Compounding of Steam Turbine

Compounding of steam turbine
The compounding of steam turbine is done to reduce the speed of the rotor by arranging
the number of stages of the turbine on a single rotor. As a result, the energy of the steam
is taken partially by each stage of the turbine, resulting in a reduction in turbine speed.
Compounding is the multi-staging of the steam turbine to reduce the speed of the
rotor.
The expansion of steam in a single-stage turbine results in a very high speed of

the rotor. The too-high speed attained by a single-stage turbine can create high
vibrations and also has other drawbacks. To avoid these disadvantages of the
single-stage turbine, the compounding is done in steam turbines.
The compounding of a turbine is achieved by arranging a number of stages on

the same rotor shaft where each stage consists of sets of moving blades, fixed
blades, and nozzles. In a compounded steam turbine, the energy of the steam is
partly extracted by each stage so that the rotor can run at a slower speed.
The compounding of impulse steam turbines can be done by using these

different methods:-
1. Velocity compounding
2. Pressure compounding
3. Pressure- velocity compounding
Necessity of compounding of steam Turbine:

The compounding of steam turbines is necessary to reduce the speed of
the turbine rotor, thus it helps to overcome the disadvantage caused by the
very high speed of the turbine.
When the high-pressure steam gets expanded into the ring of nozzles, the steam
gains very high velocity.
If this high-speed steam is passed over a single set of rotor blades then the rotor
can attain a very high speed.
This higher speed of the rotor causes very high vibrations in the turbines as well
as it also creates high centrifugal force into the rotating components, which can
damage the turbine.
Also, the kinetic energy of the steam does not get completely utilized by the
single rotor. Thus a lot of energy gets losses in the exhaust steam.
Thus the compounding of the steam turbine is necessary to overcome these
disadvantages, in which the energy of the high-pressure steam is utilized in
multiple numbers of stages mounted on the same rotor.
Different types of compounding in steam

turbine:
The different methods of compounding of a steam turbine are as follows:-
1] Velocity compounding of steam turbine:
It is a method of compounding the steam turbine in which the velocity of steam is

dropped in a number of stages.
The velocity compounded steam turbine consists of the following components:-
• A single set of the nozzle at the first stage.

• Sets of moving blades mounted on a rotor.
• Sets of fixed blades mounted on the casing.
The below figure shows the variation of the pressure and velocity during the
expansion of steam in a velocity compounded steam turbine.
In the above figure, N represents a set of nozzles, (M1, M2, M3) represents a set
of moving blades, and (F1, F2) represents a set of fixed blades.
The velocity compounded turbine works as follows:-
1] The high-pressure steam from the boiler is expanded into the set of nozzles
(N). While passing through the nozzles, the total pressure of the steam is
dropped to increase the kinetic energy.
Thus in the nozzle, the pressure of the steam gets decreases and the velocity
gets increases.
2] Now this high-velocity steam is passed over the 1ˢᵗ set of moving blades (M1).
At the 1ˢᵗ set of moving blades, some part of the velocity of steam is utilized to
rotate the moving blades.
3] After that steam is passed over the set of fixed blades (F1). The fixed blades
change the direction of the steam so that the steam can easily glide on 2ⁿᵈ set of
moving blades.
4] After leaving the set of fixed blades (F1), the steam is passed over the 2ⁿᵈ set
of moving blades (M2). At this stage, the moving blades utilize some part of
velocity to rotate the rotor, and then steam is further sent to the next stage.
5] In this manner, the velocity of the steam gets dropped in step by step manner
in a number of stages until it reaches the exhaust velocity.
2] Pressure compounding of steam turbine:
It is a method of compounding the steam turbine in which the total pressure drop
is divided into a number of stages.
The pressure compounded steam turbine consists of the following components:-
1. Sets of nozzles rings

2. Sets of moving blades
The below figure shows the arrangement of the pressure compounded steam
turbine.
The pressure and velocity variation for the pressure compounded steam turbine
is shown below:-
In the above figure, M1, M2, M3 represent the set of moving blades, and N1, N2,
N3 represent the set of nozzles.
The pressure compounded turbine works as follows:-
1] After entering the steam into the turbine, the high-pressure steam gets partly
expanded into the 1ˢᵗ set of nozzles (N1), thus the pressure of steam gets
decreases and the velocity of steam gets increases.
2] Further this high-velocity steam is passed over the first set of moving blades
(M1) where the kinetic energy of the steam is utilized to rotate the moving blades.
3] After escaping from the first set of moving blades (M1), the velocity of the
steam gets reduced.
4] Now this low velocity and high-pressure steam is passed over the 2nd set of
the nozzle (N2). Thus the pressure of steam is again partly reduced to raise the
velocity of steam.
5] Again this high-velocity steam is passed over the 2ⁿᵈ set of moving blades
(M2) to give momentum to the moving blades to rotate the rotor.
6] In this way, the pressure of the steam is partly utilized in each stage until the
pressure of steam reduces to the condenser pressure.
3] Pressure – Velocity compounding of steam turbine:
This method of compounding steam turbine has both advantages of pressure

compounding and velocity compounding. In other words, it is the combination of
pressure compounding and velocity compounding.
The pressure drop in this turbine is done in a number of stages and each stage in
this turbine acts like a velocity compounded turbine.
The schematic diagram of the pressure velocity compounded steam turbine is

shown below:-
As shown in the above figure, each stage in this turbine acts as a velocity
compounded turbine and all stages together act as a pressure compounded
turbine.
Each stage in this turbine consists of the following components:-
1. Set of a nozzle
2. Sets of moving blades
3. Sets of fixed blades.
The variation of pressure and velocity of steam in this turbine is shown below:-
The pressure-velocity compounded turbine works as follows:-
1] The high-pressure steam enters into the set of nozzles (N) of the first stage.
Here the high pressure of steam is partly dropped to raise the velocity of steam.
Now, this high-velocity steam is passed over a set of moving blades (M). Here
velocity of steam is partly reduced to rotate the moving blades.
After getting velocity partly reduced, the steam is passed over the fixed blades
(F) where it is redirected over the next set of moving blades.
In this manner, the steam is alternately passed over fixed blades and moving
blades until the velocity of steam is completely reduced to a minimum.
2] After leaving the first stage, the steam is passed over a set of nozzles of 2ⁿᵈ
stage where the pressure of steam is again reduced to raise the velocity.
After getting high velocity, the steam is passed through the set of moving blades
and fixed blades where the velocity of steam is partly utilized in each set of
moving blades to rotate the rotor.
In this manner, the pressure of the steam is partly utilized in each stage of the
turbine.
Advantages of compounding of steam

turbine:
The advantages of compounding of a steam turbine are discussed below:-
1. The compounding helps to reduce the speed of the rotor.

2. It reduces the vibrations in the turbine.
3. The compounded steam turbine requires less floor area.
4. The power loss in a single-stage turbine is reduced by using
compounded steam turbine.
5. Increases the life of the components of the steam turbine.

Compounding of Steam Turbine

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Compounding of steam turbine

The expansion of steam in a single-stage turbine results in a very high speed of

The compounding of a turbine is achieved by arranging a number of stages on

The compounding of impulse steam turbines can be done by using these

Necessity of compounding of steam Turbine:

Different types of compounding in steam

1] Velocity compounding of steam turbine:

It is a method of compounding the steam turbine in which the velocity of steam is

• A single set of the nozzle at the first stage.

The velocity compounded turbine works as follows:-

2] Pressure compounding of steam turbine:

The pressure compounded steam turbine consists of the following components:-

1. Sets of nozzles rings

The pressure compounded turbine works as follows:-

3] Pressure – Velocity compounding of steam turbine:

This method of compounding steam turbine has both advantages of pressure

The schematic diagram of the pressure velocity compounded steam turbine is

Each stage in this turbine consists of the following components:-

The pressure-velocity compounded turbine works as follows:-

Advantages of compounding of steam

1. The compounding helps to reduce the speed of the rotor.

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