to solve problems within a specialized
domain that ordinarily requires human expertise. Forward
chaining is a popular implementation strategy for expert
systems, business and production rule systems. Backward
chaining is an algorithm that works backwards from the
goal, chaining through rules to find known facts that
support the proof.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are very thankful to Dr. Ranjit Patil Sir , I/C Principal
of Computer Sciences Department, D.Y.Patil SCS college
Akurdi Pune for his valuable comments and suggestion
throughout writing of this paper. This helped us in
improving the quality of this paper.
REFERENCES
[1] P. Jackson, Introduction to Expert System, 3rd editon,
Addison-Wesley, 1999, ch. 4, pp. 16-28.
[2] RC Chakraborty, Expert Systems, Artificial
Intelligence, June 01,2010.
[3] Expert Systems for Business, (ed., B. Silverman),
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1987.
[4] Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems for
Engineers C.S. Krishnamoorthy, S. Rajeev
[5] “Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Expert
Systems” by Dan W. Patterson.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-3, Issue-12, Dec- 2016]

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/3.12.12 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)

Study on Forward Chaining and Reverse

Assistant Prof., Dr.D.Y.Patil SCS College, Akurdi, Pune-44 Maharashtra, India

Abstract— Expert systems are part of a general category I. INTRODUCTION

Difference between Forward Chaining and

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