Republic act of the Philippines

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

First Quarter – Module IV

Name: __________________________ Section: _______________

Man is a unique being, endowed with innate intelligence, uses speech for

communication. The organs used in speech are used primarily for breathing and eating

When man learned to talk, these organs became easily adapted to a secondary

function-speaking. Under extreme tension or other disturbances, such as stage Fright,

the primary biological functions may dominate causing trouble with the speech activity

In such cases, the speaker's problem is to reassert the dominance of speech over these

organs. We call these organs involved in speaking the organs of speech.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH APPARATUS

The respiratory or breathing parts:

The lungs

The diaphragm

The trachea

The abdominal and rib muscles

The larynx or voice box containing the vocal chords

The laryngeal muscles

The resonating part: (giving quality or timber to the individual voice)

The mouth

The lower jaw

The throat, including the pharynx; nasal tract and cavity

The uvula

The articulating parts: (giving final shape to the tone)

The lips

The hard palate

The tongue

The teeth

The soft palate

in voice projection by being the storage place for air. The air expelled from the lungs acts

as the motor setting the vocal cords into vibration. Put your palms against your chest and

inhale. Do you feel your chest rise? lt is because your lungs get filled up with air.

The vocal cords or vocal bands are a pair of flexible flat folds of muscles attached

to the walls of the larynx or voice box. When you speak, these cords tense up, move closer

to each other in parallel position, and vibrate. Try putting your forefinger and middle

finger against your Adam's apple. Then say "Go." What did you observe? Do it again

and feel the vibrations of your vocal cords.

The resonators are the throat, mouth, and nasal cavities where the sound waves

produced by the vibration of the vocal cords are made louder and deeper-toned. Try

saying "ah. "While saying it, close your mouth slowly. What happened to the sound? Say

nl and as you do so, pinch your nose. Were you able to continue producing the sound?

The modification (rounding of vocal tones) and amplification (increase of

volumes) of sound are greatly affected by the condition of your resonators. When your

throat is sore or when you have colds you most likely experience difficulty in speaking

The articulatory organs are used in producing definite speech sounds. Speech

sounds are produced when the stream of breath coming from the lungs by way of the

windpipe and larynx is modified in the mouth before the breath is permitted to leave the

body. The modification as done with the use of the articulators. The articulators are

tongue, the lower lip and the lower jaw. They are found in the lower part of the mouth

cavity. The points of articulation are the upper lip, the cutting edges of the upper teeth,

the gum ridge and the palate

The tongue is a versatile organ of speech. For use in the production or Engine
speech sounds, three parts of the tongue are used the front the center and the Dark.

Toper tongue contracts with points of articulation leads to the clear articulation of

specific consonant sounds.

The changes in the shapes of lips greatly alter the production of sounds, most

specially the vowels. The lips can be extended, rounded or protruded when producing

nese sounds. The lower lip is made to touch points of articulation in the production or

consonants [f, p].

The palate called the roof of the mouth consists of the hard palate and the soft

palate. The hard palate is the section behind the gum ridge. The soft palate lies next to

the hard palate. Try to curve your tongue to feel the roof of your mouth. Then curve it a

little more to the back. What do you feel? Is there difference in texture?

In any speaking activity, the voice carries your ideas to your listeners. These

Listeners will judge you and your ideas partly on the characteristics or your voice. More

OfTen, a good speaking voice must sound natural and relaxed.

There are four steps in producing speech, and they are so closely related that it is

step ends and another begins. They are breathing, vibration, resonance, and articulation.

1. BREATHING

Breathing is an automatic body function made up of two processes: (1) inhalation,

the act of breathing in, and (2) exhalation, the act of breathing out. Good speaking

depends on good breathing, and good breathing depends on good posture. Four ability

produce sounds depends on the airflow through your lungs. When you Sit or stand

carelessly, you could be cutting off vital air support that your speaking organs need.

the diaphragm is the main organ you use when you breathe. It is attached to the
lower ribs and separates the chest from the abdomen. The diaphragm pumps air in and

out of the lungs. It begins the airflow by pulling the chest down, increasing the chest

space. Then through inhalation, air rushes into this space. Next, the diaphragm pushes

up, and the chest is reduced through exhalation. It forces the air out of the lungs. Sound

is produced when you breathe out.

When you are not speaking you use fewer muscles to breathe, and the rate of air

going in and out of your body is equal. When you speak, air is related at a much slower

rate as you produce sounds. You need to learn how to control the airflow through your

lungs in order speak your best at all times.

EXERCISES ON BREATHING

Practice these Breathing exercise in different positions. Begin by doing the exercise lying
down. Place a small towel or pillow under your head. Then repeat at the same exercise during the
day in sitting and standing positions. Before ding the following exercises in any position make
sure your posture is correct. This will enable your lungs to fill freely with air.

Take a deep breath and see how far u can count on one exhalation. This activity can be
repeated as you count by 10’s or 5’s to 100.

Say, “How are you? Four times per breath. Begin by taking a small amount of air into
your lungs. As you speak, control the air going out of your lungs so that people on the
other side of the room will hear you. Repeat the activity by taking a deeper breath. Now
control the air being exhaled so that an audience sitting at least 20 feet away will hear
you.

2. VIBRATION

Remember that sound is produced when you exhale. As air leaves your lungs, it is pushed
through the trachea or windpipe and then into the larynx or voice box, setting up the second step
in the production of speech which is vibration. This step takes place inside your larynx, which is
commonly called the Adam’s apple. Sound is produced when the outgoing air makes the vocal
cords at the top of the larynx vibrate. While you are breathing normally, the vocal cords open
wide to let air pass in and out freely. When you speak, they come together and vibrate. The
sound that is produced at this stage of speech is weak and has little volume.

EXERCISES ON VIBRATION

Practice the following exercises to achieve the muscle tone that you need during this step
in the speaking process. You want to relax your throat and jaw.

Begin by twitching your nose like a bunny. Then move your lower jaw in a circle. Repeat
these activity, only this time put both your lips together. Next, pretend you are exhausted.
Make several large yawns. Finally, move your neck in circles. Go slowly left to right first
and then from right to left.

Once your muscles are relaxed, read the following poem softly:

Who has seen the wind?

Who has seen the wind?

Neither I nor you:

But when the leaves hang trembling,

The wind is passing through.

Who has seen the wind?

Neither You Nor I:

But When The Trees Bow Down Their Heads.

The Wind Is Passing By.

3. RESONANCE

Your voice cannot be heard without its own built-in microphone to amplify the

sound at the vibration stage. Your body's microphone is the series of organs that act as

resonators. People who are good speakers use their resonators effectively.

The resonating organs are the larynx, pharynx, mouth, and nasal passages. These

organs renrore dness that it produce. The air that passes through"
resonator determines the unless at pronounce are that passes through the

resonators is vibrating in time with the vibrations in the vocal cords. The hollow cavity

inside a resonator creates the needed space tor the sound to resonate and reverberate.

If the size or shape or any resonator is changed, the characteristics of your voice

change. The nasal passages vary only slightly in size, but the larynx, mouth, and pharynx

are more flexible and can change the size and shape.

EXERCISES ON RESONANCE

Record your voice while doing these exercises. Then wait a week or two and record yourself
again. Listen carefully to the recording and note how much richer voice sounds.

Look yourself in a mirror as you yawn. Notice the position of your tongue. The tongue
should be flat to enable the sound being produced to exit freely. Keep your tongue flat as
you read the passage aloud:

The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls

(An excerpt)

The tide rises, the tide falls,

The twilight darkness, the curfew calls:

Along the sea-sands damp and brown

The traveler hastens toward the town,

And the tide rises, the tide falls.

Now read the passage again. Try to prolong the sound of the vowel in each stressed
syllable.

4. ARTICULATION

It is during articulation that sounds produced in the earlier steps are turned into

understandable speech. The organs in your body that work as articulators are the

tongue, lips, teeth, and hard and soft palates. These organs shape and separate your

sounds into words. The articulators also select and change the path of the air. They can
send the air through the nose or mouth.

Look in a mirror and explore your articulators. First, place the tip of your tongue

Against the back of your teeth. Now slide your tongue up until it feels the hard ridge

that joins your gums and teeth together. Let your tongue travel back into the vast space

in your mouth. The roof of this area is known as the hard palate,. The soft piece of flesh

hanging in the back part of your mouth is called the uvula, and it is part of the soft

palate.

While you are speaking, all of your articulators are in action. The soft palate is

continually rising and lowering. It directs the airflow between the mouth and nasal

cavites. When the soft palate presses down, it prevents the mouth cavity from receiving

any air. When it rises up, it sends air into the mouth cavity.

The hard palate separates the mouth and nasal cavities. The tongue hits against

this surface to make some sounds. The lips play a critical part in helping you to form

your words.

Your tongue and lips also touch against your teeth in order to make sounds.

EXERCISES ON ARTICULATION

Practice the following exercises to improve your articulation flexibility. Remember that when
you do these exercises, you will need to over enunciate. Do so only when you practice these
exercises. When you are speaking, remember to be yourself and to speak naturally.

Exercise your tongue by opening your mouth wide and running your tongue around the edges of
your lips as fast as you can. Go clockwise and then counterclockwise with your tongue,. Now
stick out your tongue as fast as it will go. See if you are one of the few people who can touch
their nose with their tongue.

Exercise your lips by saying the following words three times. Be sure to exaggerate your
lip movements.

Sal-a-man-der
 Nal-i-ga-tion

Su-per-in-ter-dent

Be-wil-der-ment

Pol-y-un-sat-u-rat-ed

Rec-tan-gu-lar

Complete the exercise by saying these three words clearly and distinctly:

Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis

Antidisestablishmentarianism

Supercalifragilisticexpialidocio

To exercise your mouth, lips, and tongue, say the following tongue twisters slowly. Then repeat
them a little faster. Finally, record yourself saying them at full speed:

The crow flew over the river with a lump of raw liver.

She sells sea shells by the seashore.

Thirty-three tigers tramp through the thicket

Forty-four fireflies fly fast for fun

There was a dozen zany zebras zeroing into zigzag among xylophones and zithers.