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LST Module 3 PDF

This document discusses Venn diagrams and operations on sets. It defines Venn diagrams as a way to represent sets visually using circles within a rectangle. It then explains different set operations like union, intersection, difference, disjoint sets, and symmetric difference through examples and Venn diagram representations. Finally, it provides practice problems involving set operations and constructing Venn diagrams.

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Finella Marie Yap Cawaling
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75 views14 pages

LST Module 3 PDF

This document discusses Venn diagrams and operations on sets. It defines Venn diagrams as a way to represent sets visually using circles within a rectangle. It then explains different set operations like union, intersection, difference, disjoint sets, and symmetric difference through examples and Venn diagram representations. Finally, it provides practice problems involving set operations and constructing Venn diagrams.

Uploaded by

Finella Marie Yap Cawaling
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE 3

OPERATIONS ON SET &VENN


DIAGRAM
2

1.6 VENN (EULER) DIAGRAM


 The diagrammatic representation of sets for their relative study is called ‘Venn
diagram’ or ‘Euler Venn diagram’.

 Here we represent the universal S as a set of all points within rectangle and the
subset A of the set S is represented by the interior of a circle contained in the
rectangle.
S
A

FIGURE 1.10
3

 If A and B are not equal but they have some common elements, then we represent
A and B by two intersecting circles.
A S

FIGURE 1.11

 If a set A is a subset of a set B , then the circle representing A is drawn inside the
circle representing B.

S
A

FIGURE 1.12
4

 Two circles having no common element are represented by two non-overlapping


circles.
S
A

FIGURE 1.13

 The complementary set of the set 𝐴𝑐 is represented by the shaded region in the
figure by region lying outside the circle of set A and inside the universal set.

FIGURE 1.14
5
1.7 OPERATIONS ON SETS
 Union of sets
Union of two or more sets is the set of all elements that belong to any of
these sets. The symbol used for union of sets is ‘∪’. In the Venn diagram below, the
shaded region represents the indicated operation.
EXAMPLE
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = Union of set A and set B {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ }
If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 2, 4, 5, 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 1, 2, 6, 8 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 .

A B
S

Set A= {1, 2, 3,4,5,6,} and


A∪𝐵
Set B {0, 2, 4, 6}
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6} is the union
of A ∪ B
 Intersection of sets 6

It is the set of all the elements, which are common to all the sets. The
symbol used for intersection of sets is ‘∩’.In the Venn diagram below, the shaded
region represents the indicated operation.
EXAMPLE
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 ∈ 𝐵}
If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 2, 4, 5, 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 1, 2, 6, 8 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 2 .

A B
S

𝐴∩𝐵

Let A={1,2,3,7,11,13}
B={1,7,13,4,10,17}
A∩B {1,7,13}
 Difference of two sets 7

The difference of set A to B denoted as A – B is the set of those elements


that are in the set A but not in the set B.In the Venn diagram below, the shaded region
represents the indicated operation.
EXAMPLE
A – B = 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 . Similarly, 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝐴 .
𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴 − 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 − 𝐴.
If 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑒, 𝑓 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 − 𝐴 = {𝑒, 𝑓}

Set A ={ 1,4,7,8,9}
Set B= {3,2,1,7,5}
Then A-B = { 4,8,9}
 Disjoints sets 8

Sets that have no common members are called disjoint sets.

EXAMPLE
Given that U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
Set A={ 1,2,3,4,5}
Set C={ 8,10}
Then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅.
No common elements hence set A and C are disjoint set.
 Symmetric difference 9

If A and B are two sets, then symmetric difference of sets A and B is


denoted by 𝐴 Δ B and is given by 𝐴 Δ B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A)

A B

𝐴ΔB

EXAMPLE
A – B = 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 . Similarly, 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝐴 . 𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴 − 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 − 𝐴.

If 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 Δ B = {a, d}


Other examples of Venn Diagram

a. ( A  B)  C

A A A

C B C B C B

A B C  A  B  C
11

b. ( A  B)  (C  A)

A A
A

C B
C B C B

A B
(C  A)
 A  B  C  A  
12
ACTIVITY (FROM MODULE 2-3)

I. Find the union of each of the following pairs of sets:


𝟏. 𝑿 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓 ; 𝒀 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}

𝟐. 𝑨 = 𝒙: 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟑


𝑩 = 𝒙: 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝟔

II. If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , 𝐵 = 3, 4, 5, 6 , 𝐶 = 5, 6, 7, 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 7, 8, 9, 10 ;
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑎 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
1. 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
2. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
3. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
13

III. If 𝐴 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 ; 𝐵 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 ; 𝐶 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑


𝐷 = 5, 10, 15 20 ; 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
1. 𝐴 − 𝐵
2. 𝐵 − 𝐷
3. 𝐴 Δ B
14

Thanks!
PREPARED:

Finella Marie Y. Cawaling


Lecturer

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