ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

Cebu M ain: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA) – DAY 1

NUMBER SYSTEM

Real Number Imaginary Number (i)

Rational Number Irrational Number

Complex Number – number that is expressible in the form of “a + bi”.

Real numbers – is any number that can be represented by a decimal.
Rational Numbers - numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of two integers.
- Terminating decimals. Ex. ¼, 3/4
- Non-terminating, repeating decimals. Ex. 1/3, 2/3
Irrational Numbers - numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction of two integers.
- Non-terminating, non-repeating decimals
Example: 7 , , e, etc.
Imaginary number – are numbers that contains imaginary “i”.

i = 1
2
 2
i   1  1 i3  i2 . i  ( 1) i  i i4  i2 . i2  ( 1)( 1)  1
Natural numbers {1, 2, 3, ……}
Whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, ……..}
Integers {.., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…}
Real numbers The rational and irrational numbers
Prime Number – integer greater than 1 that is divisible only by 1 and itself. Ex. 2, 3, 5 …….

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Example: Find the significant figures of the following:
1. 46 2 significant figures 6. 1.0230 5 significant figures

2. 34000 5 significant figures

4
3. 3.4 x 10 2 significant figures
4. 45.60 4 significant figures
5. 68.00 4 significant figures
7. 0.0010300 5 significant figures

FACTORING
1. a( x  y )  ax  ay

2. ( x  a)( x  b)  x 2  (a  b)x  ab

3. x 2  y 2  ( x  y )( x  y ) (difference of squares)

4. ( x  y )2  x 2  2 xy  y 2

5. ( x  y )2  x 2  2 xy  y 2

6. ( x  y )3  x 3  3 x 2 y  3 xy2  y 3

7. ( x  y )3  x 3  3 x 2 y  3 xy2  y 3

8. x 3  y 3  ( x  y )( x 2  xy  y 2 ) (difference of cubes)

9. x 3  y 3  ( x  y )( x 2  xy  y 2 ) (sum of cubes)

10. ( x  y  z )2  x 2  y 2  z 2  2xy  2yz  2xz

LAWS OF EXPONENTS

1. 11. 0/1 = 0
6. ( x.y )a  x a .y a
00  in det er min ate
7. ( x / y)a  x a / y a  x a .y a
b 12. 1/0 = infinity
2. xa / b  xa
8. 1 / x a  x a 13. 1/∞ = 0
3. ( xa )b  xab
4. xa.xb  xa b 9. xa  xb then a b 14. 0/0 = indeterminate

5. xa xb  xab 10. 1/1 = 1 15. ∞/∞ = indeterminate

PROBLEMS:
1. How many significant digits does 10.097 have? (October 1996)
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
3217 427 18
2. Simplify the following expression: i - i + i
A. 1 + 2i B. 1 – i C. -1 + 2i D. 1 + i
3. The sum of all prime numbers between 1 and 15 is _____. (September 2011)
A. 39 B. 41 C. 46 D. 120
2k 5 k
4. Solve 3 . (9) = (3 ) for k.
3 3
5. Expand (x - 2) - 8y . (Oct. 1999)
5 4 3 2
6. Find the possible factors of 4x – 4x + 25x – 30x – 99x + 54. (March 2011)
A. (x – 2) B. (2x – 1) C. (2x + 3) D. All of the above
2 3 2
7. The function f(x) = (x – 4)/(x – 2x – 3x + 10) is discontinuous at x= ?
(September 2010)
A. 2 B. -2 C. either A or B D. Neither A or B

EQUATIONS:
1. LINEAR EQUATION (First Degree Equation)

A. Linear equations with one unknown

Solution: Simple transposition
B. Linear Equations with two or more unknowns
Solution:
1. Substitution method
2. Elimination method
3. Determinants

2. QUADRATIC EQUATION (Second Degree Equation)

A. Quadratic Equations with only one unknown

General equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0

Solution: 1. Quadratic formula 2. Completing the square 3. Factoring if factorable

Quadratic Formula
A quadratic equation is an equation of the general form ax2 + bx + c = 0. The roots, x1 and x2, of
the equation are the two values of x that satisfy it.
2
From the equation ax + bx + c = 0

 b  b2  4ac
x where: b2 -4ac is known as discriminant
2a

Note:
b 2 = 4ac - the roots are equal. Therefore, there is only one real solution.
b  4ac - the roots are real and unequal.
2

b 2  4ac - the roots are imaginary and conjugate imaginary.

Properties of roots:

b c
Sum of roots: x1 + x2 = Product of roots: x1 x2 =
a a
B. Quadratic equations with two unknowns:

Solution: 1. Elimination method

2. Substitution method
3. Determinants
Example: Solve for x and y:
x2 – y2 = 8 and x2 + y2 = 10
3. CUBIC EQUATION (Third Degree Equation)
Solution:
1. Synthetic division
2. Factoring if factorable
3. Trial and error
3 2
4. QUADRIC EQUATION (Fourth Degree Equation) ax + bx + cx + d = 0
Solution:1. Synthetic division
2. Factoring if factorable
3. Trial and error
5. EQUATIONS SOLVABLE ONLY BY TRIAL AND ERROR
Example: Solve for “m” 0.0984 = (1 + 0.095/m)m - 1

PROBLEMS
3 x2
1. If 4y = 3x, then, what is the value of ?
4 y2
A. 4/3 B. ¾ C. 2/3 D. 3/2
2. Solve for x in the equations: x (x + y + z) = 2; y (x + y + z) = 6; and z (x + y + z) = 8.
A. ½ B. 1 C. 1.5 D. 2

3. If the z  1 1 1 ....... , what is the value of z? (September 2011)

A. 0.453 B. 0.618 C. 0.816 D. 0.681
2
4. What is the value of k to make the expression kx – 3kx + 9 a perfect square?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 3 D. 5
5. Find the value of x which will satisfy the following expression: x2  x 2
A. x = 3/2 B. x = 9/4 C. x = 18/6 D. none of these
6. Evaluate: A x B.
1 6 0 1 2 4 17 34 46
A = A 4 2 7 B  3 6 7 A.ns. 26  24  72
0 5 3 4 4 6 3 18  53
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu M ain: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA) – DAY 2

PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITY
Let a, b, and c be any real numbers.

1. Comparison Property
Exactly one of the following statements is true:
a < b, a = b, a > b

2. Transitive Property
If a < b and b < c, then a < c.

3. Additive or Subtraction Property

If a < b, then a + c < b + c

4. Multiplication or Division Property

If a < b and c is positive, then ac < bc or a/c < b/c.
If a < b and c is negative, then ac > b/c or ac > b/c.

FUNCTIONS:

A, Basic Operations:
Addition: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Subtraction: (f – g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
Multiplication: (f . g)(x) = f(x) . g(x)
f ( x)
Division: (f/g)(x) = , provided g( x )  0
g( x )

B. Composition of two functions f and g:

(f ◦ g)(x) = f(g(x)) and. (g ◦ f)(x) = g(f(x))

Complex Operations
Rectangular form Polar form Exponential form
Ze
i
a + bi Z< θ

where: Z = a2  b2  = tan b/a

-1
a = Z cosθ; b = Z sinθ

PROBLEMS
1. The solution to the inequality 3x – 4 ≤ 10 + x.
A. x ≤ -7 B. x ≥ -7 C. x ≤ 7 D. x ≥ 7
2. Solve the inequality 5x  4  4.
3. Given: f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = 2x - 5
Compute: A. g(f(x) B. f(f(1)) C. g(f(2))
2
4. What is the inverse function y = 4 – x ?
2
A. y  x  4 B. y  4  x C. y  x 2  4 D. y = x - 4
5. Given: A = 3i – 4j + 5k; B = 2i + 3j – 6k; C = -4i + 7j – 3k. Determine (A x B).C.
A. 85 B. 93 C. 101 D. 109
6. Determine the absolute value of resultant vector of the following vectors:
F1 = 4j + 7j + 6k; F2 = 9i + 2j + 11k; F3 = 5i – 3j – 8k
A. 21 B. 18 C. 25 D. 9
7. Find the product of two complex numbers 3 + 4i and 7 – 2i. (ME BD. Exam)
A. 10 + 2i B. 13 + 22i C. 13 + 34i D. 29 + 22i
6
8. Evaluate (2 – 3i)
9. Determine the absolute value of the complex number 3 + 4i.
A. 4 B. 5 C. 8 D. 6

PROBLEM SOLVING IN ALGEBRA

1. NUMBER PROBLEMS
Consecutive numbers: Consecutive odd numbers: Consecutive even numbers
x = first number x = first number x = first number
x + 1 = second number x + 2 = second number x + 2 = second number
x + 2 = third number x + 4 = third number x + 4 = third number

Digit numbers:
Let: u = unit digit t = ten’s digit h = hundred’s digit
For two-digit number: The number = 10t + u If digits are reversed = 10u + t
For three-digit number The number = 100h + 10t + u If digits are reversed = 100u +10t + h

2. RATE PROBLEMS
S S
ST = v t v  t
t v
where: S = distance traveled v =
constant velocity t = time
A. For horizontal straight path:
Car moving in continuous path with different speed.

1. S = total distance = S1  S2  v1 t1  v2 t2
S1 S2
2. t = total time = t1 + t2 = 
v1 v2
Total Dis tan ce S1  S2 S1  S2
3. Average velocity, vave vave =  
Total Time t1  t 2 S1 / v1  S2 / v 2
B. Cars approaching each other moving at different speed.
S = total distance = S1  S2  v1 t1  v2 t2
S1 S2
t1 = t2 or 
v1 v2
C. Moving on a circular path
a. For the opposite direction at same point and
same time.
S1 + S2 = Circumference
S1 + S2 = π D
b. For the same direction at same point
S1 = S2 + π D
S1 – S2 = π D = Circumference
E. Considering the current or wind speed
If speed of current or wind is considered, then
For upstream or headwind, the speed is (V – x)
For downstream or tailwind, the speed is (V + x)
V = speed of boat or plane x = speed of current or wind

3. WORK PROBLEMS 1 1 1
A. If both A and B working together could finish the work in T days.  
A B T
B. If the time of A is twice that of B and they could finish
1 1 1
working together in T days, then A = 2B  
2B B T
A C
C. For pumping a reservoir.
If A and C are inlet pipes and B is the outlet pipe, then if they are
working together they could finish the work in time T.
1 1 1 1
  
A C B T
D. Work replacement. B
If A and B working together for x days and if C replaces B
then A and B can finished the work in remaining y days .  1 1 1 1
x    y   1
A B  A C
4. AGE PROBLEM

Let: M = age of Maria now J = age of Jose now

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Five years ago Six years from now
M- 5 M M+ 6
J- 5 J J+ 6
Note:
A. The difference of their ages at any time are equal
B. The sum of their ages 5 years ago = (M - 5) + (J - 5)
C. The sum of their ages 6 years from now = (M + 6) + (J + 6)
5. MIXTURE PROBLEM
A. If two substances added:
%x1 %x2 %x3

m1 m2 m1 + m2
+ =
m 1 (%x1) + m 2 (%x2) = (m 1 + m 2) (%x3)
B. . If certain amount removed from the original amount:
%x1 %x2 %x3

m1 - m2 = m1 + m2
m 1 (%x1) - m 2 (%x2) = (m 1 + m 2) (%x3)
Note: For a mixture of water and N aCl, if water is evaporated, then 100% water is removed and 0%
NaCl is removed.
NUMBER PROBLEMS
1. The numbers has a ratio of 2 : 5 : 8. If the sum of the numbers is 60, what is the larger number?
(Oct. 2004)
A. 36 B. 32 C. 24 D. 22
2. The difference of the cubes of two positive numbers is 2402 and the cube of their difference is 8.
Find the larger number.
A. 21 B. 23 C. 25 D. 27
RATE PROBLEMS
1. A man left Sta. Rosa City to drive to Lopez, Quezon at 6:15 pm and arrived at 11:45 pm. If he
averaged 50 kph and stopped 1 hour for dinner, how far is Lopez, Quezon from Sta Rosa City?
A. 225 km B. 522 km C. 252 km D. 215 km
2. A boat can go 15 km upstream in the same time that it takes to go 27 km downstream. The
speed of the current is 2 km per hour. Find the speed of the boat in still water.
WORK PROBLEMS
1. If John can paint a room in 30 minutes and Tom can paint it in 1 hour, how many minutes will it
take them to paint the room if they work together? (ME Bd. April 2004)
2. Tukmol can paint a fence of 50% faster than Kikoy and 20% faster than Tiburcio and together
they can paint a given fence in 4 hours. How long will it take Tukmol to paint the same fence if
he had to work alone?
A. 11 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10
3. Crew A can clean the Megadome in 8 hours and crew B can clean it in 12 hours. After a night
game, Crew A began a cleanup at midnight and was joined by crew B at 2:00 am. When was
the job completed?
AGE PROBLEMS
1. John is four times as old as Harry. In six years, John will be twice as old as Harry. What is the
age of Harry now? (April 2004)
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
2. Two times the mother’s age is 8 more than six times her daughter’s age. Ten years ago, the
sum of their ages was 44. What is the daughter’s age?
A. 15 yrs old B. 18 yrs old C. 12 yrs old D. 16 yrs old
MIXTURE PROBLEMS
1. Two thousand (2000) kg of steel containing 8% nickel is to be made by mixing a steel containing
14% nickel with another containing 6% nickel. How much of each is needed?
2. A high concentrated solution having a volume of 100 liters is 25% gasoline. How much gasoline
should be added to the solution to produce a 50 -50% mixture?
A. 50L B. 75L C. 40L D. 60L
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu M ain: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA) – DAY 3

6. CLOCK PROBLEM
Where:
x = distance traveled by minute hand after 3 o’clock
x/12 = distance traveled by hour hand after 3 o’clock
NOTE:
1. The minute hand travels 12 times faster than the hour hand.
2. If the hands of the clock are perpendicular, number of
minutes between them is 15 minutes (90 ).
3. If they are opposite in direction, number of minutes between
them is 30 minutes (180o equivalent).

By angular method:
1. Each number corresponds in the clock (5 minutes equivalent) is 30 o each.
2. t = the time in minutes traveled by the long hand.

t
2
ref   
11
ref = reference angle of short hand (30 for every 5 min.).
o
where:
θ = angle equivalent between long hand and short hand.
Use: + if the long hand is ahead of the short hand.
- if the long hand is behind the short hand.
CLOCK PROBLEMS
1. What time after 4 o’clock will the hands of the clock be
A. perpendicular for the second time B. opposite to each other
2. In how many minutes after 12:00 noon will hour hand and the minute hand of the clock first form
an angle of 120 degree?
A. 21.82 min B. 22.82 min C. 23.82 min D. 24.82 min

7. GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS
1. Square:

A  x2 Perimeter = 4 x D  2 x

2. Rectangle:
A = Lw P = 2L + 2w D  L2  w 2
3. Triangle
A. Given triangle base and height
1
A b h
2

B. Perimeter = a + b + c

4. Circle
A = π r2 = π/4 D2
C = 2πr = π D

5. Cube
V = x3 LSA = 4x 2
TSA = 6 x 2 D 3x

8. INVESTMENT PROBLEM
Let: PA = amount invested at i A interest
PB = amount invested at i B interest
Then,
A. Total investment = PA + PB

B. Profit = PA (iA) + PB (i B)

C. If they have the same profit: PA (i A) = PB (iB)

where: i = interest rate

GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS

1. The sides of a right triangle are in arithmetic progression whose common difference
is 6. Find the hypotenuse. (April 2004)
A. 24 B. 30 C. 6 D. 18
2. A farmer is to plant rice in a rectangular field 30 meters by 40 meters. He started on
the edge and plant around the perimeter. How wide a strip should he plant for each
side in order to do half the work?
A. 5 m B. 2.5 m C. 3 m D. 5.5 m

INVESTMENT PROBLEMS

1. An amount of P50,000 is invested into two parts. One at 8% and the other at 10%. If
the profit of the two investments is P4400, find the amount invested at 8% interest.
A. P30,000 B. P20,000 C. P40,000 D. P10,000
2. A group of fishermen chartered a boat for 3,000 pesos. Two members of the group
were unable to go the trip and as a consequence, each of the other had to pay 125
pesos more. How many were there in the original group?
A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

1. (Oct. 2004) A lighthouse blinks five times in a minute. A neighboring lighthouse

blinks 4 times in a minute. If they will blink simultaneously, how many seconds they
will blink together again?
2. (Oct. 2004) After 8:00 pm, a ride in a cab cost P25.00 plus P3.00 for every fifth of a
kilometer traveled. If a passenger travel x kilometers, what is the cost of the pesos, as
a function of x?
A. 28x B. 25 + 3x C. 25 + 15x D. 25 + 0.6x

Variation Problems
1. Direct variation:
If x varies directly as y
x∞y x = ky k = x/y
2. Inverse variation:
If x varies inversely as y
x ∞ 1/y x = k/y k = xy

3. Joint variation: If x varies directly as y and inversely as the square of z.

x ∞ y/z2 x = ky/z2 k = xz2/y

Binomial Theorem:
(x + y)n
Note: The coefficient of any term after the first may be found from the preceding term by
multiplying its coefficient by the exponent of x and dividing by the number of term.

For any term: nCm (x)n-m (y)m

VARIATION PROBLEMS
1. If x varies directly as y and inversely as z, and x = 14 when y = 7 and z = 2, find the
value of x when y = 16 and z = 4.
2. On a certain truck line, it cost P9.80 to send 5 tons at a distance of 7 miles. How
much will it cost to send 12 tons at a distance of 18 miles?

BINOMIAL EXPANSION
rd 8
1. Find the 3 and middle term of (3x + 4y)
10
2. In the expression of (x + 2y) , the numerical coefficient of the fifth term is _______.
A. 3,360 B. 3,480 C. 3,540 D. 3,810
3. Determine the absolute sum of the coefficient of the variables in the expression
8
(2x + 3y – z) .
A. 65,536 B. 56,563 C. 63,655 D. 66,535
PARTIAL FRACTION
Case 1: Linear Factors not repeated.
7x 2  23 x  10 7x 2  23 x  10 A B C
   
(3x  1)(x  x  2) (3x  1)((x  1)(x  2) (3x  1) ( x  1) ( x  2)
2

Solving the equation, A = -2; B = -1; C = 4

Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors.

4x 3  16 x 2  5x  3 A B C D
  
2
( x  1) ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) ( x  2) 2
Solving the equation, A = 2; B = 3; C = 5; D = 1

Case 3: Quadratic Factors not Repeated.

3x 2  x  1 A Bx  C
 
( x  1)(x 2  x  3) ( x  1) ( x 2  x  3)

Solving the equation, A = 1; B = 2; C = -2

Case 4: Repeated Quadratic factors

x 4  x 3  2x 2  7 A Bx  C Dx  E
  
2
( x  2)(x  x  1) ( 2
x  2) ( x  x  1) ( x  x  1) 2
2 2

Solving the equation, A = 1; B = 2; C = -3; D = 0; E = -1

Problem
x2
Resolve .
x  7 x  12
2
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MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA) – DAY 4

PERMUTATIONS
Is a group of things arrange in a specific order of arrangement.
nPr = the number of permutations of “n” things taken “r” at a time
n !
n Pr 
(n  r ) !
where: 5! = 5(4)(3)(2)(1) 0! = 1
Example: How many permutations can be made out of the letters A, B and C taken three at a
time?
Solution: For A, B & C, taken 3 at a time
The following arrangements can be made:
ABC, BCA, CAB, CBA, ACB, BAC = 6 ways

Using the formula: ( n = 3; r = 3)

n ! 3 !
No. of w ays    6 w ays
(n  r ) ! (3  3 ) !

A. Fundamental Principle:
If an event E1 can happen in n 1 ways and another event E 2 can happen in n 2 ways, then both
events E1 & E2 can happen in n1n2 ways.
B. Permutation of things, some of these are alike or similar.
The permutation of n things in which s are alike, t are alike, u are alike, and so on is:
n!
P 
s! t ! u!
(EE BD. APR. ‘97)
How many permutations are there in the word BANANA?
Solution: n = 6; 3 A’s and 2 N’s
n ! 6 !
P    60 w ays
A ! N! 3! 2!
C. Circular Permutation
Permutation in a circle or round table by taking one object or things at a time.P = (n - 1) !

COMBINATIONS
An arrangement of objects or things by taking r of n things without considering the definite order of
arrangement.
n!
C = number of combination with “n” things taken “r” at a time. C 
r ! (n  r ) !
Example:
How many combinations can be taken out of the letters A,B & C taken 3 at a time.
No. of combination: ABC = 1 way

Using formula: ( n = 3; r = 2)
 n! 3!
C   3 w ays
r! (n  r )! (3  2)! 2!

PROBLEMS (PERMUTATION)
1. How many permutation can be made out of the letters of the word ENGINEERING?
A. 277,200 B. 272,700 C. 200,277 D. 227,700
2. How many circular permutations are possible when seating four people around a
table?
A. 4 B. 6 C. 12 D. 24
3. Four different colored flags can be hung in a row to make coded signal consist of the
display of two or more flags?

PROBLEMS
1. How many different committees of 6 can be formed from 12 boys and 8 girls if each
committee is consisting of 4 boys and 2 girls? (April 2007)
A. 2970 B. 13860 C. 15820 D. 27720
2. If three coins are tossed, how many possible ways are there of
A. at least one coin showing tails?
B. at most 2 coins showing heads.
3. How many ways can you invite one or more of five friends to a party?

PROBABILITY
No. of occurences of certain event
Pr obability 
Total no. of occurences

Types of event:
A. Single event: Event that occur only once
B. Exclusive event: Events that do not occur simultaneously
Joint probability = sum of the probability of each event
C. Probability in independent events: One event will not be affected in the probability of other
event.
Joint probability = product of probability of each event
D. Probability in dependent event: One event affects the probability of the other event.
Joint probability = product of probability of each event

Mathematical Expectation:
Mathematical Expectation = Probability x Price
1. An urn contains seven (7) red marbles and three (3) white marbles. Find the
probability that the first two are red and the third is white.
A. 7/10 B. 3/10 C. 3/40 D. 7/40
2. Two cards are drawn from an ordinary deck of 52. What is the probability of getting
A. two spades B. heart and diamond C. face cards
3. Five cards drawn at random from a standard deck. Find the probability that all 5 cards
are hearts.
A. 0.00087 B. 0.00564 C. 0.00453 D. 0.000495
4. Two die are rolled. Find the probability that the sum of the two die is less than 10.
A. 17/18 B. 11/12 C. 8/9 D. 5/6

STANDARD DEVIATION
For the given numbers x1, x2, x3,……, xn

A. Standard Deviation, SD

( x  x1 ) 2  ( x  x 2 ) 2  ( x  x 3 ) 2  ..  ( x  x n ) 2
SD 
n
B. Standard Deviation of sample:
( x  x1)2  ( x  x2 )2  ( x  x3 )2  ..  ( x  xn )2
SD of Sample 
n 1
x  x 2  x 3  .....  x n
where: x = average value  1 n = number of terms
n
2
C. Variance = (Standard deviation of sample)

x1  x 2  x 3  ...... xn
2 2 2 2

D. RMS value =
n

VENN DIAGRAM
1. In a survey of 10 smokers, it was disclosed that 7 smokes M, 5 smoke H, 3 smoke W,
it was further disclosed that 3 smoke M & H, 2 M & W, 2 H & W, 1 M,H,W.
A. How many smoke M only?
B. Smoke W only
C. How many do not smoke M, H & W?
D. M or H
E. M and H
2. Of the 540 seniors at Manila Science High School, 335 are taking mathematics, 287
are taking science and 220 are taking mathematics and Science. How many are
taking neither mathematics nor science?
A. 402 B. 320 C. 138 D. 376

STANDARD DEVIATION
For the given numbers 4, 6, 8. Find:
1. Standard deviation
2. Standard deviation of sample.
3. Variance
4. rms value

PROGRESSIONS

Arithmetic Progression
- is a series of numbers having a common difference.
Example1: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
 Therefore from the above given: a = 2, L = 10, d = 4 – 2 = 2, n = 5
Example 2: 20, 18, 16, 14, 12
Therefore from the above given: a = 20, L = 12, d = 18 – 20 = -2, n = 5
Formulas:
n n
A. L = a + (n -1)d B. S = [2a  (n  1)d] = (a  L )
2 2

Where: L = last term a = first term n = number of terms S = sum of all terms
d = common difference = a 2 – a1
Note: d is positive if increasing series of numbers
d is negative if decreasing series of numbers
C. Arithmetic mean – is the number or quantity between two terms of an arithmetic series.
a b
The arithmetic mean of a & b is .
2
Geometric Progression
- is a series of numbers having a common ratio.
Example: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256
Therefore from the above given: a = 2, L = 256, r = 4/2 =2, n = 8
Formulas:
a(1  r n ) a  rL
A. L = arn-1 B. S = =
1 r 1 r

Where: L = last term a = first term S = geometric sum of all terms

n = number of terms r = common ratio = a2/a1
C. Geometric mean – is the number or quantity between two terms of a geometric series.
The geometric mean of a & b is ab

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS

1. Determine the formula of the nth term of the arithmetic progression 3, 5, 7, ………..
A. 3n + 1 B. 2n – 1 C. 3n + 1 D. 2n + 1
2. How many terms of the sequence -9, -6, -3, ….. must be taken so that the sum is 66?
A. 11 B. 6 C. 4 D. 9
3. If (5x – 3), (x + 2) and (3x – 11) forms an arithmetic progression, find the sum of the
arithmetic progression.
A. 12 B. 15 C. 18 D. 21

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS

1. Find the sum of the first 10th term of 3,6,12,24,........

2. The sum of three numbers in geometric progression is 19 and its geometric mean is 6.
Find the smallest number of the geometric progression. (April 2006)
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
3. There are 6 geometric means between 4 and 8748. Find the sum of all terms.
A. 12310 B. 12130 C. 13210 D. 13120
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M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (TRIGONOMETRY) – DAY 5

Sum of Infinite Geometric Series

a
If n approaches infinity. S= Provided r ≠ 1
1 r

Harmonic Progression
Is a series of numbers whose reciprocals form an Arithmetic Progression.

Example: Given in Harmonic Progression ¼, 1/7, 1/10, 1/13 …………

The equivalent Arithmetic Progression is 4, 7, 10, 13, …….

Note: Use the formula of arithmetic Progression in getting the nth term, and take the reciprocal to
obtain the equivalent Harmonic Progression.

1. (ME Board Apr. 93) A rubber ball was dropped from a height of 36 m, and each time
it strikes the ground it rebounds to a height of 2/3 of the distance from which it fell.
Find the total distance traveled by the ball before it comes to rest.
th
2. Find the 10 term of the harmonic progression 6/5, 4/3, 3/2, …….

TRIGONOMETRY
CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES:
Acute angle – angle less than 90 degrees.
Obtuse angle – angle more than 90 o but less than 180 o.
Reflex angle – angle more than 180 o but less than 360 o.
Complementary angle – angles whose sum is 90 o.
Supplementary angle – angle whose sum is 180 o.

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES:
1 degree = 60 min 1 min. = 60 sec 90deg = 100 grad
rad
o
= 180 deg1 rev = 2 rad = 360 = 2π rad = 400 grad = 6400 mills

RIGHT TRIANGLE
Six Trigonometric Functions:
Sin A = a/c Csc A = c/a
Cos A = b/c Sec A = c/b
Tan A = a/b Cot A = b/a
Pythagorean Theorem: c 2  a2  b2
Perimeter = a + b + c

where: a = opposite b = adjacent c = hypotenuse

Sign of the functions by Quadrant

Function I II III IV
Sine + + - -
Cosine + - - +
Tangent + - + -

ANGLE OF ELEVATION
Angle of elevation – is the angle above the horizontal
plane of the observer.
ß = angle of elevation

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
Angle of depression – is the angle below the
horizontal plane of the observer.

х = angle of elevation

LOGARITHM
1. Logb b  1 5. Log n x  Logx / n 9. xa  xb then a  b
2. Logb (1)  0 6. Log x / y  Log x  Log y 10. x  eln a then x  a

3. Logb bn  n 7. Log ( xy)  Logx  Log y 11. y  ln e x then y  x

4. Log a x  y then, x  a y 8. Log x n  nLogx 12. Anti log  1 / Log

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

kt
x = xo e
At half-life: x = xo / 2
x = amount at any period xo = original amount
k = constant t = time
RIGHT TRIANGLE
o o
1. Given that sin x = m, what is tan x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 90 .
 m2 m 1  m2 2
A. B. C. D. 1 – m
1m 2
1 m 2 m2
2. A certain angle has a supplementary five times its compliment. What is the angle?
o o o o
A. 186 B. 168.5 C. 67.5 D. 157.5
o
3. From the top of tower A, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower B is 46 . From
o
the foot of tower B to the top of tower A is 28 . Both towers are on a level ground. If
the height of tower B is 120 m, how high is tower A?
A. 40.7 m B. 44.1 m C. 42.3 m D. 38.6 m

LOGARITHM:

1. Given log (2x – 3) = ½. What s the value of x if the base of the logarithm is 9?
2. Solve for x: Log2 x + log(x – 2) = 3
A. 2, 4 B. -2, 4 C. 2, -4 D. -2, -4
.
X.
XX
3. Solve the value of x from the following equation: X = 10.
A. 1.258925 B. 1.892525 C. 1.85925 D. 1.528925

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

1. A certain radioactive substances has a half-life of 38 hours. How long does it takes
for 90% of the radioactivity to be dissipated?
A. 120 h B. 122 h C. 124 h D. 126 h

OBLIQUE TRIANGLE
SINE LAW - Relates the sine of the angle.
a b c a sin A c sin C c sin C
     A + B + C = 180 O
sin A sin B sin C b sin B b sin B a sin A

AREA OF TRIANGLE:
1 1 1
A  a b sin C A  b c sin A A  c a sin B
2 2 2
COSINE LAW - Relates the cosine of the angle.
c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C b2  c 2  a2  2ac cos B a2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
Note:
1. In solving angles in a triangle given 3 sides, do not apply Sine Law, instead Cosine Law
since the sine function cannot give an angle of more than 90 degrees.
2. The maximum angle of triangle will be at the opposite of longest side.
3. The minimum angle of triangle will be at the opposite of the shortest side.
IDENTITIES
1. sin   1 / csc  5. cot   cos  / sin  9. sin   cos( 90  )
2. cos   1 / sec 6. 2 2
sin   cos   1 10. cos   sin (90  )
3. tan   1 / cot  7. tan2   1  sec 2  11. tan  cot (90  )
4. tan   sin  / cos  2 2 12. cot θ = tan (90 – θ)
8. cot   1  csc 
ADDITION and SUBTRACTION FORMULAS:
Sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± sin y cos x
Cos (x ± y) = cos x cos y  sin x sin y
tan x  tan y
Tan (x ± y) =
1  tan x tan y
DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS:
sin 2x = 2 sin x cosx
cos 2x = cos 2x – sin 2x = 2cos 2x – 1 = 1 – 2sin 2x
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1  tan 2 x

BEARING AND DIRECTIONS

Northwest - 45o between N and W
Northeast - 45o between N and E
Southwest - 45o between S and W
Southeast - 45o between S and E

Example: Find the bearing of the

following forces acting as shown.

F1 = N 40 o E or 40 o E of N F2 = N 60 o W or 60 o W of N
F3 = S 50 o E or 50 o E of S F4 = S 30 o W or 30 o W of S

IDENTITIES
1. If sec2A = 1/sin13A, determine the value of A in degrees. (Oct 2003)
A. 7 B. 6 C. 3 D. 5
o o
2. Simplify cos (30 – A) – cos (30 + A) as a function of angle A only.
A. sinA B. tanA C. cosA D. secA

SINE AND COSINE LAW

o
1. Given triangle with angle C = 28.7 , side a = 132 units and b = 224 units. Solve for
angle B. (April 1995)
SinA 2 SinB 3
2. (Apr. 2004) The perimeter of triangle is 30 in. The ratio of  and  .
SinB 7 SinC 4
Find side b.
o
3. A pole cast a shadow 15 m long when the angle of elevation of the sun is 61 . If the
o
pole has lean 15 from the vertical directly toward the sun, what is the length of the
pole?
A. 54.23 m B. 48.64 m C. 36.84 cm D. 64.84 m

BEARING AND DIRECTION

1. Two ships leave a dock at the same time. One sails northeast at the rate of 8.5 mph,
the other sails north at the rate of 10 mph. How many miles apart are they at the end
of 2 hours?
A. 11.4 B. 12.4 C. 13.4 D. 14.4
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
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M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (GEOMETRY AND SOLID MENSURATION ) – DAY 6

GEOMETRY
A. Mid-point of triangle

1 1
ha  2b 2  2c 2  a 2 hc  2a 2  2b 2  c 2
2 2
1
hb  2a 2  2c 2  b 2
2

B. Altitudes of Triangles:

2A 2A
ha  hb 
a b
2A
hc 
c
where:
abc
A = area of triangle A = A  S (S  a ) ( S  b ) (S  c ) where: S 
2

C. Angle Bisector of Triangle:

 2   2 
ha    b c S (S  a ) hb    a c S (S  b )
bc  ac

 2  abc
hc    a b S (S  c ) S
ab 2
POLYGON – is a plane closed curve separated by broken lines.
Number of Sides Side Description
3 sides Triangle
4 sides Quadrangle
5 sides Pentagon
6 sides Hexagon
7 sides Heptagon
8 sides Octagon
9 sides Nonagon
10 sides Decagon
11 sides Undecagon
12 sides Dodecagon
13 sides Tridecagon
15 sides Quindecagon
1000 sides Chilliagon
FORMULAS:
1. Sum of the interior angles = (n - 2)180.= (n – 2) π
(n  2)180  (n  2) 
2. Interior angle (  )  , deg  , rad
n n
o
3. Sum of exterior angle = 360
360
4. Exterior angle =
n
n
5. Number of diagonals = (n  3 )
2
6. Perimeter of polygon = n L
7. Area of polygon =   L x h 
n
2
360
8.  
2n
x
9. tan θ = tan   sin θ = x/r cosθ = h/r
h
Where: n = number of sides of polygon L = length of side of polygon
P = perimeter of polygon
PROBLEMS
1. For the triangle ABC, a = 10 in, b = 12 in, c = 15 in. Find the length of the bisector of
angle A.
2. How many sides have a polygon if the sum of the interior angles is 2520 degrees?
A. 10 B. 12 C. 14 D. 16
3. If the total number of diagonals of an N-gon is 77, then what is N? (Oct. 2003)
A. 14 B. 12 C. 8 D. 7
4. What is the area of pentagon and circle. If the pentagon circumscribed a circle
whose sides is 2 inches?

AREAS
1. Square: 2. Rectangle:
D  L2  w 2
A  x2
A  Lw
D 2 x
P  2L  2 w
Perimeter  4x

3. Triangle

A. Given triangle base and height B. Given three sides of triangle:

1 A  S (S  a ) (S  b ) ( S  c )
A bh
2
abc
S
2
C. Two adjacent sides and included angle D. Triangle inscribed a circle.

A  area of triangle abc

AT 
1 4r
A  a b sin 
2 AC   r2
r  radius of circle

E. Triangle circumscribing in circle. F. Right triangle

AT  r S
AC   r2 A  1/ 2 bh

abc
S
2
G. Equilateral Triangle H. Isosceles triangle
3
h x 1 2 1 2
2 A x  x sin
2 2
1 2 3 2
A x sin 60  x
2 4

4. Circle

 2
A A r  C = D = 2r
2
D
4

5. Sector and Length of Arc:

1 2
a. Area of sector, A = Ar
2
c. Perimeter, P = 2r + rθ
b. Length of arc, S = r
where:  = central angle, radians

6. Parallelogram:
Given two diagonals d 1 & d2 and an included
dd
angle,  A  1 2 sin 
2

7 . Rhombus 1
A d1 d 2
2
8. Trapezoid: ab
A h
 2 

9. Ellipse:
a a2  b2
A = ab Aspect ratio = P=2
b 2

10. Parabolic Segment: 11. Quadrilaterals

2 1
A LD A d1d 2 sin
3 2

12. Area of Segment 1 2 1

AS  r   r 2 sin 
2 2

PLANE AREAS
1. If the sides of a triangle are 6, 8 and 10 m, the area of an inscribed circle is______.
A. 12.75 sq. m B. 14.57 sq. m C. 75.54 sq. m D. 78.54 sq. m
2
2. A sector of circle has arc length 6 cm and area 75 cm . What is the radius?
A. 50 cm B. 7.5 cm C. 25 cm D. 12.5 cm
3. A side and a diagonal of a parallelogram are 12 inches and 19 inches respectively.
o
The angle between the diagonals, opposite the given side is 124 . Find the length of
the other diagonal.
A. 6.48 inches B. 7.48 inches C. 8.48 inches D. 9.48 inches
4. A trapezoid has an area of 180 sq. cm and altitude of 20 cm. Find the shorter base if
the ratio of the bases is 4:5.
A. 6 cm B. 8 cm C. 10 cm D. 12 cm
5. A circle having an area of 452 sq. m is cut into two segment by a chord which is 6 m
from the center. Compute for the area of the bigger segment.
A. 354.89 sq. cm B. 363.68 sq. cm C. 378.42 sq. cm
D. 383.64 sq. cm
VOLUME
1. Cube: 2. Rectangular Solid:
V  x3 V  abc
LSA  4x 2 LSA  2 ac  2 b c
TSA  6x 2 TSA  2 a b  2 b c  2 c a
D  a2  b2  c 2

Where: V = volume LSA = lateral surface area TSA = total surface area

3. Sphere: 4. Cylinder:

V   r2 h  D2 h
  3Rx3
4
VD 4
3 LSA  2  r h
TSA  4  R 2
TSA  2  r 2  2  r h

5. Cone: 6. Spherical Segment:

1
V  r2 h
3
 h2
LSA   r r 2  h 2 V (3 R  h)
3
TSA   r 2   r r 2  h 2 Z  area of zone  2  R h

7. Pyramid: 8. Frustums:
a. Cone: b. Pyramid:

1 h 1
V Ah V (R 2  R r  r 2 ) V h ( A 1  A 1A 2  A 2 )
3 3 3

9. Truncated Prism

General Formula: V = A ( mean height)

a. Truncated Triangular Prism b. Truncated Cylinder Prism

 h  h2  h3 
V  A  1 
 3   h  h2 
V   r 2  1 
 2 

10. HYDRAULIC RADIUS, HR

a. For circular flow at full capacity b. For segmented area of circular pipe

Area of flow R Area of shaded

HR   HR 
Wetted Perimeter 2 P

HR = D/4

VOLUME
1. The volume of the right frustum of a right circular cone is 78 cu.cm. The upper base
radius is 2 cm and the lower base radius is 5 cm. Find the altitude in cm.
A. 1.91 B. 2.01 C. 2.11 D. 2.21
2. A cube is inscribe in a sphere with radius 6 in. What is the maximum volume of a
cube?
A. 192 3 B. 36 π C. 216 3 D. 36 3
3. The three dimensions of a rectangular parallelepiped are in the ratio 3:4:5. If the
volume is 1620 cu cm, what is the length of the shortest side?
4. A cylindrical tank 6 m long and 4 m in diameter is placed horizontally. The tank is less
than half full and length of water surface is 2 m. Find the following:
A. Depth of water in the tank
B. Volume of the water in the tank
C. Hydraulic Radius
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
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MATHEMATICS (ANALYTIC GEOMETRY) – DAY 7

Cartessian Coordinate System:

x = abscissa y = ordinate O = origin

Example: Plot the following points:

a. P(3, 5) b. P(-4, 4)
c. P(-5, -2) d. P(6, -3)

Mid-point, Slope and Distance between two points.

y1  y 2 x1  x 2
a. Mid-Point: y = x =
2 2

b. Distance Between Two Points

D = ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2

y 2  y1
c. Slope of line, m m
x 2  x1

d. Division of line segment

x 1 r2  x 2 r1 y 1 r2  y 2 r1
x y
r1  r2 r1  r2

e. Area of triangle by connecting the given 3 points:

P1(x 1, y 1), P2(x 2, y 2), P3(x 3, y 3)

| |

f. Area of connecting the given 4 points of square, rectangle and parallelogram.

P1(x 1, y 1), P2(x 2, y 2), P3(x 3, y 3), P4(x 4, y 4)
To solve the area, just take only 3 out of 4 points. (points1, 2, 3 or 2, 3, 4 or 3, 4, 1)

| |
STRAIGHT LINE
Line - is a locus of a moving point so that it is always equidistant to two fixed points.

General Equation: Ax + By + C = 0

Standard Equations:
1. Point-slope form 2. Two - point slope form
Given: P1 (x1, y1) and slope “m” slope. given: Two points P1 (x1, y1) ) and P2(x2, y2):

y 2  y1
y  y1  m ( x  x1 ) y  y1  ( x  x1 )
x 2  x1

Where: m = slope b = y- intercept a = x-intercept

3. Slope Intercept Form 4. Intercept Form

x y
y  mx  b  1
a b

PROPERTIES OF LINES
1. Distance Between Point and a Line 2. Distance between two parallel lines

Given: Line: Ax + By + C = 0 Given: Line 1: Ax + By + C 1 = 0

Point: P1 (x1, y1) Line 2: Ax + By + C 2 = 0

Ax1  By1  C C2  C1
d d
A 2  B2 A 2  B2
3. Angle between two lines 4. Parallel lines
If two lines are parallel, their slope are equal.
m  m1
tan   2 m2  m1
1  m1 m2

5. Perpendicular Lines
If two lines are perpendicular, the slope of one line is equal to the negative reciprocal of the other.

1
m2  
m1

CARTESSIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

1. Given two points: P 1 (1, 2) and P 2 (5, 6). Compute the following:
A. Mid-point B. Slope C. Distance between two points

2. Find the area of the triangle with vertices P(1, 2), Q(3, 6) and R(6, 1).
A. 22 B. 11 C. 32 D. 35

LINE EQUATION and PROPERTIES

1. What is the slope of the line 7x + 13y = 26?

A. 7 B. -7 C. 7/13 D. -7/13
2. Find the equation of the line whose slope is -3 and the x-intercept is 5.
A. 3x – y = 5 B. y = 3x + 15 C. 3x + y = 15 D. y = 3x + 5
3. What is the value of k if the line joining (4, k) and (6, 8) and the line joining (-1, 4) and
(0, 8) are perpendicular?
A. 8.5 B. 1 C. 0 D. none of the above
4. Find the angles between the lines y = 3x + 1 and y = 5 – 2x.
o o o o o o
A. 135 B. 45 C. 45 and 225 D. 45 and 135
5. Find the distance of the line 3y + 4x + 5 = 0 from the origin.
 CONIC SECTION
A conic section is any one of several curves produced by passing a plane through a cone.
General Equation of conic:
Ax2  Bxy  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

CIRCLE
Is locus of points which moves so that it is always equidistant to a
fixed point called center. The constant distance is known as Radius.

General Equation: Ax2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

Where: A = C

Standard Equations:
1. Equation of circle with center origin

x2  y2  r 2

2. Equation of circle with center at (h,k)

where: r = radius of circle

( x  h)2  ( y  k )2  r 2
where: r = radius of circle

Properties:
1. Eccentricity = 0

PARABOLA
Is locus of a points which moves so that it is always equidistant to a fixed point called Focus and a
fixed line called Directrix.

General equations:

Ax2  Dx  Ey  F  0

Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

Standard Equations:
1. Standard equations, vertex at origin

Opening left: y 2  4ax Opening right: y 2  4ax

Opening upward: x 2  4ay Opening downward : x 2  4ay

2. Standard equations with vertex at (h, k)

Opening upward: ( x  h)2  4a ( y  k )

Opening downward: ( x  h)2  4a ( y  k )

Opening right: ( y  k )2  4a ( x  h)

Opening left: ( y  k )2  4a( x  h)

Properties of Parabola
a. The eccentricity, e = 1.0 or unity

b. Length of latus rectum = 4a

c. Distance from vertex to focus = a

d. Distance from vertex to directrix = a

e. Distance from focus to ends of latus rectum = 2a

f. Axis of symmetry or parabolic axis equation.

A. For horizontal axis: y = k
B. For vertical axis: x = h

g. Ratio and Proportion of parabola:

A. For horizontal axis: y12 / y22 = x1 / x2
B. For vertical axis: x12 / x22 = y1 / y2

h. Alcorcon’s Formula in solving the area bounded by latus rectum and parabola
8 2
A = a
3

Shortcut FORMULA In solving the Vertex (h, k) and “a” of the parabola:
For Horizontal: Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

E2  4 C F E
h  k  
4CD 2C

For Vertical: Ax2  Dx  Ey  F  0

D D2  4 AF
h  k 
2A 4 AE

CIRCLE
2 2
1. Determine the diameter of a circle, x + y – 6x + 4y – 12 = 0.
A. 9 units B. 11 units C. 12 D. 10
2 2 2 2
2. The circles x + y = 20, and (x – 6) + (y – 3) = 5 are tangent. Determine the
equation of the common tangential line of the two circles.
A. 3x + 2y = 4 B. y = -2x + 10 C. 3y = 5x -2 D. -5x + 2y = 5

3. Find the equation of the circle that is circumscribed about the triangle whose vertices
are (-1, -3), (-2, 4) and (2, 1). (ME BOARD April 2006)
2 2 2 2
A. x + y + 3x + y + 10 = 0 B. x + y + 3x – y – 10 = 0
2 2 2 2
C. x + y + 5x + 7y + 20 = 0 D. x + y + 5x – 7y – 20 = 0

PARABOLA
2
1. For a given parabola, x – 4x – 16y – 12 = 0, find:
A. the vertex
B. the length latus rectum
C. the area bounded by parabola and latus rectum
D. the equation of axis of symmetry

2. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex (0, 0) and directrix at x = 2.
2 2 2 2
A. x = 8y B. x = -y C. y = 8y D. y = -8x
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu M ain: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438
MATHEMATICS (GEOMETRY) – DAY 8

ELLIPSE
Is locus of points which moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points called Foci is
equal to the length of major axis 2a.

General Equation: Ax2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0 Where: A ≠ C

Standard Equations:
1. Standard Equation with center at origin
x2 y2
With major axis horizontal:  1
2
a b2

x2 y2
With major axis vertical:  1
b2 a2

a = semi-major axis b = semi-minor axis

2. Standard Equation with center at (h,k)

( x  h )2 ( y  k )2
Horizontal axis :  1
a2 b2
( x  h )2 ( y  k )2
Vertical axis :  1
b2 a2

Properties of Ellipse
c
a. a is always greater than b b. The eccentricity, e = , (e < 1)
a
a
c. Distance from center to focus = c = a e d. Distance from center to directrix =
e
 2 b2
e. a = c 2  b2 f. Length of latus rectum =
a
g. Major axis = 2a h. Minor axis = 2b
i. Distance between foci = 2c j. Distance between vertex = 2a
Shortcut formula in solving the Center (h, k) and a & b of ellipse: Ax2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

D E
h  k   a  C b  A
2A 2C

HYPERBOLA
Is locus of points which moves so that the difference of its distances from two fixed point called the
Foci is equal to the length of transverse axis 2a.

General Equations: Ax2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0 Cy 2  Ax2  Dx  Ey  F  0

Standard Equations:
A. Standard equation with center at origin
x2 y2
Axis Horizontal: 2
 2 1
a b
y2 x2
Axis Vertical:  1
2
a b2

B. Standard Equations with center (h,k)

( x  h )2 ( y  k )2
Horizontal axis:  1
a2 b2

( y  k )2 ( x  h)2
Vertical axis: 2
 1
a b2

Properties of Hyperbola
a. a is not always greater than b b. a 2 is always the denominator of the positive term
 c
c. Eccentricity, e = , (e  1.0) d. Distance from center to focus = c = a e = a2  b2
a
a 2 b2
e. Distance from center to directrix = f. Length of latus rectum =
e a
g. Equation of assymptotes y - k = b/a (x - h) h. Transverse axis = 2a
i. Conjugate axis = 2b j. Distance between foci = 2c
k. Distance between vertex = 2a

INCLINED AXIS
General Equation of inclined axis: Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Testing of equations using DISCRIMINANT:
2
1. B - 4AC = 0, then the equation is PARABOLA.
2. B2 - 4AC = negative, then the equation is ELLIPSE.
2
3. B - 4AC = positive, then the equation is HYPERBOLA.

ELLIPSE
2 2
1. For the given equation of an ellipse 4x + 9y -16x + 18y – 11 = 0.
Find: A. Center B. Eccentricity
2 2
2. The length of the latus rectum for the ellipse (x / 64) + (y / 16) = 1 is _____.
A. 4 units B. 5 units C. 6 units D. 8 units
HYPERBOLA
2 2
1 For the given equation of a hyperbola x – 4y + 4x + 24y – 28 = 0
Find: A. Center B. eccentricity
2. The length of the transverse and conjugate axes of a hyperbola are 10 m and 8 m
respectively. Find the distance between the foci.
A. 3 m B. 6 m C. 6.4 m D. 12.8 m
INCLINED AXIS
2 2
1. The equation 3x + 6xy + 2y - 4y = 10 represents which conic section?

POLAR COORDINATES
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ

Distance between two points in polar coordinates:

D  r1  r2  2 r1 r2 cos(2  1 )
2 2

Conversion of Rectangular to Polar coordinates

or Vice Versa.
x
1. r 2  x 2  y 2 2. r = x2  y2 3. cosθ =
r

y y
4. sinθ 5. tan  = 6. x = r cos
r x
7. y = r sinθ
SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
FORMULAS:

1. Length of vector, V= x 2  y 2  z2

2. Distance between two points

Given: P1 = (x1, y1, z1) P2 = (x2, y2, z2)

d = ( x2  x1)2  ( y2  y1)2  (z2  z1)2

3. Radius of sphere, r

If center at origin: Given: P(x, y, z) r  x 2  y 2  z2

If center at (i, j, k): Given: P(x, y, z)

r  ( x  i)2  ( y  j)2  ( z  k )2
4. Angle between Vector V and the axes.
x
Angle between V and x-axis. cos x 
x 2  y 2  z2
y
Angle between V and y-axis. cos  y 
x2  y2  z2
z
Angle between V and z-axis. cos z 
x 2  y 2  z2
Angle Between two Vectors
For given two vectors: V1 (x1, y1, z1) and V2 (x2, y2, z2)
x1 x 2  y1 y 2  z1 z2
cos  
( x1  y12  z12 x 22  y 22  z22
2

POLAR COORDINATES:
2 2
1. Convert x + y – 8x = 0 into polar form.
2
2. Transform the polar equation r sinθ cosθ = 4 into
an equation in rectangular form..
SOLID GEOMETRY
1. A sphere has points A (8, -2, 3) and B(4, 0,7) as endpoints of a diameter. What is the
equation of the sphere?
2 2 2 2 2 2
A. (x + 6) + (y + 1) + (z – 5) = 9 C. (x - 6) + (y - 1) + (z – 5) = 9
2 2 2 2 2 2
B. (x - 6) + (y + 1) + (z + 5) = 9 D. (x - 6) + (y + 1) + (z – 5) = 9
2. What is the angle between two vectors A and B? A = 4i + 12 j + 6k and
B = 24i - 8j + 6k (October 2000)
A. 168.45 B. 86.32 C. 84.32 D. -84.64
 ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu M ain: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS) – DAY 9

DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

1. d(c) = 0 2. d(cu) = c du 3. d(u+v) = du + dv 4. d(uv) = u dv + v du

vdu  udv
5. d  u  =
du
6. d (un )  n un1du 7.. d(lnu) =
v v2 u

loga e du
8. d (loga u)  9. d(eu )  eu du 10. d (au )  au lna du
u

11. d(sinu) = cos u du 12. d(cosu) = - sinu du 13. d(tanu) = sec 2 u du

14. d(cotu) =  csc 2 u du 15. d(secu) = sec u tan u du

16. d(cscu) = -csc u cot u du

DIFFERENTIAL APPLICATIONS
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION OF PARTICLES
dS
A. Of a moving particle, the first derivative of distance with respect to time is equal to velocity.
dt
B. Of a moving particle, the second derivative of distance with respect to time is equal to
acceleration.
For given S = f(t)
dS d2S dv
a. v = velocity v  b. a = acceleration a = 
dt d t2 dt
SLOPE OF A CURVE

For a given curve y = f (x)

a. Slope of line tangent to a curve at point (h, k) is equal to the first

dy
derivative of y with respect to x. m = slope =
dx
b. Equation of line tangent to point (h, k) of a curve.
y - k = m(x - h)
1
c. Equation of line normal line: y  k   ( x  h)
m
CRITICAL POINTS OF A CURVE
A. At the maximum or minimum value of a curve,
the slope is zero.
dy
Given: y = f(x) y'   0
dx

B. Point of Inflection of a Curve

At point of inflection the second derivative is zero.
d2 x
For given curve y = f(x) y"   0
dy 2

RADIUS OF CURVATURE, RC
Given: y = f(x)

1  y' 
23/2
y"
1  y' 
Radius of curvature = Curvature =
y" 23/2

y’ = first derivative of the equation y” = second derivative of the equation

LIMITS OF A FUNCTION
Lim f ( x)  A
x a
Note: After the substitution of limits, if the result is indeterminate, then use L’ Hospital’s Rule.
To do this, differentiate both the numerator and the denominator of the given equation separately.
If indeterminate still persist, differentiate the equation for the second time.
Indeterminate in forms are:

c. 0  
0
a. b. d.    e. 1
0 

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
Given: M = F(x, y)

M M
If you take , consider y as constant. If you take , consider x as constant
x y

DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
1. Evaluate the first derivative of the following:
3
A. f(x) = x - 6x + 2, at x = 2 B. y = cos(2x+1)
2x
2. Find the derivative of the function: f(x) = ln coshe
2x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x
A. 2e cothe B. -2e cothe C. 2e tanhe D. -2e tanhe
3
3. Find dy/dx if y = t – 2t + 1 and t = cos(x – π/6) when x = π/2
A. 0.433 B. 0.866 C. 1.083 D. 1.732

Velocity and Acceleration

1. An object moves along a straight line so that the object’s distance in meters to the
 3 2
right of its starting point after t seconds is given by the function s(t) = t – 3t + 5t.
What is the velocity and acceleration of the objec t at the end of the first two seconds
motion.
A. 4, 5 B. 2, 5 C. 5, 6 D. 6, 7
3
2. If a particle’s position is given by the expression x(t) = 3.4t - 5.4t meters, what is the
acceleration of the particle after t = 5 seconds? Find also its velocity if acceleration is
zero.
2 2 2 2
A. 1.02 m/s B. 3.40 m/s C. 18.1 m/s D. 102 m/s

CRITICAL POINTS and CURVATURE

1. If y = 4 tanh x + sinh 2x, what is the slope of the curve when x = 2?

A. -54.9 B. -28.2 C. 54.9 D. 28.2
2 2
2. What is the equation of the tangent and normal line to the curve x + y = 169 at
(5, 12)?
3. What is the maximum point of y = x + 1/x?
A. (1, 2) B. (1.5, 2) C. (1, 1.5) D. (2, 1)
3
4. Where does the point of inflection occur y = x - 3x? (April 2000)
A. (0,0) B. (1,0) C. (1, 2) D. (8,0)
2
5. Find the approximate radius of curvature of y at point (8, 16). y = x + 6x - 92
2
A. 5456 B. 5340 C. 5565 D. 3.80 x 10

LIMITS
x 3  27
1. Evaluate Lim . (April 1999)
x 1 x3
A. 10 B. 14 C. 12 D. 13
2. Find Lim x  ( x 2  1) /( x 3  1)
A. 0 B. 2/3 C. 1 D. indeterminate
x
 1
3. Evaluate the Limx  1   .
 x
A. 1 B. 10 C. e D. π
1  cos x
4. Find the indicated limits: Lim
x 0 x2
A. 1/2 B. ¾ C. 1/4 D. 5/4

Partial Differentiation
2
1. Find the partial derivatives with respect to x of the function: xy - 5y + 6
2 2
A. y - 5 B. y C. xy - 5y D. 2xy

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

To obtain the maximum or minimum value of a certain variable, just differentiate the variable and
equate the derivative to zero.
Selected simplified relation of variables to be maximized or minimized with respect
to the other variable .

1. Maximum area of triangle for a given perimeter. For maximum area of triangle, the shape is
equilateral triangle.
For given perimeter “P” of triangle,

P 1 2
x =y= z= A = maximum area of triangle A = P sin 60
3 18

2. Rectangle
a. For given perimeter “P”, maximum area of rectangle can be made if it is a square.
P P2
x  y  Maximum area of rectangle: A 
4 16

3. Maximum area of rectangle inscribed in a triangle in which one side of

rectangle lying on the base
For given base “b” and “h” height of triangle,
b h
Relations: x  y 
2 2
bh
Maximum area: A 
4

4. Maximum area of rectangle “A” for given semi-major

axis “a” and semi-minor axis “b”.

x 2 a y 2 b

2
A= 2ab A rec tan gle  A
 ellipse

5. Maximum area of rectangle inscribed in a circle with given radius “r”.

Maximum area of rectangle is a square.
Relations: x  y  2 r

Area of rectangle: A  2 r 2

7. Triangle inscribed a circle:

At maximum area of triangle:
x =y = z = 3x A  1.3 r 2

8. Cylinder
Dimensions of cylindrical tank with maximum volume of tank.

Relation: D = diameter = h = 2r
TIME RATE

dQ
If the value of a certain variable Q is dependent on time t, then is called its time-rate or rate of
dt
change with respect to time.

Steps in Solving Time-Rate Problem

1. Identify the variables and constants to be differentiate with respect to time.
2. Differentiate all the variables in the equation with respect to time.
3. Solve the unknown time-rate from 2.

Example:
2 3
Differentiate the given equation with respect to time: x = 2y + z + cosθ + √
Solution:
√

MAXIMA & MINIMA

1. Find the two positive numbers whose sum is 8 if the product of one number by the
cube of the other number is to be maximum.
A. 1 and 7 B. 3 and 5 C. 2 and 6 D. 4 and 4
2. A farmer has enough money to build only 100 m of fence. What are the dimensions of
the field he can enclosed the maximum area.
3. Find the number which exceeds its cube by the greatest amount. (Oct. 2006)
A. 0.333 B. 0.5 C. 0.577 D. 0.707
4. A tinsmith wishes to make a gutter of maximum cross section. If the cross section is a
trapezoid whose bottom and sides are 15 cm long, what should be the width across
the top?
A. 20 cm B. 27.5 cm C. 30 cm D. 32.5 cm

TIME RATES
1. If the volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 5 cu. m. per minute, find the rate
at which the surface area is increasing in sq. m per minute when its side is 10 m.
A. ½ B. 1 C. 1.5 D. 2
2. A balloon leaving the ground, 18 m from the observer, rises vertically at a steady rate
of 3 m/s. How fast is the angle of elevation of the line of sight increasing after 8
seconds.
A. 0.12 rad/s B. 0.08 rad/s C. 0.03 rad/s D. 0.06 rad/s
3. The height of a right circular cylinder is 50 inches and decreases at a rate of 4 inches
per second while the radius of the base is 20 inches and increases at the rate of 1
inch per second. At what rate is the volume changing in cubic inches per second?
A. 1,257 B. 1,527 C. 1,725 D. 2,175
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu M ain: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438

MATHEMATICS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS) – DAY 10

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Formulas:
Integration of Powers:
un 1
1.  du  u  C 2.
 a du  au  C, w here a  cons tan t 3.  un du 
n1
 C

 f (u)  g(u) du   f (u) du   g(u) du

du
4.
u
 ln u  C 5. 
Integration of Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions:
au
e a  ln u
u u
6. du  eu  C 7. du  C 8. du  u ln u  u  C
ln a
Integration of Trigonometric Functions:
9.  sin u du   cos u  C 10.  cos u du  sin u  C

11.  sec 2 u du  tan u  C 12.  csc2 u du   cot u  C

13.  sec u tan u du  sec u  C

14.  csc u cot u du   csc u  C 15.  tan u du  ln sec u  C

16.  cot u du  ln sin u  C 17.  sec u du  ln ( sec u  tan u)  C

18.  csc u du  ln ( csc u  cot u)  C

Applications of Integration
LENGTH OF CURVE
2 2
 dy 
x2 y2  dx 
S =
x1 
1    dx
 dx 
S = y1 1   
 dy 
dy

Where: S = length of curve

PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION

AREA UNDER THE CURVE AND THE AXES:
A. Using horizontal Strip: B. Using vertical strip:

b b
A
a x dy A
a y dx

AREA UNDER TWO CURVES:

A. Using vertical strip: B. Using horizontal strip:

b b
a a
b b
A y dx  ( y2  y1) dx
A
a x dy 
a ( x2  x1) dy

INTEGRATION FORMULAS:
1
1 ( x  x 5  sin x ) dx
3
1. Determine the value of
A. 0 B. 1.75 C. 3.1416 D. infinity

e
x
2. Find the sin x dx .
-x x
A. –e (sinx – cosx) + C B. e (sinx – cosx) + C
x x
C. -1/2 e (sinx – cosx) + C D. ½ e (sinx – cosx) + C
7 8
3. What is the integral of 20 sin x cos x dx if the lower limit is zero and the upper limit is
π/2?
A. 0.05 B. 0.10 C. 0.15 D. 0.20

LENGTH OF ARCH
2 3
1. Find the length of arc in one branch of the curve y = x from x = 0 to x = 2.
A. 1.44 units B. 2.88 units C. 3.53 units D. 4.84 units
2. Find the length of arc of the curve y = ln cosx from x = 0 to x = π/4
A. 0.65 B. 0.72 C. 0.81 D. 0.88
AREAS
1. Find the area of the triangle which the line 2x – 3y + 6 = 0 forms with the coordinate
axes.
A. 2 sq. unit B. 3 sq. unit C. 4 sq. unit D. 5 sq. unit
 2
2. Find the area bounded by y = 3x and x = 3
2
3. Find the area bounded by the parabola: 2y = x , and the line: y = x + 4.
A. 16 sq. units B. 18 sq. units C. 20 sq. units D. 24 sq. units
3
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x and the lines y = 1 and x = 0.
A. ¾ sq. unit B. 4/5 sq. unit C. 5/6 sq. unit D. 2/3 sq. unit

PAPPUS THEOREM
First Proposition of Pappus - The surface area generated by
a surface of revolution is equal to the product of the length of
the generating arc to the distance traveled by its centroid.
_
A  2x S

Second Proposition of Pappus - The volume generated by

a solid of revolution is equal to the product of the generating
area A to the distance traveled by its centroid.
By Pappus Theorem, the volume of surface of revolution is:
_
V = 2  xA

VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION

1. Disk Method


V   r 2 dh

2. Ring Method

 
V   ro  rii  dh
2 2

CENTROID
Centroid of Plane Area:

_ _
Ax   x c dA Ay   yc dA
Common Figures:

A. Triangle B. Parabola

VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

1. Find the volume generated by revolving about the x and y axis the area bounded by
3
y = x , y = 0, x = 2.
2
2. Find the volume generated by the region bounded by the curve y = 4x and the line
x = 4, rotated about the line x = 4.
A. 25.6π cu. units B. 68.27π cu. units C. 102.4π cu. units
D. 128π cu. units

CENTROID OF PLANE AREAS

2
1. Find the coordinate of the centroid of the area bounded by the curves x = 4y and
2
y = 4x.
A. (1.8, 1.8) B. (2, 2) C. (2.2, 2.2) D. none of these
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MATHEMATICS (DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS) – DAY 11

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:

1. VARIABLE SEPARABLE
A type of differential equation in which the given equation can be put in the form

M(x) dx + N(y) dy = 0

that is, the variables can be separated by applying the integration in both sides.
PROBLEMS
2 dy
1. Solve the general solution (1 + x )  xy  0
dx
2. Evaluate: dy/dx = 2y/x at x = 2; y = 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
A. y = ½ x B. x + 2y = -12 C. y = 2x D. x + 2y = 12

2. HOMOGENOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A type of differential equation in which all the terms has the same degree.

Solution: Let y = vx and

dy = v dx + x dv

The substitution will make the equation variable separable.

PROBLEM
2 2
1. Find the general solution of (y - xy) dx + x dy = 0

3. EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A type of differential equation which has form of

M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0

Rearrange the given equation and apply the special for of derivatives:
d (uv )  u dv  v du
u v du  u dv
d  
v v2
PROBLEMS
1. Find the general solution of (2x + y) dx + x dy = 0
2
2. Find the general solution of (2xy + y) dx - x dy = 0
4. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A type of differential equation in which the given equation can be put in the standard form:
dy + P(x) y dx = Q(x) dx
Solution: 1. Put the given equation into the standard form:

2. Obtain the Integrating Factor: e 

P( x )dx

3. Apply the integrating factor to the equation in its standard form;

y e  Q ( x) e
P( x )dx P( x )dx
 dx
PROBLEM
dy
1. Solve the general solution of  y cot x  1
dx
5. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR THE FAMILY OF CURVES
2
1. Find the differential equation for the family of parabolas defined by y = Cx where C is
a nonzero real number.
2. Find the equation of the family of lines that passes through the point (h, k).
A. y’ = (y – k)/(x – h) B. y’ = (x – h)/(x + h) C. y’ = (x – h)/(y – k)
D. y’ = (x + h)/(y + k)

6. ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY
3
1. Find the equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories of the curve y = cx .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A. x – 3y = C B. x + 3y = C C. 3x + y = C
2 2 2
D. 3x – y = C

7. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS

d2 y dy
Given: A  By  0 or (D2  AD  B )y  0 or y" Ay'By  0
2 dx
dx
2
Can be converted into m + Am + B = 0 (Quadratic Equation)

Applying Discriminant:

A. If the roots are real and unequal

General Solution: y  C1 em1x  C2 em2 x
B. If the roots are equal
General Solution: y  C1 emx  C2 x emx
C. If the roots are imaginary: (a ± bi)
ax
General Solution: y = e (C1 cosbx + C2 sin bx)
PROBLEMS
1. Find the differential equation of the following:
A. y” - y’ - 2y = 0
d2 y dy
B. 2
4  4y  0
dx dx
 2
C. (D - 4D + 13)y = 0
2. Solve the differential equation: (D – 8)y = 0
-8 8 8x -8x
A. y = x + C B. y = x + C C. y = c e D. y = c e
-2x 3x
3. Solve the differential equation whose general solution is y = C 1e + C2e .
A. y” + 5y’ + 6y = 0 B. y” + y’ – 6y = 0
C. y” – 5y’ + 6y = 0 D. y” – y’ – 6y = 0

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
SIMPLE INTEREST
Interest - is the money paid for the use of borrowed capital.
Simple interest - is the interest to be paid which is proportional to the length of time the principal is
used.

Formulas:
1. I = Pin

2. F = P + I

3. F = P(1 + in)

where: I = interest P = principal F = future amount

n = no. of years i = rate of interest per year
Note:
For Ordinary interest: 1 yr = 360 days
For Exact interest: 1 yr = 365 days
For leap year (exact interest) 1 yr = 366 days
Actual number of days per month:
January = 31
February = 28 (if not leap year) = 29 (for leap year)
March = 31 April = 30 May = 31 June = 30
July = 31 August = 31 September = 30 October = 31
November = 30 December = 31

DISCOUNT
Discount - is the difference between the future worth and the principal amount.
OA
1. Discount = O – A 2. Discount Rate 
O
where: O = original amount A = actual amount after the discount

1. (ME Bd. Oct. 98) Determine the exact simple interest on P5,500.00 for the period from
January 10,1996 to October 28,1996 at 11% interest.
2. Cleofatra borrowed P2,000.00 from a bank and agreed to pay the loan at the end of
one year. The bank discounted the loan and give P1950 in cash. Determine the rate
of discount.
A. 3.75% B. 3.12% C. 2.5% D. 1.2%
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ENGINEERING SCIENCES (ECONOMICS) - DAY 12

COMPOUND INTEREST
Is the interest earned by the principal which is added to the principal will also earned interest for
the succeeding period.
Cash Flow diagram - a graphical presentation of cash flow drawn on a time scale.

Formulas:
F
1. F = P(1 + i)n 2. P 
(1  i)n
F ln t
3. i  n
1 4. n 
P ln (1  i)
5. No. of years = n/m

where: t = F/P
n = number of periods = (no. of years)(m) i = interest rate per period = in/m
5. Compound Interest = amount earned = F - P
6. (1 + i)n = single payment compound amount factor

7. (1+i)-n = single payment present worth factor

where: F = future amount P = principal or capital in = nominal interest rate
m = no. of periods per year
m = 1 (annual) m = 2 (semi-annual) m = 4 (quarterly)
m = 6 (bi-monthly) m = 12 (monthly) m = 365 (daily)

Nominal and Effective Rate of Interest

1. i e = effective interest rate
i
ie = (1  i)m  1 = (1  n )m  1
m

2. i e annual = i e semi-annual = i e quarterly = i e bi-monthly = i e monthly = i e daily

Continuous Compounding
That is if m approaches infinity (m → ∞)
1. Future Worth: F = Pe in

2. Present Worth: P = Fe -in

where: e = 2.718
3. Effective interest rate, ie ie = e in - 1
DECREASING VALUE
F = (1 - i)n

A. To Break Even,

Total Income = Total Expenses

B. Income = Variable cost + Fixed cost

C. Profit = Income – (Variable cost + Fixed cost)

D. Loss = (Variable cost + Fixed cost) – Income

COMPOUND INTEREST
1. Determine the accumulated value of P2000.00 in 5 years if it is invested at 11%
compounded quarterly.
A. P3,440.00 B. P3,404.00 C. 3,044.00 D. P4,304.00
2. You deposit $1000 into a 9% account today. At the end of two years, you will deposit
another $3000. In five years, you plan a $4000 purchase. How much is left in the
account one year after the purchase?
3. A machine costs P20,000 today. If inflation rate is 6% per year and interest is 10%
per year, what will be the appropriate future value of the machine, adjusted for
inflation, in five years?
4. Michael owes P25,000 due in 1 year and P75,000 due in 4 years. He agrees to pay
P50,000 today and the balance in 2 years. How much must he pay at the end of two
years if money is worth 5% compounded semi-annually?

Effective Interest
1. What is the effective rate equivalent of 12% compounded quarterly?
A. 12.55% B. 11.55% C. 12.98% D. 13%
2. Find the nominal rate which if converted quarterly could be used instead of 12%
compounded semi-annually.

Continuous Compounding and Decreasing value

1. An amount of P25,000.00 is invested at 4.5% continuous compounding. Find the
amount after 10 years.
2. Suppose a car presently worth $8200 depreciates 20% per year. About how much will
it be worth 2 years and 3 months from now?
A. 3241 B. 4321 C. 2341 D. 4963

Break-even Analysis
1. XYZ Corporation manufactures bookcases that it sells for P65.00 each. It cost XYZ
P35,000 per year to operate its plant. The sum includes rent, depreciation charges on
equipment, and salary payments. If the cost to produce one bookcase is P50.00, how
 many cases must be sold each year for XYZ to avoid taking a loss?
A. 2334 cases B. 539 cases C. 750 cases D. 2333 cases
2. A factory with capacity of 700,000 units per year operates at 62% capacity. The
annual income is P430,000 annual fixed costs are P190,000, and the variable costs
are P0.348 per unit. What is the profit or loss of the investment?

Annuity
Annuity - Is a series of equal payments occurring at equal interval of time.

Types Of Annuity
1. Ordinary Annuity
Payments that starts at the end of each period starting from the first period.

 (i  i)n  1  (i  i)n  1
A. P  R  n
 B. F  R  
 (1  i) i   i 
 R   R  Fi 
ln   ln  
 R  Pi   R 
C. n  or n 
ln (1  i) ln (1  i)

D. The most convenient solution in solving i is by “trial and error” method by the substitution of the
given values in the given choices.
Where: P = present worth F = future worth i = interest rate per period = in / m
n = no. of periods = m y R = uniform amount per period

2. Deferred Annuity
Payments start at any period after the first period.
A. Solving for the present worth P:

 (1  i)6  1 P1
First method: P1  R   P 
 (1  i)6 i  (1  i)4

3. Annuity Due
Payments start at the beginning of each
period starting from n = 0.

 (1  i)9  1
A. P  R  9
 R
 (1  i) i 

4. Perpetuity
Is an annuity that continues indefinitely (n → ∞).
 R
P= R = Pi
i

UNIFORM GRADIENT CASH FLOW

1. For increasing value

 (1  i)n  1  (1  i)n  1 n 
A. P  R  n
  G  n 2
 
 (1  i) i   (1  i) i (1  i)n i 
 (1  i)n  1  (1  i)n  1 n 
B. F  R    G  
 i   i2 i 
G = gradient
Use + if the amount is increasing
Use – if the amount is decreasing

Ordinary Annuity
1. If you obtain a loan of P1M at the rate of 12% compounded annually in order to build a
house, how much must you pay monthly to amortize the loan within a period of ten
years?
A. P14,980.60 B. P13,785.55 C. P14,974.50 D. P13,994.64
2. A young woman, 22 years old, has just graduated from college. She accepts a good
job and desires to establish her own retirement fund. At the end of each year
thereafter she plans to deposit P2,000 in a fund at 15% annual interest. How old s he
be when the fund has an accumulated value of P1,000,000?
A. 35 yrs old B. 45 yrs old C. 53 yrs old D. 30 yrs old
3. A man deposit P10,000 semi-annually for 4 years at 12% compounded semi-
annually. What uniform amount he can withdrawn semi-annually starting 1 year after
the last deposit for 4 years until the money last?
Deferred annuity, Annuity due and Perpetuity
1. (ME Bd. Apr. 98) A parent on the day the child is born wishes to determine what lump
sum would have to be paid into an account bearing interest at 5% compound annually,
in order to withdraw P20,000 each on the child’s 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st birthdays.
2. Determine the present worth and the accumulated amount of an annuity consisting of
6 payments of P120,000 each, the payment are made at the beginning of each year.
Money is worth 15% compounded annually.
A. P52,226.40; P120,801.60 B. P51,233.50; P121,334.80
C. P54,225.40; P120,806.60 D. P53,226.40; P121,802.80
3. A machine needs P5000 semi-annually for its maintenance during its perpetual life. If
effective interest is P16%, find the present amount of the maintenance.
Uniform Gradient
1. A contract has been signed to lease a building at P200,000 per year with an annual
increase of P1,500 for 8 years. Payments are to be made at the end of each year,
starting one year from now. The prevailing interest rate is 7%. What lump sum paid
today would be equivalent to the 8-year lease-payment plan?
A. P146,609 B. P147,609 C. P148,609 D. P149,609
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ENGINEERING SCIENCES (ECONOMICS) – DAY 13

DEPRECIATION
Is the decrease in value of property due to the passage of time.

Methods of Computing depreciation:

1. Straight line depreciation

FC  SV
A. D = annual depreciation 
n
B. D m = total depreciation after m years = m D

C. BVm = book value after m years = FC - D m

D
D. Depreciation rate =
FC

SV
E. Salvage Rate =
FC

F. Sunk Cost = Book Value - Actual Resale value

Where:
FC = first cost SV = salvage value n = life of the property or
equipment
2. Sinking Fund method

(FC  SV ) i
A. D = annual depreciation =
(1  i)n  1
 (1  i)m  1
B. D m = total depreciation after m years = D  
 i 
C. BVm = FC - Dm
D. Sunk Cost = BV - Actual resale value

3. Declining Balance Method

n
SV
A. k = constant ratio = 1 -
FC
B. Annual depreciation
Depreciation for the first 5 years:
0 1 2
D 1 = k (FC)(1 – k) D 2 = k (FC)(1 – k) D 3 = k (FC)(1 – k)
3 4
D 4 = k (FC)(1 – k) D 5 = k (FC)(1 – k)
n-1
Therefore, annual depreciation for any year is : Dn = k(FC)(1 - k)
C. Total depreciation after 5 years, D T5 = D 1 + D 2 + D 3 + D 4 + D 5
D. Bvm = Book value after 5 years = FC – DT5
m
BVm = book value after m years = FC (1 - k)

4. Sum of the Years Digit Method (SOYD)

For 8 years (n = 8)
SOYD = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 36
1  n 
Using the formula: SOYD =  n
 2 
A. Depreciation for the first 5 years:
D1 = (FC - SV) (8/36) D2 = (FC - SV) (7/36) D3 = (FC - SV) (6/36)
D4 = (FC - SV) (5/36) D5 = (FC - SV) (4/36)
B. D T5 = total depreciation after 5 years D T5 = D 1 + D 2 + D 3 + D 4 + D 5
Shortcut method:
8  7  6  5  4
DT5 = (FC – SV)  
 36 
C. BV5 = book value after 5 years BV5 = FC – DT5
DEPRECIATION PROBLEMS
1. A machine has an initial cost of P50,000 and a salvage value of P10,000 after 10
years. What is the book value after five years using straight line depreciation?
2. A unit welding machine costs P45,000 with an estimated life of 5 years. Its salvage
value is P2500. Find the book value after 3 years using sinking fund method with
8.5% interest.
3. A certain equipment has a first cost of P20,000 and salvage value of P1000 at the end
of 10 years. Find the total depreciation after 2 years using declining balance method.
4. An asset is purchased for P9000. Its estimated life is 10 years after which it will be
sold for P1,000. Find the book value during the second year if sum-of-the-years digit
(SOYD) depreciation is used.

Capital Recovery Method

A. Using sinking fund method:
Capital recovery = Annual depreciation + Interest on investment
(FC  SV ) i
Capital recovery =  FC (i)
(1  i)n  1
B. Using straight line method:
FC  SV i  n  1
Capital Recovery =   (FC  SV )  i (SV )
n 2 n 

Capitalized Cost Method

Is the sum of the first cost and the present worth of all cost of replacement, operation and
maintenance for a long time.
OM FC  SV
A. For Life n: Capitalized Cost = FC  
i (1  i)n  1
OM = annual operation and maintenance
OM
B. For Perpetuity Life: Capitalized Cost = FC 
i
 Net Pr ofit
Rate of Return Rate of Return =
Total Investment
Note: The alternative which gives a higher rate of return on investment is then the favorable
choice.

Total Investment  SV
Payout Period Payout Period =
Net Annual Cash Flow
Note: The alternative which has a shorter payout period will then be the choice.

BOND VALUE EQUATION

Is a certificate of indebtedness of a corporation usually for a period of not less than 10 years and
guaranteed by a mortgage on certain assets of the corporation or its subsidiaries.

Bond Value Equation:

P = present value of bond

 (1  i)n  1 C
P = A 
 (1  i)n i  (1  i)n
where:
A = periodic dividend = F r P = present value of bond F = face or par value
r = bond rate per period n = no. of periods i = investment rate per period
C = redeemable value ( usually equal to par value)

Annual Cost Method

Annual Cost = Dep. + Int. on Inv. + OM + Others
(FC  SV ) i
Annual Cost =  FC (i)  OM  Other exp enses
(1  i)n  1
Benefit-To-Cost Ratio Method
B  OM Benefits  Disbenefit s
A. B/C = Annual Benefit-To-Cost ratio = =
C C
FC SV
C = annual cost = 
 (1  i)n  1  (1  i)n  1
   
 (1  i)n i   i 
where: FC = first cost SV = salvage value n = useful life
OM = annual operation and maintenance i = interest rate B = annual benefits
Note: B/C should be greater than 1 for the project to be justifiable.

Incremental Cost
 Cost C  C1
Is the change in cost per unit variable change. Incremental Cost =  2
 Unit U2  U1
Capital Recovery method and Capitalized method
1. The original cost of equipment is P20,000 with salvage value of P8000 after 3 years.
If interest is 10%. Determine the recovery rate per year.

2. An alternative for manufacturing a certain part has a first cost of $50,000, an annual
cost of $10,000, and a salvage value of $5,000 after its 10 year life. At an interest rate
of 10% per year, find the capitalized cost of the alternative.

Bond Value Equation

1. A man wants to make 14% nominal interest compounded semi-annually on a bond
investment. How much should the man be willing to pay now for a 12%, P10,000
bond that will mature in 10 years and pays interest semi-annually.

Annual Cost Method

1. A company is considering two alternatives for manufacturing a certain part. Method R
will have a first cost of $40,000, and annual operating cost of $25,000, and a $10,000
salvage value after its five year life. Method S will have an initial cost of $100,000, an
annual operating cost of $15,000, and a $12,000 salvage value after its 10 year life. At
an interest rate of 12% per year, the annual worth values are closest to:
A. AW R = $31,510, AW S = $32,016 B. AW R = $31,510, AW S = $50,851
C. AW R = $34,522, AW S = $32,016 D. AW R = $34,522, AW S = $50,851

Benefit Cost Ratio

1. A machine has an initial cost of P40,000 and an annual maintenance cost of P 5,000.
Its useful life is 10 years and salvage value of P8,000. The annual benefit from
purchasing the machine is P16,000. The effective annual interest rate is 10%. What
is the machine’s benefit cost ratio?
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ENGINEERING SCIENCES (PHYSICS & MECHANICS) – DAY 14
STATICS

1. Component of Forces: Fx  F cos  Fy  F sin 

2. Resultant of two forces:

A. At right angle R  F12  F22

B. At a certain angle
θ = 180 o - x

R  F12  F22  2 F1 F2 cos 

3. Resultant of Two or more Forces:

Three forces acting on a body:
Fx = total forces along horizontal
Fx = F1x + F2x + F3x = F1 cosθ 1 + F2 cosθ 2 + F3 cosθ 3
Fy = total forces along vertical
Fy = F1y + F2y + F3y = F1 sinθ 1 + F2 sinθ 2 + F3 sinθ 3
F = resultant force = Fx 2  Fy 2

Fy
tan  
Fx

4. Conditions of Statics
 Fh = 0  Fv = 0 M = 0

FRICTION
Fr = f N
where:
Fr = frictional force
N = normal force
f = coefficient of static friction
Note:
- static friction is use if the body is not moving.
- kinetic friction is use if the body is already moving.
Belt Friction
F1
 ef 
F2
where:
F1 = tension at the tight side F2 = tension at the slack side
f = coefficient of friction
 = angle of contact, radians = 2.718
Note: 1 turn = 360 o = 1 rev = 2 π rad

Static
o o
1. Three forces on an object at a body. F 1 = 10 kg at 30 , F2 = 14 kg at 135 , F3 = 20 kg
o
at 240 . Find the resultant force and the direction.

2. Two cylinders having weights of 100 KN and 200 KN with radii of 100 mm and 200
mm respectively, are placed with the heavier weight above the lighter weight and both
of them are placed in a container having a width of 500 mm. Assuming that the
lengths of the container an the cylinders to be the same, what is the reaction between
the cylinders?
A. 200 KN B. 243.45 KN C. 268.32 KN D. 300 KN

Friction
1. A body weighing 350 kg rests on a plane inclined 30 degrees with the horizontal. The
friction between the body and the plane is 0.268. What horizontal force P is
necessary to hold the body from sliding down the plane?

MOTION PROBLEMS

1.Rectilinear motion
Usually motion is along a straight horizontal path.
A. If speed is uniform:
S = vt
B. If speed varies:
a. vf = vo  at b. vf2 = vo2  2aS c. S = vo t  ½ a t2
where: a = acceleration a is + if accelerating a is – if decelerating
vo = initial velocity vf = final velocity S = distance traveled t = time

2. Free Falling Body

A. If speed is uniform: (balloon, elevator, sound)
S = vt
B. If speed varies:
a. vf = vo  gt b. vf2 = vo2  2gS c. S = vo t  ½ g t2
where:
g = acceleration due to gravity g is + if a body is moving down
g is – if a body is moving up
vo = initial velocity vf = final velocity
S = distance traveled t = time

3. Circular Motion
FORMULAS:

A. If angular speed is constant:

θ = wt v = 2rN = DN
B. For varying speed:
v2
wf = wo   t w f2 = w o2  2    = w o t  ½  t2 a =
r
Where:
w = angular velocity, rad/s, rev/sec  = angular acceleration in rad/s 2, rev/s 2
t = time θ = rad. or rev. a = acceleration, m/s 2 r = radius of rotation, m
N = speed, rev/s v = tangential velocity, m/s
Note: Use + if accelerating Use – if decelerating

4. Projectile Motion
A. Components of initial velocity, vo
vox = vo cosθ voy = vo sinθ
B. For Horizontal Displacement:
1. The horizontal component of initial velocity will
not change throughout the flight.
vox = vfx = contant
2. x = horizontal displacement = vox t = (vo cos) t
v o2 sin 2
3. R = maximum range =
g
For Vertical Displacement:
1. vfy = final velocity along vertical = voy - g t = vo sin - gt
2. vfy2 = voy2 - 2gy = (vo sinθ) 2 - 2gy
3. y = vertical displacement = voy t - ½ g t2 = vo sin t – ½ g t2
4. vfx = vox = vo cosθ

4. vf = final resultant velocity = v f y2  v f x2

v o2 sin2 
5. H = maximum height =
2g
Where:vox = initial velocity along horizontal voy = initial velocity along vertical
vfx = final velocity along horizontal vfy = final velocity along vertical
vf = final velocity vo = initial velocity t = time of flight
Note: At maximum point the value of  = 0.
If y is below the reference point, then the sign of y is negative.
REVERSE EFFECTIVE FORCE
W
FR = reverse effective force = m a = a
g
In English unit: m = mass, slugs a = acceleration, ft/s 2 W = weight, lbs g = 32.2 ft/s 2
2 2
In SI unit: m = mass, kg a = acceleration, m/s W = weight, N g = 9.81 m/s

Direction of Reverse Effective Force

1. If the object is accelerating, the direction of reverse effective

force is opposite to the direction of motion.

2. If the object is decelerating, the direction of reverse effective

force is the same with the direction of motion.

Motion Problems
1. A truck skids to stop 60 m after the application of the brakes while traveling at 90
km/hr. What is the acceleration in m/sec?
2
A. -5.21 m/s B. 6.36 C. -7.06 D. 5.78
2. A stone is dropped in still air from a deck of a high bridge. The sound of the splash
reaches the deck 3 seconds later. If sound travels 342 m/s in still air, how high is the
deck above the water?
A. 40.7 m B. 48.6 m C. 50.2 m D. 60.8 m
3. A flywheel rotates at 12.57 rad/sec slowed down to 10.68 rad/sec during the punching
operation that requires 3/4 second of the punching portion of the cycle. Compute the
2
angular acceleration of the flywheel in rad/sec .
4. A wheel accelerates from rest with a = 5 rad/sec.sec. Compute how many revolutions
are made in 4 seconds.
o
5. A shot is fired at an angle of 45 with the horizontal and a velocity of 300 ft per sec.
Find the height and the range of the projectile.
6. A plane flying horizontally at a velocity of 350 kph at an altitude of 420 m. At this
instant, a bomb is released. How far horizontally from this point will the bomb hits the
ground?
A. 577 m B. 625 m C. 785 m D. 900 m
Reverse Effective Force
1. An elevator weighing 2000 lbs is moving vertically upward with an acceleration of 3
2
ft/s . A man standing in said elevator weighs 180 lbs. Compute the tension in the
supporting cable under this condition.
A. 2180 lbs B. 2191 lbs C. 1820 lbs D. 2366 lbs
2. What minimum distance can a truck side on a horizontal asphalt road if it is traveling
25 m/s? the coefficient of sliding friction between asphalt and rubber tire is at 0.6 the
weight of the truck is8500 kg.
A. 44.9 B. 58.5 C. 53.2 D. 63.8
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
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ENGINEERING SCIENCES (PHYSICS & MECHANICS) – DAY 15

Work, Power & Energy:

1. ENERGY
A. Potential Energy, PE = (m g) x h, N
1 W 2
B. Kinetic Energy KE  m v 2  v
2 2g
1
C. Kinetic energy of rotating body: KE = I w 2 , N-m
2
Where: I = moment of inertia, kg . m 2
w = angular speed, rad/sec
D. Energy consumed: Energy = Power x time

2. WORK
Work = Force x Distance

Work = Fx (distance) = F cos θ (distance)

3. POWER
Dis tan ce Work
Power = Force x velocity Power = Force x Power =
time time
Energy
Power = Power = 2 π T N (for rotating shaft) Power = w Q h
time
Power = m f Qh (for fuel)
Po Wo Eo
EFFICIENCY, e = Power Output / Power Input e   
Pi Wi Ei
Note: 1 Hp = 33,000 ft-lb/min = 2545 Btu/hr = 42.42 Btu/min = 0.746 KW

Impulse & Momentum

Linear momentum - is the product of its mass and velocity.
Impulse - is the product of the force and time during which it acts.
1. Momentum = m v = ( W / g) v 2. Impulse = F t
where: m = mass v = velocity F = impulsive force t = time, sec

3. Law of Conservation of Momentum

m 1 v1 + m 2 v2 = m 1’ v1’ + m’ 2 v’ 2
where: v1 & v2 = are velocities before impact
v1’ & v2’ = are velocities after impact
Note: When two bodies are coupled together after impact, their
velocity after impact are equal.
If stationary, the velocity is zero.
4. Coefficient of restitution
Is the ratio between the relative speeds of two colliding
objects after and before they collide.
v '  v2'
e  1
v1  v 2

v2
5. If the object is hanging: h =
2g

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
Centrifugal Force - is the force that tends to move rotating bodies away from the center of
rotation.
Centripetal Force - the force that tends to move rotating bodies toward the center of rotation.

Acceleration
a N = Normal acceleration = v 2 / r
a T = Tangential acceleration = dv/dt
aN  a T
2 2
a = total acceleration =

Centrifugal Force
1. If the object is moving in a circular horizontal track:
W v2 W v2
Fc  ma  am  , lbs or N
g r gr
Where:
v = velocity, m/s r = radius of curvature, m
f = coefficient of friction a = acceleration, m/s 2
m = mass, kg W = weight, N
g = 9.81 m/s 2 = 32.2 ft/s 2
For circular vertical rotation of object:
1. If the object position is on top:
Fc = T + W T = Fc - W
Where: W = weight T = cable tension
2. If the object position is at the bottom:
T = Fc + W

Banking Curves:
1. Banked curve 2.Unbanked curve

a v2 a v2
tan   f   tan(   x)  f  
g gR g gR
Where: f = coefficient of friction R = radius of curvature x = side thrust friction angle
 = super elevation angle or banking angle h = super elevation

Work, Energy and Power

1. A power of 6 kW is supplied to the motor of a crane. The motor has an efficiency of
90%. With what constant speed does the crane lift an 800 lb f weight?
A. 0.09 cm/s B. 0.32 cm/s C. 0.98 cm/s D. 1.52 cm/s
2. Determine the power required for a 2000-kg car to climb a 100-m long uphill road with
o
a slope of 30 (from horizontal) in 10 s from rest to a final velocity of 30 m/s.
Disregard friction, air drag, and rolling resistance.
A. 188.066 KW B. 980.66 KW C. 1880.66 KW D. 900 KW
3. What is the rise in temperature of water dropping over a 200 ft waterfall and settling in
a basin below ? Neglect all friction and assume initial velocity is negligible.
A. – 0.543 deg. F B. – 0.257 deg. F
C. – 0.376 deg. F D. – 0.543 deg. F

Impulse and Momentum

1. A 60 ton railcar moving at 1 mi/hr is instantaneously coupled stationary 40 ton railcar.
What is the speed of coupled cars?
A. 0.88 mi/hr B. 1.0 mi/hr C. 0.60 mi/hr D. 0.40 mi/hr
2. Two particles collide, stick together, and continue their motion together. Each particle
has a mass of 10 g, and their respective velocities before the collision were 10m/s
and 100 m/s. What is the energy of the system after the collision?
A. 21.8 J B. 30.2 J C. 42.8 J D. 77.9 J
Centrifugal Force
1. A mass of 2 kg moves in a circle of radius 0.50 m at 5 rps. Calculate the centrifugal
force on the body.
2. Compute the angle required in degrees for the road to be slanted to prevent an
automotive traveling at 25 m/s from tending to slip. The radius of curvature is 200 m.
A. 21 B. 14 C. 18 D. 16
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Q = heat dissipated
Q = m cp (t2 – t1)

Where:
m = mass of substance
cp = specific heat of substance
t1 = initial temperature t2 = final temperature
Heat gain = Heat loss

m c (t  m 
Qgain = Qloss
1 p e
 t1) gain
 2
cp ( t 2  t e )
loss
te = equilibrium temperature
PHASES OF WATER
For water:
QT = total heat needed to convert solid to vapor
QT = m cps (0 – t1) + m L f + m cpL (100 – 0) + m L v
+ m v cpv (t2 – 100)
SI unit English Unit
cp of liquid 4.187 KJ/kg-oK 1 Btu/lb-oR
cp of solid 2.090 KJ/kg-oK 0.5 Btu/lb-oR
cp of vapor 2.0 KJ/kg-oK 0.49 Btu/lb-oR
Latent heat of fusion of solid:
L f = 335 KJ/kg = 144 Btu/lb
Latent heat of vaporization:
L v = 2257 KJ/kg = 970 Btu/lb

THERMAL EXPANSION
A. Coefficient of linear expansion
∆L = L f – Lo ∆L = kL Lo (t2 – t1)
where: Lo = original length Lf = final length
t2 = final temperature t1 = initial length
kL = coefficient of linear expansion
For steel: KL = 6.5 x 10 -6 in/in-oF KL = 11.7 x 10 -6 m/m-oC
B. Coefficient of volume expansion
∆V = V2 – V1 ∆V = kV V1 (t2 – t1)
where: V1 = original volume V2 = final volume t2 = final temperature
t1 = initial length kV = coefficient of linear expansion

OHM’S LAW - States that voltage is directly proportional to current.

1. CHARGE,Q Q = charge = Current x time in seconds = I x t , coulomb
2. Energy = V Q, Joules
2 2
3. Power = VI = I R = V /R, watts

4. RESISTANCE - is the opposition of the flow of current

L
R = wire resistance R  
A
Where: ρ = wire resistivity L = wire length A = cross-sectional area of wire
Area in Circular Mills (CM) for given diameter in inches: A = (d x 1000)2, CM

SERIES RESISTANCE

1. IT = I1 = I2 2. RT = R 1 + R 2
2 2
3. VT = V1 + V2 4. P = VI = I R = V / R, watts

PARALLEL RESISTANCE
1
1. IT = I1 + I2 2. RT = . 3. VT = V1 = V2
1 1

R1 R 2
INDUCTANCE
1. Series Inductance
LT = total inductance = L 1 + L 2

1
2. Parallel inductance LT =
1 1

L1 L 2
CAPACITANCE
1
1. Series Capacitance: CT =
1 1

C1 C 2

2. Parallel Capacitance CT = C1 + C2

TRANSFORMER
Is use to step up or step down the voltage

2
V1 N1 I1 N2 R1 N 
1.  2.  3.   1
V2 N2 I2 N1 R2 N 
 2

4. P1 = P2

Where: N1 = primary turns ratio

N2 = secondary turns ratio
V1 = primary voltage
V2 = secondary voltage
I1 = primary current
I2 = secondary current R 1 = primary resistance
R2 = secondary resistance P1 = primary power
P2 = secondary power

AC CIRCUITS
1. Single Phase: P = V I pf
2. Three phase: P = 3 Vp IP (pf) = 3 VL IL (pf )

KW
3. Power factor, pf =
KVA
Where:
Z - impedance R - resistance
X - reactance XL - inductive reactance
Xc - capacitive reactance KVA - apparent power, kilovolt-ampere
KW - true power Vp - phase voltage
Ip - phase current VL - line voltage
IL - line current Pf = power factor
P = power
Specific Heat Capacity
1. How many hours would it take to boil down 1.2 kg of water in a kettle if a constant
supply of heat at 1.25 kW is supplied to the kettle?
A. 36 hrs B. 52 hrs C. 18 hrs D. 0.6 hrs
o
2. In order to cool 1 ton (1000 kg) of water at 20 C in an insulated tank, a person pours
o
80 kg of ice at -5 C into the water. Determine the final equilibrium temperature in the
tank. The melting temperature and the heat of fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure
o
are 0 C and 333.7 KJ/kg, respectively.
o o o o
A. 12.43 C B. 14.43 C C. 16.43 C D. 18.43 C

Thermal Expansion
1. A fiber optic cable was laid under the Pacific Ocean from one country to another, a
distance of 13,300 km. The cable was unreeled from shipboard at a mean
o
temperature of 22 C and dropped to the ocean floor having a mean temperature of
o -6 o
5 C. The coefficient of linear expansion of the cable is 75 x 10 / C. Determine the
length of the cable that must be carried on the ship to span the 13,300 km.
A. 13,130 km B. 13,283 km C. 13,470 km D. 13,317 km

Ohm’s Law
1. How long must a current of 5.0 amperes pass through a 10 ohm resistor until a charge
of 1200 coulombs passes through?
A. 1 min B. 2 min C. 3 min D. 4 min
2. What is the power required to transfer 97,000 coulombs of charge through a potentials
rise of 50 volts in one hour?
A. 0.5 kW B. 0.9 kW C. 1.3 kW D. 2.8 kW
3. A 12 DC electrical motor draws a current of 15 amps. How much work in KJ does this
motor produce over a 10-minute period of operation?
A. 108.0 B. 129.6 C. 216.0 D. 318.2
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu M ain: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438
ENGINEERING SCIENCES (FLUID MECHANICS ) – DAY 16

BASIC ENERGY EQUATIONS:

1. Pressure head
P
P= wh or h=
w
where: P = pressure, gage h = pressure head
w = weight density wF = density of any fluid
wF = (S.G.)(density of water)
For water:
w = 9.81 KN/m 3 = 62.4 lb/ft3 = 1000 kg/m 3

2. Velocity head
v2
h= or v = 2 gh
2g
where: h = velocity head v = velocity of fluid g = 9.81 m/s 2 = 32.2 ft/s 2
3. Volume flow
Q Q
Q=Ax v v= A 
A v

Where: A = cross-sectional area v = velocity Q = volume flow rate

If coefficient of discharge (C d) is considered, Q = C d x A x v
4. Power of a jet

P= wQh Where: P = power w = density

5. For bubbles
A. If temperature is not given, it is assumed to be isothermal (T = c)
P1 V1 = P2 V2
B. If temperature is given, use any process:
P1 V1 P V
 2 2 P1 = w h + Patm, abs
T1 T2
P2 = 101.325 kpa or 14.7 psi (if not given)

Friction Head Loss

2 f L v2
1. Using Morse Equation hL =
gD
f L v2
2. Using Darcy’s Equation hL =
2 gD
Where: hL = friction head loss f = coefficient of friction or friction factor L = pipe length
v = velocity of fluid D = diameter of pipe g = 9.81 m/s 2 = 32.2 ft/s 2
3. Pressure drop in the pipe
 Pd = pressure drop Pd = w h L where: hL = head loss

VENTURI METER
Venturi-meter - is use to measure the volume of flow.
Pitot tube – is use to measure the velocity of flow.

Basic Equations:
1. Volume flow rate, Q
Q Q
Q = A1 v1 or v1 = Q = A2 v2 or v2 =
A1 A2

2. Using continuity flow equation: Q1 = Q2

Relation of area and velocity A1 v1 = A2 v2 or v1 / v2 = (D 2 / D 1)2

3. Density, w w = m/Q

P1  P2 v 22  v12
A. If venturi-meter is horizontal: 
w 2g

P1  P2 v 22  v12
B. If venturi-meter is vertical:  h
w 2g
where: P1 = inlet pressure P2 = throat pressure
v1 = inlet velocity v2 = throat velocity A1 = area at inlet
A2 = area at throat D 1 = inlet diameter D 2 = throat diameter

BOUYANCY
A. Weight of Object in Air
Wo = w o Vo = (SGo x w w) Vo
Vo = total volume of object

B. If the object is floating

a. BF = buoyant force = w F Vd = w F Vo
b. Wo = weight of object in air = Wo = w o Vo
Weight of object = Buoyant Force
c. Wo = BF = w o Vo = wF Vd
Where:
w F = density of fluid = SGF x w w
w o = density of object = SGo x w w
Vd = volume displaced
Vo = volume of the object = Vd + Ve

Ve = volume exposed to air

w w = density of water

C. If the object is submerged

BF = w F Vd = w F Vo
Where: Wo = w o Vo
 R + BF = Wo
BF = Wo - R
Where:
R = weight of object in water Wo = weight of object in air
Vd = Vo because all volume of object is totally displaced.

Basic Energy Equations

1. A rigid container is closed at one end and measures 8 in diameter by 12 in long. The
container is held vertically and is slowly moved downward until the pressure in the
container is 17 psia. What will be the depth of the top of the container from the free
water surface?
A. 42.36 in B. 59.29 in C. 63.69 in D. 69.82 in

2. The flow rate of water through a cast iron is 5000 gallons per minute. The diameter of
the pipe is 1 foot, and the coefficient of friction is f = 0.0173. What is the pressure
drop over a 100 foot length of pipe?
2 2 2 2
A. 21.078 lbf/ft B. 23.78 lbf/ft C. 337.26 lbf/in D. 337.26 lbf/ft

Venturi-meter
1. A perfect venturi with throat diameter of 1.8 in placed horizontally in a pipe with a 5 in
inside diameter. Eighty pounds (80 lbs) of water flow through the pipe each second.
What is the pressure difference?
3
2. A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.03 m /s having top diameter of
0.08, bottom diameter of 0.04 m and height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure between the
pipe.
A. 154.63 kpa B. 197.93 kpa C. 252.44 kpa D. 243.92 kpa

Bouyancy
1. A 24 inches long rod floats vertically in water. It has a 1 sq. in. cross section and has
a specific gravity of 0.6. What length L is submerged?

2. What is the density of a stone that weighs 88 N in air and 55 N in water?

3. A block of wood floats in water with 6 inches projecting above the water surface. If the
same block were placed in alcohol of specific gravity of 0.82, the block would project 4
inches above the surface of the alcohol. Determine the specific gravity of the wood
block.
BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
1. Concentrated load at mid-span 2. Uniform load

PL w L2
Moment  Moment 
4 8
CANTILEVER BEAMS
1. Couple 2. Concentrated load at free end

Maximum Moment  M Moment  P L

3. Concentrated load at the mid-span 4. Uniform distributed load

PL
Moment  w L2
2 Moment 
2

MACHINE SHOP
MILLING MACHINE

A. Cutting Speed, v: v = DN

Where: v = cutting speed D = diameter of workpiece N = speed
Length to be cut Length to be cut
B. Time of Milling = =
Cutting rate No. of teeth x Speed , N x Feed rate

HACKSAW
Length to be cut Length to be cut
Time = =
Cutting rate stroke Feed
Speed ,N x x
rev stroke
For a hacksaw, there is only one cut stroke per revolution.

WELDING
Length to be w eld
Time = Volume Consumption of gas, V= Vo + Va) L
Welding rate
Where: V = total gas consumption of oxygen and acetylene
Vo = volume of oxygen consumed per unit length of seam
Va = volume of acetylene needed per unit length of seam
L = length of seam
 Length to be cut
CUTTING Time of Cutting =
Cutting rate

Beams
1. A beam of regular rectangular-section is 64 mm broad by 150 mm deep and 1.6 m
long. It is simply supported at each end and carries a concentrated load of 10 KN at
its mid-length. Neglecting the weight of the beam, find the maximum stress in the
material.
A. 35.7 Mpa B. 57.3 Mpa C. 53.7 Mpa D. 37.5 Mpa

2. A cantilever of rectangular section is 100 mm broad by 150 mm deep and carried a

concentrated load of 15 KN at its free end. Neglecting the weight of the beam, find
2
the distance from the free end where the stress at the outer fiber is 75 KN/m .
A. 1.875 m B. 0.875 m C. 2.785 m D. 3.785 m

3. A beam of circular cross-section is 7 inches in diameter. It is simply supported at

each end and loaded by two concentrated loads of 20,000 lb each, applied 12 in from
2
the ends of the beam. Determine the maximum bending stress in the beam in lb/in .
A. 7,127 B. 10,690 C. 14,254 D. 3,563

Mechanics
1. (ME Bd. Apr. 96) A drop hammer of 1 ton dead weight capacity is propelled
downward by a 12 in diameter cylinder. At 100 psi air pressure, what is the impact
velocity if the stroke is 28 inches?
A. 63.2 fps B. 31.6 fps C. 15.8 fps D. 47.4 fps

2. (ME Bd. Apr. 98) The capsule orbits the earth 180 km above the surface. In what
velocity in m/s necessary for a circular orbit consider the earth radius at 6400 km and
2
at 9.2 m/s ?
A. 8864 B. 7016 C. 7780 D. 8058

3. (ME Bd. Apr. 98) A liquid full is to be rotated in the vertical plane. What minimum
angular velocity in radians/sec is needed to keep the liquid not spilling if the rotating
arm is 1.2 meters?
A. 2.26 B. 25.6 C. 3.16 D. 2.86

Machine Shop
1. How long will it take to mill a ¾” by 2” long keyway in a 3” diameter shafting with a 24
tooth cutter turning at 100 rpm and 0.005” feed/tooth?
A. 0.136 min B. 0.196 min C. 0.166 min D. 0.106 min

2. How long will it take to saw a rectangular piece of aluminum plate 8 in wide and 1 ½ in
thick if the length of the cut is 8 in, the power hacksaw makes 120 rev/min and
 average feed per stroke is 0.0060 in?
A. 13.11 B. 11.11 C. 14.01 D. 12.03

3. Using oxyacetylene welding method to weld a 3 ft long seam in a 3/8 thick plate at a
consumption rate of 9 cu. ft/ft of weld for oxygen and 7 cu. ft/ft acetylene. What is the
total combined gas consumption in cu. ft?
A. 51 B. 48 C. 45 D. 55

4. A ½” x 4’ x 8’ steel plate is to be divided into four pieces by cutting crosswise. Find

the time needed if cutting rate is 10 inches per minute.
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
Cebu M ain: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
M anila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, M anila Tel # (02) 736-4438
Machine Design (SPRING) – DAY 17

PRESSURE VESSEL
Thin wall pressure vessel
If the ratio of wall thickness to the inside diameter (t / D i) is less than 0.07, then the cylinder is
considered as thin-wall.
A. For Cylindrical Pressure Vessel
PD i
1. St = tangential stress or hoop stress S
2t
PD i
2. SL = longitudinal stress SL =
4t
P Di
3. If efficiency of joint is considered: St  Di
2t e
where: e = joint efficiency D i = inside diameter S = tangential stress
t = thickness of the wall Di = Do - 2t Do = outside diameter
4. For a cylindrical vessel filled with fluid:
P = maximum pressure at the bottom = w h = (SG x w) h

B. For Spherical Pressure Vessel

PD i
1. If efficiency of joint is not considered: S P
4t
P Di
2. If efficiency of joint is considered: S Di
4t e
3. Di = Do - 2t
where: e = joint efficiency
P
Thick wall pressure vessel
If the ratio of t/Di is greater than 0.07, then the vessel is considered
as thick-wall.
Di
D  S  Pi 
Using Lame’s equation for internal pressure: t   t  1 Do
2  S t  Pi 
where: t = wall thickness D = inside diameter
St = tangential stress Pi = internal pressure
Vessel is subjected to an internal and external Po
pressures.
Pi (ro 2  ri2 )  2Poro 2 Pi
For Maximum Internal Stress: S ti  2 2
ro  ri
2Piri  Po (ro 2  ri2 )
2
For Maximum External Stress: S to 
i
ro 2  ri2
O
where: Sti = maximum internal tangential stress
Sto = maximum external tangential stress Pi = internal pressure
Po = external pressure ro = outside radius ri = inside radius

PROBLEMS
1. Determine the safe wall thickness of a 30 inches steel tank with internal pressure of
7.82 Mpa. The yield stress of material is at 275.48 Mpa. The factor of safety to use is
2.0. A. ¼ inch B. 232.6 cm C. 21.6 mm D. 5/8 inch
2. A thin hollow sphere of radius 10“ and thickness of 0.1“ is subjected to an internal
pressure of 100 psig. The maximum normal stress on an element of the sphere is :
A. 5000 psi B. 10000 psi C. 7070 psi D. 14140 psi
3. A cylindrical tank has an inside diameter of 5 in and is subjected to an internal
pressure of 500 psi. If maximum stress is 1200 psi, determine the required thickness.
4. A cylinder having an internal diameter of 20 in and an external diameter of 36 in is
subjected to an internal pressure of 10,000 psi and an external pressure of 2500 psi.
Determine the hoop stress at the inner surface of the cylinder.
A. 24,705.16 psi B. 19,028.32 psi C. 13,142.86 psi D. 11,696.43 psi
SPRING
Tabulated Data of springs: ( p = pitch)
Types of coil end Actual no. of coil Solid Length Free Length
Plain N (n + 1)d np + d
Ground n nd np
Squared n+2 (n + 3) d np + 3d
Squared & Ground n+2 (n + 2) d np + 2d
8KFD m
1. Stress of coil spring(S s) Ss =
d 3
4C  1 0.615
2. Stress factor(K) or Wahl Factor: K =  FL
4C  4 C
Dm CL
3. Spring Index (C) C = SL
d
Where: Dm = D o – d Dm = Di + d
8FC 3n Dm
4. Deflection(y) y =
Gd
where: F = axial load Dm = mean diameter
d = wire diameter n = no. of active or effective coils Di
G = modulus of rigidity Do
5. Deflection at solid force(ys)
ys = Free length - Solid length
W
6. Spring rate(K) K = F/y = F1 / y1
F F
= F2 / y2 = constant = 2 1
y 2  y1
7. Impact load on spring:
F F F Y
W(h + y) = y Fav e  Energy  W (h  y )  y F
2 2 2
where: F = maximum force acting on the spring
y = deflection on spring W = weight of the object
h = height of the object Fave = average force
8. For series connected spring:
y = total elongation = y1 + y2 + y3
F F F
y = 1  2  3 K1
K1 K 2 K 3
F = total load = F1 = F2 = F3 = K y
9. For parallel connected spring: K2
y = total elongation = y1 = y2 = y3
F F F
y = 1  2  3
K1 K 2 K 3 K3
F = F1 + F2 + F3 = k1y1  k2y2  k3y3
11. Leaf spring:
F

18FL 2 6FL 12 F L3
A. Sf = B. Sg = Sf C. Smax  D. y =
bt 2 ( 2ng  3nf ) 3 bt 2 (ng  nf ) bt 3 E (2ng  3nf )
where: Sf = flexural stress F = load at the supports
L = distance of force to produce maximum moments b = width of plates
t = thickness of plates ng = no. of graduated leaves nf = no. of full length leaves
6
y = deflection of spring E = modulus of elasticity = 30 x 10 psi for steel
SPRING
1. Find the total shear stress in kpa of a helical compression spring when subjected to a
load of 220 N. The spring is made from 3.429 mm diameter music wire with a 50.8
mm mean coil diameter.
A. 1,342,400 B. 644,320 C. 520,970 D. 705,870 or 773,491
2. A helical spring having squared and ground ends has a total of 18 coils and it s
material has modulus of elasticity in shear of 78.910 Gpa. If the spring has an outside
diameter of 10.42 cm and a wire diameter of 0.625 cm, compute the deflection in the
spring due to a load of 50 kgs.
A. 302 mm B. 490 mm C. 495 mm D. 322 mm
3. A spring is made from 2.68 mm diameter wire. If the spring has a free length of 76.2
mm, a spring constant of 3.5 N/mm, and 10 total coils, ground and squared ends, find
the force in Newtons required to fully compress the spring.
A. 173 B. 316 C. 62 D. 153
4. A helical spring will compress 18 cm when a 100-kg person drops one meter above
the spring. What is the spring constant in KN/m?
A. 53.5 KN/m B. 35.7 KN/m C. 71.4 KN/m D. 92.8 Kn/m
N1 N2
SPUR GEAR
1. Pitch line velocity, V V = π D1 N1 = π D2 N2
2. Speed and diameter relation: D 1 N1 = D 2 N 2
3. Speed and no. of teeth relation: T1 N1 = T2 N2
4. D and T relation: D1 / D2 = T1 / T2
5. Speed Ratio = Speed of Driver / Speed of driven Pc
6. Center Distance:
D1  D 2
A. When turning in opposite direction: C =
2 C
 D2  D1
B. When turning in the same direction or internal gear C =
2 Fr
T 25 .4
7. DP = diametral pitch DP = DP =
D M Fn Ft
where: D = pitch diameter, in T = no. of teeth N2
N1
D 25 .4
8. Module, M M = M = D = pitch diameter, mm
T DP
where: D = pitch diameter T = number of teeth N = speed
D 2 C
9. Pc = circular pitch Pc = =
T T1  T2
10. The product of circular pitch and diametral pitch is equal to π.
Pc x DP = π
11. Dynamic forces on meshing gears:
A. P = 2  T N, KW B. T1 = Ft x r1
where: Ft = tangential force r1 = radius of driving gear
T1 = torque developed on driving gear
C. Total load, Tangential load and separation load relation
2 2 Ft
Fn = Ft  Fr Fn =
cos 
where: Fn = total load or tooth pressure between teeth Fr = resisting load or separation load
 = pressure angle
12. GEAR TOOTH PROPORTION TABLE
Gear Parts 14 ½ o 20o
Addendum 1/DP 1/DP
Dedendum 1.157/DP 1.25/DP
Working depth 2/DP 2/DP
Whole depth 2.157/DP 2.25/DP
Clearance 0.157/DP 0.25/DP
Backlash 0.141/DP 0.035/DP
Outside Diameter (N + 2)/DP (N + 2)/DP
Tooth thickness 1.5708/DP 1.5708/DP
Fillet radius 0.3/DP 0.3/DP
Where: DP = diametral pitch N = number of teeth
Spur Gear
1. Two mating gears have a center distance of 112.5 mm and the gears have 15 teeth
and 60 teeth. Find the module of the gears in mm.
A. 3 mm B. 4 mm C. 5 mm D. 6 mm
o
2. Two mating gears have diametral pitch of 2 and pressure angle of 20 . If the pinion
has 16 teeth and the gear has 40 teeth, find the radii of the base circles.
A. 4.0 in and 10 in C. 4.35 in and 10.66 in
B. 3.76 in and 9.40 in D. 1.57 in and 3.14 in
3. Two gears meshing together in opposite direction has a center dis tance of 20 in. The
pinion has 18 teeth and gear has 72 teeth. Find the diameter of each gear.
4. A spur pinion rotates at 1800 rpm and transmits to mating gear 30 HP. The pitch
diameter is 4” and the pressure angle is 14 1/2 . determine the tangential load in lbs.
A. 495 B. 525 C. 535 D. 475
5. A spur gear with 14 ½ deg involute has a circular pitch of 13.3 mm. Find the following
A. addendum B. tooth thickness C. Backlash